The rain fell copiously during the night, and on the morning (18th) gave

no signs of a speedy cessation. Those who travel ought often, however,

to call to mind the remark of Xenophon, that "pleasure is the result of

toil," and not permit slight impediments to arrest them, particularly

when they have definite points to make. We set forward in a moderate

rain, but in less than an hour had the pleasure to perceive signs of its

mitigating, and before nine o'clock it was quite clear. We stopped a

short time at Bracken's furnace. Mr. Bracken gave me specimens of

organic remains, in the condition of earthy calcareous carbonates,

procured on a neighboring ridge. He described the locality as being

plentiful in casts and impressions such as he exhibited, which appeared

to have been removed from the surface of a shelly limestone. At

Rock-Branch diggings, I found masses of calcareous spar thrown from the

pits. The surface appears to have been much explored for lead in this

vicinity. I stopped to examine Vanmater's lead. It had been a productive

one, and affords a fair example of what are called east and west leads.

I observed a compass standing on the line of the lead, and asked Mr. V.

whether much reliance was to be placed upon the certainty of striking

the lead by the aid of this instrument. He said that it was much relied

on. That the course of the leads was definite. The present one varied

from a due east and west line but nine minutes, and the lead had been

followed without much difficulty. The position of the ore was about

forty feet below the surface. Of this depth about thirty-six feet

consisted of the surface rock and its earthy covering. A vein of marly

clay, enveloping the ore, was then penetrated. A series of pits had been

sunk on the course of it, and the earth and ore in the interstices

removed, and drawn to the surface by a windlass and bucket. Besides the

ore, masses of iron pyrites had been thrown out, connected with galena.

In stooping to detach some pieces from one of these masses, I placed my

feet on the verge of an abandoned pit, around which weeds and bushes had

grown. My face was, however, averted from the danger; but, on beholding

it, I was made sensible that the least deviation from a proper balance

would have pitched me into it. It was forty feet deep. The danger I had

just escaped fell to the lot of Mr. B.'s dog, who, probably deceived by

the growth of bushes, fell in. Whether killed or not, it was impossible

to tell, and we were obliged to leave the poor animal, under a promise

of Mr. V., that he would cause a windlass to be removed to the pit, to

ascertain his fate.

At eleven o'clock we reached Mineral Point, the seat of justice of Iowa

county. I delivered an introductory letter to Mr. Ansley, who had made a

discovery of copper ore in the vicinity, and through his politeness,

visited the locality. The discovery was made in sinking pits in search

of lead ore. Small pieces of green carbonate of copper were found on

striking the rock, which is apparently silico-calcareous, and of a very

friable structure. From one of the excavations, detached masses of the

sulphuret, blue and green mingled, were raised. These masses are

enveloped with ochery clay.

In riding out on horseback to see this locality, I passed over the ridge

of land which first received the appellation of "Mineral Point." No

digging was observed in process, but the heaps of red marly clay, the

vigorous growth of shrubbery around them, and the number of open or

partially filled pits, remain to attest the labor which was formerly

devoted in the search for lead. And this search is said to have been

amply rewarded. The track of discovery is conspicuously marked by these

excavations, which often extend, in a direct line, on the cardinal

points, as far as the eye can reach. Everywhere the marly clay formation

appears to have been relied on for the ore, and much of it certainly

appears to be _in sitû_ in it. It bears no traces of attrition; and its

occurrence in regular leads forbids the supposition of its being an

oceanic arrangement of mineral detritus. At Vanmater's, the

metalliferous clay marl is overlaid by a grayish sedimentary limestone.

Different is the geological situation of what is denominated _gravel

ore_, of which I noticed piles, on the route from Gratiot's. This bears

evident marks of attrition, and appears to have been uniformly taken

from diluvial earth.

On returning to the village from this excursion, I found Mr. B. ready to

proceed, and we lost no time in making the next point in our proposed

route. A drive of five miles brought us to the residence of Colonel

Dodge, whose zeal and enterprise in opening this portion of our western

country for settlement, give him claims to be looked up to as a public

benefactor. I here met the superintendent of the mines (Captain Legate),

and after spending some time in conversation on the resources and

prospects of the country, and partaking of the hospitalities politely

offered by Colonel D. and his intelligent family, we pursued our way.

The village of Dodgeville lies at the distance of four miles. Soon after

passing through it some part of our tackle gave way, in crossing a

gully, and I improved the opportunity of the delay to visit the adjacent

diggings, which are extensive. The ore is found as at other mines, in

regular leads, and not scattered about promiscuously in the red marl.

Masses of brown oxide of iron were more common here than I had noticed

them elsewhere. Among the rubbish of the diggings, fragments of

hornstone occur. They appear to be, most commonly, portions of nodules,

which exhibit, on being fractured, various discolorings.

Night overtook us before we entered Porter's Grove, which is also the

seat of mining and smelting operations. We are indebted to the

hospitality of Mr. M., of whom my companion was an acquaintance, for

opening his door to us, at an advanced hour of the evening. Distance

from Willow Springs, twenty-five miles.

There is no repose for a traveller. We retired to rest at a late hour,

and rose at an early one. The morning (19th) was hazy, and we set

forward while the dew was heavy on the grass. Our route still lay

through a prairie country. The growth of native grass, bent down with

dew, nearly covered the road, so that our horses' legs were continually

bathed. The rising sun was a very cheerful sight, but as our road lay up

a long ascent, we soon felt its wilting effects. Nine miles of such

driving, with not a single grove to shelter us, brought us to Mr.

Brigham's, at the foot of the Blue Mound, being the last house in the

direction to Fort Winnebago. The distance from Galena is sixty-four

miles, and this area embraces the present field of mining operations. In

rapidly passing over it, mines, furnaces, dwelling-houses, mining

villages, inclosed fields, upland prairies (an almost continued

prairie), groves, springs, and brooks, have formed the prominent

features of the landscape. The impulse to the settlement of the country

was first given by its mineral wealth; and it brought here, as it were

by magic, an enterprising and active population. It is evident that a

far greater amount of labor was a few years ago engaged in mining

operations; but the intrinsic value of the lands has operated to detain

the present population, which may be considered as permanent. The lands

are beautifully disposed, well watered, well drained by natural streams,

and easily brought into cultivation. Crops have everywhere repaid the

labors of the farmer; and, thus far, the agricultural produce of the

country has borne a fair price. The country appears to afford every

facility for raising cattle, horses, and hogs. Mining, the cardinal

interest heretofore, has not ceased in the degree that might be inferred

from the depression of the lead market; and it will be pursued, with

increased activity, whenever the purposes of commerce call for it. In

the present situation of the country, there appear to be two objects

essential to the lasting welfare of the settlements: first, a title to

their lands from Congress; second, a northern market for the products of

their mines and farms. To these, a _third_ requisite may be considered

auxiliary, namely, the establishment of the seat of territorial

government at some point west of Lake Michigan, where its powers may be

more readily exercised, and the reciprocal obligations of governor and

people more vividly felt.

Mr. Brigham, in whom I was happy to recognize an esteemed friend,

conducted us over his valuable plantation. He gave me a mass of a white,

heavy metallic substance, taken as an accompanying mineral, from a lead

of Galena, which he has recently discovered in a cave. Without

instituting any examination of it but such as its external characters

disclose, it may be deemed a native carbonate of lead. The mass from

which it was broken weighed ninety or one hundred pounds. And its

occurrence, at the lead, was not alone.

From the Blue Mound to Fort Winnebago is an estimated distance of

fifty-six miles. The country is, however, entirely in a state of nature.

The trace is rather obscure; but, with a knowledge of the general

geography and face of the country, there is no difficulty in proceeding

with a light wagon, or even a loaded team, as the Indian practice of

firing the prairies every fall has relieved the surface from underbrush

and fallen timber. After driving a few miles, we encountered two

Winnebagoes on horseback, the forward rider having a white man in ties

behind him. The latter informed us that his name was H., that he had

come out to Twelve-mile Creek, for the purpose of locating himself

there, and was in pursuit of a hired man, who had gone off, with some

articles of his property, the night previous. With this relation, and a

_boshu_[274] for the natives, with whom we had no means of conversing,

we continued our way, without further incident, to Duck Creek, a

distance of ten miles. We here struck the path, which is one of the

boundary lines, in the recent purchase from the Winnebagoes. It is a

deeply marked horse path, cutting quite through the prairie sod, and so

much used by the natives as to prevent grass from growing on it; in this

respect, it is as well-defined a landmark as "blazed tree," or "saddle."

The surveyor appointed to run out the lines, had placed mile-posts on

the route, but the Winnebagoes, with a prejudice against the practice

which is natural, pulled up many, and defaced others. When we had gone

ten miles further, we began to see the glittering of water through the

trees, and we soon found ourselves on the margin of a clear lake. I

heard no name for this handsome sheet of water. It is one of the four

lakes, which are connected with each other by a stream, and have their

outlet into Rock River, through a tributary called the Guskihaw. We

drove through the margin of it, where the shores were sandy, and

innumerable small unio shells were driven up. Most of these small pieces

appeared to be helices. Standing tent-poles, and other remains of Indian

encampments, appeared at this place. A rock stratum, dark and

weather-beaten, apparently sandstone, jutted out into the lake. A little

further, we passed to the left of an abandoned village. By casting our

eyes across the lake, we observed the new position which had been

selected and occupied by the Winnebagoes. We often assign wrong motives,

when we undertake to reason for the Indian race; but in the present

instance, we may presume that their removal was influenced by too near a

position to the boundary path.

[274] This term is in use by the Algic or Algonquin tribes,

particularly by the Chippewas. The Winnebagoes, who have no

equivalent for it, are generally acquainted with it, although I am

not aware that they have, to any extent, adopted it. It has been

supposed to be derived from the French _bon jour_.

We drove to the second brook, beyond the lake, and encamped.

Comfort in an encampment depends very much upon getting a good fire. In

this we totally failed last night, owing to our having but a small piece

of spunk, which ignited and burned out without inflaming our kindling

materials. The atmosphere was damp, but not sufficiently cooled to quiet

the ever-busy mosquito. Mr. B. deemed it a hardship that he could not

boil the kettle, so as to have the addition of tea to our cold repast. I

reminded him that there was a bright moon, and that it did not rain; and

that, for myself, I had fared so decidedly worse, on former occasions,

that I was quite contented with the light of the moon and a dry blanket.

By raising up and putting a fork under the wagon-tongue, and spreading

our tent-cloth over it, I found the means of insulating ourselves from

the insect hordes, but it was not until I had pitched my mosquito net

within it that we found repose.

On awaking in the morning (20th), we found H., who had passed us the day

before in company with the Winnebagoes, lying under the wagon. He had

returned from pursuing the fugitive, and had overtaken us, after twelve

o'clock at night. He complained of being cold. We admitted him into the

wagon, and drove on to reach his camp at Twelve-mile Creek. In crossing

what he denominated Seven-mile Prairie, I observed on our right a

prominent wall of rock, surmounted with image-stones. The rock itself

consisted of sandstone. Elongated water-worn masses of stone had been

set up, so as to resemble, at a distance, the figures of men. The

illusion had been strengthened by some rude paints. This had been the

serious or the sportive work of Indians. It is not to be inferred,

hence, that the Winnebagoes are idolaters. But there is a strong

tendency to idolatry in the minds of the North American Indians. They do

not bow before a carved image, shaped like Dagon or Juggernaut; but they

rely upon their guardian spirits, or personal manitos, for aid in

exigencies, and impute to the skins of animals, which are preserved with

religious care, the power of gods. Their medicine institution is also a

gross and bold system of semi-deification connected with magic,

witchcraft, and necromancy. Their jossakeeds are impostors and jugglers

of the grossest stamp. Their wabenos address Satan directly for power;

and their metais, who appear to be least idolatrous, rely more upon the

invisible agency of spirits and magic influence, than upon the physical

properties of the medicines they exhibit.

On reaching Twelve-mile Creek, we found a yoke of steers of H., in a

pen, which had been tied there two days and nights without water. He

evinced, however, an obliging disposition, and, after refreshing

ourselves and our horses, we left him to complete the labors of a "local

habitation." The intermediate route to Fort Winnebago afforded few

objects of either physical or mental interest. The upland soil, which

had become decidedly thinner and more arenaceous, after reaching the

Lake, appears to increase in sterility on approaching the Wisconsin. And

the occurrence of _lost rocks_ (primitive boulders), as Mr. B. happily

termed them, which are first observed after passing the Blue Mound,

becomes more frequent in this portion of the country, denoting our

approach to the borders of the northwestern primitive formation. This

formation, we have now reason to conclude, extends in an angle, so far

south as to embrace a part of Fox River, above Apukwa Lake.

Anticipated difficulties always appear magnified. This we verified in

crossing Duck Creek, near its entrance into the Wisconsin. We found the

adjoining bog nearly dry, and drove through the stream without the water

entering into the body of the wagon. It here commenced raining. Having

but four miles to make, and that a level prairie, we pushed on. But the

rain increased, and poured down steadily and incessantly till near

sunset. In the midst of this rain-storm we reached the fort, about one

o'clock, and crossed over to the elevated ground occupied by the Indian

Department, where my sojourn, while awaiting the expedition, was

rendered as comfortable as the cordial greeting and kind attention of

Mr. Kinzie, the agent, and his intelligent family, could make it.

A recapitulation of the distances from Galena makes the route as

follows, viz: Gratiot's Grove, fifteen miles; Willow Springs, fifteen;

Mineral Point, seven; Dodgeville, nine; Porter's Grove, nine; Blue

Mound, nine; Duck Creek, ten; Lake, ten; Twelve-mile Creek, twenty-four;

Crossing of Duck Creek, eight; and Fort Winnebago, four; total, one

hundred and twenty miles.

H. R. S.

To GEORGE P. MORRIS, ESQ., New York.

3. _Official Report of the Exploratory Expedition to the Actual Source

of the Mississippi River in 1832._

OFFICE OF THE INDIAN AGENCY OF SAULT STE. MARIE,

Sept. 1, 1832.

SIR: I had the honor to inform you, on the 15th ultimo, of my return

from the sources of the Mississippi, and that I should communicate the

details of my observations to you as soon as they could be prepared.

On reaching the remotest point visited heretofore by official authority,

I found that the waters on that summit were favorable to my tracing this

river to its utmost sources. This point having been left undetermined by

prior expeditions, I determined to avail myself of the occasion to take

Indian guides, with light canoes, and, after encamping my heavy force,

to make the ascent. It was represented to be practicable in five days. I

accomplished it, by great diligence, in three. The distance is 158 miles

above Cass Lake. There are many sharp rapids, which made the trial

severe. The river expands into numerous lakes.

After passing about forty miles north of Red Cedar Lake, during which we

ascended a summit, I entered a fine large lake, which, to avoid

repetitions in our geographical names, I called Queen Anne's Lake. From

this point the ascent of the Mississippi was due south; and it was

finally found to have its origin in a handsome lake, of some seven miles

in extent, on the height of land to which I gave the name of Itasca.

This lake lies in latitude 47° 13' 25". It lies at an altitude of 1,575

feet, by the barometer, above the Gulf of Mexico. It affords me

satisfaction to say, that, by this discovery, the geographical point of

the origin of this river is definitely fixed. Materials for maps and

plans of the entire route have been carefully collected by Lieut. James

Allen, of the U. S. Army, who accompanied me, with a small detachment of

infantry, as high as Cass Lake; and, having encamped them at that point,

with my extra men, he proceeded with me to Itasca Lake. The distance

which is thus added to the Mississippi, agreeably to him, is 164 miles,

making its entire length, by the most authentic estimates, to be 3,200

miles. In this distance there are numerous and arduous rapids, in which

the total amount of ascent to be overcome is 173 feet.

Councils were held with the Indians at Fond du Lac, at Sandy Lake, Cass

Lake, at the mouth of the Great De Corbeau River, &c.

In returning, I visited the military bands at Leech Lake; passing from

thence to its source, and descending the whole length of the Crow-wing

River, and thence to St. Anthony's Falls, I assembled the Sioux at the

agency of St. Peter's, and at the Little Crow's village. The Chippewas

of the St. Croix and Broule Rivers were particularly visited. Many

thousands of the Chippewa and Sioux nations were seen and counselled

with, including their most distinguished chiefs and warriors. Everywhere

they disclaimed a connection with Black Hawk and his schemes. I left the

Mississippi, about forty miles above the point where, in a few days, the

Sauk chief was finally captured and his forces overthrown; and, reaching

the waters of Lake Superior, at the mouth of the Brule, returned from

that point to the agency at Sault de Ste. Marie.

The flag of the Union has secured respect from the tribes at every

point; and I feel confident in declaring the Chippewas and Sioux, as

tribes, unconnected with the Black Hawk movement.

I am, sir, very respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT,

_U. S. Ind. Agent._

C. HERRING, ESQ., _Commissioner of Indian Affairs_

IV.

VACCINATION OF THE INDIANS.

4. _Report of the number and position of the Indians vaccinated on the

Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi, conducted

by Mr. Schoolcraft, in 1832._ By Dr. DOUGLASS HOUGHTON.

SAULT STE. MARIE, Sept. 21, 1832.

SIR: In conformity with your instructions, I take the earliest

opportunity to lay before you such facts as I have collected, touching

the vaccination of the Chippewa Indians, during the progress of the

late expedition into their country: and also "of the prevalence, from

time to time, of the smallpox" among them.

The accompanying table will serve to illustrate the "ages, sex, tribe,

and local situation" of those Indians who have been vaccinated by me.

With the view of illustrating more fully their local situation, I have

arranged those bands residing upon the shores of Lake Superior; those

residing in the Folle Avoine country (or that section of country lying

between the highlands southwest from Lake Superior, and the Mississippi

River); and those residing near the sources of the Mississippi River,

separately.

Nearly all the Indians noticed in this table were vaccinated at their

respective villages; yet I did not fail to vaccinate those whom we

chanced to meet in their hunting or other excursions.

I have embraced, with the Indians of the frontier bands, those

half-breeds, who, in consequence of having adopted more or less the

habits of the Indian, may be identified with him.

But little difficulty has occurred in convincing the Indians of the

efficacy of vaccination; and the universal dread in which they hold the

appearance of the smallpox among them, rendered it an easy task to

overcome their prejudices, whatever they chanced to be. The efficacy of

the vaccine disease is well appreciated, even by the most interior of

the Chippewa Indians; and so universal is this information, that only

one instance occurred where the Indian had never heard of the disease.

In nearly every instance the opportunity which was presented for

vaccination, was embraced with cheerfulness and apparent gratitude; at

the same time manifesting great anxiety that, for the safety of the

whole, each one of the band should undergo the operation. When

objections were made to vaccination, they were not usually made because

the Indian doubted the protective power of the disease, but because he

supposed (never having seen its progress), that the remedy must nearly

equal the disease which it was intended to counteract.

Our situation, while travelling, did not allow me sufficient time to

test the result of the vaccination in most instances; but an occasional

return to bands where the operation had been performed, enabled me, in

those bands, either to note the progress of the disease, or to judge

from the cicatrices marking the original situation of the pustules, the

cases in which the disease had proved successful.

------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------

CHIPPEWA INDIANS. | MALES. | FEMALES.

------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---

| U | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | | U | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 |

| n | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | O | n | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | O

| d | | | | | v | d | | | | | v

| e | t | t | t | t | e | e | t | t | t | t | e

BANDS. | r | o | o | o | o | r | r | o | o | o | o | r

| | | | | | | | | | | |

| 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 8

| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0

| . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | .

------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---

LAKE SUPERIOR | | | | | | | | | | | |

{Sault Ste. Marie| 93| 22| 19| 8| 2| 1| 75| 28| 21| 10| 3| 1

{Grand Island | 17| 9| 7| 2|...|...| 12| 5| 7|...|...|...

{Keweena Bay | 23| 11| 10| 6| 1|...| 20| 12| 17| 5| 2| 1

{Ontonagon River | 7| 8| 10| 3|...|...| 13| 5| 12| 6| 1|...

{La Pointe | 37| 32| 40| 6| 2| 1| 38| 25| 28| 12| 2|...

{Fond du Lac | 50| 21| 45| 10| 2|...| 41| 18| 35| 13| 6| 2

FOLLE AVOINE | | | | | | | | | | | |

COUNTRY | | | | | | | | | | | |

{Lac du Flambeau | 6| 2| 6| 1| 1|...| 2| 3| 4| 2| 2|...

{Ottowa Lake | 11| 4| 8| 1|...|...| 10| 7| 3| 2|...|...

{Yellow River | 11| 2| 6| 1|...|...| 11| 3| 6| 2| 1|...

{Nama Kowagun of |

{St. Croix River| 4| 1| 2| 1|...|...| 4|...| 3| 2|...|...

{Snake River | 14| 3| 7| 4| 1| 1| 25| 3| 12| 1| 1|...

SOURCES OF THE | | | | | | | | | | | |

MISSISSIPPI RIVER| | | | | | | | | | | |

{Sandy Lake | 75| 21| 47| 10| 2|...| 86| 19| 48| 23| 6| 2

{Lake Winnipeg | 4| 4| 10| 3|...|...| 1| 1| 1| 2|...|...

{Cass, or Upper | | | | | | | | | | | |

{Red Cedar Lake | 18| 5| 11| 6|...| 1| 18| 3| 8| 5| 1| 1

{Leech Lake | 76| 43| 73| 16| 4| 1| 96| 41| 61| 25| 2| 1

+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---

Lake Superior |227|103|131| 35| 7| 2|199| 93|120| 46| 14| 5

Folle Avoine | | | | | | | | | | | |

Country | 46| 12| 29| 8| 2| 1| 52| 12| 32| 9| 4|...

Sources of the | | | | | | | | | | | |

Mississippi |173| 73|141| 35| 6| 2|201| 64|118| 55| 9| 4

+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---

Total | | | | | | | | | | | |

|446|188|301| 78| 15| 5|452|169|270|110| 27| 9

------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------

------------------+-----------

CHIPPEWA INDIANS. |

------------------+---+---+---

| | |

| | F |

| | e |

| M | m | T

BANDS. | a | a | o

| l | l | t

| e | e | a

| s | s | l

| . | . | .

------------------+---+---+---

LAKE SUPERIOR | | |

{Sault Ste. Marie|145|138|283

{Grand Island | 35| 24| 59

{Keweena Bay | 57|108

{Ontonagon River | 28| 37| 65

{La Pointe |118|106|224

{Fond du Lac |128|115|243

FOLLE AVOINE | | |

COUNTRY | | |

{Lac du Flambeau | 16| 15| 29

{Ottowa Lake | 24| 22| 46

{Yellow River | 20| 23| 43

{Nama Kowagun of |

{St. Croix River| 8| 9| 17

{Snake River | 30| 42| 72

SOURCES OF THE | | |

MISSISSIPPI RIVER| | |

{Sandy Lake |155|184|339

{Lake Winnipeg | 21| 5| 26

{Cass, or Upper | | |

{Red Cedar Lake | 41| 36| 77

{Leech Lake |213|226|439

+---+---+---

Lake Superior |505|477|982

Folle Avoine | | |

Country | 98|109|207

Sources of the | | |

Mississippi |430|451|881

+---+---+---

Total | 1| 1| 2

|033|037|070

------------------+-----------

About one-fourth of the whole number were vaccinated directly from the

pustules of patients laboring under the disease; while the remaining

three-fourths were vaccinated from crusts, or from virus which had been

several days on hand. I did not pass by a single opportunity for

securing the crusts and virus from the arms of healthy patients; and to

avoid, as far as possible, the chance of giving rise to a disease of a

spurious kind, I invariably made use of those crusts and that virus, for

the purposes of vaccination, which had been most recently obtained. To

secure, as far as possible, against the chances of escaping the vaccine

disease, I invariably vaccinated in each arm.

Of the whole number of Indians vaccinated, I have either watched the

progress of the disease, or examined the cicatrices of about seven

hundred. An average of one in three of those vaccinated from crusts has

failed, while of those vaccinated directly from the arm of a person

laboring under the disease, not more than one in twenty has failed to

take effect--when the disease did not make its appearance after

vaccination, I have invariably, as the cases came under my examination,

revaccinated until a favorable result has been obtained.

Of the different bands of Indians vaccinated, a large proportion of the

following have, as an actual examination has shown, undergone thoroughly

the effects of the disease; viz: Sault Ste. Marie, Keweena Bay, La

Pointe, and Cass Lake, being seven hundred and fifty-one in number;

while of the remaining thirteen hundred and seventy-eight, of other

bands, I think it may safely be calculated that more than three-fourths

have passed effectually under the influence of the vaccine disease: and

as directions to revaccinate all those in whom the disease failed,

together with instructions as to time and manner of vaccination, were

given to the chiefs of the different bands, it is more than probable

that, where the bands remained together a sufficient length of time, the

operation of revaccination has been performed by themselves.

Upon our return to Lake Superior, I had reason to suspect, on examining

several cicatrices, that two of the crusts furnished by the

surgeon-general, in consequence of a partial decomposition, gave rise to

a spurious disease, and these suspicions were confirmed when

revaccinating with genuine vaccine matter, when the true disease was

communicated. Nearly all those Indians vaccinated with those two

crusts, have been vaccinated, and passed regularly though the vaccine

disease.

The answers to my repeated inquiries respecting the introduction,

progress, and fatality of the smallpox, would lead me to infer that the

disease has made its appearance at least five times, among the bands of

Chippewa Indians noticed in the accompanying table of vaccination.

The smallpox appears to have been wholly unknown to the Chippewas of

Lake Superior until about 1750; when a war-party, of more than one

hundred young men, from the bands resident near the head of the lake,

having visited Montreal for the purpose of assisting the French in their

then existing troubles with the English, became infected with the

disease, and but few of the party survived to reach their homes. It does

not appear, although they made a precipitate retreat to their own

country, that the disease was at this time communicated to any others of

the tribe.

About the year 1770, the disease appeared a second time among the

Chippewas, but, unlike that which preceded it, it was communicated to

the more northern bands.

The circumstances connected with its introduction are related nearly as

follows:--

Some time in the fall of 1767 or 8, a trader who had ascended the

Mississippi, and established himself near Leech Lake, was robbed of his

goods by the Indians residing at that lake; and, in consequence of his

exertions in defending his property, he died soon after.

These facts became known to the directors of the Fur Company, at

Mackinac; and, each successive year after, requests were sent to the

Leech Lake Indians, that they should visit Mackinac, and make reparation

for the goods they had taken, by a payment of furs, at the same time

threatening punishment in case of a refusal. In the spring of 1770, the

Indians saw fit to comply with this request; and a deputation from the

band visited Mackinac, with a quantity of furs, which they considered an

equivalent for the goods which had been taken. The deputation was

received with politeness by the directors of the Company, and the

difficulties readily adjusted. When this was effected, a cask of liquor

and a flag closely rolled were presented to the Indians as a token of

friendship. They were at the same time strictly enjoined neither to

break the seal of the cask nor to unroll the flag, until they had

reached the heart of their own country. This they promised to observe;

but while returning, and after having travelled many days, the chief of

the deputation made a feast for the Indians of the band at Fond du Lac,

Lake Superior, upon which occasion he unsealed the cask and unrolled the

flag for the gratification of his guests. The Indians drank of the

liquor, and remained in a state of inebriation during several days. The

rioting was over, and they were fast recovering from its effects, when

several of the party were seized with violent pain. This was attributed

to the liquor they had drunk; but the pain increasing, they were induced

to drink deeper of the poisonous drug, and in this inebriated state

several of the party died, before the real cause was suspected. Other

like cases occurred; and it was not long before one of the war-party who

had visited Montreal in 1750, and who had narrowly escaped with his

life, recognized the disease as the same which had attacked their party

at that time. It proved to be so; and of those Indians then at Fond du

Lac, about three hundred in number, nearly the whole were swept off by

it. Nor did it stop here; for numbers of those at Fond du Lac, at the

time the disease made its appearance, took refuge among the neighboring

bands; and although it did not extend easterly on Lake Superior, it is

believed that not a single band of Chippewas north or west from Fond du

Lac escaped its ravages. Of a large band then resident at Cass Lake,

near the source of the Mississippi River, only one person, a child,

escaped. The others having been attacked by the disease, died before any

opportunity for dispersing was offered. The Indians at this day are

firmly of the opinion that the smallpox was at this time communicated

through the articles presented to their brethren by the agent of the Fur

Company at Mackinac; and that it was done for the purpose of punishing

them more severely for their offences.

The most western bands of Chippewas relate a singular allegory of the

introduction of the smallpox into their country by a war-party,

returning from the plains of the Missouri, as nearly as information will

enable me to judge, in the year 1784. It does not appear that, at this

time, the disease extended to the bands east of Fond du Lac; but it is

represented to have been extremely fatal to those bands north and west

from there.

In 1802 or 3, the smallpox made its appearance among the Indians

residing at the Sault Ste. Marie, but did not extend to the bands west

from that place. The disease was introduced by a voyager, in the employ

of the Northwest Fur Company, who had just returned from Montreal; and

although all communication with him was prohibited, an Indian

imprudently having made him a visit, was infected with and transmitted

the disease to others of the band. When once communicated, it raged with

great violence, and of a large band scarcely one of those then at the

village survived, and the unburied bones still remain, marking the

situation they occupied. From this band the infection was communicated

to a band residing upon St. Joseph's Island, and many died of it; but

the surgeon of the military post then there, succeeded, by judicious and

early measures, in checking it before the infection became general.

In 1824, the smallpox again made its appearance among the Indians at the

Sault Ste. Marie. It was communicated by a voyager to the Indians upon

Drummond's Island, Lake Huron; and through them several families at

Sault Ste. Marie became infected. Of those belonging to the latter

place, more than twenty in number, only two escaped. The disease is

represented to have been extremely fatal to the Indians at Drummond's

Island.

Since 1824, the smallpox is not known to have appeared among the Indians

at the Sault Ste. Marie, nor among the Chippewas north or west from that

place. But the Indians of these bands still tremble at the bare name of

a disease which (next to the compounds of alcohol) has been one of the

greatest scourges that has ever overtaken them since their first

communication with the whites. The disease, when once communicated to a

band of Indians, rages with a violence wholly unknown to the civilized

man. The Indian, guided by present feeling, adopts a course of treatment

(if indeed it deserves that appellation) which not unfrequently arms the

disease with new power. An attack is but a warning to the poor and

helpless patient to prepare for death, which will almost assuredly soon

follow. His situation under these circumstances is truly deplorable; for

while in a state that even, with proper advice, he would of himself

recover, he adds fresh fuel to the flame which is already consuming him,

under the delusive hope of gaining relief. The intoxicating draught

(when it is within his reach) is not among the last remedies to which he

resorts, to produce a lethargy from which he is never to recover. Were

the friends of the sick man, even under these circumstances, enabled to

attend him, his sufferings might be, at least, somewhat mitigated; but

they too are, perhaps, in a similar situation, and themselves without

even a single person to minister to their wants. Death comes to the poor

invalid, and, perhaps, even as a welcome guest, to rid him of his

suffering.

By a comparison of the number of Indians vaccinated upon the borders of

Lake Superior with the actual population, it will be seen that the

proportion who have passed through the vaccine disease is so great as to

secure them against any general prevalence of the smallpox; and perhaps

it is sufficient to prevent the introduction of the disease to the bands

beyond, through this channel. But in the Folle Avoine country it is not

so. Of the large bands of Indians residing in that section of country,

only a small fraction have been vaccinated; while of other bands, not a

single person has passed through the disease.

Their local situation undoubtedly renders it of the first importance

that the benefits of vaccination should be extended to them. Their

situation may be said to render them a connecting link between the

southern and northwestern bands of Chippewas; and while on the south

they are liable to receive the virus of the smallpox from the whites and

Indians, the passage of the disease through them to their more northern

brethren would only be prevented by their remaining, at that time,

completely separated. Every motive of humanity towards the suffering

Indian, would lead to extend to him this protection against a disease he

holds in constant dread, and of which he knows, by sad experience, the

fatal effects. The protection he will prize highly, and will give in

return the only boon a destitute man is capable of giving; the deep-felt

gratitude of an overflowing heart.

I have the honour to be,

Very respectfully, sir,

Your obedient servant,

DOUGLASS HOUGHTON.

HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT, ESQ.,

_U. S. Ind. Agt., Sault de Ste. Marie._

4. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY.

IX.

ASTRONOMICAL AND BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS.

1. _A Table of Geographical Positions on the Mississippi River at Low

Water, observed in 1836._[275] By J. N. NICOLLET.

[275] Com. Doc. No. 237.

-------------------------------------------+-------------------+---------

|ESTIMATED DISTANCES|

| BY WATER. |Altitudes

PLACES OF OBSERVATION. +---------+---------+above the

|From | From the| Gulf of

|place to | Gulf of | Mexico.

|place. | Mexico. | [276]

-------------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------

Mouths of the Mississippi-- | _Miles._| _Miles._| _Feet._

| | |

{ The old Balize of the | | |

Northeast { French and pilot-house, | ... | ... | ...

pass { Light-house at the entrance | ... | ... | ...

| | |

South pass--light-house at the entrance | ... | ... | ...

| | |

{ The new Balize and pilot-house| | |

Southwest { on the east bayou | ... | ... | ...

pass { The new light-house, completed| | |

{ January, 1840 | ... | ... | ...

| | |

New Orleans Cathedral and level of its | | |

front pavement | 104 | 104 | 10.5

| | |

NOTE.--Level of the Mississippi above } | | |

the Gulf of Mexico, 0.5 foot. } | | |

Greatest depth of the Mississippi } | | |

at low water, 113 feet. } | ... | ... |

Range between high and low water, } | | |

13 feet. } | | |

| | |

Red River, north end of the island, | | |

opposite the mouth | 236 | 340 | 76

| | |

Natchez, light-house | 66 | 406 | 86

general level of the city | ... | ... | 264

| | |

NOTE.--Range between high and low water, | | |

in 1835, 52 feet | | |

| | |

Yazoo River, the mouth | 128 | 534 | ...

| | |

White River, Montgomery's Landing, one | | |

mile above the mouth | 220 | 754 | 202

| | |

New Madrid, Missouri | 361 | 1,115 | ...

| | |

Ohio River, north side of the mouth | 101 | 1,216 | 824

| | |

Cape Girardeau | 41 | 1,257 | ...

| | |

St. Genevieve, Catholic church, and level | | |

of its pavement | 73 | 1,330 | 372

| | |

St. Louis, garden of the Cathedral | 60 | 1,390 | 382

| | |

Illinois River, the mouth | 36 | 1,426 | ...

| | |

Moingonan River (Des Moines River), a | | |

small island at the mouth | 168 | 1,594 | 444

| | |

Montrose, or old Fort Des Moines, the | | |

mouth of the creek | 15 | 1,609 | 470

| | |

Flint River, the mouth, above Burlington | 30 | 1,639 | 486

| | |

Maskudeng, the middle mouth of the slough | 39 | 1,678 | 505

| | |

Rock Island, a quarter of a mile above | | |

Davenport's residence | 44 | 1,722 | 528

| | |

Head of the Upper Rapids, below Port Biron | | |

and Parkhurst | 15 | 1,737 | 554

| | |

Prairie du Chien (Kipi-saging), American | | |

Fur Company's house | 195 | 1,932 | 642

| | |

Summit of bluff on the eastern side of | | |

Prairie du Chien | ... | ... | 1,010

| | |

Cap-à-l'ail, the summit--height above the | | |

Mississipi, 335 feet | 32 | 1,964 | 1,013

| | |

Upper Iowa River, island at the mouth | 14 | 1,978 | ...

| | |

Hokah River (Root River), the mouth | 23 | 2,001 | ...

| | |

Praire à la Crosse River, the mouth | 3 | 2,004 | ...

| | |

Sappah River, or Black River opposite the | | |

old mouth | 31 | 2,035 | 683

| | |

Top of mountain on right bank, opposite | | |

the old mouth | ... | ... | 1,214

| | |

Dividing ridge between Sappah River and | | |

Prairie à la Crosse River, 6 miles | | |

east of Mississippi | ... | ... | 1,103

[276] The numbers in this column refer to the surface of the water in

the Mississippi at the point mentioned, except when otherwise

specially expressed.

-------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------

| | WEST OF

| | GREENWICH.

PLACES OF OBSERVATION. |North |

|latitudes. +-----------

| |Longitudes

| | in time.

-------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------

Mouths of the Mississippi-- | ° ´ ´´ | _h. m. s._

| |

{ The old Balize of the | |

Northeast { French and pilot-house, | 29 7 15.3| 5 56 18.44

pass { Light-house at the entrance | 29 8 32.8| 5 56 5.52

| |

South pass--light-house at the entrance | 28 59 42.3| 5 56 29.40

| |

{ The new Balize and pilot-house| |

Southwest { on the east bayou | 28 59 49.5| 5 57 15.88

pass { The new light-house, completed| |

{ January, 1840 | 28 58 50 | 5 57 25.80

| |

New Orleans Cathedral and level of its | |

front pavement | 29 57 23 | 5 59 56

| |

NOTE.--Level of the Mississippi above } | |

the Gulf of Mexico, 0.5 foot. } | |

Greatest depth of the Mississippi } | |

at low water, 113 feet. } | .. | ..

Range between high and low water, } | |

13 feet. } | |

| |

Red River, north end of the island, | |

opposite the mouth | 31 2 25 | 6 6 45

| |

Natchez, light-house | 31 33 37 | 6 5 53.5

general level of the city | |

| |

NOTE.--Range between high and low water, | |

in 1835, 52 feet | |

| |

Yazoo River, the mouth | 32 28 00 | 6 3 58

| |

White River, Montgomery's Landing, one | |

mile above the mouth | 33 57 20| 6 1 47

| |

New Madrid, Missouri | 36 34 30| 5 57 49

| |

Ohio River, north side of the mouth | 37 00 25| 5 56 10

| |

Cape Girardeau | 37 18 39| 5 57 8

| |

St. Genevieve, Catholic church, and level | |

of its pavement | 37 59 47| 6 0 44.7

| |

St. Louis, garden of the Cathedral | 38 37 28| 6 1 2.6

| |

Illinois River, the mouth | 38 58 12| ...

| |

Moingonan River (Des Moines River), a | |

small island at the mouth | 40 21 43| 6 6 10

| |

Montrose, or old Fort Des Moines, the | |

mouth of the creek | 40 30 34| 6 6 4

| |

Flint River, the mouth, above Burlington | 40 52 56| ...

| |

Maskudeng, the middle mouth of the slough | 41 14 47| 6 5 26

| |

Rock Island, a quarter of a mile above | |

Davenport's residence | 41 31 50| ...

| |

Head of the Upper Rapids, below Port Biron | |

and Parkhurst | 41 36 8| 6 1 56

| |

Prairie du Chien (Kipi-saging), American | |

Fur Company's house | 43 3 6| 6 4 37.3

| |

Summit of bluff on the eastern side of | |

Prairie du Chien | |

| |

Cap-à-l'ail, the summit--height above the | |

Mississipi, 335 feet | ... | ...

| |

Upper Iowa River, island at the mouth | 43 29 26| 6 4 40

| |

Hokah River (Root River), the mouth | 43 47 00| 6 4 46

| |

Praire à la Crosse River, the mouth | 43 49 00| 6 4 56

| |

Sappah River, or Black River opposite the | |

old mouth | 43 57 14| 6 5 36

| |

Top of mountain on right bank, opposite | |

the old mouth | ... | ...

| |

Dividing ridge between Sappah River and | |

Prairie à la Crosse River, 6 miles | |

east of Mississippi | ... | ...

-------------------------------------------+------------+------------

|WEST OF |

|GREENWICH. |

PLACES OF OBSERVATION. | |Authorities,

+-----------+ &c.

|Longitudes |

| in arc. |

-------------------------------------------+-----------+------------

Mouths of the Mississippi-- | ° ´ ´´ |

| |

{ The old Balize of the | | Captain A.

Northeast { French and pilot-house, | 89 4 36.6| Talcott.

pass { Light-house at the entrance | 89 1 22.9| do.

| |

South pass--light-house at the entrance | 89 7 27.1| do.

| |

{ The new Balize and pilot-house| |

Southwest { on the east bayou | 89 18 58.2| do.

pass { The new light-house, completed| |

{ January, 1840 | 89 21 27 | do.

| |

New Orleans Cathedral and level of its | |

front pavement | 89 59 4 |

| |

NOTE.--Level of the Mississippi above } | |

the Gulf of Mexico, 0.5 foot. } | |

Greatest depth of the Mississippi } | |

at low water, 113 feet. } | ... |Albert Stein,

Range between high and low water, } | | C. E.

13 feet. } | |

| |

Red River, north end of the island, | |

opposite the mouth | 91 41 15 | Nicollet.

| |

Natchez, light-house | 91 28 22.5| do.

general level of the city | |

| |

NOTE.--Range between high and low water, | |

in 1835, 52 feet | |

| |

Yazoo River, the mouth | 90 59 30 | Ferrer.

| |

White River, Montgomery's Landing, one | |

mile above the mouth | 90 26 45 |Nicollet.

| |

New Madrid, Missouri | 89 27 15 |Ferrer.

| |

Ohio River, north side of the mouth | 89 2 30 |Ferrer's

| | longitude.

| |

Cape Girardeau | 89 17 00 |Long's 1st

| | expedition.

| |

St. Genevieve, Catholic church, and level | |

of its pavement | 90 11 10 |Nicollet.

| |

St. Louis, garden of the Cathedral | 90 15 39 | do.

| |

Illinois River, the mouth | ... |Long's 1st

| | expedition.

| |

Moingonan River (Des Moines River), a | |

small island at the mouth | 91 32 30 |Nicollet.

| |

Montrose, or old Fort Des Moines, the | |

mouth of the creek | 91 31 00 | do.

| |

Flint River, the mouth, above Burlington | ... | do.

| |

Maskudeng, the middle mouth of the slough | 91 21 30 | do.

| |

Rock Island, a quarter of a mile above | |

Davenport's residence | ... | do.

| |

Head of the Upper Rapids, below Port Biron | |

and Parkhurst | 90 29 00 | do.

| |

Prairie du Chien (Kipi-saging), American | |

Fur Company's house | 91 9 19.5| do.

| |

Summit of bluff on the eastern side of | |

Prairie du Chien | |

| |

Cap-à-l'ail, the summit--height above the | |

Mississipi, 335 feet | ... | do.

| |

Upper Iowa River, island at the mouth | 91 10 00 | do.

| |

Hokah River (Root River), the mouth | 91 11 30 | do.

| |

Praire à la Crosse River, the mouth | 91 14 00 | do.

| |

Sappah River, or Black River opposite the | |

old mouth | 91 24 00 | do.

| |

Top of mountain on right bank, opposite | |

the old mouth | ... | do.

| |

Dividing ridge between Sappah River and | |

Prairie à la Crosse River, 6 miles | |

east of Mississippi | ... | do.

TABLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS--CONTINUED.

MISSISSIPPI RIVER AT LOW WATER.

-------------------------------------------+-------------------+---------

|ESTIMATED DISTANCES|

| BY WATER. |Altitudes

PLACES OF OBSERVATION. +---------+---------+above the

|From | From the| Gulf of

|place to | Gulf of | Mexico.

|place. | Mexico. |

-------------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------

Mountain Island, or _Montagne qui trempe à_|_Miles._ |_Miles._ | _Feet._

_l'Eau_ of the French | 7 | 2,042 | ...

Miniskah River, or White-water River | 27 | 2,069 | ...

Wazi-oju River, or Pinewood River | | |

(_Rivière aux Embarras_ of the French) | 1 | 2,070 | ...

At Roque's, two and a half miles below | | |

Chippeway River | 14 | 2,084 | ...

Clear Water River, the mouth, northwest | | |

corner of Lake Pepin | ... | ... | ...

Reminicha (_Montagne la Grange_ of the | | |

French), upper end of Lake Pepin | 31 | 2,115 | 714

Top of Reminicha | ... | ... | 1,036

La Hontan River, the mouth (Cannon River | | |

of the Americans, Canoe River of the | | |

French) | 3 | 2,118 | ...

St. Croix River, the mouth | 32 | 2,150 | 729

Upland on the banks of the Mississippi | | |

and Lake St. Croix | ... | ... | 866

St. Peter's, the mouth | 42 | 2,192 | 744

General level of the plateau on which Fort | | |

Snelling and the Indian agency stand | ... | ... | 850

Pilot Knob, the top | ... | ... | 1,006

Falls of St. Anthony, United States Cottage| 8 | 2,200 | 856

Ishkode-wabo River, or Rum River, the mouth| 19 | 2,219 | ...

Karishon River (Sioux), or Undeg River | | |

(Chippewas), | | |

Crow River of the Americans | 10 | 2,229 | ...

St. Francis River, Wicha-niwa River of the | | |

Sioux | 9 | 2,238 | ...

Migadiwin Creek, or War Creek, the mouth | 18 | 2,256 | ...

Kawakomik River, or Clear-Water River, the | | |

mouth | 24 | 2,280 | ...

Round Island, at the lower end of Osakis | | |

Rapids | ... | ... | ...

Osakis River, the mouth | 22 | 2,302 | ...

Watab River, the mouth | 3 | 2,305 | ...

Pekushino River, the mouth | 18 | 2,323 | ...

Wabezi River, or Swan River, a half mile | | |

above the mouth | 18 | 2,341 | 1,098

Omoshkos River, or Elk River, the mouth | 10 | 2,351 | ...

Nokay's River, the mouth | 18 | 2,369 | ...

Kagi-wigwan River, the mouth (_Aile de | | |

Corbeau River_ of the French, Crow-Wing | | |

River of the Americans) | 12 | 2,381 | 1,130

Nagadjika River, opposite the mouth | 18 | 2,399 | ...

Pine River, the mouth | 30 | 2,429 | 1,176

Willow River, the mouth | 65 | 2,494 | ...

Sandy Lake River, the mouth | 32 | 2,526 | 1,253

Swan River, the mouth | 38 | 2,564 | 1,290

Kabikons, or Little Falls, the head of the | | |

falls | 63 | 2,627 | 1,840

Wanomon River, or Vermilion River, the | | |

mouth | 21 | 2,648 | ...

Eagle Nest savannah (_Marais aux Nids | | |

d'Aigle_ of the French) | 16 | 2,664 | ...

Leach Lake River, the mouth | 11 | 2,675 | 1,356

Lake Cass, the old trading-house on a | | |

tongue of land near the entrance of the | | |

Mississippi | 80 | 2,755 | 1,402

Pemidji Lake, or Lake Travers, the entrance| | |

of the Mississippi | 45 | 2,800 | 1,456

Itasca Lake, Schoolcraft's Island | 90 | 2,890 | 1,575

Utmost sources of the Mississippi, at the | | |

summit of the Hauteurs de Terre, or | | |

dividing ridge, between the Mississippi | | |

and Red River of the North | 6 | 2,896 | 1,680

-------------------------------------------+----------+-----------

| | WEST OF

PLACES OF OBSERVATION. |North | GREENWICH.

|latitudes.+-----------

| |Longitudes

| | in time.

-------------------------------------------+----------+-----------

Mountain Island, or _Montagne qui trempe à_| ° ´ ´´ |_h. m. s._

_l'Eau_ of the French | 44 1 7 | 6 6 2

Miniskah River, or White-water River | 44 12 36 | 6 7 25

Wazi-oju River, or Pinewood River | |

(_Rivière aux Embarras_ of the French) | 44 13 20 | 6 7 22

At Roque's, two and a half miles below | |

Chippeway River | 44 23 24 | 6 8 00

Clear Water River, the mouth, northwest | |

corner of Lake Pepin | 44 36 20 | 6 9 40

Reminicha (_Montagne la Grange_ of the | |

French), upper end of Lake Pepin | 44 33 30 | 6 10 4

Top of Reminicha | ... | ...

La Hontan River, the mouth (Cannon River | |

of the Americans, Canoe River of the | |

French) | 44 34 00 | 6 10 8

St. Croix River, the mouth | 44 45 30 | 6 11 00

Upland on the banks of the Mississippi | |

and Lake St. Croix | ... | ...

St. Peter's, the mouth | 44 52 46 | 6 12 19.6

General level of the plateau on which Fort | |

Snelling and the Indian agency stand | ... | ...

Pilot Knob, the top | ... | ...

Falls of St. Anthony, United States Cottage| 44 58 40 | 6 12 42

Ishkode-wabo River, or Rum River, the mouth| 45 15 00 | ...

Karishon River (Sioux), or Undeg River | |

(Chippewas), | |

Crow River of the Americans | 45 16 00 | ...

St. Francis River, Wicha-niwa River of the | |

Sioux | 45 20 30 | ...

Migadiwin Creek, or War Creek, the mouth | 45 18 14 | 6 15 50

Kawakomik River, or Clear-Water River, the | |

mouth | 45 24 25 | 6 16 30

Round Island, at the lower end of Osakis | |

Rapids | 45 35 00 | 6 16 48

Osakis River, the mouth | 45 35 35 | 6 16 48

Watab River, the mouth | 45 37 00 | 6 16 58

Pekushino River, the mouth | 45 46 50 | 6 17 14

Wabezi River, or Swan River, a half mile | |

above the mouth | 45 54 30 | 6 17 28

Omoshkos River, or Elk River, the mouth | 46 4 00 | 6 17 4

Nokay's River, the mouth | 46 10 30 | 6 17 15

Kagi-wigwan River, the mouth (_Aile de | |

Corbeau River_ of the French, Crow-Wing | |

River of the Americans) | 46 16 50 | 6 17 31

Nagadjika River, opposite the mouth | 46 26 00 | ...

Pine River, the mouth | 46 35 00 | ...

Willow River, the mouth | 46 40 30 | 6 13 30

Sandy Lake River, the mouth | 46 47 10 | 6 12 38

Swan River, the mouth | 47 00 43 | 6 12 36

Kabikons, or Little Falls, the head of the | |

falls | 47 14 50 | 6 13 47

Wanomon River, or Vermilion River, the | |

mouth | 47 11 4 | 6 14 10

Eagle Nest savannah (_Marais aux Nids | |

d'Aigle_ of the French) | 47 18 10 | 6 14 36

Leach Lake River, the mouth | 47 14 00 | 6 14 52

Lake Cass, the old trading-house on a | |

tongue of land near the entrance of the | |

Mississippi | 47 25 23 | 6 18 16

Pemidji Lake, or Lake Travers, the entrance| |

of the Mississippi | 47 28 46 | 6 19 22

Itasca Lake, Schoolcraft's Island | 47 13 35 | 6 20 8

Utmost sources of the Mississippi, at the | |

summit of the Hauteurs de Terre, or | |

dividing ridge, between the Mississippi | |

and Red River of the North | |

-------------------------------------------+----------+------------

| WEST OF |

PLACES OF OBSERVATION. |GREENWICH.|Authorities,

+----------+ &c.

|Longitudes|

| in arc. |

-------------------------------------------+----------+------------

Mountain Island, or _Montagne qui trempe à_| ° ´ ´´ |

_l'Eau_ of the French | 91 30 30 | Nicollet.

Miniskah River, or White-water River | 91 51 15 | do.

Wazi-oju River, or Pinewood River | |

(_Rivière aux Embarras_ of the French) | 91 50 30 | do.

At Roque's, two and a half miles below | |

Chippeway River | 92 00 00 | do.

Clear Water River, the mouth, northwest | |

corner of Lake Pepin | 92 25 00 | do.

Reminicha (_Montagne la Grange_ of the | |

French), upper end of Lake Pepin | 92 31 00 | do.

Top of Reminicha | ... | do.

La Hontan River, the mouth (Cannon River | |

of the Americans, Canoe River of the | |

French) | 92 32 00 | do.

St. Croix River, the mouth | 92 45 00 | do.

Upland on the banks of the Mississippi | |

and Lake St. Croix | ... | do.

St. Peter's, the mouth | 93 4 54 | do.

General level of the plateau on which Fort | |

Snelling and the Indian agency stand | ... | do.

Pilot Knob, the top | ... | do.

Falls of St. Anthony, United States Cottage| 93 10 30 | do.

Ishkode-wabo River, or Rum River, the mouth| ... | do.

Karishon River (Sioux), or Undeg River | |

(Chippewas), | |

Crow River of the Americans | ... | do.

St. Francis River, Wicha-niwa River of the | |

Sioux | ... | Nicollet.

Migadiwin Creek, or War Creek, the mouth | 93 57 30 | do.

Kawakomik River, or Clear-Water River, the | |

mouth | 94 7 30 | do.

Round Island, at the lower end of Osakis | |

Rapids | 94 12 00 | do.

Osakis River, the mouth | 94 12 00 | do.

Watab River, the mouth | 94 14 30 | do.

Pekushino River, the mouth | 94 18 30 | do.

Wabezi River, or Swan River, a half mile | |

above the mouth | 94 22 00 | do.

Omoshkos River, or Elk River, the mouth | 94 16 00 | do.

Nokay's River, the mouth | 94 18 45 | do.

Kagi-wigwan River, the mouth (_Aile de | |

Corbeau River_ of the French, Crow-Wing | |

River of the Americans) | 94 22 45 | do.

Nagadjika River, opposite the mouth | ... | do.

Pine River, the mouth | ... | do.

Willow River, the mouth | 93 22 30 | do.

Sandy Lake River, the mouth | 93 9 30 | do.

Swan River, the mouth | 93 9 00 | do.

Kabikons, or Little Falls, the head of the | |

falls | 93 26 45 | do.

Wanomon River, or Vermilion River, the | |

mouth | 93 32 30 | do.

Eagle Nest savannah (_Marais aux Nids | |

d'Aigle_ of the French) | 93 39 00 | do.

Leach Lake River, the mouth | 93 43 00 | do.

Lake Cass, the old trading-house on a | |

tongue of land near the entrance of the | |

Mississippi | 94 34 00 | do.

Pemidji Lake, or Lake Travers, the entrance| |

of the Mississippi | 94 50 30 | do.

Itasca Lake, Schoolcraft's Island | 95 2 00 | do.

Utmost sources of the Mississippi, at the | |

summit of the Hauteurs de Terre, or | |

dividing ridge, between the Mississippi | |

and Red River of the North | |

TABLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS--CONTINUED.

REGIONS OF THE SOURCES OF THE MISSISSIPPI.

-------------------------------+---------+----------+-----------

| | | WEST OF

|Altitudes| | GREENWICH.

PLACES OF OBSERVATION. |above the|North |

| Gulf of |latitudes.+-----------

| Mexico. | |Longitudes

| | | in time.

-------------------------------+---------+----------+-----------

Gayashk River, or Little Gull | _Feet._ | ° ´ ´´ |_h. m. s._

River, the mouth | 1,131 | 46 18 50 | 6 17 44

Gayashk Lake, or Little Gull | | |

Lake, end of Long Point | 1,152 | 46 24 28 | 6 17 30

Kadicomeg Lake, or White-Fish | | |

Lake, the entrance of Pine | | |

River | 1,192 | 46 40 25 | 6 16 10

Lake Chanché, southwest end | ... | 46 46 35 | ...

Lake Eccleston, northwest end | ... | 46 57 00 | ...

Leech Lake, Otter-tail Point | 1,380 | 47 11 40 | 6 17 20

Leech Lake, the bay opposite | | |

Otter-tail Point | ... | 47 7 22 | 6 17 28

Kabekonang River, the junction | | |

of the upper fork, near the | | |

next-mentioned portage | 1,406 | 47 16 00 | ...

Portage from Kabekonang River | | |

to La Place River, near the | | |

west end | 1,540 | 47 15 00 | ...

Assawa Lake, below the south | | |

end | 1,532 | 47 12 10 | 6 19 40

Highest ridge on the portage | | |

between Assawa Lake and | | |

Itasca Lake | 1,695 | ... | ...

Cleared pine camp, on Leech | | |

Lake River | ... | 47 18 00 | 6 16 00

-------------------------------+----------+------------

|WEST OF |

|GREENWICH.|Authorities,

PLACES OF OBSERVATION. +----------+ &c.

|Longitudes|

| in arc. |

-------------------------------+----------+------------

Gayashk River, or Little Gull | ° ´ ´´ |

River, the mouth | 94 26 00 | Nicollet.

Gayashk Lake, or Little Gull | |

Lake, end of Long Point | 94 22 30 | do.

Kadicomeg Lake, or White-Fish | |

Lake, the entrance of Pine | |

River | 94 2 30 | do.

Lake Chanché, southwest end | ... | do.

Lake Eccleston, northwest end | ... | do.

Leech Lake, Otter-tail Point | 94 20 00 | do.

Leech Lake, the bay opposite | |

Otter-tail Point | 94 22 00 | do.

Kabekonang River, the junction | |

of the upper fork, near the | |

next-mentioned portage | ... | do.

Portage from Kabekonang River | |

to La Place River, near the | |

west end | ... | do.

Assawa Lake, below the south | |

end | 94 55 00 | do.

Highest ridge on the portage | |

between Assawa Lake and | |

Itasca Lake | ... | do.

Cleared pine camp, on Leech | |

Lake River | 94 00 00 | do.

5. SCENERY.

X.

(a) _Scenery of Lake Superior._ By HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT.

Few portions of America can vie in scenic attractions with this interior

sea. Its size alone gives it all the elements of grandeur; but these

have been heightened by the mountain masses which nature has piled along

its shores. In some places, these masses consist of vast walls, of

coarse gray, or drab-colored sandstone, placed horizontally, until they

have attained many hundred feet in height above the water. The action of

such an immense liquid area, forced against these crumbling walls by

tempests, has caused wide and deep arches to be worn into the solid

structure, at their base, into which the billows roll, with a noise

resembling low-pealing thunder. By this means, large areas of the

impending mass are at length undermined and precipitated into the lake,

leaving the split and rent parts, from which they have separated,

standing like huge misshapen turrets and battlements. Such is the varied

coast, called the Pictured Rocks.

At other points of the coast, volcanic forces have operated, lifting up

these level strata into positions nearly vertical, and leaving them to

stand, like the leaves of a vast open book. At the same time, the

volcanic rocks sent up from below, have risen in high mountains, with

ancient gaping craters. Such is the condition of the disturbed

stratification at the Porcupine Mountains.

The basin and bed of this lake act like a vast geological mortar, in

which the masses of broken and fallen stones are whirled about and

ground down, till all the softer ones, such as the sandstones, are

brought into the state of pure yellow sand. This sand is driven ashore

by the waves, where it is shoved up in long wreaths, and dried by the

sun. The winds now take it up, and spread it inland, or pile it

immediately along the coast, where it presents itself in mountain

masses. Such are the great sand dunes of the Grande Sables.

There are yet other theatres of action for this sublime mass of inland

waters, where the lake has manifested, perhaps, still more strongly, its

abrasive powers. The whole force of its waters, under the impulse of a

northwest tempest, is directed against prominent portions of the shore,

which consist of black and hard volcanic rocks. Solid as these are, the

waves have found an entrance in veins of spar, or minerals of softer

texture, and have thus been led on their devastating course inland,

tearing up large fields of amygdaloid, or other rock; or, left portions

of them standing in rugged knobs, or promontories. Such are the east and

west coasts of the great peninsula of Keweena, which have recently

become the theatre of mining operations.

When the visitor to these remote and boundless waters comes to see this

wide and varied scene of complicated geological disturbances and scenic

magnificence, he is absorbed in wonder and astonishment. The eye, once

introduced to this panorama of waters, is never done looking and

admiring. Scene after scene, cliff after cliff, island after island, and

vista after vista are presented. One day's scenes of the traveller are

but the prelude to another; and when weeks, and even months, have been

spent in picturesque rambles along its shores, he has only to ascend

some of its streams, and go inland a few miles, to find falls, and

cascades, and cataracts of the most beautiful or magnificent character.

Go where he will, there is something to attract him. Beneath his feet

are pebbles of agates; the water is of the most crystalline purity. The

sky is filled, at sunset with the most gorgeous piles of clouds. The air

itself is of the purest and most inspiring kind. To visit such a scene

is to draw health from its purest sources, and while the eye revels in

intellectual delights, the soul is filled with the liveliest symbols of

God, and the most striking evidences of his creative power.

(b) _Letters of Mr. M. Woolsey._ _Southern Literary Messenger_, 1836.

Oneöta, p. 322.

These spirited and graphic letters are unavoidably excluded. The

evidence they bear to the purity of principle, justness of taste, and

excellence of character of a young man, now no more, ought to preserve

his name from oblivion. He accompanied me in 1831, as a volunteer, in a

leisure moment, an admirer of nature, seeking health.

INDEX.

A

A bear trapped, 98

A box of minerals stolen, 40

A granitical formation on Lake Superior, 88

A long fast, 126

A new philological principle in languages, 455

A phenomenon, 103

A precinct of Indian orgies, 115

A sub-expedition to Sandy Lake, 112

A war-party surprised, 552

Account of sub-explorations of Green Bay, 210

Acipenser oxyrinchus, 95

Acipenser spatularia, 163

Advance of Lake Superior to the Rocky Mountains, 109

African and Indian marriages, 108

Agaric mineral, 60

Agate, 87

Agglutinative properties of the Indian pronoun, 502

Aggregate fall of the Mississippi below Sandy Lake, 150;

commencement of the calcareous rocks, 150

Algoma, 107

Algonquin language justly applauded, 122

Algonac, 50

Allenoga River, 250

Allen's Lake, 263

Aluminous minerals, 354

American Indian policy, 546

American antiquities, 166

Amygdaloid, 90

An Indian breakfast, 253

An Indian grave with hieroglyphics, 88

An Indian nonplused in the woods, 97

An Indian salute, 120

Analysis of Lake Superior copper at Utrecht, 364

Anodonta corpulenta, 516

Announcement of return of expedition, of 1820, 279

Antique markings on the pinus resinosa, 552

Antique notices of the lake mineralogy, 295

Antiquities, 157;

first notice of in 1766, 165

Apparent tide in the Baltic, 191

Appearance of dune sand at Point aux Barques, 54

Appendix No. 2, 449

Apricots in bloom on the 22d of April, 41

Arched rock, 61

Argillaceous stratum of Detroit, 307

Argillite, 111

Artesian borings for water, 51

Art of the wounded duck, 249

Arts and manufactures of the Chippewas and Ottowas, 70

Ascent of the Assowa River, 235

Asphaltum and naphtha, 196

Assassination of Owen Keveny, 69

Assowa Lake, 239

Atmospheric heat 28th June, 96

Aux Sables Indians, 55

B

Bark letter in pictographic characters, 433

Barometrical height of Cass Lake, 139

Barytic minerals, 357

Basin of Lake Michigan, 335

Basin of Lake Superior, 318

Bat in wood, 396

Beltrami, 227

Birch Lake, 263

Birds inhabiting the region of Pakagama Falls, 130

Birds of Lake Superior, 104

Birds of the Wisconsin Valley, 181

Bituminous minerals, 358

Bivalve shells, 415

Black River, 103

Boatswain to Com. Perry in 1813, 194

Botany, 408

Boulders on the shores of Lake St. Clair, 49

Boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin, 103

Breadth of the Mississippi at Sandy Lake, 124

Brigham's residence at Blue Mound, 568

Brulé summit, 273

Buckshot gravel, 62

Buffalo hunt, 146

C

Cabotian Mountains, 110

Calcareous minerals, 350

Canadian canoe-song, 189

Canoe-race, 48

Capt. Douglass, 210

Capt. Jouett, 269

Capture and massacre of the garrison of old Mackinac, 63

Carnage River, 248

Carnelian, 87

Carver's Cave, 159

Carver's travels, 21

Cass, his official report, 280

Cass Lake, 130

Cass Lake basin, 328

Cass on Indian hieroglyphics, 430

Cassville, Wisconsin, 169

Chagoimegon, 105

Chalcedony and calcareous spar, 54

Charles Stokes, Esq., his geological memoir, 315

Charlevoix's visit to America, 20

Character and value of Dubuque's lead mines, 172

Character of the bison, 147

Character of the Canadian voyageur, 124

Cheboigan, its etymology, 213

Chenos, a masked coast, 73

Chicago, etymology of name, population, and greatness, 198

Chief Guelle Plat, 255

Chippewa character of the Kekeewin, 154

Chippewa dance, 87

Chippewa term of salutation, 84

Chippewa village, 94

Cinnamon-colored radiated quartz, 163

Claimants to mine lands, 365

Clinton River, 49

Club fungus partially fossilized, 204

Coal in Western New York, 391

Coast of boulders, 215

Col. Croghan's attack at Fort Holmes in 1814, 64

Col. Pierce, 58

Coluber æstivus, 50

Combustibles, 536

Commercial value of copper, 372

Conchology, 178

Connection with Blackhawk's plans disclaimed, 272

Cooper's description of shells, 515

Copper-bearing trap-dykes, 89

Copper boulder, its size, 97

Copper-head snake, 238

Copper ores of Mineral Point, 567

Cormorant, 130

Corn ripens at St. Peter's Valley, 153

Cornu-ammonis; a fossiliferous coast, 56

Corregonus albus, 260

Cost of lake transportation, 376

Council at Cass Lake, 251

Council at Sandy Lake, 226

Council at St. Peter's agency, 269

Council at the ultimate point of the first expedition, 133

Council with Indians;

their hostility, 78;

they raise the British flag, 79

Crow-wing River, 145

Crystals of iron pyrites, 196

Cupreous formation, 324

Cup-shaped concavities, 61

D

Dacota, or Nadownsie Indians, 158

Danger escaped, 566

Date and circumstance of Pike's visit to Sandy Lake, 117

Date of Prairie du Chien, 167

Date of the battle of Badaxe, 269

Date of Wisconsin as a territorial name, 176

De Witt Clinton offers the use of his library, 23

Dead scaffolded, 122

Defect of postal facilities, at Mackinac, 65

Depth of the Detroit clay beds, 51

Derogative inflections of the Indian noun, 476

Descent of Itasca River, 246

Description of the Indian canoe, 47

Desiderata of discovery, 227

Detroit completely burnt down in 1805, 44

Detroit first founded in 1701, 45

Difficulty of studying the Indian tongues, 441

Difficulty of the descent of the Brulé, 273

Diluvial elevations, 385

Diminutive forms of the Odjibwa noun, 474

Discover native copper, 90

Discovery of Itasca Lake, 573

Distance from Lake Superior to Lake Pepin, 544

Distance from St. Peter's to the gulf, 153;

elevation of the country, 153

Distances travelled in the expedition of 1831, 544

Dr. McDonnell's letter, 439

Dr. Mitchell's summary of discoveries, 416

Drift-stratum, 115, 322

Dubuque City, 170

Du Ponceau's prize essay, 453

E

Earliest date of Winnebago history, 194

Earthy compounds, 534

Elementary structure of the Algonquin language, 442

Elk Island, 216

Elk River, its latitude, 147

Elevation of Lake Superior, 107

Elevation of the cliff of La Grange, 162

Elevation of the country at the Savanna Portage, 120

Encampment at St. Mary's, 76

Ephemeral insects, 167

Epoch of the deposit of St. Mary's sandstone, 539

Epochs of geological action proved by fossils, 400

Era of Pontiac's hostile movements, 62

Era of the discovery of the St. Lawrence, 121

Erismatolite, 103

Erratic block stratum, 53

Erratic block and drift stratum, 61

Essay on the Odjibwa substantive, 453

Establishment of a military post at St. Peter's, 152

Etymology, 116

Etymology of Manitowakie, 195

Etymology of Minnesota, 156

Etymology of Namikong, 85

Etymology of Pawating, 81

Etymology of Rum River, 150

Etymology of the word Konamik, 186

Etymology of the word Michilimackinac, 70

Etymology of the word Mississippi, 140

Etymology of the word Wisconsin, 179

Etymology of Waganukizzie, 207

Evidences of ancient Indian cultivation, 59

Evidences of diluvial action, 318

Explorations recommended, 285

Extensive and fertile bow-shaped area, 135

F

Fallacious appearance of a tide in Green Bay, 191

Fallacious information of the Indians, respecting the lead mines, 180

Falls and precipices, 110

Falls of St. Croix, 270

Falls of the Montreal River, 103

Federation group of islands of Lake Superior, 105, 321

Feud between the Sioux and Chippewas, 545

Final embarkation at Grosse Point, 49

Final separation of the party at Fort Dearborn, 197

First lake vessel built by La Salle, 212

First steamboat visits Michilimackinac in 1819, 212

Flat Rock Point, organic remains, 55

Flock of pigeons drowned in storms, 195

Flora of Lake Michigan, 206

Fluor spar, 353

Fond du Lac, 184

Fondness of the Indians for melons, 170

Forest-trees, 143

Forest-trees buried by oceanic drift, 51

Fort Holmes, when dismantled, 64

Fort Howard, 190

Fort Niagara built, 62

Fossil fauna of the West, 199

Fossil wood, 386

Foundation of old Mackinac, 62

Fox chief Aquoqua, 171

Fox River Valley, 184

Fox Village, 169

Freshwater conchology, 188

Freshwater shells of the Fox and Wisconsin, 416

Friendship of Wawetum, 67

Friendly act of the daughter of Wabojeeg, 80

Frogs inclosed in stone, 386

Fringillia vespertina, or Schoolcraft's grosbec, 515

Further discussion of the Odjibwa substantive, 470

G

Galena, 174

Generalizations on the Mississippi River, 139

Geographical data of the portage from Lake Superior to the St. Croix

and Chippewa Rivers, 540

Geological deductions, 300

Geological memoranda, 119

Geological monuments, 332

Geology of Mackinac, 66

Geological outlines of the Lake Superior coast, 109

Geological phenomena, 245

Geology, 261

Glacial action, 216

Globe of sandstone from a geological pocket-hole, 316

Grammatical structure of sentences in the Odjibwa, 495

Granite Point, 88

Granular gypsum in sandstone, 86

Graphic granite, 84

Gratiot's Grove, 564

Grauwackke, 111

Grauwackke of Iron River, 321

Grave of Dubuque, 174

Gray wolf, 149, 166

Great copper boulder on Lake Superior, 294

Great sand dunes, 85

Green Bay City, 191

Group of the Manatouline Islands, 74

Grosbec--new species, 515

Gypsum, 65, 313

H

Habits of the anas canadensis, 234

Helix, 515

Hennepin, 151

Henry Inman, 23

Herds of buffalo east of the Mississippi, 432

High value of the Lake Superior copper mines urged on Congress, 368

Highest platform mound on the Mississippi, 157

Highlands of Sauble, 310

Historical data respecting Dubuque's mines, 174

Historical data respecting the smallpox, 578

Historical facts, 150

History of Green Bay, 190

History of the Chippewas, 121

History of the Fox Indians, 175

Hochungara, or Winnebagoes, 181

Holcus fragrans, 157

Houghton's analysis of the lake copper, 527

Houghton's plants, 519

How possessives are formed in the Chippewa, 461

Human skull in the solid part of a living tree, 396

Huron coast line, 309

Huttonian theory, 405

Hystrix, 73

I

Ice formed on the 19th of July, 127

Illigan Lake, 264

Image stone, 231

Importance of vaccination to Indians, 581

Impression of a trilobite in quartz, 66

Indian altar, 55

Indian birch-bark letter, 433

Indian boundary, 149

Indian chief Red Thunder, 158

Indian chief Red Wing, 163

Indian corn-dance, 160

Indian council, 99

Indian council at the mouth of the Crow-wing, 267

Indian dwarf, 178

Indian language, 453

Indian myth of Itasca, stanzas on, 243

Indian oratory, 256

Indian queen, 254

Indian summer, 428

Indian superstition respecting mines, 374

Indian symbol for a man, 113

Indian term for geologist, 90

Indian trait, 151

Indian translation of an expression, 144

Indian tribes visited in 1831, 540

Indian women engage in mining, 173

Indian women gathering rice, 130

Indians turn mineralogists, 90

Inquiries respecting the history of the Indians, 438

Inter-European amalgamation, 77

Intrepid act of Gen. Cass, 80

Iron sand, 106

Irving's Lake, 230

Island of ancient Indian sepulchre, 194

Itasca Lake, 246

J

James Riley, 78

Jargon of the northwest, 234

John Johnston, Esq., 80

Journey from Albany to Geneva, 41

Journey in a sleigh across the Highlands, 40

K

Kabamappa accuses the Sioux of treachery, 548

Kaginogumaug, or Longwater Lake, 261

Kakabika Falls, 247

Kakala, its probable meaning, 187

Kalamazoo, 203

Kubba-Kunna, 234

L

La Hontan's apocryphal discovery on Long River, 19

Lac Plè, 263

Lac Traverse, 229

Lac Vieux Desert, 263

Lacustrine clay-flats of Lake St. Clair, 49

Lake action, 318

Lake Audrusia, 228

Lake Chetac, 543

Lake Douglass, 265

Lake drift, 323

Lake Pepin, 163, 332

Lake St. Clair, 216

Landscape of Michilimackinac, 71

Last year the bison is seen east of the Mississippi, 148

Latitude of Mackinac, 64

Lead mines at Dubuque, 168, 333

Leading events in the life of Gen. Macomb, 72

Leaf River of the Crow-wing, 266

Learn the state of the Sauc war, 269

Leech Lake, 259

Leech Lake River, 129; etymology, 129

Left Hand River, 108

Legal claim to the mine tract, 174

Length of the Mississippi, 245

Letter to Nathaniel H. Carter, Esq., 409

Level of Lake Erie above tide-water, 43

Limits of the cervus sylvestris, 515

Line of discovery above Cass Lake, 244

List of latitudes and longitudes, 289

List of quadrupeds and birds observed, 413

Little Crow chief, 157

Little Vermilion Lake, 262

Localities of minerals and rock strata, 211

Locality of freshwater shells, 167

Long Prairie River, 266

Longitudinal phenomena, 109

Lt. Col. Fowle, notice of, 168

Lupus Americanus, 56

Lyceum of Natural History, New York, extract from its annals, 532

M

M. Woolsey, 588

Mackinac limestone, 312

Magnesian minerals, 356

Magnitude of Lake Michigan, 202

Marquette's discovery of the Mississippi, 17

Mass of native copper, on the shores of Winnebago Lake, 185

Massachusetts Island, 105

Mean temperature at the sources of the Upper Mississippi River, 123;

party for the ultimate discovery of this river, 123

Mean temperature of St. Peter's Valley, 154

Mean velocity of current of Mississippi River, 126

Metallic masses, 100

Metallic minerals, 340

Meteorological journal kept at Chicago, 424

Meteorology, 418

Metoswa rapids, 229

Metunna Rapids, 266

Micaceous oxide of iron, 111

Michigan--its population at various periods, 46

Michilimackinac, 57, 311

Michilimackinac first becomes a capital for the fur trade, 68;

J. J. Astor occupies it in 1816, 68

Miera, or Walk-in-the-water, 212

Milwaukie, its etymology, population, and resources, 196

Mine of Peosta, 171

Mineral character of Lake Superior, 100

Mineralogy and geology, 292

Mineralogy of the Northwest, 534

Miners' mode of classifying ore, 564

Mississippi first crossed by primary rocks, 147

Mississippi from the influx of the Missouri, 138

Mistake respecting American antiquities, 157

Mode of converting a noun to a verb in the Odjibwa, 481

Mollusks, 127

Montruille an object of pity, 131

Mozojeed, a chief of energy, 550

Mr. Monroe's message of 7th December, 1822, 363

Mr. Schoolcraft's Report on the Copper Mines of Lake Superior, 292

Mukkundwa Indians, ethnological sketch, 258

Murder of Gov. Semple, 255

Muskego River, 104

My first portage; what is "a piece," 90

Mythologic notion, 99

N

Naiwa rapids, 236

Native salt and native copper, 155

Native silver, and its ores, 531

Natural history, 515

Nebeesh Island and Rapids, 75

Neenaba, a partisan chief, 554

New localities of copper, 375

New seat for Hygeia and the Muses, 60

New species in conchology, 417

Nicollet's table of geographical positions, 582

Noble reply of an Algonquin chief, 63

Noble view, 83

Number in the Chippewa, 457

Number, value, &c. of the copper mines of Lake Superior, 363

O

Objects of governmental policy, 558

Oblations to the dead, 123

Observe the buffalo, 146

Odjibwa animate and inanimate adjectives, 490

Odjibwa compound words, 483

Odjibwa numerals, 501

Odjibwamong, 82

Offering food to the dead, 123

Official report of Gen. Cass, 280

Okunzhewug, a chieftainess, murdered, 550

Old English Copper-mining Company, 296

Old Mackinac, its date, 208

Onzig River, 84

Ores and metals, 536

Organic impressions, 313

Organization of the expedition of 1832, 223

Origin of the Indian race, 439

Ornithology, 130

Ortho-cerite limestone, 74

Ottowa Lake, 542

P

Pakagama Falls, 127

Palæontological rocks, 330

Palaozoic sandstone, 539

Peace Rock, 149

Pelican, 177

Perch or Assawa Lake, 362

Period of the first military occupation of old Mackinac, 64

Petrified leaf, with a sketch, 206

Pewabik River, 102

Physical Character of the Crow-wing River, 267

Physical characters of the Mississippi, 133

Pictographic device, 148

Pictographic Indian inscription, 113

Pictographic mode of communicating ideas, 430

Pictured rocks, 86

Pike's Bay, 251

Pipe-stone, or opwagunite, 155

Planorbis, 515

Planorbis companulatus, 246

Plants collected by Dr. Houghton, 519

Plastic clay of St. Clair flats, 308

Plateau of lakes and marshes, 128

Polydon, 416

Polyganum, 124

Population and statistics of Mackinac in 1820, 64

Population of Detroit in 1820, 45

Population of Leech Lake, 260

Population of Ottowas, 203

Porcupine Mountains, 91, 323

Porphyry and conglomerate boulders, 317

Portage to the sources of Crow-wing River, 260

Positive and negative forms of speech, in the Odjibwa, 497

Potatoes vegetate in pure pebbles, 62

Pouched rat, 156

Practicability of working the Superior mines of copper and iron, 370;

advantages of transportation, 371

Preliminary incidents at Washington, 39

Preliminary Report of Exploring Expedition of 1832, 573

Primary forks of the Mississippi, 232;

country disposed in plateaux, 233

Principles of the Odjibwa noun-adjective, 489

Produce of the copper mines of the world, 379

Pseudomorphous forms, 314

Pseudostoma pinetorum, 156

Pusabika River, 102

Q

Quartz geodes, 334

Quartzite rock, 127

Queen Anne's Lake, 280

Question of prepositions, 471

R

Racine, 197

Rapid glances at the geology of Western New York, 381

Rapids of the Mississippi above Sandy Lake, 125

Rattlesnake of the Wisconsin Hills, 181

Reach Detroit, after a passage of 62 hours, 44

Reach Itasca Lake, its outline, 241

Reach Lake Superior, 274

Rebus nutkanus, 129

Reciprocal death in a combat, 201

Red Banks, 194

Red jasper in quantity, 58

Red oxide of iron, 155

Red sandstone, 91

Red sandstone of Lake Superior, 316

Register of temperature in the United States, 426

Reorganization of the first expedition at Chicago, 200

Report of Dr. Houghton on the copper of Lake Superior, 526

Report of Mr. Schoolcraft to the Senate on the mineral lands of Lake

Superior, 362

Residents of Chicago in 1820, 197

Return of expedition of 1820 to Detroit, 217;

summary notice of, 217

Return to Sandy Lake, 142

Returns of the Cornwall and Devon copper mines, 378

Rifle shooting, 83

Rise of waters in the lakes, 214

River St. Croix, 162

Robert de la Salle, 17

Rosa parviflora, 144

Ruins of Fort St. Joseph, built in 1795, 75

Rule of euphony in the Algonquin language, 444;

active and passive voices, 446;

philosophical mode of denoting number, 445

S

Sacred island of the Indians, 70

Saganaw Bay, 54, 310

Saliferous red clay, 389

Sandstone in a vertical position, 102

Sandstone rock found in place on the east coast of Lake Huron, 52

Sandy Lake, 327

Sarracenia purpurea, or owl's moccasin, 214

Saurian, 249

Savanna of Gatchi Betobeeg, 141

Savanna summit, 118

Saw-mills in the Indian territory, 555

Scenery of Lake Superior, 587

Schoolcraft's examination of the Indian vowels, 443

Schoolcraft's geological report, 304

Schoolcraft's Island, 243

Schoolcraft's official report in 1831, 540

Septaria, 203

Serpentine rock, 322

Sexual nouns, 479

Sheboigan, its etymology, 195

Shingabawossin reopens negotiations, 81

Sienitic and hornblende rock, 148

Silicious minerals, 345

Silurian limestone, 167

Silver, a boulder specimen, 532

Silver medal presented, 99

Sioux masses of colored clays, 155

Site of a massacre in 1812, 200

Site of an ancient dune, 308

Skeleton paradigm of the Indian verb, 507

Sketch of Sandy Lake, 116

Sketch of the banks of the Mississippi from St. Anthony, 137

Sketch of the river at the Copper Rock, 97

Sketches addressed to Gen. George P. Morris, 560

Skull Cave, on the island of Mackinac, 66,

Alexander Henry's adventures in 1763, 66.

Smallpox appears among the Chippewas in 1750, 578

Society on the island;

its peculiar phases, 69

Soil and climate of Minnesota, 153

Soldiers poor canoemen, 269

Source of Assowa River, 240;

portage over the height of land, 240

South coast line of Lake Superior, 320

Species of freshwater shells, 181

St. Anthony's Falls, its Indian name, 151

St. Mary's Canal, 82

St. Paul's, Minnesota, 159

State of geological knowledge in 1819, 381

Stationary distances on Lake Superior, 92

Statistics of maple sugar made by the Indians, 71

Statistics of the fur trade, 68

Staurotide; native silver, 53

Steamboat Walk-in-the-Water, 43

Straits of St. Mary, 315

Stratification, 81

Stratum of quartzite rock, 141

Sub-exploring party, 94

Sub-formative pronouns in the Algonquin language, 509;

relative pronouns, 509;

demonstrative pronouns, 513

Summit Lake, 263

Sun above the horizon at 12 P. M., 106

Superstition of the Indians, 571

Synopsis of Appendix No. 1, 277

T

Table of latitudes and longitudes in the Northwest, 582

Tabular view of minerals of the Northwest, 338

Temperature required by tropical plants, 426

Tenacity of life of the deer, 235

Tensal inflections in the Algonquin, 478

Testimonial to Capt. Douglass and Mr. Schoolcraft, 287

The glutton, 141

The Mississippi viewed in sections, 137

The trap-rock the true copper-bearing medium, 530

Thirteen-striped squirrel, 156

Time required in passing Lake Superior, 107

Topography and astronomy, 288

Tortoise, 113

Tortuous channel, 129

Totem, 123

Tour from Galena to Fort Winnebago, 560

Track of Indian migration, 122

Tramp through a swamp, 112

Treaty of June 16, 1820, 81

Trunk of a tree fossilized, 396

Turtle River, 131

U

Ultimate point reached by the first expedition, 132

Unio, 167, 517

Unio food for the wild duck, 234

Unio Schoolcraftensis, 181

Upper Red Cedar Lake, 130

Uva ursi, 88

V

Vaccination of Indians, 574

Valley of Taquimenon, 537

Valley of the St. Croix, 332

Valley of the St. Louis, 325

Vast caldron in grauwackke, 103

Verbs in the Algonquin, how changed to substantives, 482

Vermilion canoe, 254

Vesicular crumbling limestone, 60

Vestiges of a wreck on Lake Michigan, 202

View of Lake Huron, 51

Views of skeptics on the Mosaical chronology, 407

Virginia Island, 105

Visit Niagara, its etymology, 41, 42

Visit to Gen. Dodge at his residence, 567

Visit to the locality of the great mass of copper on Lake Superior, 299

Vitric boulders, 324

Volcanic upheavals, 305

Voyageurs hired not to drink spirits, and to keep the Sabbath, 268

W

War-party of Neenaba broken up, 553

Water-worn agates on the lacustrine summit, 112

Waughpekennota, 193

White crystalline sand rock, 331

White Rock, 52

White springs of Ontario, 385

Width of Sandy Lake River at its outlet, 226

Width of the Mississippi at the outlet of Cass Lake, 227

Winnebago idea of geology, 185

Winonao laita, 164

Wisconsin, 183, 333

Wisconsin lead mines;

aspect of the country, 561

Wolverine, 141

Y

Year 1820 opens with severe weather, 40

Yellow River war-party, 549

Z

Zeolite, 87

Zinc found in the Wisconsin mines, 565

Zoned agate, 237

Zoological objects inclosed in rock, or the solid parts of trees,

&c., 392

Zoology, 408

* * * * * *