Kang-wha, brief history of the island—A monastic retreat, an
ideal rest—Nocturnal visitors—Midnight masses—Return to the
capital—Preparations for a great journey—Riots and confusion
Kang-wha, the island to which I was sailing in these easy stages, lies
in the north-east quarter of the gulf, formed by the right angle which
the coast makes before taking that northerly sweep which carries it, with
a curve, to the mouth of the Yalu River. On the south and south-west,
Kang-wha is exposed to the open sea; on the north, the island is
separated from the mainland by the Han estuary; and on the east a narrow
strait, scarce two hundred yards wide, through which boats, journeying
from Chemulpo to Seoul must travel, severs the island from the mainland.
[Illustration: WASHING CLOTHES IN A DRAIN]
The geographical features of the island include four clearly-defined
ranges of mountains, with peaks attaining to an altitude of some two
thousand feet. Broad and fertile valleys, running from east to west,
separate these ranges, the agricultural industry of the population being
conducted in their open spaces. The villages and farmsteads, in which the
farming population dwell, are folded away in little hollows along the
sides of the valleys, securing shelter and protection from the severity
of the winter. Many hundred acres of the flats, which form the approaches
to these valleys from the coast, have been reclaimed from the sea during
the last two centuries, the erection of sea dykes of considerable
length and immense strength having proceeded apace. But for these heavy
earthworks, what is now a flourishing agricultural area would be nothing
but a sea of mud washed by every spring tide. The continuous encroachment
of the sea threatened at one time the extinction of all the low-lying
level land.
Kang-wha, with its curious monasteries and high protecting battlements,
now reduced to picturesque decay, played a prominent part in the early
history of Korea. It has repelled invasion, and afforded sanctuary to
the Royal Family and the Government in days of trouble; the boldness of
its position has made it the first outpost to be attacked and the most
important to be defended. Twice in the thirteenth century the capital
was removed to Kang-wha under stress of foreign invasion. With the
exception of the terrible Japanese invasion under Hideyoshi in 1592,
and the Chino-Japanese War in 1894-95, Kang-wha has felt the full force
of nearly every foreign expedition which has disturbed the peace of the
country during the past eight centuries, notably those of the Mongols
in the thirteenth, of the Manchus in the seventeenth centuries, of the
French in 1866, and of the Americans in 1871. Furthermore, Kang-wha
was the scene of the affair between Koreans and Japanese which led to
the conclusion of the first treaty between Korea and Japan in 1876.
The actual signing of that instrument, the first of the series which
has thrown open Korea to the world, took place in Kang-wha city. The
predecessor of the present Emperor of Korea was born in Kang-wha in 1831,
living in retirement in the capital city until he was called to the
throne in 1849. Upon occasion, Kang-wha has been deemed a suitable place
of exile for dethroned monarchs, inconvenient scions of Royalty, and
disgraced Ministers.
At two points in the narrow strait upon the east are ferries to carry
passengers to the mainland. Kang-song, where the stream makes an abrupt
turn between low cliffs, is the scene of the American expedition of 1871;
near the southern entrance of the strait, and close to the ferry, are
the forts which repelled the American storming-party. The famous rapids
and whirlpool of Son-dol-mok, whose evil reputation is the terror of the
coast, are close by. There are numerous forts dotted round the coast of
the island, recalling the Martello towers of Great Britain. They were
not all erected at one time; the majority of them date only from the
close of the seventeenth century, having been raised in the early years
of Suk-chong. The rampart upon the eastern shore, which frowns down
upon the straits and river below, was erected in 1253. Ko-chong, of the
Ko-ryö dynasty, fled before the Mongol invasion of that date, removing
his Court and capital from Song-do to Kang-wha. Kak-kot-chi, where there
is a second ferry, is a few miles beyond Kang-song. At the point where
the ferry plies, the hill of Mun-su rises twelve hundred feet high from
the water’s edge. From a junk a short distance from the shore it appears
to block the straits, so closely do the cliffs of Kang-wha gather to
the mainland. This little place became the headquarters of the French
expeditionary force in 1866.
The capital of the island, Kang-wha city, is a battlemented citadel, with
walls fifteen _li_ in circumference, and four pavilioned city gates. It
is a garrison town, beautiful in its combination of green vistas and
ancient, crumbling walls. The Chino-Japanese War, so fatal to many of the
old institutions of Korea, diminished the ancient glory of Kang-wha. For
two hundred and sixty years prior to this campaign, Kang-wha ranked with
Song-do, Kang-chyu, Syu-won and Chyön-chyön as one of the O-to, or Five
Citadels, upon which the safety of the Empire depended. It controlled a
garrison of ten thousand troops; the various officials numbered nearly
one thousand. The change in the destiny of the kingdom brought a turn in
the fortunes of the island, and it is now administered by an official
of little importance. It is still, however, the seat of government
for a widely scattered region, and the centre of trade and industry
for some thirty thousand people. Agriculture is the staple industry;
stone-quarrying and mat-making are other means by which the population
exists. At the water’s-side there are salt-pans; a certain amount of
fishing, a little pottery-making, smelting, the weaving of coarse linen,
to which work the wives of the farmers devote themselves, complete the
occupation of the inhabitants. One pursuit, horse-breeding, for which
Kang-wha was once famous, is now completely abandoned.
There are nine monasteries under the government of the island. Seven are
situated upon the island; the chief of these is the fortified monastery
of Chung-deung, the Temple of Histories, the sometime pillar of defence
of the Kingdom, thirty _li_ south of Kang-wha, famous as the scene of the
reverse suffered by the French troops in 1866. Mun-su-sa, standing upon
the mainland opposite, is included in this little colony of Buddhistic
retreats, as is another, upon the island of Ma-eum-to, called Po-mun-sa,
famous for the wildness of its scenery and for a natural rock temple in
the side of the hill upon which it stands. The monks of Chung-deung-sa
enjoyed military rank until quite recently. They were regarded as
soldiers in times of national distress; they received Government
allowances, food, and arms, in order to maintain them in a state of
efficiency. Buddhism has lost much of its hold upon the islanders,
although it existed before 1266. There is a branch of the English Mission
(Seoul) in Kang-wha, under the administration of the Rev. Mark Napier
Trollope, whose notes upon this island were presented in a paper which
their author read before the local branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
during my stay in Korea. They materially assisted me to collect the
interesting data from which these few paragraphs have been compiled.
I stayed five weeks in Kang-wha monastery, preparing the skeleton of this
present volume. Having gone there for a week at the outside, I found the
quiet and solitude of the spot such a sanctuary from trouble, and such
a panacea to the nerves, that I was loath to abandon it. After a few
days in the cramped confinement of the native junk which had conveyed me
from Chemulpo, delaying much _en route_, it was pleasant to stretch my
limbs again upon the shore. Landing one morning at daybreak, I fell upon
the unsuspecting guardian of the English Mission, Father Trollope, and
moved off at a later hour in the day across country to the monastery. The
monks were not at all disturbed by my intrusion. Although strangers are
not such frequent visitors to this monastery as to those in the Diamond
Mountains, their presence excites no comment, and they are allowed to
go their way with that kindly indifference to their existence which
is, under the circumstances, the height of courtesy. The Chief Abbot
was informed of my arrival, and, after a little explanation, ordered a
very airy building to be prepared for my reception. It was well raised
from the ground, and, situated just below the main courtyard, afforded
a magnificent view of the entire domain. In the distance I could see
the farm-lands of the island and the sparkle of the sunlight upon the
water; more within the picture, and quite near to my new home, were
two wells, a running stream, and a stretch of mountain slopes, cool,
fragrant, and overgrown with scrub and bush. Temples revealed themselves
in a sea of foliage, through which the drifting breezes played soft
music. At one end of this Hall of Entertainment were placed the cooking
and eating paraphernalia, in the middle my camp-bed, and, overlooking
the landscape, an improvised writing table with my books and papers.
There was no element of unrest in the setting of my little camp. Every
morning the Chief Abbot welcomed me to the glories of another day; in
the evening we, through the medium of my interpreter, talked together
upon an amazing variety of subjects—Buddha and Christ, this world and the
next, Paris, London, America. Duties in the monastery would prevent these
new friends from coming on certain nights; but they always forewarned
me of their absence, never disturbing me at my work, never taking me
by surprise. The sense of consideration and courtesy which their kindly
hospitality displayed was manifested in countless ways. The small return
which it was possible to make quite shamed me before them. Frequently, at
midnight, when my lights were burning, the Abbot would walk across from
his own apartments and force me to bed with many smiles and much gentle
pressure, covering my manuscript with his hands and nodding towards my
camp-bed. There was no screen to the front of my building, so it was
always possible for them to observe the stranger within their gates.
This inspection was most quietly carried on; indeed, if I turned to the
open courtyard, those who, perhaps, had been noting the structure of
my camp-bed, or the contents of my valise, hanging to air upon a stout
rope, flitted away like ghosts. I was left, as I wished, in peaceful
contemplation of my work and the splendour of the scenery around me.
Catering arrangements were quite simple during my stay in this monastery.
Rice and eggs and fowls were procurable from the villages beyond the
walls of the temple, and rice-flour or vegetables could be procured from
the butterman of the monastery. It was my plan to take breakfast about
ten o’clock in the morning, and to dine about six o’clock in the evening.
Between these hours was my time for writing, and I was always fully
occupied. Before breakfast I walked abroad or prepared my notes of the
work for the day; after dinner I received my callers, arranging anything
of interest in my notes when they were gone. Usually I witnessed the
midnight gathering of the monks, listening, with pleasure, to the booming
of the great bell of the monastery and the accompanying peals of smaller
bells of less melodious volume and much shriller tone. The vibration in
the air, as these wonderful noises broke upon it, filled the high woods
with melody and the deep valleys with haunted strains as of spirit-music.
After the midnight mass, when the echoes had died away, the delight of
the moment was supreme. In utter weariness and most absolute contentment
I stretched myself to slumber beneath the protecting draperies of
the mosquito-curtains, within the vaulted spaciousness of my Hall of
Entertainment.
[Illustration: A DAY OF FESTIVAL]
Visitors to Chung-deung-sa were frequent during my stay, some attracted
by the reported presence of a foreigner, others by their very genuine
wish to sacrifice to the All-Blessed-One. Two Korean ladies of position
arrived in the course of one morning to plead for the intercession of
Buddha in their burden of domestic misery and unhappiness. Presenting the
Korean equivalent for ten shillings to the funds of the monastery, they
arranged with the Abbot for the celebration of a nocturnal mass in the
Temple of the Great Heroes. During the afternoon the priests prepared
the temple in which the celebration was to be held; elaborate screens of
Korean pictorial design were carried into the temple from the cell of
the Chief Abbot; large quantities of the finest rice were boiled. High,
conical piles of sweetmeats and sacrificial cakes were placed in large
copper dishes before the main altar, where the three figures of Buddha
sat in their usual attitude of divine meditation. In front of each figure
stood a carved, gilded tablet, twelve inches high, exactly opposite to
which the food was placed, with bowls of burning incense at intervals
between the dishes. Lighted candles, in long sticks, were placed at
either end of the altar; above it, in the centre, serving as a lamp and
hanging from a long gilded chain, was suspended a bowl of white jade, in
which lay the smoking end of a lighted wick. Numerous side altars were
similarly decorated. The furniture of the temple comprised a big drum,
a heavy, cracked bell, cast in the thirteenth century, and a pair of
cymbals. There were five monks; the two women sat, mute, upon the left
of the Abbot. The four priests arranged themselves upon the right—one to
the bell, one to the drum, and two to the pair of cymbals, in the playing
of which they took turns. Upon each side of the temple, recessed right
and left of the main altar, were mural representations of the Ten Judges.
Save for the altar illuminations, the effect of which was to render the
interior even gloomier and more eerie than usual, the building was in
darkness.
The service began with the customary calling for Buddha. The Abbot
tapped upon a bamboo cane; every one leant forward, their faces pressed
down, and their foreheads resting upon the floor. The palms of their
hands were extended beyond their heads in an attitude of reverence and
humility. This prostration was accompanied by the intoning of a Thibetan
chant, to the accompaniment of a brass gong, struck with a horn handle
by the Abbot himself. Further prostrations followed upon the part of the
entire assemblage, the women joining in this part of the service. For
the most part they squatted silently and reverently in their corner of
the temple. As the different services concluded the Abbot shifted the
offerings before the main altar to their appointed stations before the
smaller shrines, when the prayers proceeded afresh. Protracted overtures
were made to the picture of the Ten Judges, before which the service
apparently became fully choral. One priest danced amazing and grotesque
steps, strangely reminiscent of a Kaffir war-dance, the sole of one foot
striking the floor to the accompaniment of a clash of cymbals as the
other leapt into the air. Another priest played upon the cracked bell,
and a third kept up a dull, monotonous thumping on the drum. The sole
idea of the priests, as conveyed to my mind by their celebration, seemed
to be the breaking up of the solemn silence of the night by the most
amazing medley of noises. At intervals, in the course of the unmusical
colloquy between the drums, the cymbals, and the big bell, the monks
chanted their dirges, which were, in turn, punctuated by the dislocated
tapping of the Abbot’s brass bell and wooden knocker.
It was deafening, the most penetrating discord of which I have ever been
the unfortunate auditor. With the conclusion of the exercises upon the
cymbals, which were beaten together in a wide, circular sweep of the
arms, then tossed aloft, caught, and clanged together after the fashion
of the South African native with his spear and shield, the performing
priest returned to the companion who relieved him. His more immediate
activities over, he stood aside laughing and talking with his colleagues
in a voice which quite drowned the chants in which his companions were
engaged. Then, panting with his late exertions, he proceeded to fan
himself with the most perfect unconcern, finally examining the hem of his
jacket for lice; his search repaying him, he returned to his seat upon
the floor and lifted up his voice with the others. After the sacrifices
and prayers had been offered before the main altar and those upon the
right and left, extra tables of fruit, apples, dates, nuts, cakes and
incense, together with the previous dishes of rice, cakes, incense and
bread, were spread before a small shrine placed in front of the screen.
Rice was piled into a bowl, and, while the other monks were laughing and
chattering among themselves in the temple itself during the progress of
the sacrifice, the two women approached the shrine and made obeisance
three times, then touching each dish with their fingers, bowed again and
retired to their corner. At the same time three priests, breaking from
the group that were talking by the doors of the building, sat down in
the centre of the temple upon their praying-mats, seven or eight feet
from the shrine. While one chanted Korean prayers from a roll of paper,
another struck and rang the brass bell repeatedly, and the third hammered
the gong. Throughout this part of the service the others chatted volubly,
until they, too, joined in a chorus and pæan of thanksgiving, breaking
off from that to chant, in low, suppressed tones, a not unimpressive
litany.
Repetitions of the services I have described continued all night.
Sometimes there was more noise, sometimes less, occasionally there was
none, the tired, quavering voices of the sleepy priests tremulously
chanting the requisite number of litanies. The women, who sat with
wide-opened eyes, watched with interest and were satisfied. The priests
seemed bored. Personally I was tired, dazed and stunned by the uproar.
During the progress of this strange service, I was struck by the utter
absence of that devotional fervour which was so characteristic of the
priests in the principal monasteries of the Diamond Mountains.
The ceremony presently shifted from the Temple of the Great Heroes to the
spacious courtyard in front of it. Here, when numerous fires had been
lighted, the Abbot and three priests, together with the two Korean women,
moved in procession. Their march was accompanied by the striking of many
gongs and bells. The monks offered prayers round heaps of pine branches,
which had been thrown together and lighted at the different spots. Chants
and prayers were repeated, and the same clashing of instruments went on
as before. It was not until a heavy rain descended that the worshippers
returned to the seclusion of the temple. I felt, somehow, quite grateful
to that shower of rain. In the morning, my interpreter told me that this
progress in the courtyard formed a part of services which accompanied
the offering of special prayers for rain. It would be a curious
coincidence if this were so. Next day, at the hour of my breakfast,
there was some desire to continue the celebration. My head was still
aching with the jarring discord of the bells, gongs, and cymbals of the
previous entertainment, and at the sight of the preparations my appetite
vanished. Breakfast became impossible; I relinquished it to pray for
peace. Happily this blessing was granted me; and it was decided to hold
no further service—the rain, I presume, having appeared—and to devour
the sacrifices. All that day the monks and their two guests ate the
offerings. It was therefore a day of undisturbed quiet, and as my prayer
also had been granted, each was satisfied, and we were a happy family.
[Illustration: RUSSIAN POST ON THE KOREAN FRONTIER]
My little holiday passed all too quickly. One day I found myself
preparing very sorrowfully to return to Seoul. This accomplished, the
news of my intended journey was quickly bruited abroad by my servants.
During these days curio-dealers crowded the compound of the Station
Hotel, where, made very comfortable by the kindly forethought of Mr.
and Mrs. Emberley, I was still living. There is little enough to buy in
Seoul: quaint, brass cooking-utensils; iron, inlaid with silver; tobacco
boxes, jade cups, fans, screens, and scrolls. My purchases were few; the
native furniture, massive presses, and cabinets faced with copper plates,
and small tea-tables, attracting me more than anything else. The Emperor
had already sent a present of silk and fans to my hotel, and, with these
few remaining articles, my stock of Korean relics was completed. The
dealers were importunate, and crowded into the private apartments of
the hotel like bleating sheep into a pen. Remonstrances were in vain,
and I found the specific cure for their pestiferous attentions to be
administered best in the shape of a little vigorous kicking. They took
the cuffing with much good humour, and retired to the courtyard, where,
at intervals in the day, a plaintive voice would be heard calling upon
His Highness to inspect the treasures of his slave. His Highness,
however, had concluded his inspection.
The atmosphere in these hot days in Seoul was very bad; the air was
heavy with malodorous vapour; the days were muggy and the nights damp.
The steaming heat of the capital emphasised the wisdom of an immediate
departure, and I hastened my exodus, touched up with a little ague and a
troublesome throat. The endless business of obtaining servants, guides,
and horses was repeated, until at last the day of my removal was arranged
and the hour of actual departure fixed. The prospect was alluring—a
journey from Seoul to Vladivostock, through a wild and desolate region,
nearly eight hundred miles in length, lay before me. Much of it was
unexplored. It was the chance of a lifetime, and, in thus embarking upon
it, I was very happy. My last farewells were said; my last calls had been
paid—the kindly hospitality of Seoul is not forgotten. The day had come
at last, the horses were pawing in the courtyard. My effects, my guns,
and camp-bed, my tent and stores, were packed and roped. The horses had
been loaded; the hotel account had been settled, when my interpreter
quietly told me that my servants had struck for ten dollars Mexican—one
sovereign—monthly increase in the wages of each. Mr. Emberley stood out
against the transaction; I offered to compound with half; they were
obdurate. It seemed to me that a crisis was impending. I was too tired
and too cross to remonstrate. I raised my offer to eight dollars; it was
refused—the servants were dismissed. Uproar broke out in the courtyard,
which Mr. Emberley pacified by inducing the boys to accept my last
offer—a rise of eight dollars Mexican. My head-servant, the brother of
my interpreter, repudiated the arrangement, but the significance of this
increase had assumed great importance. It was necessary to be firm. I
think now that it was unwise to have entertained any change at all in the
standard of payment. Upon the question of the additional two dollars I
stood firm; nothing more would be given. The interpreter approached me
to intimate that if his brother did not go he also would stay behind. I
looked at him for a moment, at last understanding the plot, and struck
him. He ran into the courtyard and yelled that he was dead—that he had
been murdered. The grooms in charge of the horses gathered round him with
loud cries of sympathy. Mr. Emberley called them to him and explained the
position of affairs. I strode into the compound. The head groom came up
to me, demanding an increase of thirty dollars, Korean currency, upon the
terms which he had already accepted; he wanted, further, three-quarters
of the contract price to be paid in advance; one quarter was the original
stipulation. I refused the thirty dollars, and thrashed him with my whip.
The end of my journey for the moment had come, with a vengeance. The
head groom stormed and cursed and ran raving in and out of the crowd.
He then came for me with a huge boulder, and, as I let out upon his
temple, the riot began. My baggage was thrown off the horses and stones
flew through the air. I hit and slashed at my assailants and for a few
minutes became the centre of a very nasty situation. Servants and grooms,
my interpreter, and a few of the spectators went at it keenly while the
fight continued. In the end, Mr. Emberley cleared his courtyard and
recovered my kit; but I was cut a little upon the head and my right
hand showed a compound fracture—native heads are bad things to hammer.
Postponement was now more than ever essential; my fears about my health
were realised. By nightfall upon the day of this outbreak signs of
sickness had developed; the pain had increased in my hand and arm; my
head was aching; my throat was inflamed. I was advised to leave at once
for Japan; upon the next day I sailed, proposing to go to Yokohama
and thence to Vladivostock, starting the expedition from the Russian
fortress. However, by the time my steamer arrived at Japan, I was in the
clutch of enteric fever. Further travel was out of the question, and
when they moved me from an hotel in Yokohama to a cabin upon a Japanese
steamer, which was to carry me to England, in my mind I had bidden
farewell to the countries of this world, for the doctor told me that I
was dying.
APPENDIX I
SCHEDULE OF TRAIN SERVICE
Leave Day Arrive
Port Arthur { Tuesday } Moscow
Dalny { and } 13 days, 2 hours, 42 minutes
{ Thursday }
Through trains from Moscow arrive at Dalny and Port Arthur on Wednesdays
and Saturdays.
The train comprises first- and second-class cars and dining-car.
The cost of the journey is almost prohibitive if compared with ocean
steamer charges.
The train service is very unreliable and subject to many interruptions.
The steamers of the Chinese Eastern Railway Company are scheduled to make
the connection with Korea upon arrival of the train. Time required, from
twenty-four to forty-eight hours.
The estimate of the length of time occupied by the journey between Korea
and Japan upon the completion of the Seoul-Fusan Railway is forty-four
hours.
Chemulpo or Seoul to Fusan 10 hours
Fusan to Moji by sea 4 ”
Moji to Kobe 15 ”
Kobe to Tokio 15 ”
APPENDIX II
RETURN OF ALL SHIPPING ENTERED AT THE OPEN PORTS OF KOREA DURING THE YEAR
1902.
+---------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
| | Chemulpo | Fusan |
| +--------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+
| | Sailing | Steam | Sailing | Steam |
| Flag +-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| |Number | |Number | |Number | |Number | |
| | of | Tons | of | Tons | of | Tons | of | Tons |
| |Vessels| |Vessels| |Vessels| |Vessels| |
+---------+-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
|British | — | — | 3 | 7198| — | — | 1 | 4800|
|Korean | 167 | 4031| 187 | 34,877| 12 | 308| 77 | 32,633|
|Chinese | 73 | 406| — | | — | — | — | — |
|French | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1744| — | — |
|German | — | — | 1 | 1379| — | — | — | — |
|Italian | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 2791|
|Japanese | 205 |12,945| 299 |186,050| 943 |28,447| 685 |326,858|
|Norwegian| — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 25|
|Russian | — | — | 42 | 58,332| — | — | 21 | 12,555|
|United | | | | | | | | |
| States | 6 | 162| 1 | 15| — | — | — | — |
| +-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
|Total | 451 |17,544| 533 |287,851| 956 |30,499| 786 |379,662|
| ” 1901| 571 |18,839| 465 |220,053| 765 |30,147| 686 |312,029|
| +-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
|Average, | | | | | | | | |
| five | | | | | | | | |
| years, | | | | | | | | |
|1898-1902| 596 |19,968| 415 |206,996| 726 |27,086| 569 |287,725|
+---------+-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
+---------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
| | Won-san | Chin-am-po |
| +--------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+
| | Sailing | Steam | Sailing | Steam |
| Flag +-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| |Number | |Number | |Number | |Number | |
| | of | Tons | of | Tons | of | Tons | of | Tons |
| |Vessels| |Vessels| |Vessels| |Vessels| |
+---------+-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
|British | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|Korean | 5 | 190 | 94 | 22,057| 412 | 6897 | 200 | 26,898|
|Chinese | — | — | — | — | 264 | 3113 | — | — |
|French | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|German | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|Italian | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|Japanese | 77 | 8238 | 189 |106,755| 126 | 5349 | 52 | 31,263|
|Norwegian| — | — | 1 | 25| — | — | — | — |
|Russian | 4 | 294 | 41 | 22,752| — | — | — | — |
|United | | | | | | | | |
| States | — | — | — | — | 53 | 1408 | 31 | 465|
| +-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
|Total | 86 | 8722 | 325 |151,589| 855 |16,767| 283 | 58,626|
| ” 1901| 65 | 6333 | 259 |112,583| 870 |18,424| 203 | 35,826|
| +-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
|Average, | | | | | | | | |
| five | | | | | | | | |
| years, | | | | | | | | |
|1898-1902| 63 | 6085 | 243 |121,791| 716 |14,678| 195 | 36,793|
+---------+-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
+---------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
| | Mok-po | Kun-san[3] |
| +--------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+
| | Sailing | Steam | Sailing | Steam |
| Flag +-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| |Number | |Number | |Number | |Number | |
| | of | Tons | of | Tons | of | Tons | of | Tons |
| |Vessels| |Vessels| |Vessels| |Vessels| |
+---------+-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
|British | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|Korean | 9 | 154 | 92 | 20,694| 35 | 666 | 101 | 13,478|
|Chinese | 1 | 4 | — | — | 1 | 8 | — | — |
|French | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|German | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|Italian | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|Japanese | 62 | 3672 | 281 |144,422| 33 | 818 | 66 | 22,297|
|Norwegian| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|Russian | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|United | | | | | | | | |
| States | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| +-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
|Total | 72 | 3830 | 373 |165,116| 69 | 1492 | 167 | 35,775|
| ” 1901| 75 | 4572 | 320 |133,494| 111 | 2731 | 141 | 36,163|
| +-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
|Average, | | | | | | | | |
| five | | | | | | | | |
| years, | | | | | | | | |
|1898-1902| 100 | 4655 | 278 |121,014| — | — | — | — |
+---------+-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
+---------+------------------------------+------------------------------+
| | Ma-sam-po[3] | Songchin[3] |
| +--------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+
| | Sailing | Steam | Sailing | Steam |
| Flag +-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| |Number | |Number | |Number | |Number | |
| | of | Tons | of | Tons | of | Tons | of | Tons |
| |Vessels| |Vessels| |Vessels| |Vessels| |
+---------+-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
|British | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|Korean | 1 | 31 | 2 | 847| — | — | 92 | 14,298|
|Chinese | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|French | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|German | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|Italian | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|Japanese | 61 | 796 | 205 | 28,902| 9 | 858 | 127 | 30,646|
|Norwegian| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
|Russian | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9 | 7583|
|United | | | | | | | | |
| States | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| +-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
|Total | 62 | 827 | 207 | 29,749| 9 | 858 | 228 | 52,527|
| ” 1901| 72 | 1033 | 169 | 20,223| 4 | 294 | 196 | 32,565|
| +-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
|Average, | | | | | | | | |
| five | | | | | | | | |
| years, | | | | | | | | |
|1898-1902| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
+---------+-------+------+-------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
+---------+--------------------------------+
| | Total for Korea |
| +--------------+-----------------+
| | Sailing | Steam |
| Flag +-------+------+-------+---------+
| |Number | |Number | |
| | of | Tons | of | Tons |
| |Vessels| |Vessels| |
+---------+-------+------+-------+---------+
|British | — | — | 4 | 11,998|
|Korean | 641 |12,277| 845 | 165,782|
|Chinese | 339 | 3531| — | — |
|French | 1 | 1744| — | — |
|German | — | — | 1 | 1379|
|Italian | — | — | 1 | 2791|
|Japanese | 1516 |61,123| 1904 | 877,193|
|Norwegian| — | — | 2 | 50|
|Russian | 4 | 294| 113 | 101,222|
|United | | | | |
| States | 59 | 1570| 32 | 480|
| +-------+------+-------+---------+
|Total | 2560 |80,539| 2902 |1,160,895|
| ” 1901| 2533 |82,373| 2439 | 902,936|
| +-------+------+-------+---------+
|Average, | | | | |
| five | | | | |
| years, | | | | |
|1898-1902| 2331 |75,352| 2053 | 833,334|
+---------+-------+------+-------+---------+
NOTE.—Japanese shipping (steamers of the Nippon Yusen Kaisha, Osaka
Shosen Kaisha and the Hori Company) easily occupies the first place. The
Korean share in the trade is increasing, and Russian steamers show a
larger tonnage in Korean ports than before.
APPENDIX III
RETURN OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF EXPORT TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES FROM THE OPEN
PORTS OF KOREA DURING THE YEARS 1901-1902.
+----------------------+------+-------------------+-------------------+
| | | 1902 | 1901 |
| Articles | +-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
| | | Quantity | Value | Quantity | Value |
+----------------------+------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
| | | | £ | | £ |
|Barley | Lbs. | 359,600| 395| 100,133| 111|
|Beans, all kinds | ” |107,887,600|186,293|114,273,600|194,115|
|Bêche-de-mer | ” | 312,666| 6517| 447,466| 6820|
|Cattle and live-stock | Head | 6552| 19,383| 13,611| 17,288|
|Copper | Lbs. | 264,400| 4041| 300,533| 6448|
|Fish, dried, salt and | | | | | |
| manure | ” | 4,909,600| 8418| 7,645,066| 14,814|
|Ginseng, red | ” | 85,201|122,304| 24,575| 25,670|
| ” white | ” | 3333| 213| 16| 121|
|Gold ore | — | — | 5409| — | 7205|
|Hides | Lbs. | 3,981,600| 70,815| 3,500,400| 66,396|
|Millet | ” | 213,333| 309| 439,866| 437|
|Nutgalls | ” | 67,866| 875| 99,866| 1308|
|Paper | ” | 173,066| 3164| 133,200| 2575|
|Rice | ” |126,401,066|359,804|184,566,266|427,459|
|Seaweed | ” | 2,596,666| 9354| 3,027,600| 9118|
|Skins of all kinds |Pieces| 29,660| 2239| 21,077| 1392|
|Tallow | Lbs. | 421,466| 3015| 306,266| 2185|
|Whaleflesh and blubber| — | — | 4737| — | 22,858|
|Wheat | Lbs. | 11,751,333| 18,022| 2,787,866| 3682|
|Other exports | — | — | 20,727| — | 26,822|
| | +-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
| Total | — | — |846,034| — |836,824|
+----------------------+------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
+----------------------+-------------+
| | Average, |
| Articles | Five Years, |
| | 1898-1902 |
+----------------------+-------------+
| | £ |
|Barley | 1165 |
|Beans, all kinds | 185,839 |
|Bêche-de-mer | 7199 |
|Cattle and live-stock | 11,514[4]|
|Copper | —[5]|
|Fish, dried, salt and | |
| manure | 11,782 |
|Ginseng, red | 77,386[6]|
| ” white | 109 |
|Gold ore | —[5]|
|Hides | 53,652 |
|Millet | 1539 |
|Nutgalls | 1866 |
|Paper | 3161 |
|Rice | 314,081 |
|Seaweed | 8744 |
|Skins of all kinds | 2039 |
|Tallow | 1055 |
|Whaleflesh and blubber| 11,410 |
|Wheat | 9523 |
|Other exports | 44,641 |
| +-------------+
| Total | 746,705 |
+----------------------+-------------+
APPENDIX IV
RETURN OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF IMPORTS TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES DURING THE
YEARS 1901-1902.
+----------------------+------+-------------------+-------------------+
| | | 1902 | 1901 |
| Articles | +-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
| | | Quantity | Value | Quantity | Value |
+----------------------+------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
| | | | £ | | £ |
|Cotton goods— | | | | | |
|Shirtings, grey and | | | | | |
| white— | | | | | |
| British |Pieces| 389,730|172,515| 402,156|176,892|
| Japanese | ” | 18,926| 3934| 19,236| 3933|
|T-cloths | ” | 18,771| 4169| 29,798| 6782|
|Drills— | | | | | |
| British and American| ” | 20,045| 9274| 34,970| 16,250|
| Japanese | ” | 2032| 1036| 919| 188|
|Turkey-red cloths | | | | | |
| British | ” | 6357| 1873| 6815| 1928|
| Japanese | ” | 9763| 1539| 10,274| 1904|
|Lawns and muslins | ” | 100,513| 10,133| 95,460| 9750|
|Lenos | ” | 33,602| 8797| 38,897| 10,296|
|Sheetings— | | | | | |
| British and American| ” | 134,282| 57,342| 189,554| 80,177|
| Japanese | ” | 173,907| 72,098| 171,235| 72,303|
|Cotton reps | ” | 21,094| 9461| 28,412| 14,598|
|Japanese piece-goods | ” | 658,462| 65,407| 909,811| 88,069|
|Piece-goods, | | | | | |
| non-Japanese | ” | 39,356| 3054| 39,699| 3517|
|Yarn— | | | | | |
| British and Indian | Lbs. | 111,333| 3923| 120,933| 4193|
| Japanese | ” | 4,154,533| 98,933| 5,028,800|119,781|
| Chinese | ” | — | | 4| 12|
|Other cottons | — | — | 23,282| | 33,235|
| | +-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
| Total | | |546,772| |643,808|
| | +-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
|Woollen goods | | | 7846| | 16,618|
| | +-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
|Miscellaneous | | | | | |
| piece-goods | | | 1701| | 1645|
| | +-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
|Metals | | | 59,266| | 74,156|
| | +-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
|Sundries— | | | | | |
|Arms, accoutrements, | | | | | |
| and ammunition | | | 9556| | 38,606|
|Bags and ropes for | | | | | |
| packing | | | 31,408| | 28,464|
|Clothing and | | | | | |
| haberdashery | | | 21,918| | 17,916|
|Cotton— | | | | | |
| Raw | Lbs. | 239,066| 3806| 447,866| 7883|
| Wadding | ” | 652,606| 12,340| 688,533| 14,650|
|Dyes | ” | 259,333| 8361| 327,466| 13,791|
|Flour | ” | 1,937,066| 7433| 1,899,066| 7860|
|Grain and pulse | ” | 3,998,266| 9337| 3,110,133| 6348|
|Grass-cloth | | | 57,310| | 53,979|
|Machinery | | | 14,608| | 12,546|
|Matches |Gross | 576,629| 18,110| 562,338| 17,747|
|Mining supplies | | | 46,659| | 39,267|
|Kerosene oil— | | | | | |
| American |Gallons 3,461,980| 77,988| 2,463,631| 62,833|
| Japanese | ” | 760| 17| 19,260| 530|
|Paper | Lbs. | 878,666| 7654| 901,733| 8033|
|Provisions | | | 19,154| — | 19,359|
|Railway plant and | | | | | |
| material | | | 46,112| — | 27,963|
|Rice | Lbs. | 11,447,466| 40,675| 10,963,200| 40,924|
|Saké and samshu | | | 15,924| — | 14,228|
|Salt | Lbs. | 17,491,733| 7998| 28,845,200| 13,879|
|Silk piece-goods | | | 86,444| — |125,381|
|Sugar | Lbs. | 2,501,600| 15,039| 1,992,933| 12,588|
|Tobacco, cigars, and | | | | | |
| cigarettes | | | 20,273| — | 17,425|
|Other sundries | | |188,642| — |161,838|
| | | +-------+-----------+-------+
| Total | | |766,766| — |764,038|
| | | +-------+-----------+-------+
| Grand total | | 1,382,351| — 1,500,265|
+----------------------+------+-----------+-------+-----------+-------+
+----------------------+-------------+
| | Average, |
| Articles | Five Years, |
| | 1898-1902 |
+----------------------+-------------+
| | £ |
|Cotton goods— | |
|Shirtings, grey and | |
| white— | |
| British | 159,763 |
| Japanese | 2328 |
|T-cloths | 4400 |
|Drills— | |
| British and American| 9546 |
| Japanese | 298 |
|Turkey-red cloths | |
| British | 1934 |
| Japanese | 1726 |
|Lawns and muslins | 12,915 |
|Lenos | 9062 |
|Sheetings— | |
| British and American| 60,164 |
| Japanese | 52,961 |
|Cotton reps | 7707 |
|Japanese piece-goods | 75,405 |
|Piece-goods, | |
| non-Japanese | 8600 |
|Yarn— | |
| British and Indian | 5641 |
| Japanese | 105,454 |
| Chinese | |
|Other cottons | 42,003 |
| +-------------+
| Total | 559,919 |
| +-------------+
|Woollen goods | 8235 |
| +-------------+
|Miscellaneous | |
| piece-goods | 1148 |
| +-------------+
|Metals | 54,218 |
| +-------------+
|Sundries— | |
|Arms, accoutrements, | |
| and ammunition | 17,979 |
|Bags and ropes for | |
| packing | 25,011 |
|Clothing and | |
| haberdashery | 14,260 |
|Cotton— | |
| Raw | 5244 |
| Wadding | 14,596 |
|Dyes | 8814 |
|Flour | 6724 |
|Grain and pulse | 14,495 |
|Grass-cloth | 46,823 |
|Machinery | 8816 |
|Matches | 15,991 |
|Mining supplies | 28,859 |
|Kerosene oil— | |
| American | 55,691[7]|
| Japanese | 1873 |
|Paper | 6475 |
|Provisions | 15,695 |
|Railway plant and | |
| material | 33,816 |
|Rice | 24,348[8]|
|Saké and samshu | 13,247 |
|Salt | 13,031 |
|Silk piece-goods | 81,911 |
|Sugar | 10,984 |
|Tobacco, cigars, and | |
| cigarettes | 14,576 |
|Other sundries | 135,910 |
| +-------------+
| Total | 615,169 |
| +-------------+
| Grand total | 1,238,689 |
+----------------------+-------------+
APPENDIX V
COAST TRADE BETWEEN TREATY PORTS IN NATIVE PRODUCE (NET)
+--------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| | 1902 | 1901 |
| Port +---------+---------+---------+---------+
| | Imports | Exports | Imports | Exports |
+--------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| | Yen | Yen | Yen | Yen |
|Chemulpo |2,517,819| 91,443|1,991,757| 98,364|
|Fusan | 443,235| 587,513| 455,256| 445,963|
|Won-san | 514,936| 573,025| 306,909| 626,965|
|Chin-am-po | 83,805| 803,828| 34,662| 708,561|
|Mok-po | 105,577| 817,359| 104,926| 456,632|
|Kun-san | 73,691| 527,187| 57,122| 472,850|
|Ma-sam-po | 10,896| 191,547| 15,173| 110,968|
|Syöng-chin | 94,997| 84,892| 78,439| 74,829|
| +---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Total |3,844,956|3,676,794|3,044,244|2,995,132|
| +---------+---------+---------+---------+
| ” coast trade[9]| 7,521,750 | 6,039,376 |
+--------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
APPENDIX VI
CUSTOMS REVENUE
+---------------------+------------------+----------+
| | Amount | |
| Year +---------+--------+ Exchange |
| |Currency |Sterling| |
+---------------------+---------+--------+----------+
| | Yen | £ |_s._ _d._|
|1902 |1,204,776| 122,783| 2 0½ |
|1901 |1,325,414| 135,303| 2 0½ |
|1900 |1,097,095| 109,710| 2 0 |
|1899 | 902,955| 90,296| 2 0 |
|1898 |1,000,451| 101,087| 2 0¼ |
| +---------+--------+----------+
| Average, five years| — | 111,836| — |
+---------------------+---------+--------+----------+
APPENDIX VII
GOLD EXPORT TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES
+----+----------------------------+
| | AMOUNT |
|YEAR+---------+--------+---------+
| |Currency |Sterling|Exchange |
+----+---------+--------+---------+
| | Yen | £ | s. d. |
|1902|5,064,106| 516,961| 2 0½ |
|1901|4,993,351| 509,738| 2 0½ |
|1900|3,633,050| 363,305| 2 0 |
|1899|2,933,382| 293,338| 2 0 |
|1898|2,375,725| 240,047| 2 0¼ |
+----+---------+--------+---------+
+----------+-----------------------------+
| | VALUE |
| FROM +---------+---------+---------+
| | 1902 | 1901 | 1900 |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+
| | Yen | Yen | Yen |
|Chemulpo |2,538,101|2,556,095|1,927,665|
|Fusan | 104,915| 122,968| 121,809|
|Won-san |1,361,580|1,668,245|1,425,576|
|Chin-am-po|1,053,800| 646,043| 158,000|
|Mok-po | 5,710| — | — |
| +---------+---------+---------+
| |5,064,106|4,993,351|3,633,050|
+----------+---------+---------+---------+
+-------+-----------------------------+
| | VALUE |
| TO +---------+---------+---------+
| | 1902 | 1901 | 1900 |
+-------+---------+---------+---------+
| | Yen | Yen | Yen |
|China | 59,805| 136,150| 567,670|
|Japan |5,004,300|4,857,201|3,065,380|
| +---------+---------+---------+
| Total|5,064,106|4,993,351|3,633,050|
+-------+---------+---------+---------+
Exchange sterling, 2_s._ 0½_d._—2_s._ 0_d._½.—2_s._ 0_d._
APPENDIX VIII
TABLE OF MINERALS
GOLD.
Ham-kyöng.
Pyöng-an.
Hwang-hai.
Kyöng-keui.
Kang-won.
Chyung-chyöng.
Chyöl-la.
Kyöng-syang.
SILVER.
Ham-kyöng.
SILVER AND LEAD.
Ham-kyöng.
Kang-won.
Kyöng keui.
Chyung-chyöng.
Kyöng-syang.
Chyöl-la.
Pyöng-an.
TIN.
Chyöl-la.
IRON ORES, MAGNETITE AND LIMONITE.
Ham-kyöng.
Hwang-hai.
Kyöng-keui.
Chyung-chyöng.
Chyöl-la.
Kyöng-syang.
MERCURY.
Kyöng-syang.
Ham-kyöng.
MANGAN.
Kyöng-syang.
COAL.
Pyöng-an.
Kyöng-syang.
Ham-kyöng.
Kyöng-keui.
Kang-won.
The preceding minerals are yielded by the different provinces.
INDEX
A Tai-cho, 175
Agriculture Department, expenditure of, 98, 100
Allen, Dr., 155
America:
Interests in Korea, 154-156
Trade with Korea, 139, 144, 146, 147
Am-nok River, _see_ Yalu
An-ak, 164
An-man-chai Pass, 233
An-tung, 29, 193, 206_n_
An-yang, 158
A-o-ya Pass, 164
Banks:
Dai Ichi Ginko, 28, 103-105
Russo-Chinese, 28, 194
Bauer, Herr, 218, 220
Belgian interests in Korea, 166-167
Bojisco, 202
Bourdaret, M., 162
Boxer disturbances, 138, 146
Broughton, Captain W. R., 5, 171
Broughton Bay, 6, 171-172
Brown, J. McLeavy:
Sketch of, 81-87;
Work of, 20, 32, 154;
Yi Yong-ik, Relations with, 60-61, 87
Bruce, Admiral, 86
Brünner, M., 201
Buddhism, 231, 235-240, 263, 288, 292-296
Cazalis, M., 90-91
Chang-dan, 164
_Chang-ot_, the, 38, 44
Chemulpo, 11, 29, 30, 32, 104, 141, 166, 182, 264;
Description of, 15-23
Chi-fu, 32, 140
Chik-san, 161
China:
Conservatism of, 10-12, 114
Korea:
Early Relations with, 10, 129-130;
Settlements in, 16-18, 108-110;
Trade with, 126, 141
Chin-am-po, description of, 182, 185-187, 188
Chin-eui, 158
Ching-kai-wan (Shin-hai, or Chin-hai), 200
Chino-Japanese War, reference to, 10, 29, 31, 136
Chin-san, 159
Cho Pyöng-sik, 104
Cho Sung-hyup, 202
Cho-san, 204
Christianity, 261-269
_Chun-kok_, 124
Chyang-pyöng, 159
Chyök-syöng, description of, 214
Chyöl-la, 124, 158, 179, 182
Chyön-eui, 158
Chyung-chyöng, 4, 6, 125, 158, 161, 182
Chyu-pung Pass, 159
Clemencet, M. E., 31
Communications Department, expenditure of, 98
Companies:
American, 19, 154
English, 151-152
French, 89, 161
Russian, 192, 200 _seq._
Concubinage, laws relating to, 113-114
Confucianism, 238-240, 263
Cooke, Miss, 154, 166
Corfe, Bishop, 154, 264
Corruption, Government, 105-107
Cotton trade, 138-139
Currency, debased, 92-3, 101-103
Customs, Imperial Korean Maritime:
Establishment of, 20-21
Hypothecation of, 60-61, 89-93
Mr. McLeavy Brown, Chief Commissioner of, 81-89
Revenue from, 307
Dalny, 19
de Lapeyriere, M., 162
de Plancy, Colin, 90, 94, 161, 162, 183
de Speyer, M., 94
Dress, Seoul, in, 35-40
Drought, effects of, 253-257
Dagelet, 7
Dun River, 171
Durock, 7
Education Department, expenditure of, 98, 100
Education in Korea, 27-8, 65, 108-111
Emberley, Mr., 152, 296, 299
Emperor of Korea, the:
Character of, 62-69
Mr. McLeavy Brown, attitude towards, 87-89
Power of, 59, 114-115
Religion of, 239
England, _see_ Great Britain
Eun-san, 187, 217
Farming, methods of, 120-123
Finance Department, expenditure of, 98, 100
Food-stuffs in Korea, character of, 124-127
Foreign Department, expenditure of, 98, 100
Forest Concession, the, 201 _seq._
France:
Interests of, in Korea, 161-166
Policy of, in Korea, 61, 91-92, 95-6, 183-4
Fusan, 16, 30, 32, 104, 141;
Early Japanese incursions into, 129-132;
Description of, 176-178
Fusan, Old, 159, 176-177
Germany:
Interests of, in Korea, 166
Trade with Korea, 146, 147
_Gisaing_, 52 _seq._
Gold, export returns, 308
Mining, 217-220
Government corruption, 105-107
Great Britain:
Interests of, in Korea, 149-154
Policy of, in Korea, 91, 95-96, 184
Settlement in Korea, 18
Trade in the East, lack of enterprise, 141-147
Gubbins, J. G., 87, 88, 90, 95
Hai-chu, 164
Hai-yong River, 226
Hall, Basil, 6
Ham-kyöng, 9, 126, 175, 176, 189
Han River, 21, 163, 164, 280-283
Han-chu, 163
Han-ju, 164
Ha-ram, 123
Hart, Sir Robert, 20, 81
Hayashi, Mr., 205
Hermit Kingdom, the, 41, 43
Hideyoshi, 49, 285
Home Department, expenditure, 98, 99
Hulbert, Prof. H. B., 108
Hwang-hai, 125
Hyön-pung, 159
Im-chin River, 163, 164
Im-myöng, 190
Industries:
Domestic, 117 _seq._, 121-123, 180-181
Fishing and fish-drying, 247-249
Mining, 217-220
Salt making from sea-water, 249
Irrigation, 122
Island, Round, 21
Roze, 21
Japan:
Dai Ichi Ginko instituted, 103-105
Early relations between Korea and, 1, 4, 49, 128-134
Foreign goods counterfeited by, 167-169
Interests of, in Korea, 156-161, 172-173
Korean currency, action regarding, 102-103
Policy of, in Korea, 134-137
Russia, attitude towards, 194-200
Settlements in Korea, 16-18, 136-137, 160-161
Trade with Korea, 138-139, 141, 144, 146
Jordan, Mr., 152, 184
Kak-kot-chi, 286
Kak-pi Pass, 228
Kal-kan-i, 228
Kang, Lady, 68
Kang-kyöi, 216
Kang-kyöng, 158
Kang-song, 286
Kang-wha, 284-296
Kang-won, 8, 125, 126, 175, 176
Kap-san, 216
Keu-chai, 198
Keum River, 158, 182
Keum-kang-san, 227, 229, 232
Keum-san, 159
Ki-ja, 123
Kim Yueng-chun, 68
Knochenhauer, 217
Kobe, 32
Ko-chong, 286
Kong-chyu, 158
Konishi, 132
Korea:
Character of people, 117-120, 222;
Court of, 59 _seq._, 70-80;
Customs and dress of the people, 35-41;
Dancing, 56-58;
Development and progress of, 10-15;
Disease in, 259-260;
Early explorers of, 2-7;
Filth of people, 249-250;
Food, 126-127;
Geography of, 1-10, 13-14, 143;
Government, 10-11, 96, 105, 114-116;
Hunting in, 222-226;
Language of, 108-110;
Origin of people, 41-42;
Postal system, 30-32;
Slavery in, 49-52;
Superstition, 7-10, 251-252, 256-257;
Telegraphic communication, 26, 28-30;
Trade and shipping, 20-23, 138-147, 302-306;
Travelling in, 270-280
American interests in, 154-156
Belgian interests in, 166-167
British interests in, 149-154;
Policy in, 91, 95, 184;
Settlements in, 18
China and, early relations between, 10, 129-130;
Influence of, in, 42;
Settlements in, 16-18;
Trade between, 141
French influence in, 61;
interests in, 161-166;
Policy in, 91-92, 95, 183-184
German interests in, 166
Japanese, incursions and early relations with, 49, 128-134;
Influence, 134-137;
Interests in, 156-161, 172-173;
Policy in, 134-135;
Settlements in, 16-18, 136-137, 160-161
Russian influence in, 61;
Interests in, 171, 172, 192-206;
Policy in, 91, 94, 183-184
Ko-ryö, 175
Ko-yang, 164
_Kumungo_, the, 111
Kun-san, description of, 182, 188-189
Kuroda, 132
Kwi-po, 159
Kyöng-keui, 125, 158
Kyöng-syang, 124, 126, 158
Kyo-wha, 164
La Pérouse, 7
Law Department, expenditure, 98, 100
Law, marriage and divorce, of, 112-114
Penal, 111-112
Lazareli, 7
Lefevre, M. G., 162
Li Hung Chang, 201
Liao-tung Gulf, 129
Peninsula, 195
Lyne Sound, 179
Ma-eum-to Island, 288
Manchuria, Russian policy towards, 195, 196, 205
Man-sak-dong, 16
Man-san-po, 192, 196-200
Matunine, M., 94
Min Yeung-ik, 61
Minerals, Korean, 14, 165, 187, 189, 217-220
Table of, 309
Mines, British, 217
German, 217 _seq._
Mining, Korean methods of, 219-220
Missionaries:
American, 265-267;
Church of England, 264-265, 288;
French, 261-264
Mok-po, 32, 104, 158, 264;
Description of, 178-181
Monasteries:
Chang-an-sa, 226, 229-230, 233, 234, 243, 244-246;
Chung-deung, 288;
Kang-wha, 287-288, 289-296;
Mun-su-sa, 288;
Pyo-un, 229;
Shin-ki-sa, 241-242;
Sin-ga, 229;
Sok-wan, 175;
Yu-chom-sa, 229, 232-237, 241, 246-247
Mountains: Diamond, 8, 170 _seq._, 226 _seq._, 242;
Korean, description of, 13-14;
Nam-san, 25;
Peuk-an, 25;
Superstitions regarding, 8-10
Mukden, 193
Mum-sa-am, 243
Mun-chyön, 159
Mun-san-po, 164
Mun-su, hill of, 287
Nagasaki, 28, 32
_Nageum_, the, 111
Nak-tong River, 159
Nam-pu, 200
Newchang, 138
No-dol, 158
Om, Lady, 61, 65-69, 87, 239
_On-mun_, 109, 110
On-yang, 158
Oppert, 6
O-san-tong, 158
Paik-tu-san, 13
Pavloff, M., 94, 183, 193, 198
Pedlars’ Guild, 105
Pellisier, 7
Police Department, expenditure of, 98, 100
Po-mun-sa, 288
Ponies, Korean, 271-273
Po-pheung, King, 229
_Po-ri_, 125
Port Arthur, 19, 32, 171, 172, 196;
Hamilton, 200-201;
Lazareff, 171
Postal Union, 30, 31
Prince Jerome’s Gulf, 6
Productions, farm, 122-127, 143
Pu-ti-chong Pass, 233, 234
Pyök-tong, 204
Pyöng-an, 125, 126, 175, 176, 217
Pyöng-tak, 158
Pyöng-yang, 29, 132, 155, 162, 164;
Description of, 182, 185, 187-188
Quelpart, 2, 6, 124, 267
Railways:
Seoul-Chemulpo, 156, 157, 158;
Seoul-Fusan, 19, 156-160, 177;
Trans-Siberian, 19, 163, 171
Rainfall, 257-259
Revenue, sources of, 96-101, 307
Rice crop, importance of, 153-154
Russia:
Interests in Korea, 171, 172, 192-206;
Japan, attitude towards, 194-200;
Policy in Korea, 61, 91, 94-96, 183-184;
Policy in Manchuria, 195, 196;
Yong-an-po, appropriation of, 201-206
Ru-yong-san River, 179
Ryang-san, 159
Ryöng-san, 159
Ryön-san, 159
_Sang-no_, the, 49-50
Schwartz, 7
Seoul, 16, 103, 104, 141, 264;
Description of, 24-42
Shamanism, 238
Shanghai, 31, 32, 140, 142
Shantung, 18, 129
Shibusawa, Baron, 103
Shimonosaki, 10
Shipping, Chemulpo, 19-23;
Scheduled returns of, 302-304
Sho-ho, _see_ An-tung
Shufeldt, Admiral, 16
Si-heung, 158
Sin-chyön, 164
Sin-gyo, 158
Slavery, Korean, 49-52
Son-dol-mok Rapids, 286
Song-do, 162, 163
Steamship Companies:
Nippon Yusen Kaisha, 32, 142;
Osaka Shosen Kaisha, 32, 142-3
Suk-chong, 286
Syn-won, 158
Syök-kyo-chyön, 159
Syön-chyön-po, 184-185, 187
Syöng-chik, 247
Syöng-chin, 182
Ta-bäk Mountains, 167
Ta-dong River, 185-186
Tai Won Kun, 65
Tai-hoang-kyo, 158
Tai-ku, 159
Taku, 32
Tan-bal-yang Pass, 226
_Tap-kok_, 124
Taxation, 96-97
Teh-chang-chin, 216
Temples, Buddhist, 235, 236, 288, 292-295
Tiger, the Korean, 224
Tokio, 19
Tong-ko-kai, 166, 207, 217 _seq._
Tong-lai, 159
Trade:
Chemulpo, of, 20-23;
Exports and imports, value of, 21-23;
Scheduled return of articles, 305-306;
Native produce, scheduled return of, 307
Train service, schedule of, 301
Trollope, Rev. Mark Napier, 288
Tsu-shima, 29, 131
Tumen River, 201, 206
Tun-po, 158
Ul-lyang, 201
Unkoffsky, 7
Un-san, 155, 156, 187, 217
Vladivostock, 32, 142, 171, 172, 193, 196
Wai-koan, 159
War Department, expenditure of, 98, 100
Washington Gulf, 179
Wei-hai-wei, British demonstration at, 61
Wha-ding, 250
Whan-gan, 159
Wi-ju, 13, 29, 161, 163, 193, 202;
Description and opening of, 183-184
Women, Korean:
Character of, 48;
Condition of, 41, 43-58;
Education of, 108-111
Won-san, 30, 32, 141, 142, 143, 193;
Description of, 170-176
Yalu River, 161, 201, 206 _n_
_Yamen_, 117, 118, 249
Yang River, 159
Yang-san, 159
Yang-tse, 145
Yang-wha-chin, 164
Yi-cha-sun, 54
Yi-yong-ik:
Character of, 62;
Customs loan, attitude regarding, 90;
Dai Ichi Ginko, opposition to, 104-105;
Mr. McLeavy Brown, relations with, 60-61, 87;
Transactions of, 106-107
Yokohama, 142
Yong-an-po, 183, 184;
Russian appropriation of, 193, 201-206
Yong-chyön, 202, 204, 206
Yöng-dong, 159
Yong-san, 158
Yong-tong-po, 156, 158
Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
London & Edinburgh
[Illustration: MAP OF KOREA
PREPARED BY ANGUS HAMILTON
1904]
FOOTNOTES
[1] The Japanese Government, on December 22nd, 1903, decided to find
the capital necessary for the immediate completion of the railway. An
additional million sterling has been allotted for this purpose, and the
line will be finished within the course of 1904.
[2] Ten _li_ equal three English miles.
[3] Opened May 1, 1899.
[4] Large rise in price owing to increased demand at Vladivostock and
elsewhere.
[5] No returns for 1898.
[6] To China by Korean Government.
[7] Highest on record. Large direct import in sailing-vessels from
America.
[8] Large quantity imported from Saigon by Government to relieve national
distress.
[9] Increasing annually with greater transport facilities.