formed by Renault, a Frenchman, Elliot, an Englishman, Bedamar, Pierre
and others, to murder the Venetian senate. Jaffier was induced by his
friend, Pierre, to join the conspirators, and give his wife as hostage
of his good faith. As Renault most grossly insulted the lady, Jaffier
took her away, when she persuaded her husband to reveal the plot to
her father, Priuli, under the promise of a general amnesty. The senate
violated the promise made by Priuli, and commanded all the
conspirators except Jaffier to be broken on the wheel. Jaffier, to
save his friend, Pierre, from the torture, stabbed him, and then
himself. Belvidera went mad and died.
=Venner= (_Dudley_), sad and studious father of _Elsie Venner_, in O.
W. Holmes’s novel of that name (1863).
=Ventid´ius=, an Athenian imprisoned for debt. Timon paid his debt,
and set him free. Not long after, the father of Ventidius died,
leaving a large fortune, and the young man offered to refund the loan,
but Timon declined to take it, saying that the money was a free gift.
When Timon got into difficulties he applied to Ventidius for aid; but
Ventidius, like the rest, was “found base metal,” and “denied
him.”--Shakespeare, _Timon of Athens_ (1609).
_Ventidius_, the general of Marc Antony.
⁂ The master scene between Ventidius and Antony in this tragedy is
copied from _The Maid’s Tragedy_ (by Beaumont and Fletcher), Ventidius
being the “Melantius” of Beaumont and Fletcher’s drama.--Dryden, _All
for Love, or the World Well Lost_ (1678).
=Ventriloquist.= The best that ever lived was Brabant, the
engastrimisth of François I. of France.
=Venus= (_Paintings of_). VENUS ANADYOM´ENÊ, or Venus rising from the
sea and wringing her golden tresses, by Apellês. Apellês also put his
name to a “Sleeping Venus.” Tradition says that Campaspê (afterwards
his wife) was the model of his Venus.
THE RHODIAN VENUS, referred to by Campbell, in his _Pleasures of
Hope_, ii., is the Venus spoken of by Pliny, xxxv. 10, from which
Shakespeare has drawn his picture of Cleopatra in her barge (_Antony
and Cleopatra_, act ii. sc. 2). The Rhodian was Protog´enês.
When first the Rhodian’s mimic art arrayed
The queen of Beauty in her Cyprian shade,
The happy master mingled in his piece
Each look that charmed him in the fair of Greece ...
Love on the picture smiled. Expression poured
Her mingling spirit there, and Greece adored.
_Pleasures of Hope_, ii. (1799).
_Venus_ (_Statues of_). THE CNIDIAN VENUS, a nude statue, bought by
the CNIDIANS. By Praxitĕlês.
THE COAN VENUS, a draped statue, bought by the Coans. By Praxitelês.
THE VENUS DE’ MEDICI, a statue dug up in several pieces at Hadrian’s
villa, near Tiv´oli (seventeenth century), and placed for a time at
the Medici palace at Rome, whence its name. It was the work of
Cleom´enês, the Athenian. All one arm and part of the other were
restored by Bandinelli. In 1680 this statue was removed to the Uffizi
gallery at Florence. It was removed to Paris by Napoleon, but was
afterwards restored.
THE VENUS OF ARLES, with a mirror in the right hand and an apple in
the left. This statue is ancient, but the mirror and apple are by
Girardin.
THE VENUS OF MILO. The “Venus Victorious” is called the “Venus of
Milo,” because it was brought from the island of Milo, in the Ægēan
Sea, by Admiral Dumont d’Urville, in 1820. It is one of the _chefs
d’œuvre_ of antiquity, and is now in the Louvre of Paris.
THE PAULINE VENUS, by Canōva. Modelled from Pauline Bonaparte,
Princess Borghese.
I went by chance into the room of the Pauline Venus; my mouth will
taste bitter all day. How venial! how gaudy and vile she is with her
gilded upholstery! It is the most hateful thing that ever wasted
marble.--Ouida, _Ariadnê_, i. 1.
THE VENUS PANDĒMOS, the sensual and vulgar Venus (Greek, _pan-dêmos_,
for the vulgar or populace generally); as opposed to the “Uranian
Venus,” the beau-ideal of beauty and loveliness.
Amongst the deities from the upper chamber a mortal came, the light,
lewd woman, who had bared her charms to live for ever here in marble,
in counterfeit of the Venus Pandēmos.--Ouida, _Ariadnê_, i. 1.
GIBSON’S VENUS, slightly tinted, was shown in the International
Exhibition of 1862.
_Venus_, the highest throw with the four _tali_ or three _tesseræ_.
The best cast of the _tali_ (or four-sided dice) was four different
numbers; but the best cast of the _tesseræ_ (or ordinary dice) was
three sixes. The worst throw was called _canis_--three aces in
_tesseræ_ and four aces in _tali_.
_Venus_ (_The Isle of_), a paradise created by “Divine Love” for the
Lusian heroes. Here Uranian Venus gave Vasco de Gama the empire of the
sea. This isle is not far from the mountains of Imāus, whence the
Ganges and Indus derive their source.--Camoens, _Lusiad_, ix. (1572).
⁂Similar descriptions of paradise are: “the gardens of Alcinŏus”
(_Odyssey_, vii.); “the island of Circê” (_Odyssey_, x.); Virgil’s
“Elysium” (_Æneid_, vi.); “the island and palace of Alci´na” (_Orlando
Furioso_, vi., vii.); “the country of Logistilla” (_Orlando Furioso_,
x.); “Paradise,” visited by Astolpho (_Orlando Furioso_, xxxiv.); “the
island of Armi´da” (_Jerusalem Delivered_); “the bower of Acrasia”
(_Faëry Queen_); “the palace with its forty doors” (_Arabian Nights_,
“Third Calendar”), etc.
_Venus_ (_Ura´nian_), the impersonation of divine love; the presiding
deity of the Lusians.--Camoens, _Lusiad_ (1572).
=Venus and Adonis.= Adōnis, a most beautiful boy, was greatly beloved
by Venus and Proserpine. Jupiter decided that he should live four
months with one and four months with the other goddess, and the rest
of the year he might do what he liked. One day he was killed by a wild
boar during a chase, and Venus was so inconsolable at the loss that
the infernal gods allowed the boy to spend six months of the year with
Venus on the earth, but the other six he was to spend in hell. Of
course, this is an allegory of the sun, which is six months above and
six months below the equator.
⁂ Shakespeare has a poem called _Venus and Adonis_ (1593), in which
Adonis is made cold and passionless, but Venus ardent and sensual.
=Venus of Cleom´enes= (4 _syl._), now called the “Venus de’ Medici” or
“Venus de Medicis.”
=Venusberg=, the mountain of fatal delights. Here Tannhäuser tarried,
and when Pope Urban refused to grant him absolution, he returned
thither, to be never more seen.--_German Legend._
=Ver´done= (2 _syl._), nephew to Champernal, the husband of
Lami´ra.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Little French Lawyer_ (1647).
=Verdugo=, captain under the governor of Segovia.--Beaumont and
Fletcher, _The Pilgrim_ (1621).
=Vere= (_Mr. Richard_), laird of Ellieslaw, a Jacobite conspirator.
_Miss Isabella Vere_, the laird’s daughter. She marries young Patrick
Earnscliffe, laird of Earnscliffe.--Sir W. Scott, _The Black Dwarf_
(time, Anne).
_Vere_ (_Sir Arthur de_), son of the earl of Oxford. He first appears
under the assumed name of Arthur Philipson.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of
Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).
=Verges= (2 _syl._), an old-fashioned constable and night-watch, noted
for his blundering simplicity.--Shakespeare, _Much Ado about Nothing_
(1600).
=Vergob´retus=, a dictator, selected by the druids, and possessed of
unlimited power, both in war and state, during times of great danger.
This temporary king or vergobretus, laid down his office at the end of
the war.--_Dissertation on the Era of Ossian._
=Verinder= (_Rachel_), pretty, strong-willed, imperious, warm-hearted
young Englishwoman, the legatee of a diamond of immense value. She
receives it upon her twenty-first birthday, wears it all the evening
and insists upon keeping it in her room that night. She sees from the
adjoining apartment, her lover, Franklin Blake, purloin the gem, and
hides the name of the thief, while discarding him.--Wilkie Collins,
_The Moonstone_.
=Verisopht= (_Lord Frederick_), weak and silly, but far less vicious
than his bear-leader, Sir Mulberry Hawk. He drawled in his speech, and
was altogether “very soft.” Ralph Nickleby introduced his niece, Kate,
to the young nobleman at a bachelor’s dinner-party, hoping to make of
the introduction a profitable investment, but Kate was far too modest
and virtuous to aid him in his scheme.--C. Dickens, _Nicholas
Nickleby_ (1838).
=Vernon= (_Diana_), niece of Sir Hildebrand Osbaldistone. She has
great beauty, sparkling talents, an excellent disposition, high birth,
and is an enthusiastic adherent of an exiled king. Diana Vernon
marries Frank Osbaldistone.
_Sir Frederick Vernon_, father of Diana, a political intriguer called
“his excellency the earl of Beauchamp.” He first appears as Father
Vaughan [_Vawn_].--Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.).
_Vernon_ (_Elinor_), “a student, enthusiastic and devoted, and one of
rare attainments, both in character and degree.” She becomes an author
of note. Her betrothed, Walter Mayward, would wean her from devotion
to letters, and loses her thereby. Frederic St. Clair appreciates the
glory of her perfected womanhood, loves and marries her, and her
“poetry finds in his love its triumph, its crowning, its glorious
apotheosis.”--Grace Greenwood, _Heart Histories_ (1850).
=Ver´olame= (3 _syl._) or VERULAM, “a stately nymph” of Isis. Seeing
her stream besmeared with the blood of St. Alban, she prayed that it
might be diverted into another channel, and her prayer was granted.
The place where St. Alban was executed was at that time called
Holmhurst.--Robert of Gloucester. _Chronicle_ (in verse), 57
(thirteenth century).
⁂ A poetical account of this legend is also given by W. Browne in his
_Britannia’s Pastorals_, iv (1613).
=Veron´ica=, the maiden who handed her handkerchief to Jesus on His
way to Calvary. The “Man of Sorrows” wiped His face with it, returned
it to the maiden, and it ever after had a perfect likeness of the
Saviour photographed on it. The handkerchief and the maiden were both
called Veronica (_i.e._, _vera iconica_, “the true likeness”).
⁂ One of these handkerchiefs is preserved in St. Peter’s of Rome, and
another in Milan Cathedral.
=Verrina=, the republican who murders Fiesco.--Schiller, _Fiesco_
(1783).
=Versatile= (_Sir George_), a scholar, pleasing in manners,
warm-hearted, generous, with the seeds of virtue and the soul of
honor, but being deficient in stability, he takes his color, like the
chameleon, from the objects at hand. Thus, with Maria Delaval, he is
manly, frank, affectionate, and noble; with Lord Vibrate, hesitating,
undecided, and tossed with doubts; with Lady Vibrate, boisterously
gay, extravagant, and light-hearted. Sir George is betrothed to Maria
Delaval, but the death of his father delays the marriage. He travels,
and gives a fling to youthful indulgences. After a time, he meets
Maria Delaval by accident, his better nature prevails, and he offers
her his hand, his heart, his title, and his fortune.--Holcroft, _He’s
Much to Blame_ (1790).
=Vertaigne= (2 or 3 _syl._), a nobleman and judge, father of Lamīra
and Beaupré.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Little French Lawyer_
(1647).
=Vesey= (_Sir John_), a baronet, most worldly wise, and, being poor,
gives himself the nickname of “Stingy Jack,” that he may be thought
rich. Forthwith his £10,000 was exaggerated into £40,000. Sir John
wanted his daughter to marry Alfred Evelyn, but feeling very uncertain
about the stability of the young man’s money, shilly-shallied about
it; and in the mean time, Georgina married Sir Frederick Blount, and
Evelyn was left free to marry Clara Douglas, whom he greatly
loved.--Lord L. Bulwer Lytton, _Money_ (1840).
=Vestris=, called “The God of Dancing,” used to say, “Europe contains
only three truly great men--myself, Voltaire, and Frederick of
Prussia” (1729-1808).
=Vesuvian Bay:=
“My soul to-day
Is far away,
Sailing the Vesuvian Bay;
My wingéd boat,
A bird afloat,
Swims ’round the purple peaks remote.”
The English language does not contain a more exquisite bit of
word-painting than the poem embodying the above-quoted lines.--Thomas
Buchanan Read, _Drifting_ (1867).
=Veto= (_Monsieur and Madame_), Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette. The
king had the power of putting his _veto_ on any decree of the National
Assembly (1791), in consequence of which he was nicknamed “Capet
Veto.”
⁂ The name occurs in the celebrated song called _La Carmagnole_, which
was sung to a dance of the same name.
=Vetus=, in the _Times_ newspaper, is the _nom de plume_ of Edward
Sterling (1773-1847), “The Thunderer” (1812-13).
=Vexhalia=, wife of Osmond, an old Varangian guard.--Sir W. Scott,
_Count Robert of Paris_ (time, Rufus).
=Vholes= (1 _syl._), a lawyer who draws Richard Carstone into his
toils. He is always closely buttoned up, and speaks in a lifeless
manner, but is pre-eminently a “most respectable man.”--C. Dickens,
_Bleak House_ (1852).
=Vibrate= (_Lord_), a man who can never make up his mind to anything,
and, “like a man on double business bent, he stands in pause, which he
shall first begin, and both neglects.” Thus, he would say to his
valet, “Order the coachman at eleven. No; order him at one. Come back!
order him in ten minutes. Stay! don’t order him at all. Why don’t you
go and do as I bid you?” or, “Tell Harry to admit the doctor. No, not
just yet; in five minutes. I don’t know when. Was ever man so
tormented?” So with everything.
_Lady Vibrate_, wife of the above. Extravagant, contradictious, fond
of gaiety, hurry, noise, embarrassment, confusion, disorder, uproar,
and a whirl of excitement. She says to his lordship:
I am all gaiety and good humor; you are all turmoil and lamentation. I
sing, laugh, and welcome pleasure wherever I find it; you take your
lantern to look for misery, which the sun itself cannot discover. You
may think proper to be as miserable as Job; but don’t expect me to be
a Job’s wife.--Act. ii. 1.
_Lady Jane Vibrate_, daughter of Lord and Lady Vibrate. An amiable
young lady, attached to Delaval, whom she marries.--Holcroft, _He’s
Much to Blame_ (1790).
=Vicar of Bray= (_The_). Mr. Brome says the noted vicar was Simon
Alleyn, vicar of Bray, in Berkshire, for fifty years. In the reign of
Henry VIII. he was _catholic_ till the Reformation; in the reign of
Edward VI. he was =calvanist=; in the reign of Mary he was _papist_;
in the reign of Elizabeth he was _protestant_. No matter who was king,
he resolved to die the vicar of Bray.--D’Israeli, _Curiosities of
Literature_.
Another statement gives the name of Pendleton as the true vicar. He
was afterwards rector of St. Stephen’s, Walbrook (Edward VI. to
Elizabeth).
Hadyn says the vicar referred to in the song was Simon Symonds, who
lived in the Commonwealth, and continued vicar till the reign of
William and Mary. He was _independent_ in the protectorate,
_episcopalian_ under Charles II., _papist_ under James II., _moderate
protestant_ under William and Mary.
⁂ The song called _The Vicar of Bray_ was written in the reign of
George I., by Colonel Fuller, or an officer in Fuller’s regiment, and
does not refer to Alleyn, Pendleton, or Symonds, but to some real or
imaginary person, who was vicar of Bray, from Charles II. to George I.
The first verse begins: “In good King Charles’s golden days” I was a
zealous high-church*-man. Ver. 2: “When royal James obtained the
crown,” I found the Church of Rome would fit my constitution. Ver. 3:
“When William was our king declared,” I swore to him allegiance. Ver.
4: “When gracious Anne became our queen,” I became a tory. Ver. 5:
“When George, in pudding-time came o’er,” I became a whig. And “George
my lawful king shall be--until the times do alter.”
I have had a long chase after the vicar of Bray, on whom the proverb
... Mr. Fuller, in his _Worthies_ ... takes no notice of him.... I am
informed it is Simon Alleyn or Allen who was vicar of Bray about 1540,
and died, 1588.--_Brome to Rawlins_, June 14, 1735. (See _Letters from
the Bodleian_, II. i. 100.)
=Vicar of Wakefield= (_The_), Dr. Primrose, a simple-minded, pious
clergyman, with six children. He begins life with a good fortune, a
handsome house, and wealthy friends, but is reduced to utter poverty
without any fault of his own, and, being reduced like Job, like Job he
is restored. First, he loses his fortune through the rascality of the
merchant who held it. His next great sorrow was the elopement of his
eldest daughter, Olivia, with Squire Thornhill. His third was the
entire destruction by fire of his house, furniture and books, together
with the savings which he had laid by for his daughters’ marriage
portions. His fourth was being incarcerated in the county jail by
Squire Thornhill for rent, his wife and family being driven out of
house and home. His fifth was the announcement that his daughter,
Olivia, “was dead,” and that his daughter, Sophia, had been abducted.
His sixth was the imprisonment of his eldest son, George, for sending
a challenge to Squire Thornhill. His cup of sorrow was now full, and
comfort was at hand: (1) Olivia was not really dead, but was said to
be so in order to get the vicar to submit to the squire, and thus
obtain his release. (2) His daughter, Sophia, had been rescued by Mr.
Burchell (_Sir William Thornhill_), who asked her hand in marriage.
(3) His son, George, was liberated from prison, and married Miss
Wilmot, an heiress. (4) Olivia’s marriage to the squire, which was
said to have been informal, was shown to be legal and binding. (5) The
old vicar was released, re-established in his vicarage, and recovered
a part of his fortune.--Goldsmith, _The Vicar of Wakefield_ (1766).
⁂ This novel has been dramatized several times: In 1819 it was
performed in the Surrey Theatre; in 1823 it was turned into an opera;
in 1850 Tom Taylor dramatized it; in 1878 W. G. Wills converted it
into a drama of four acts, entitled _Olivia_.
The real interest of the story lies in the development of the
character of the amiable vicar, so rich in heavenly, so poor in
earthly wisdom; possessing little for himself, yet ready to make that
little less, whenever misery appeals to his compassion. With enough of
worldly vanity about him to show that he shares the weakness of our
nature; ready to be imposed upon by cosmogonies and fictitious bills
of exchange, and yet commanding, by the simple and serene dignity of
goodness, the respect even of the profligate.--_Encyc. Brit._, Art.
“Romance.”
=Victor Amade´us= (4 _syl._), king of Sardinia (1665, 1675-1732),
noted for his tortuous policy. He was fierce, audacious, unscrupulous
and selfish, profound in dissimulation, prolific in resources, and a
“breaker of vows both to God and man.” In 1730 he abdicated, but a few
months later wanted to regain the throne, which his son, Charles
Emmanuel, refused to resign. On again plotting to recover the crown,
he was arrested by D’Ormēa, the prime minister, and died.--R.
Browning, _King Victor and King Charles Emmanuel_.
=Victoria= (_Donna_), the young wife of Don Carlos. Don Carlos had
given to Donna Laura (a courtezan) the deeds of his wife’s estate; and
Victoria, to get them back, dressed in man’s apparel, assumed the name
of Florio, and made love to Laura. Having secured a footing, she
introduced Gasper as the rich uncle of Victoria, and Gasper persuaded
Laura that the deeds were wholly worthless, whereupon Laura tore them
to pieces. By this manœuvre the estate was saved, and Don Carlos
rescued from ruin.--Mrs. Cowley, _A Bold Stroke for a Husband_ (1782).
=Victorious= (_The_). Almanzor means “victorious.” The Caliph Almanzor
was the founder of Bagdad.
Thou, too, art fallen, Bagdad, city of peace!
Thou, too, hast had thy day!...
Thy founder The Victorious.
Southey, _Thalaba, the Destroyer_, v. 6 (1797).
=Victory= (_The_), Nelson’s ship.
At the head of the line goes the Victory,
With Nelson on the deck,
And on his breast the orders shine
Like the stars on a shattered wreck.
Lord Lytton, _Ode_, iii. 9 (1839).
=Vidar=, the god of wisdom, noted for his thick shoes, and not
unfrequently called “The god with the thick shoes.”--_Scandinavian
Mythology._
=Vienne= (_The archbishop of_), chancellor of Burgundy.--Sir W. Scott,
_Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).
=Vifell=, father of Viking, famous for being the possessor of
Angurva´del, the celebrated sword made in the East by dwarfs. Vifell
won it from Björn Blœtand, and killed with it the giant Iernhös,
whom he cleft from head to waist with a single stroke. Vifell left it
to Viking, Viking to Thorsten, and Thorsten to his son, Frithjof. The
hilt of the sword was gold, and the blade written with runes, which
were dull in times of peace, but in war glittered “red as the crest of
a cock when he fighteth.”--Tegnér, _Frithjof Saga_, iii. (1825).
=Villalpando= (_Gaspar Cardillos de_), a Spanish theologian,
controversialist and commentator (1505-1570).
“Truly,” replied the canon, “I am better acquainted with books of
chivalry than with Villalpando’s divinity.”--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_,
I. iv. 17 (1605).
=Ville´rius=, in Davenant’s _Siege of Rhodes_ (1656).
... pale with envy, Singleton foreswore
The lute and sword, which he in triumph bore,
And vowed he ne’er would act Villerius more.
Dryden, _MacFlecknoe_ (1682).
⁂ This was a favorite part of Singleton.
=Villers= (_Mr._), a gentleman who professed a supreme contempt for
women, and declared, if he ever married, he should prefer Widow Racket
to be his executioner.--Mrs. Cowley, _The Belle’s Stratagem_ (1780).
=Villiard=, a villain from whose hands Charles Belmont rescued
Fidelia.--E. Moore, _The Foundling_ (1748).
=Vincent= (_Jenkin_), or “Jin Vin,” one of old Ramsay’s apprentices,
in love with Margaret Ramsay.--Sir W. Scott, _Fortunes of Nigel_
(time, James I.).
=Vincent de la Rosa=, a boastful, vain, heartless adventurer, son of a
poor laborer, who had served in the Italian wars. Coming to the
village in which Leandra lived, he induced her to elope with him, and,
having spoiled her of her jewels, money and other valuables, deserted
her, and she was sent to a convent till the affair had blown over.
He wore a gay uniform, bedecked with glass buttons and steel
ornaments; to-day he dressed himself in one piece of finery, and
to-morrow in another. He would seat himself upon a bench under a large
poplar, and entertain the villagers with his travels and exploits,
assuring them there was not a country in the whole world he had not
seen, nor a battle in which he had not taken part. He had slain more
Moors than ever Tunis or Morocco produced; and as to duels, he had
fought more than ever Gante had, or Luna, Diego Garcia de Paredez, or
any other champion, always coming off victorious, and without losing
one drop of blood.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, I. iv. 20 (“The
Goat-herd’s Story,” 1605).
=Vincen´tio=, duke of Vienna. He delegates his office to Angelo, and
leaves Vienna for a time, under the pretence of going on a distant
journey; but, by assuming a monk’s hood, he observes, incognito, the
conduct of his different officers. Angelo tries to dishonor Isabella,
but the duke re-appears in due time and rescues her, while Angelo is
made to marry Mariana, to whom he was already betrothed.--Shakespeare,
_Measure for Measure_ (1603).
⁂ Mariana was Angelo’s wife by civil contract, or, as the duke says to
her, “He is thy husband by pre-contract,” though the Church had not
yet sanctified the union and blessed it. Still, the duke says that it
would be “no sin” in her to account herself his wife, and to perform
towards him the duties of a wife. Angelo’s neglect of her was “a civil
divorce,” which would have been a “sin” if the Church had sanctified
the union, but which, till then, was only a moral or civil offence.
Mariana also considered herself Angelo’s “wife,” and calls him “her
husband.” This is an interesting illustration of the “civil contract”
of matrimony long before “The Marriage Registration Act,” in 1837.
_Vincentio_, an old gentleman of Pisa, in Shakespeare’s comedy called
_The Taming of the Shrew_ (1593).
_Vincentio_, the troth-plight of Evadne, sister of the marquis of
Colonna. Being himself without guile, he is unsuspicious, and when
Ludovico, the traitor, tells him that Evadne is the king’s wanton, he
believes it and casts her off. This brings about a duel between him
and Evadne’s brother, in which Vincentio falls. He is not, however,
killed; and when the villainy of Ludovico is brought to light, he
re-appears and marries Evadne.--Sheil, _Evadne_, or _The Statue_
(1820).