CASTRATION OF FEMALES -- HISTORY -- INDICATIONS -- EFFECTS UPON THE
ORGANISM AND SPECIAL FUNCTIONS -- ADVANTAGES IN COWS -- CONDITIONS
FAVORABLE TO THE OPERATION -- ANATOMY -- MODUS OPERANDI -- BY THE
FLANKS -- CHARLIER’S PROCESS -- INSTRUMENTS -- VARIOUS STEPS --
DIVISION OF THE VAGINA -- SEIZING THE OVARY -- TWISTING IT OFF --
COMPLICATIONS -- HEMORRHAGE -- PERITONITIS -- ABSCESS OF THE PELVIC
CAVITY -- CONSTIPATION -- SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA -- CASTRATION OF THE
SMALL ANIMALS -- OF SWINE -- OF SLUTS -- OF FOWLS.
As I have stated before, the revival of the operation of castration upon
large females is due to a Louisiana farmer, Thomas Winn, who, in the
year 1831, castrated several of his cows.
Without entering upon the history which includes a record of the
failures and successes attendant upon the introduction of the operation,
it may suffice to say that until the improvements made by Charlier in
the manipulations involved in the operation, it encountered considerable
opposition, and it is within a comparatively recent period that it has
become established in the domains of veterinary surgery.
The indications by which this operation commend itself to
agriculturists, and others who find profit or pleasure in the use or
ownership of these domestic animals, are several. Among them are the
influence which it exercises upon the secretion of milk in cows, and
upon the power of accumulating fat, and its effects upon the character
and temper of all the large females, in which relation it obviously acts
as a therapeutic agent, in overcoming certain peculiar conditions by
which they are distinguished. In respect to the effect of the operation
of spaying the cow upon the milk secretion, it is a fact well
established that it not only increases the amount and duration of the
flow, but also improves the quality of that valuable fluid, the spayed
cow not only continuing the production from eighteen to twenty-four
months, but giving a product far richer in the elements of nutrition.
This is shown by the enhanced proportions of the cream, the caseine and
the sugar, which determine its richness and value, both economically and
commercially, after alteration.
But even this argument in favor of spaying the cow is rendered more
weighty by the fact that besides its influence on the milky secretion,
there is also that which is furnished by the consideration of its effect
in augmenting the deposit of fat throughout the frame, for it is through
this tendency that the flesh of the animal becomes so greatly improved
in its nutritive quality as compared with that of the same species when
in the entire condition, becoming so noticeably more tender, juicy and
palatable, retaining more of the oily element, digesting more easily,
and so, of course, acquiring a pecuniary value in the market not before
possessed. These remarks apply to the dry equally with the milch cow,
and leaving out the reference to the milk secretion, to the ox as well.
With respect to the effect of the operation upon the character and
disposition of the cow, these are easily illustrated in the movements of
the nymphomaniac animal, which may be said to be constantly in a state
of hysterical excitement. They seem to be in continual conditions of
heat, running after and mounting other animals with which they may be in
company, while never producing and giving no milk. They are always in a
lean condition, and must remain a pecuniary loss to the dairyman. This
manifestation of nymphomania is also met with in the mare, which,
continually exhibiting signs of heat, becomes more or less dangerous on
that account. In these cases the advantage of the operation of spaying
cannot be overlooked. We have personal knowledge of several cases of
this character, in which worthless and troublesome mares have been
transformed into docile and valuable animals.
CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO THE OPERATION.
Charlier expresses the opinion that the best time for the performance of
the operation upon cows is from the sixth to the eighth year, or after
they have had their second or third calf. If performed at an earlier
period the great objection originally urged against castration, that its
performance would tend to the diminution of the stock in numbers or
“population,” might find more or less confirmation. But by an observance
of this condition all danger of the annihilation of stock would be
obviated. The cow to be operated on ought to be in fair condition, not
in heat or pregnant, and the time selected should be from forty to sixty
days after calving.
ANATOMY.
The _vagina_ is situated within the pelvic cavity, between the rectum
and the bladder. Its internal face presents numerous longitudinal folds,
the purpose of which is to permit the free dilatation of the parts. At
the bottom of the passage is situated the _neck of the uterus_, giving
to the finger the sensation of a projection, hard towards the cavity of
the vagina, and in the centre of which is felt a closed opening, from
which radiate the folds of the mucous membrane. The _uterus_ (Figs. 27
and 28), continued forward to the neck, is situated in the abdominal
cavity, occupying the sub-lumbar region, with its posterior extremity
resting at the end of the pelvic cavity. It is somewhat pyriform in
shape, and larger at its base, where it divides into two lateral halves,
continued by the _horns_. The concave curvature of these horns look
downward in the cow, but face upwards in the mare. In both they give
attachment to the _broad ligaments_. These are folds of the peritoneum,
more developed forward than behind, rising from the sub-lumbar region,
and descending towards the uterus, to fix themselves upon the sides of
the superior face of the body of this organ, and, as before stated, upon
the curvature of the horns. Their anterior border is free, and gives
support to the oviducts and the ovaries. Between the serous layers are
found the utero-ovarian artery and veins, largely developed. The
_ovaries_ are situated on the internal face of the broad ligament,
forming a small ovoid mass, which receives a special serous lamella, a
sort of ligament, having between its layers a few grayish muscular
fibres, which may be strong enough to offer serious resistance when the
extirpation of the organ is attempted.
MODUS OPERANDI.
There are two modes of operation. The original method was that of
removal through the flanks, which, however, has fallen into disuse since
the introduction of the process of Charlier, of removal through the
vagina. This process is altogether to be preferred, as being safer, more
consistent with scientific surgery, and in a word is the only one which
it is proper to perform, so long as the capacity of the vagina permits
the necessary manipulations to be performed.
[Illustration: FIG. 27.
RIGHT OVARY OF THE COW WITH ITS ATTACHMENTS.
U.--Right horn of the uterus. L.--Broad ligament. L′--Its anterior
border. O.--Ovary. R.--Peritoneal fold where it is suspended.
S.--Superior ovarian ligament. T.--Inferior ovarian ligament.
A.--Ovarian artery. V.--Ovarian vein. I.--Oviduct. P.--Its pavilion.
X.--Its superior or fimbriated opening. Z.--Its inferior opening.]
[Illustration: FIG. 28.
LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF THE PELVIS OF THE MARE SHOWING THE POSITION AND
CONNECTION OF THE GENITAL ORGANS.
1--Uterus. 2--Horn of the uterus. 3--Vagina. 4--Bladder. 5--Rectum. 7
8--Vulva. 9--Ovary. 10--Oviduct. 11--Kidney. 12--Broad ligament.]
METHOD BY THE FLANKS.
Four steps are necessary to be followed in this method. The first
is securing the animal. The cow is usually kept on her feet, pressed
firmly against a wall, the legs secured with hobbles, and her head
controlled, as much as possible, by a strong assistant. The second step
is the incision of the flank. This is made on the left side, with a
sharp, convex bistoury, in the middle of the superior portion of that
region, dividing the skin and muscles vertically, care being taken that
the incision is not carried too low down, in order to avoid the division
of the circumflex artery, which passes along in that vicinity. An
opening is then made in the peritoneum, either with the knife or with
the fingers, sufficiently large to permit the introduction of the
fingers. In the third step of the operation, which comprehends the
removal of the ovary, the surgeon introduces his hand into the abdomen,
and turning it towards the pelvis, feels for the horns of the uterus.
Upon finding these the ovaries are easily discovered. He carefully draws
them outwards, and their removal is effected either with the ecraseur or
the forceps of Charlier. The operation is concluded by the application
of a quill suture.
[Illustration: FIG. 29.--CHARLIER’S VAGINAL SPECULUM.
(Closed.) (Open.)]
[Illustration: FIG. 30.
MODIFIED VAGINAL SPECULUM.]
[Illustration: FIG. 31.
BISTOURY CACHÉ.]
[Illustration: FIG. 32.
COLIN’S BISTOURY CACHÉ.]
CHARLIER’S METHOD--INSTRUMENTS.
For this operation special instruments are required. These consist of,
first, a vaginal dilator (Fig. 29), or speculum, of peculiar and
somewhat complicated construction, to be modified subsequently by
another (Fig 30), of superior form and easier of application, and now in
general use; second, a bistoury caché (Fig. 31), sliding on its handles,
which is a true embryotomy knife, modified by Colin (Fig. 32); third, a
pair of long, sharp scissors (Fig. 33), with guarded blades, curved on
its flat surface; fourth, a torsion forceps (Fig. 34), closed by a
peculiar thread arrangement, moved by the handle; and fifth, a steel
thimble (Fig. 35), which has been modified by the instrument shown in
Fig. 36, and which is used in applying the limited torsion on the
broad ligaments.
[Illustration: FIG. 33.
SCISSORS TO DIVIDE THE BROAD LIGAMENT.]
[Illustration: FIG. 34.
FORCEPS FOR CASTRATION OF COWS.]
[Illustration: FIG. 35.--THIMBLE FOR CASTRATION.]
[Illustration: FIG. 36.--COLIN’S NIPPERS, to take the place of the
thimble.]
_Preparation of the animal._--No general preparation is required, except
one, which may be regarded as of local effect, but is not to be
overlooked. This consists in the evacuation of the bowels by means of a
rectal injection, in order that the arms of the surgeon may not become
unnecessarily soiled during the operation. The animal is secured on her
feet by being placed in a narrow stall to prevent her from moving from
side to side, the floor of the stall having an inclination forwards, in
order to prevent the pressure by gravitation of the intestinal mass
towards the posterior parts of the abdomen.
The operation is completed in two steps, of which the first is the
incision of the vagina, and the second the extirpation of the ovaries.
THE INCISION IN THE VAGINA.
This is made in the following manner. The operator introduces the
speculum with his right hand, through the vulva, into the vaginal
cavity, and carefully passing in his left hand, well oiled, directs and
introduces the little prolongation A of the speculum into the centre of
the neck of the uterus, gently pressing upon it in order to keep it in
place. In using the original dilator, the opening of the branches must
be so regulated as to put the walls of the vagina upon the stretch. Or,
if he uses the modified speculum, he pushes the instrument downwards and
forwards, and by this motion distends the upper wall of the cavity,
keeping the instrument in that position by a hold of the left hand,
which has been withdrawn from the vagina. He then arms himself with the
bistoury caché, which he holds closed in his full hand and introduces
with the right hand into the vagina. Carefully feeling the condition of
the upper wall of this cavity, and assuring himself of its being well
stretched, he rests his hand, still holding the bistoury, upon the
opening or “window” at the end of the speculum (Figs. 37 and 38), and by
firmly pushing the blade (the sharp edge being turned backwards) out of
its handle, pierces with it the vaginal walls, about two inches above
the neck of the uterus, and with a motion from below upwards and from
before backwards, makes an incision on the median line, from three to
three and a half inches in length. The introduction of the instrument
must be made in such a manner that it will pass at once through the
walls of the vagina proper, as well as through the peritoneal cap which
it presents at its anterior portion.
The incision being completed, the speculum is carefully withdrawn; and
if a slight hemorrhage should occur, the blood should be removed before
the surgeon proceeds to the second step of the operation.
[Illustration: FIG. 37.
CASTRATION OF COWS. (Charlier’s process).
Incision of the vagina.]
[Illustration: FIG. 38.
CASTRATION OF COWS. (Charlier’s process).
1st step. Incision of the vagina.]
[Illustration: FIG. 39.
SCISSORS DIVIDING THE BROAD LIGAMENTS.]
REMOVAL OF THE OVARIES.
Then, again introducing his hand into the vagina, and passing his finger
through the opening made by the incision, he feels for the ovaries,
which he finds floating at the extremity of their ligaments, towards the
entrance of the pelvis, below, on each side, and at a short
distance from the incision, between the base of the uterine horns, near
and inside of the free border of the ligaments, and a little above the
anterior border of the pubis. Then, grasping the ovarian body, he draws
it carefully into the vagina, through the incision, and introduces the
long scissors, with the guarded blade of which he divides the thick
border of the broad ligament (Fig. 39), replacing the ovaries into the
abdomen without releasing his hold. The torsion forceps is then passed
into the vagina and through the incision, and is made to take hold with
its open jaws of the broad ligament (Fig. 40), above the ovary, and is
firmly closed by the movement of the spiral crank of the handle (D).
Both hands being now outside of the vaginal cavity, and the forceps
being secured on the broad ligament, held by the right hand, the left
thumb is protected by the thimble (E), and the hand once more inserted,
to grasp the broad ligament above the point where the jaws of the
torsion forceps are placed. In this position the torsion is made with
the forceps, the twisting of the ligament being limited by the firm
pressure made by the thimble on the thumb with the index finger, or by a
pair of crushing pincers. After several turns of the instrument, the
ovary is separated from its attachment, and may be brought out of the
cavity, still held securely between the oval jaws of the torsion
forceps. The same method is applicable to the ovaries of both sides.
These rules are subject to more or less modification by indications
which may occasionally present themselves, arising from the age of
the animal or the structure or other conditions of the ovaries.
[Illustration: FIG. 40.--TORSION OF THE OVARY.
A B--Forceps closed. B C--Forceps open. E--Thimble.]
This method of castration has been modified in many ways, both as to the
forms of the instruments used, and the mode of using them, a majority of
operators, at the present time even, discarding the dilator, and making
the incision simply by stretching the walls of the vagina and pushing
against the neck of the uterus with the hand. The manner in which the
removal of the ovaries is effected has also been subjected to many
changes. For more than twenty years, during which we have been
performing the operation, we have been accustomed to use the ecraseur in
the last step, and with excellent and satisfactory results.
The subsequent attention required by the spayed cow is usually a very
simple matter, and involves little beyond careful dieting, the patient
recovering from the general effects upon the system usually in a few
days.
COMPLICATIONS.
It may properly be said that there are no complications likely to follow
the process in the castration of cows, which may be denominated serious.
In the statistics which record the mortality attending it, the fatal
cases are represented at the very trifling rate of two per cent. A light
colic may sometimes follow it, but it usually subsides without medical
treatment. Still, however, spaying may at times be accompanied by
accidents of a serious character, though these have considerably
diminished in frequency since the introduction of the method of
Charlier. One of these is
HEMORRHAGE,
which may occur when the torsion or the crushing of the artery has not
been sufficiently complete. But though it is likely to give rise to
peritonitis, it is not necessarily a fatal complication. We have
ourselves known of cases of its occurrence in mares which had survived
it a number of days, and when destroyed exhibited none of the lesions of
that affection.
PERITONITIS.
We have several times met with this sequel to the operation, especially
in mares. But in these cases, as revealed by _post mortem_
investigation, the disease seemed generally to have remained localized.
Less common than prior to the practice of castration per vagina, it
still is followed by fatal consequences when the entire peritoneum
becomes diseased. Its appearance usually occurs from the third to the
sixth day. There is suspension of the milky secretion, general dullness,
chills, anorexia, suspension of rumination, rapid, small and thready
pulse, sometimes painful respiration, rapid loss of flesh, and
speedily--death. The indications of treatment are similar to those which
are applicable to peritonitis in the solipeds, but the prognosis is
always serious.
ABSCESS IN THE PELVIC CAVITY.
This is a complication we have quite often encountered. Besides the
general symptoms, there are those of a local character, which are
detected by rectal examination, by which discovery is made of the
presence of a tumor on one side or the other of the vagina, varying in
size, fluctuating, and easily identified. This abscess may be opened in
the cavity of the vagina, and should be attended to as soon as discovery
is made of the fluctuating character of the growth, without waiting for
the process of natural resolution.
SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA.
Emphysema of the subcutaneous connective tissue is said to be a common
sequel to the flank operation. Its appearance need not excite any
special uneasiness, as its termination is usually by spontaneous
disappearance. It is an accident we have never encountered in our
practice.
CONSTIPATION.
This complication, which is often met with in mares, is to be carefully
looked for, and must be relieved by laxative food and rectal injections.
It is due to the pain which accompanies defecation while the wound of
the vagina is healing, and which the animal tries to avoid by keeping
the rectum full.
CASTRATION OF THE SMALL ANIMALS.
SMALL RUMINANTS.
For these subjects, two modes of operation are to be principally
recommended. The first is the double subcutaneous torsion; the other the
ligature _en masse_ of the cord and its envelopes. Having already
considered these operations, a passing reference will suffice here.
FOR SWINE.
In _males_, the varying modes employed are the ligature, limited
torsion, and the clamps.
[Illustration: FIG. 41.
GENITAL ORGANS OF A YOUNG SOW.
(Median and antero-posterior section). 1--Ovary. 2--Horn of the uterus.
3--Body of the uterus. 4--Rectum. 5--Vagina. 6--Bladder. 7--Kidney.
9--Intestines. 10--Stump of one of the horns of the uterus.]
[Illustration: FIG. 42.
BISTOURY FOR THE CASTRATION OF SOW.
(Division of the flank).]
In _females_, it must be remembered that the horns of the uterus are
very long and flexuous (Fig. 41), and that the very small ovaries are
situated on the inside of the broad ligaments, which are very large, and
allow the horns to float freely amongst the circumvolutions of the
intestines. The animal must be prepared by being secured upon the right
side in order to expose the left flank. The incision is made with a
knife of peculiar form (Fig. 42), the coarse bristles having been
previously closely clipped off. Care should be taken to carry the left
leg in extension backwards, in such a manner that the edges of the
various tissues divided shall not meet each other when the operation is
completed. The incision may be made either vertically, horizontally, or
obliquely. When vertical it should be immediately below the lumbar
vertebra next to the last rib; if horizontal it should be parallel with
the vertebral column. The vertical incision should be preferred, because
it brings the ovaries within easy reach of the fingers. It should be
from two to three inches in length, and should be made by a single
stroke of the knife, and without dividing the peritoneum, which should,
afterwards, be either torn with the finger or carefully cut while raised
with the forceps. To find the ovaries the operator introduces the index
finger of the right hand between the vertebral column and the
intestines, and explores the lumbar region. Upon finding the ovarian
sac, he presses it against the abdominal wall and causes it to slide by
pushing towards the opening through which it is extruded and grasped.
While it is held there the left horn is carefully drawn out after it,
until arriving at the bifurcation of the horns at the uterus, the right
horn also is brought out and the ovary on that side secured. Both glands
being now outside, they are torn or scraped off from their attachment,
and the horns are returned to the abdomen.
While this process is readily applicable to young sows, and requires a
certain amount of practice to be performed expertly and with success, it
is slightly modified when applied to older animals. In that case the two
horns must not be exposed outside together, but each must be returned
when the removal of the ovary connected with it has been effected.
The simple tearing of the ovaries is not always sufficient, and may be
sometimes followed by serious hemorrhage. The scraping and the torsion
are safer, and in some instances the ligature has been applied. The
incision is closed with the interrupted or, which is preferable, the
continued suture. No special after-treatment is required beyond low diet
for a few days, with a little extra attention to cleanliness.
The operation may at times be rendered difficult by exceptional and
accidental conditions, as, for example, the shortness of the fingers of
the operator. This difficulty, however, can be overcome by placing a
bundle of straw or other substance under the right flank, which, by
raising the body displaces the intestines upwards and crowds the ovary
towards the left flank.
It may also happen, as sometimes with old sows, that the ovary has
become the seat of large cysts, or that its size is increased in
consequence of pathological changes in its structure. In the first case,
the cyst may be punctured and emptied with a trochar before attempting
the obliteration of the organ. In the second, the opening into the
abdomen must be enlarged sufficiently to permit the exit of the extra
bulk.
If through inadvertence the operation has been begun while the animal is
in a state of pregnancy, the proceeding must be discontinued, the
patient kept quiet and the matter indefinitely postponed.
[Illustration: FIG. 43.
GENITAL ORGANS OF THE BITCH.
1--Ovary. 2--Fold of the broad ligament, displaced to expose the ovary.
3--Internal fold of the same. 4--Broad ligaments. 5--Horn of the uterus.
6--Its body. 7--Rectum. 8--Vagina. 9--Kidney. 10--Bladder.
11--Descending colon.]
DOGS.
The _male_ is altered by either the process of excision, torsion, or
ligature, according to the age and size of the animal.
In the _female_, when, as is sometimes supposed, it becomes a preventive
measure in respect to hydrophobia--though if it be so, it can only be
from the fact that a castrated bitch will usually remain at home while
others are running abroad in heat, and thus being more exposed to
contagion--the operation is only justifiable in the case of house dogs,
domestic pets, in order to obviate the annoyance caused to their owners
by their demonstrations while in heat. In the bitch the broad ligaments
are very long (Fig. 43), extending as far as the hypochondriac region,
where they divide into an external layer, which reaches to the last rib,
while the other extends to the sub-lumbar region behind the diaphragm.
The broad ligaments diminish in height as they run forward in such a way
that the anterior border of the external layer where the ovary is found,
shorter in its median part, gives a certain amount of fixity to the
anterior extremity of the horns which it keeps elevated in each
hypochondriac region; on that account both horns cannot be at one time
brought through the incision, and it becomes generally necessary in the
bitch to operate on each side.
The manipulations are similar to those followed in spaying sows, with
the exception that the incision is made lower, more forward and nearer
to the last rib.
CASTRATION OF FOWLS.
The effect of this operation upon the quality of the flesh and the
power of accumulating fat, in the domestic fowl is a fact too familiar
to those who have learned to appreciate the exquisite juicy quality of
the meat of the capon to need any comment at our hands. The operation
upon these animals is one of considerable difficulty and requires skill
and experience to perform with nicety and success.
In birds the testicles are situated in the abdominal cavity, immediately
behind the lungs, under the vertebral column and in front of the kidneys
(Fig. 44). They correspond exactly to the articulation of the last three
ribs with the spinal column, where they lie close together and in
contact with the blood vessels which separate them from the kidneys.
They are held in position by the peritoneum spread above them, and by
minute blood vessels, branches of the aorta or of the vena cava.
[Illustration: FIG. 44.
GENITAL ORGAN OF THE ROOSTER.
1.--Testicle. 2a, 2d.--Deferent canals. 3.--Ureters. 4.--Cloacum.
5.--Posterior aorta. 7.--Posterior vena cava. 8, 9, 10.--Three last
ribs. 11.--Pelvic bones.]
In the operation the fowl is placed on his side, the tail being towards
the operator, with the hind leg carried backwards, in order to expose
the flank of the side selected for the incision. The first step of the
operation consists in plucking the feathers from a sufficient extent of
surface, and making an incision a little behind the lateral internal
processes of the sternum, from within outwards, and from before
backwards, and slightly oblique, through the skin and the thin muscles
of the abdomen, and when reaching the peritoneum carefully opening it
with a puncture, having it raised with a pair of forceps. The second
step, or that which involves the extirpation of the gland, is performed
by the introduction of the index finger of the right hand into the
abdomen, passing it above the intestinal mass and turning towards the
dorsal region near the articulation of the last two ribs, where the
testicles are felt, prominent at the sub-lumbar region. Then, with the
fingers half flexed, the adhesions of the organ are broken off, and the
organ, held in the bend of the finger, is brought outside. The second
testicle is removed by the same process. If the testicles should slip
from the grasp of the finger, the accident is of little account, as they
will graft themselves upon the walls of the abdomen, and in time
disappear by resolution. The operation is concluded by the closing of
the wound by stitches of interrupted suture, and the healing usually
takes place by first intention.
The operation is performed in the hen in the same manner as with the
male bird, the ovaries being found in the lumbar region, from which they
are removed by the same manipulations that are employed in caponing.
Young fowls about in their third month, are usually selected as the
victims of this epicurean barbarity.
CONTENTS.
Abdominal Cryptorchidy 77
Abscesses in Scrotal region 89
Abscesses in Pelvic cavity 130
Advantages of Castration in cows 108
Age at which Castration ought to be performed 8
Amaurosis 103
Anatomy of the male parts 15
Anatomy of the female parts 109
Bistournage 58
Bistoury Caché 117
Castration of Cryptorchids 67
Castration of Dogs 136
Castration of Fashion and convenience 5
Castration of Females 106
Castration of Fowls 139
Castration of Necessity 4
Castration of Small ruminants 131
Castration of Swine 132
Champignon 90
Champignon, Superficial 92
Champignon, Deep 93
Charlier’s Instruments 115, 116
Charlier’s Method 115
Charlier’s Scissors 118
Clamps 41, 42
Clamps, House 35
Classification of Methods 19
Colics 85
Combined Forceps of M. Beaufils 30
Comparative View of the Various Modes 103
Complications and their Treatment 84, 129
Conditions favorable to the operation 108
Constipation 131
Covered Operation 44
Crushing of the Testicular Cord 57
Curved Clamps 95
Dangers of Operation Standing Up 12
Definition of Castration 3
Dogs 136
Double Subcutaneous Torsion 58
Ecraseurs 33
Effects of Castration 5, 78, 108
Emphysema, subcutaneous 131
Excision 20
Farmer Miles 68
Firing 35
Firing, Forceps for Castration by 69
Fistula of the Scrotum 99
Forceps for Holding the Ovary 118
Fowls 139
Free Torsion 24
Gangrene 88
Hemorrhage 86, 130
Hernia of Castration 99
History of Castration 4
Hygiene and subsequent attention 82
Incision in the Vagina 119
Inguinal Cryptorchidy 75
Inguinal Hernia 99
Ligature 51
Ligature Carrier 97
Ligature of the Cord and its envelopes 52
Ligature of the Cord only 52
Ligature of the Efferent Canal 55
Ligature of the Spermatic Artery 54
Limited Torsion 26
Linear Crushing 32
Method by the Clamps 39
Method by the Ecraseur 34
Method by the Flanks 110
Methods, Classification of 19
Modes of Cicatrization 81
Modus operandi of Bistournage 59
Modus operandi of Bistournage, 1st Step of 60, 61
Modus operandi of Bistournage, 2d Step of 62, 63
Modus operandi of Bistournage, 3d Step of 64, 65
Modus operandi of Bistournage, 4th Step of 66
Modus operandi of Castration of Females 110
Modus operandi of Covered Operation 44
Modus operandi of Limited Torsion 28
Modus operandi of Uncovered Operation 47
Peritonitis 100, 130
Preparations of the Patient 9
Purposes of Castration 4
Removal of the Ovaries 120
Restraint, Modes of 10
Season most favorable 8
Scraping 21
Second Method of Castration 39
Securing the Animal Down 10
Softening of the Bags 60, 61
Standing Up Operation 10
Standing Up Operation, Dangers of 12
Subcutaneous Twisting 58
Swelling of the Scrotal Region 87
Swine 132
Tearing and Torsion 22
Tearing of the Clamps 85
Tetanus 102
Thimble for Castration 118
Third Method of Castration 56
Torsion 23
Torsion above the Epididimis 24
Torsion below the Epididimis 25
Torsion Forceps 26, 27
Torsion, Free 24
Torsion, Limited 26
Uncovered Operation 47
Vaginal Speculum 116, 117
William R. Jenkins’s
VETERINARY BOOKS.
850 SIXTH AVENUE, NEW YORK.
Any of the following books will be sent post paid on receipt of the
price; full Catalogue on application.
PRICE
=Animal Castration.= By Dr. A. Liautard. 12mo, illustrated. $2 00
=American Veterinary Review.= Edited by Prof. A. Liautard,
H.F.R.C.V.S. Issued monthly. Subscription, $4 per year; single
copy. 50
=Armatage.= “Every Man His Own Horse Doctor.” In which is
embodied Blaine’s “Veterinary Art,” with 330 original
illustrations, colored plates, anatomical drawings, etc. 8vo,
half leather. 7 50
=Armatage’s Veterinarian’s Pocket Remembrancer.= By George
Armatage, M.R.C.V.S., with concise directions and memoranda for
the treatment in urgent or rare cases. 32mo, cloth. 75
=Armatage.= Horse owners’ and Stable-men’s Guide. Crown 8vo,
cloth. 2 00
=Baucher.= New Method of Horsemanship. Including the Breaking
and Training of Horses. 12mo, cloth, illustrated. 1 00
=Chauveau.= The Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated
Animals. By A. Chauveau, Professor at Lyons Veterinary School,
France. New edition, translated, enlarged, and revised. By
George Fleming, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, with 450 illustrations. 6 00
=Clok.= “The Diseases of Sheep.” With proper Remedies to
Prevent and Cure the same. By Henry Clok, V.S. 12mo, cloth. 1 25
=Clarke.= Horse’s Teeth. A Treatise on their Mode of
Development, Physiological Relations, Anatomy, Pathology,
Dentistry, etc. By W. H. Clarke. Revised, enlarged, and
illustrated edition. 12mo, cloth. 2 00
=Clater’s= “Every Man His Own Cattle Doctor.” By Francis Clater.
New edition, entirely rewritten by George Armatage, with
numerous plain and colored plates. 8vo, half leather. 7 50
=Cobbold.= “The Internal Parasites of our Domesticated Animals.”
A manual of the entozoa of the ox, sheep, dog, horse, pig, and
cat. By T. Spencer Cobbold, M.D., F.R.S. 12mo, cloth,
illustrated. 2 00
=Dalziel.= “British Dogs.” Their Varieties, History,
Characteristics, Breeding, Management, and Exhibition.
Illustrated with full page portraits. 12mo, cloth. 4 00
=Dalziel.= Diseases of Dogs. 12mo, cloth. 1 00
=Dana.= “Tables in Comparative Physiology.” Giving Comparative
Weight, Temperature, Circulation of the Blood, Respiration,
Digestion, Nervous Force and Action between Man and the Lower
Animals and Birds. By Prof. C. L. Dana, M.D. Chart on paper. 25
=Day.= The Race horse in Training. With some hints on Racing
and Racing Reform. By Wm. Day. Demy 8vo. 6 40
=Dun.= Veterinary Medicines. Their Actions and Uses. By Finlay
Dun, V.S. New American edition from the latest English one.
8vo, cloth. 3 50
New Revised English edition, 8vo, cloth. 5 00
=Fearnley.= Lessons in Horse Judging, and on the Summering of
Hunters. 12mo, cloth, illustrated. 1 60
=Fearnley.= Lecture on the Examination of Horses as to
Soundness, Sale, and Warranty. By W. Fearnley, M.R.C.V.S. 12mo,
cloth. 3 00
=Fitzwygram.= Horses and Stables. By Col. F. Fitzwygram of the
15th Hussars. New edition. With 24 illustrations. Cloth. 4 00
=Fleming.= “Human and Animal Variolæ.” A study in Comparative
Pathology. Paper. 25
=Fleming.= “The Contagious Diseases of Animals.” Their
Influence on the Wealth and Health of Nations. 12mo, paper. 25
=Fleming.= “Actinomykosis.” A New Infectious Disease of Man and
Animals. By George Fleming, F.R.C.V.S. Paper. (Just published.) 25
=Fleming.= On Horseshoeing. By Geo. Fleming. Cloth. 75
=Fleming.= Operative Veterinary Surgery. By George Fleming. (In
Preparation.) Part 1 now ready.
=Fleming.= Propagation of Tuberculosis. By George Fleming. Cloth 2 25
=Fleming.= Manual of Veterinary Science and Sanitary Police.
Embracing the Nature, Causes, Symptoms, etc., and the
Prevention, Suppression, Therapeutic Treatment, and the Relation
to the Public Health of the Epizootic and Contagious Diseases
of the Domesticated Animals; with a scheme for Veterinary and
Sanitary Organization; Observations on the Duties of Veterinary
Inspectors, Legislative Measures, Inspection of Meat and Milk,
Slaughter Houses, etc. By George Fleming, F.R.G.S. 2 vols.,
8vo, cloth, illustrated. 9 00
=Fleming.= “Animal Plagues.” Their History, Nature, and
Prevention. By George Fleming, F.R.C.V.S., etc. Being a
Chronological History from the earliest times to 1844. First
Series, comprising a History of Animal Plagues from B.C. 1490
to A.D. 1800. 8vo, cloth. 6 00
_Second Series_, containing the History from A. D. 1800 to 1844.
8vo, cloth, (recently published) 4 80
=Fleming.= Veterinary Obstetrics. Including the Accidents and
Diseases incident to Pregnancy, Parturition, and the Early Age
in Domesticated Animals. By Geo. Fleming, F.R.C.V.S. With 212
illustrations. 8vo, cl. 6 00
=Fleming’s Rabies and Hydrophobia.= History. Natural Causes,
Symptoms, and Prevention. By George Fleming, M.R.C.V.S. 8vo,
cloth. 6 00
=Going.= Veterinary Dictionary. Compiled by Prof. J. A. Going. 2 00
=Hayes.= Veterinary Notes for Horse Owners. An Every-day Horse
Book. Revised edition, illustrated. By M. H. Hayes. 12mo, cloth. 5 00
=Heatley.= The Horse-owners’ Safeguard. A handy Medical Guide for
every Horse-owner. By George S. Heatley, V.S. 12mo, cloth. 2 00
=Hill.= The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Containing full
instructions for Breeding, Rearing, and Kennelling Dogs. Their
different Diseases, embracing Distemper, Mouth, Teeth, Tongue,
Gullet, Respiratory Organs, Hepatitis, Indigestions, Gastritis,
St. Vitus’ Dance, Bowel Diseases, Paralysis, Rheumatism, Fits,
Rabies, Skin Diseases, Canker, Diseases of the Limbs, Fractures,
Operations, etc. How to detect and how to cure them. Their
Medicines, and the Doses in which they can be safely
administered. By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth
extra, fully illustrated. 2 00
=Hill.= “The Principles and Practice of Bovine Medicine and
Surgery.” By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S. Octavo, 664 pages,
with 153 illustrations on wood and 19 full page colored plates.
Cloth. 10 00
octavo, 664 pages, sheep. 11 50
=Holcombe.= “Laminitis.” A Contribution to Veterinary Pathology.
By A. A. Holcombe, V.S. Pamphlet. 50
=Horses and Roads=; or, How to Keep a Horse Sound on his Legs.
By “Free Lance” 2 50
=Howden.= “How to Buy and Sell the Horse.” The object of this
book is to explain in the simplest manner what constitutes a
sound horse from an unsound one. 12mo, cloth. 1 00
=Jennings.= Horse Training Made Easy. A Practical System of
Educating the Horse. By Robert Jennings, V.S. 12mo, cloth. 1 25
=Jennings.= Swine, Sheep, and Poultry. Embracing a History and
Varieties of each; Breeding, Management, Disease, etc. By Robert
Jennings, V.S. 12mo, cloth. 1 25
=Jennings.= Cattle and their Diseases; with the best Remedies
adapted to their Cure. By Robert Jennings, V.S. 12mo, cloth. 1 25
=Jennings.= On the Horse and his Diseases. By Robert
Jennings, V.S. 12mo, cloth. 1 25
=Journal of Comparative Medicine and Surgery.= A Quarterly
Journal devoted to the Diseases of Animals, particularly of the
Horse. Published in January, April, July, and October.
Subscriptions, $2 per annum. Single copies, postpaid. 60
=Laverack.= The Setter. By E. Laverack. With instructions how
to Breed, Rear, Break, etc. Colored illustrations. 3 00
=Liautard.= Vade Mecum of Equine Anatomy. By A. Liautard, M.D.,
V.S. 12mo, cloth. 1 75
=Liautard.= “Animal Castration.” By Dr. A. Liautard, D.V.S.
12mo, illus. 2 00
=Liautard.= Translation of Zundel on the Horse’s Foot, By Dr. A.
Liautard, D.V.S. 8vo, cloth. 1 50
=Law.= The Lung Plague of Cattle; Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia.
Illustrated. By James Law, Professor of Veterinary Medicine in
Cornell University. Paper, 100 pp. 30
=Law.= Farmers’ Veterinary Adviser. A Guide to the Prevention
and Treatment of Disease in Domestic Animals. By James Law,
Professor of Veterinary Medicine in Cornell University.
Illustrated. 8vo, cloth. 3 00
=Lehndorff.= Horsebreeding Recollections. By G. Lehndorff. 8vo,
cloth. 4 20
=Martin.= Cattle. Their Various Breeds, Management, and
Diseases. By W. C. L. Martin. Revised by W. Raynbird. 16mo,
boards. 50
=McAlpine.= Biological Atlas. Containing 24 plates of 423
colored illustrations. Oblong quarto cloth. By D. McAlpine,
F.C.S. 3 00
=McBride.= Anatomical Outlines of the Horse. Revised and
Enlarged by T. M. Mayer, M.R.C.V.S. With colored illustrations.
12mo, cloth. 3 40
=McClure.= Diseases of American Horses, Cattle, and Sheep. Their
Treatment; with full description of the Medicines employed. By
R. McClure, M.D., V.S. 12mo, cl., illus. 2 00
=McClure.= American Gentlemen’s Stable Guide; with the most
Approved Methods of Feeding, Grooming, and Managing the Horse.
By Robert McClure, M.D., V.S. 12mo, cloth. 1 00
=Meyrick.= Stable Management and the Prevention of Diseases
among Horses in India. By J. J. Meyrick, F.R.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth. 1 00
=Miles.= Remarks on Horses’ Teeth. Addressed to Purchasers. By
W. Miles. 60
=Moreton.= “On Horsebreaking.” By Robert Moreton. 12mo, cloth. 50
=Moreton’s Manual of Pharmacy for the Veterinary Student.= By
J. W. Morton. 12mo, cloth. 4 00
=Navin.= “The Explanatory Stock Doctor,” for the use of the
Farmer, Breeder, and Owner of the Horse. With numerous
illustrations. By John Nicholson Navin, V.S. 8vo, sheep. 4 75
=Percival.= Hyppo-pathology. A Systematic Treatise on the
Disorders and Lameness of the Horse. By W. Percival. With many
illustrations. 6 vols., boards. 34 20
=Percival.= Lectures on Horses; Their Form and Action. By W.
Percival. With eight outline plates. 8vo, cloth. 4 00
=Percival’s Anatomy of the Horse.= By W. Percival. 8vo, cloth. 8 00
=Peck.= “Classifications of the Muscles of the Horse.” This is
a large chart, printed on heavy paper, 24x38 inches, showing at
a glance the Classifications of the Muscles of the Horse, with
Origin, Insertion, Nervous Supply, and the Function of each. 50
=Reynolds.= “Breeding and Management of Draught Horses.” By
Richard S. Reynolds, M.R.C.V.S. Crown 8vo, cl. 1 40
=Riley.= The Mule. A Treatise on the Breeding, Training, and
Uses to which he may be put. 12mo, cloth, illus. 1 50
=Robertson.= The Practice of Equine Medicine. By W. Robertson. 6 00
=Steel.= A Treatise on the Diseases of the Ox. Being a Manual of
Bovine Pathology, especially adapted to Veterinary Practitioners
and Students. By John Henry Steel, M.R.C.V.S., F.Z.S. 8vo, with
118 illus., cl. 6 00
=Steel.= “Outlines of Equine Anatomy.” A Manual for the use of
Veterinary Students in the Dissecting Room. By John H. Steel,
M.R.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth. 3 00
=Strangeway.= “Veterinary Anatomy.” New edition, revised and
edited by I. Vaughn, F.L.S., M.R.C.V.S., with several hundred
illustrations. 8vo, cloth. 8 00
=Stornmouth’s Manual of Scientific Terms.= Especially referring
to those in Botany, Natural History, Medical and Veterinary
Science. By Rev. Jas. Stornmouth. 3 00
=Tellor.= “Diseases of Live Stock,” and their most Efficient
Remedies. By Lloyd V. Tellor. 8vo, cloth, illustrated, $2.50;
sheep. 3 00
=Tuson.= Pharmacopœia, including Outlines of Materia Medica and
Therapeutics in Veterinary Medicine. By R. V. Tuson. 12mo,
cloth. 2 50
=Veterinary Diagrams.= Five Charts, each 22x28 inches in size,
on stout paper, as follows, sold separately:
No. 1, with eight colored illustrations. External Form and
Elementary Anatomy of the Horse. 1 50
No. 2. Unsoundness and Defects of the Horse, with 50 woodcuts. 75
No. 3. The Age of the Domestic Animals, with 42 woodcuts. 75
No. 4. The Shoeing of the Horse, Mule, and Ox, with 59 woodcuts. 75
No. 5. The Elementary Anatomy, Points, and Butcher’s Joints of
the Ox, with 17 colored illustrations. With explanatory text. 1 50
Price per set of five. 5 00
=Walley.= “Four Bovine Scourges.” (Pleuro-Pneumonia, Foot and
Mouth Disease, Cattle Plague, and Tubercle.) With an Appendix on
the Inspection of Live Animals and Meat. By Thos. Walley,
M.R.C.V.S. With 49 colored illus. and numerous woodcuts. 4to,
cl. 6 40
=Webb.= “On the Dog.” Its Points, Peculiarities, Instincts, and
Whims. Illustrated with photographs. 3 00
=Williams.= Principles and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. New
edition, entirely revised, and illustrated with numerous plain
and colored plates. By W. Williams, M.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth. 5 00
=Williams.= Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery. New
edition, entirely revised, and illustrated with numerous plain
and colored plates. By W. Williams, M.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth. 7 50
=Williams.= Chart of the Contagious, Infectious, and Specific
Fevers of the Domesticated Animals. 1 00
=Zundel.= “On the Horse’s Foot.” Translated by A. Liautard,
M.D., D.V.S. 1 50
VETERINARY BOOKS IN FRENCH.
=Benion.= Traité de l’Élevage et des Maladies des Animaux et des
Oiseaux de Basse-Cour. $2 80
=Benion.= Traité de l’Élevage et des Maladies du Mouton. 3 60
=Benion.= Traité de l’Élevage et des Maladies du Porc. 2 60
=Beugnot.= Dictionnaire usuel de Chirurgie et de Médecine
Vétérinaire. 2 forts volumes in-8, avec planches. 7 20
=Bouley.= La Rage, moyen d’en éviter les Dangers et de prévenir
sa Propagation. 40
=Bouley-Reynal.= Nouveau Dictionnaire Pratique de Médecine, de
Chirurgie et Hygiène Vétérinaire (to be completed in 18
volumes), chaque volume. 3 00
=Colin.= Traité de Physiologie Comparée des Animaux; Par G.
Colin, Professeur à l’école Vétérinaire d’Alfort; avec Figures
intercalées dans le texte. 2 vols. in-8. 10 40
=Cruzel.= Des Maladies de l’Espèce Bovine. Par J. Cruzel. 5 60
=Dictionnaire.= Lexicographique et Descriptif des Sciences
Médicales et Vétérinaires. Un très-fort vol. de plus de 1500
pages. 8 00
=Gourdon.= Traité de la Castration des Animaux Domestiques. 3 60
=Hertwig.= Les Maladies des Chiens et leur Traitement. 1 40
=Lecoq.= Traité de l’Extérieur du Cheval et des Principaux
Animaux Domestiques. 3 60
=Leyh.= Anatomie des Animaux Domestiques. 3 60
=Magne.= Races Chevalines et leur Amélioration, Entretien,
Multiplication, Élevage et Éducation du Cheval, de l’Ane et du
Mulet. Par J. H. Magne. 3 20
=Magne.= Races Bovines et leur Amélioration, Entretien,
Multiplication, Élevage et Engraissement du Bœuf. Par J. H.
Magne. 2 00
=Magne.= Races Porcines et leur Amélioration, Entretien,
Multiplication, Élevage et Engraissement du Porc. Par J. H.
Magne. 80
=Magne.= Nourriture des Chevaux de Travail--brochure. 40
=Magne.= Choix du Cheval. 80
=Magne.= Choix et Nourriture du Cheval. Par J. H. Magne. Avec
Vignettes. 1 40
=Mourod.= Matière Médicale; ou la Pharmacologie Vétérinaire. 2 40
=Saint-Cyr.= Traité d’Obstétrique Vétérinaire. Avec cent
vignettes. 5 60
=Signol.= Aide Mémoire du Vétérinaire, Médecine, Chirurgie et
Obstétrique; Par Jules Signol; avec 395 Figures. 2 40
=Tabourin.= Nouveau Traité de Matière Médicale Thérapeutique et
de Pharmacie Vétérinaires, 2 fort volumes, in-8, avec plus de
100 figures. 8 00
Transcriber’s Notes
Some minor typographical errors have been corrected silently; spelling
inconsistencies have been retained (écraseur / ecraseur, cryptorchids/
criptorchids, etc.).
Illustrations have been moved outside text paragraphs.
Ditto characters („) in the table of contents have been replaced with
the dittoed text.
Advertisement page 8: Lecocq has been replaced with Lecoq.