The pueblo called Hano is one of three villages on the East Mesa of
Tusayan and contained, according to the writer's census of 1893, a
population of 163 persons. It was settled between the years 1700 and
1710 by people from Tcewadi, a pueblo situated near Peña Blanca on the
Rio Grande in New Mexico. Although only six persons of pure Tanoan
ancestry are now living at Hano, the inhabitants still speak the Tewa
dialect and claim as kindred the peoples of San Juan, Santa Clara, San
Ildefonso, Pojoaque, Nambe, and Tesuque.[5] The best traditionists
declare that their ancestors were invited to leave their old home,
Tcewadi, by the Snake chief of Walpi, who was then pueblo chief of
that village. They claim that they made their long journey to give aid
against the Ute Indians who were raiding the Hopi, and that they
responded after four consecutive invitations. The Walpi Snake chief
sent them an embassy bearing prayer-sticks as offerings, and although
they had refused three invitations they accepted the fourth.
According to traditions the following clans have lived in Hano, but it
is not stated that all went to the East Mesa together from Tcewadi:
_Okuwuñ_, Rain-cloud; _Sa_, Tobacco; _Kolon_, Corn; _Tenyük_, Pine;
_Katcina_, Katcina; _Nañ_, Sand; _Kopeeli_, Pink Shell; _Koyanwi_,
Turquoise; _Kapolo_, Crane; _Tuñ_, Sun; _Ke_, Bear; _Te_, Cottonwood;
_Tayek_ (?); _Pe_, Firewood; and _Tceta_, Bivalve shell.
The early chiefs whose names have been obtained are Mapibi of the
_Nañ-towa_, Potañ of the _Ke-towa_, and Talekweñ and Kepo of the
_Kolon-towa_. The present village chief is Anote of the _Sa-towa_ or
Tobacco clan.[6]
Of the original clans which at some time have been with the Hano
people, the following have now become extinct: _Kopeeli_, _Koyanwi_,
_Kapolo_, _Tuñ_, _Tayek_, _Pe_,[7] and _Tceta_. The last member of the
_Tuñ_ or Sun people was old chief Kalacai who died about four years
ago. It is quite probable that several of these extinct clans did not
start from Tcewadi with the others. There were several waves of Tanoan
emigrants from the Rio Grande region which went to Tusayan about the
same time, among which may be mentioned the _Asa_, which took a more
southerly route, via Zuñi. The route of the _Asa_ people will be
considered in another article, and the evidences that some of the
_Asa_ clans joined their kindred on their advent into Tusayan will be
developed later. Probably certain members of the _Katcina_ clan
accompanied the _Asa_ people as far as the Awatobi mesa and then
affiliated with the early Hano clans.[8]
* * * * *
The census of Hano in December, 1898, was as follows:
_Clans_ _Males_ _Females_ _Total_
Okuwuñ 12 8 20
Sa 8 5 13
Kolon 11 12 23
Tenyük 12 16 28
Ke 5 10 15
Katcina 8 9 17
Te 5 4 9
Nañ 4 7 11
----
Total native to Hano domiciled at home 136
The above enumeration of Hano population does not include Walpi and
Sitcomovi men married to Hano women (23), nor Tewa men living in the
neighboring pueblos (15).[9] Adding these, the population is increased
to 174, which may be called the actual enumeration at the close of
1898. Subsequent mortality due to smallpox and whooping-cough will
reduce the number below 160.
In the following lists there are arranged, under their respective
clans, the names of all the known inhabitants of Hano. There have been
several deaths since the lists were made (December 1, 1898), and
several births which also are not included. It will be noted that the
majority have Tanoan names, but there are several with names of Hopi
origin, for in these latter instances I was unable to obtain any
other.[10]
_Census of Hano by Clans_
_Okuwuñ-towa_, or Rain-cloud clan.--Men and boys: Kalakwai, Kala,
Tcüa, Wiwela, Kahe, Yane, Solo, Yunci, Pade, Klee, Kochayna, Këe (12).
Women and girls: Sikyumka, Kwentce, Talitsche, Yoyowaiolo,
Pobitcanwû, Yoanuche, Asou, Tawamana (8). Total, 20.
_Sa-towa_, or Tobacco clan.--Men and boys: Anote, Asena, Tem[)e],
Ipwantiwa, Howila, Nuci, Yauma, Satee (8). Women and girls: Okañ,
Heli, Kotu, Kwañ, Mota (5). Total, 13.
_Kolon-towa_, or Corn clan.--Men and boys: Polakka, Patuñtupi,
Akoñtcowu, Komaletiwa, Agaiyo, Tcid[)e], Oba, Toto, Peke, Kelo, Tasce
(11). Women and girls: Kotcaka, Talikwia, Nampio, Kweñtcowû, Heele,
Pelé, Kontce, Koompipi, Chaiwû, Kweckatcañwû, Awatcomwû, Antce (12).
Total, 23.
_Tenyük-towa_, or Pine clan.--Men and boys: Tawa, Nato, Wako, Paoba,
Topi, Yota, Pobinelli, Yeva, Tañe, Lelo, Sennele, Poctce (12). Women
and girls: Toñlo, Hokona, Kode(?), Sakpede, Nebenne, Tabowüqti,
Poh[ve], Saliko, Eye, Porkuñ, Pehta, Hekpobi, Setale, Naici, Katcine,
Tcenlapobi (16). Total, 28.
_Ke-towa_, or Bear clan.--Men and boys: Mepi, Tae, Tcakwaina,
Poliella, Tegi (5). Women and girls: Kauñ, Kalaie, Pene, Tcetcuñ,
Kala, Katcinmana, Selapi, Tolo, Pokona, Kode (10). Total 15. Tcaper
("Tom Sawyer") may be enrolled in this or the preceding family. He is
a Paiute, without kin in Hano, and was sold when a boy as a slave by
his father. His sisters were sold to the Navaho at the same time.
Tcaper became the property of an Oraibi, later of a Tewa man, now
dead, and so far as can be learned is the only Paiute now living at
Hano.
_Katcina-towa._--Men and boys: Kwevehoya, Taci, Avaiyo, Poya, Oyi,
Wehe, Sibentima, Tawahonima (8). Women and girls: Okotce, Kwenka, Awe,
Peñaiyo, Peñ, Poñ, Tcao, Poschauwû, Sawiyû (9). Total, 17.
_Te-towa_, or Cottonwood clan. Men and boys: Sania, Kuyapi, Okuapin,
Ponyin, Pebihoya (5). Women and girls: Yunne, Pobitche, Poitzuñ,
Kalazañ (4). Total, 9.
_Nañ-towa_, or Sand clan.--Men and boys: Puñsauwi, Pocine, Talumtiwa,
Cia (4). Women and girls: Pocilipobi, Talabensi, Humhebuima, Kae,
Avatca, "Nancy," Simana (7). Total, 11.
The present families in Hano are so distributed that the oldest part
of the pueblo is situated at the head of the trail east of the
_Moñkiva_. This is still owned and inhabited by the _Sa_, _Kolon_, and
_Ke_ clans, all of which probably came from Tcewadi. The _Katcina_ and
related _Tenyük_, as well as the _Okuwuñ_ and related _Nañ_ clans, are
said, by some traditions, to have joined the Tewa colonists after they
reached the Hopi mesas, and the position of their houses in respect to
the main house-cluster favors that theory. Other traditions say that
the first pueblo chief of the Tewa was chief of the _Nañ-towa_. Too
much faith should not be put in this statement, notwithstanding the
chief of the _Tewakiva_ belongs to the _Nañ-towa_. It seems more
probable that the _Ke_ or Bear clan was the leading one in early
times, and that its chief was also _kimoñwi_ or governor of the first
settlement at the foot of the mesa.