magnified; and (2) a separate open flower.
AVENA.--(1) A spikelet of A. striata, displayed and magnified; and (2) a
separate flower.
ARRHENATHERUM.--A spikelet of A. avenaceum, displayed and magnified; (1)
the empty glumes; (2) the flowers, the lower one staminate only, the
next perfect, and the third a rudiment.
HOLCUS.--(1) A spikelet of H. lanatus, magnified; (2) the same displayed
to show the two flowers, the lower perfect and awnless, the upper
staminate and awned.
[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XII]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.
HIEROCHLOA.--(1) A spikelet of H. borealis, enlarged; (2) the same
displayed, the flowers separated from the empty glumes, the two lateral
ones with 3 stamens and no pistil, the middle or terminal one with a
pistil and only 2 stamens.
ANTHOXANTHUM--(1) The spike-like inflorescence of A. odoratum; (2) a
spikelet magnified; (3) another with the parts displayed, the flowers
raised from the lower empty glumes, the lateral glumes empty and awned,
the terminal flower perfect and diandrous.
PHALARIS.--(1) A spikelet of P. arundinacea, enlarged, (2) the empty
glumes, and a perfect flower with a hairy rudiment on each side of it.
MILIUM.--(1) Portion of the panicle of M. effusum; (2) a closed
spikelet, magnified; and (3) the same displayed.
AMPHICARPUM.--(1) A spikelet from the panicle of A. Purshii, magnified;
(2) the same, with the parts displayed; and (3) a radical (fertile)
spikelet, enlarged.
PASPALUM.--(1) Inflorescence of P. laeve; (2) a closed spikelet,
enlarged; (3) the same with the parts displayed.
PANICUM.--(1) Part of a spike of P. sanguinale; (2) one of its
spikelets, magnified; (3) the same with its parts displayed, the three
lower glumes empty.--(4) A spikelet of P. capillare, magnified; (5) the
same displayed, the three lower glumes empty.--(6) A spikelet of P.
clandestinum, magnified, (7) the same displayed, the lower flower
represented by a glume and palet only.--(8) A spikelet of P. virgatum,
magnified; (9) the same displayed, the lower flower staminate.
SETARIA.--(1) A magnified spikelet of S. glauca, with the accompanying
cluster of bristles, (2) the spikelet displayed, showing the neutral
lower flower, of a glume and palet only, and the perfect flower.
[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XIII]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.
CENCHRUS.--(1) Involucre of C. tribuloides, in flower, enlarged; (2)
longitudinal section of the same; (3) a spikelet displayed (the stigmas
should belong to the right-hand flower; the left-hand or lower flower is
only staminate).
TRIPSACUM.--(1) Piece of the spike (of the natural size), pistillate
below, staminate above; (2) a longitudinal section of one of the
pistillate spikelets; (3) a pistillate spikelet with its parts
displayed; (4) a staminate (two-flowered) spikelet, with its parts
displayed.
ERIANTHUS.--(1) Part of the hairy inflorescence with two spikelets of E.
saccharoides, enlarged; (2) one of the spikelets displayed.
ANDROPOGON.--(1) Small portion of the spike of A. furcatus, enlarged,
with one fertile and awned spikelet, and one staminate and awnless
spikelet; (2) the fertile spikelet, and (3) the staminate spikelet,
displayed.
CHRYSOPOGON.--(1) A fertile spikelet of C. nutans, enlarged, with a
sterile pedicel on each side; (2) the spikelet displayed.
[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XIV]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.
BECKMANNIA.--(1) Inflorescence of B. erucaeformis, var., reduced in size;
(2) a spike, enlarged; (3) a spikelet, and (4) the same opened; (5) the
flower.
ERIOCHLOA.--(1) Inflorescence of E. polystachya, reduced; (2) a
spikelet, enlarged, and (3) the same opened; (4) the flower opened.
ROTTBOELLIA.--(1) Portion of the spike of R. rugosa, somewhat reduced,
and (2) a portion enlarged, with (3) the fertile spikelet and (4) the
pedicelled sterile spikelet of the middle joint displaced; (5) the
fertile spikelet opened; (6) the third empty glume, and (7) the flower.
AMMOPHILA.--(1) Inflorescence of A. arundinacea, reduced; (2) a
spikelet, enlarged, and (3) the flower, with a hairy rudiment at the
base of the palet.
LEPTOCHLOA.--(1) Inflorescence of L. mucronata, reduced; (2) portion of
rhachis of a spike, bearing two spikelets; (3) a 3-flowered spikelet;
and (4) a flower removed.
BUCHLOE.--(1) Staminate and (2) pistillate inflorescence of B.
dactyloides; (3) a staminate spikelet, and (4) one of its flowers
removed; (5) a pistil late spikelet, enlarged; (6) vertical section of
same; and (7) the outer empty glume removed.
MUNROA.--(1) Inflorescence of M. squarrosa; (2) a spikelet, enlarged;
and (3) a flower, opened.
SCOLOCHLOA.--(1) Inflorescence of S. festucacea, reduced; (2) a
spikelet, enlarged; and (3) a flower.
PUCCINELLIA.--(1) Inflorescence of P. maritima, reduced; (2) a spikelet,
enlarged; and (3) a flower.
[Illustration: Genera of Grasses. Plate XV]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.
POLYPODIUM.--Plant of P. vulgare; piece of the frond; a magnified
sporangium with its stalk, and another bursting and discharging spores.
ONOCLEA.--(1) Pinna of the sterile frond of O. Struthiopteris; (2)
portion of a fertile frond; (3) a piece of one pinna cut off to show the
manner in which it is rolled up; and (4) a portion of the last,
magnified, with one side unrolled; toward the base the sporangia all
removed, to show how the fruit-dots are borne each on the middle of a
vein.
PELLAEA.--Sterile and fertile plants of P. gracilis, and (1) a portion of
the fertile frond enlarged, with a piece of the marginal indusium turned
back to display the fruit; the sporangia are all removed from the
fruit-bearing tips of the two forks of the lower vein.
[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XVI]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.
PTERIS.--A pinnule of P. aquilina, and (2) a piece of one of the lobes,
enlarged, the marginal indusium rolled back on one side, displaying the
fruit; the sporangia all removed from the lower part to show the
receptacle that bears them, viz. a cross-line connecting the tips of the
veins.
ADIANTUM.--(1) Piece of the frond of A. pedatum; (2) a pinnule somewhat
enlarged; and (3) a piece of one more enlarged, with the indusium of one
fruit dot turned back to show the attachment of the fruit.
CHEILANTHES.--(1) Small plant of C. vestita; and (2) a fruit-bearing
pinnule, enlarged.
WOODWARDIA.--(1) Portion of the sterile and (2) of the fertile frond of
W. augustifolia; (3) a piece of the latter, enlarged; (4) piece of the
frond of W. Virginica; and (5) part of a fruiting lobe, enlarged.
[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XVII]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.
CAMPTOSORUS.--Plant of C. rhizophyllus, and (1) a portion of a frond,
with fruit dots, enlarged.
SCOLOPENDRIUM.--Tip of a fertile frond of S. vulgare, and (2) a piece
enlarged, with two fruit-dots.
ASPLENIUM.--(1) A pinna of A. thelypteroides; and (2) part of a lobe in
fruit, enlarged.
DICKSONIA.--(1) Pinna of D. pilosiuscula; (2) portion of a pinnule,
enlarged; and (3) a fruit-dot in its cup shaped indusium.
[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XVIII]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.
CYSTOPTERIS.--(1) Piece of the frond of C. bulbifera; (2) a lobe in
fruit, enlarged; and (3) a small portion more magnified, bearing a
fruit-dot with its indusium thrown back.
WOODSIA.--(1) Small frond of W. glabella; (2) a part of a fruiting pinna
of the same, magnified; and (3) a separate indusium, more magnified; (4)
a piece of a fruitful pinnule of W. obtusa, enlarged; and (5) a fruit
with the opened indusium beneath, more magnified.
ASPIDIUM.--(1) Pinna of A. (Dryopteris) marginale; and (2) a magnified
fruiting portion; (3) piece of A. (Polystichum) acrostichoides; and (4)
a small fruiting portion, magnified.
ONOCLEA.--Sterile and fertile frond of O. sensibilis; (1) front view of
a fruiting contracted pinnule, enlarged; and (2) the same laid open and
viewed from the other side; on one lobe the sporangia are removed from
the veins.
[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XIX]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.
CYSTOPTERIS.--(1) Piece of the frond of C. bulbifera; (2) a lobe in
fruit, enlarged; and (3) a small portion more magnified, bearing a
fruit-dot with its indusium thrown back.
WOODSIA.--(1) Small frond of W. glabella; (2) a part of a fruiting pinna
of the same, magnified; and (3) a separate indusium, more magnified; (4)
a piece of a fruitful pinnule of W. obtusa, enlarged; and (5) a fruit
with the opened indusium beneath, more magnified.
ASPIDIUM.--(1) Pinna of A. (Dryopteris) marginale; and (2) a magnified
fruiting portion; (3) piece of A. (Polystichum) acrostichoides; and (4)
a small fruiting portion, magnified.
ONOCLEA.--Sterile and fertile frond of O. sensibilis; (1) front view of
a fruiting contracted pinnule, enlarged; and (2) the same laid open and
viewed from the other side; on one lobe the sporangia are removed from
the veins.
[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XIX]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.
SCHIZAEA.--Plant of S. pusilla, of the natural size; (1) a fertile pinna
with eleven sporangia, magnified, and (2) a separate sporangium, more
magnified.
LYGODIUM.--(1) Summit of frond of L. palmatum, with fertile and sterile
divisions; (2) a fruiting lobe enlarged, with two of the lower scales,
or indusia, removed, displaying a sporangium under each; and (3) a
sporangium more magnified.
OSMUNDA.--(1) Small piece of the frond of O. Claytoniana, with a fertile
and a sterile pinna; (2) a portion of the fruit magnified; and (3) one
sporangium more magnified.
BOTRYCHIUM.--Plant of B. ternatum, and (1) a portion of the fruit, with
six sporangia, magnified.
OPHIOGLOSSUM.--Frond of O. vulgatum, and (1) a portion of the fruiting
spike enlarged.
[Illustration: Genera of Filices. Plate XX]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.
EQUISETUM.--(1) Upper part of fertile plant of E. limosum; (2) one of
the shield shaped scales or receptacles of the spike, with the six
sporangia underneath, enlarged; (3) same seen from below, discharging
the spores; (4) a magnified spore with the club shaped filaments
spreading; and (5) the same with the filaments coiled up.
LYCOPODIUM.--Plant of L. Carolinianum, and (1) a magnified scale of the
spike removed, with the sporangium in its axil, discharging powdery
spores.
SELAGINELLA.--Plant of S. rupestris; (1) part of a fertile spike,
enlarged; (2) scale from the upper part of it, with its sporangium,
containing innumerable powdery spores; (3) scale from the base, with its
sporangium containing few large spores; and (4) three large spores.
ISOETES.--(1) Plant of I. lacustris; (2) sporocarp containing the minute
spores, cut across, enlarged; (5) same divided lengthwise; (3) sporocarp
with the large spores, divided lengthwise; and (4) three large spores
more magnified.
AZOLLA.--(1) Plant; (2) a portion magnified, with conceptacles of both
kinds; (3) the macrosporic one, more magnified; (4) the microsporic one,
more magnified; (5) the same burst open, showing the stalked
microsporangia; (6) one of the latter more magnified; (7) another
bursting; and (8) three masses of microspores beset with glochidiate or
barbed bristles.
[Illustration: Gen. of Lycopodiaceae, Equisetaceae, &c. Pl. XXI]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.
RICCIA.--Plant of R. natans; section of thallus, showing two imbedded
capsules and numerous air cavities; spores enclosed in a mother cell;
three free spores; and calyptra with style.
ANTHOCEROS.--Plant of A. laevis; portion of the columella and valves of
the capsule, with spores and elaters; two spores and two elaters.
NOTOTHYLAS.--Plants of N. orbicularis; section of the thallus through
the involucre; apex of protruding capsule; lower half of capsule showing
the columella; upper half of capsule; a gemma, an antheridium; twelve
free spores, and two clusters of spores (4 in each).
ASTERELLA.--Plant of A. hemisphaerica; [female] receptacle viewed from
above, the same from below; capsule dehiscing, with remains of calyptra
at base; section of [male] disk; an elater, a portion of same, and
spores.
SPHIEROCARPUS.--Plant of S. terrestris, cluster of five involucres;
involucre enclosing a capsule; capsule filled with spores; and three
spores.
DUMORTIERA.--Portions of [male] and [female] plants of D. hirsuta;
[female] receptacle showing three involucres, two with capsules; capsule
with calyptra; section of [male] disk; elater and portion of same;
spores.
AITONIA.--Plant of A. Wrightii; upper view of [female] receptacle with
three involucres; side view of same, involucre partly cut away showing
capsule and remains of calyptra; a capsule closed, and dehiscent; an
elater, a piece of same, and spores.
CONOCEPHALUS.--Parts of [male] and [female] plants of C. conicus;
section of [female] receptacle, showing two involucres and capsules;
capsule with ruptured calyptra; section of [male] disk; elaters, a
portion of one, and spores.
PREISSIA.--Parts of [male] and [female] plants of P. commutata; section
of [female] receptacle; perianth opened showing calyptra and capsule,
section of part of [male] disk; elaters, a part of one, and spores.
MARCHANTIA.--Parts of [male] and [female] plants of M. polymorpha;
section of receptacle; perianth, calyptra, and capsule; section of part
of [male] disk; an elater, part of same, and spores.
FIMBRIARIA--Plant of F. tenella; [female] receptacle, and section of
same; capsule dehiscing; elaters and spores.
PALLAVICINIA.--Plant of P. Lyellii, part of thallus with involucre,
perianth, and calyptra; perianth cut away showing young calyptra;
capsule closed, and dehiscent, antheridium enclosed in a leaf, elater
and spores.
[Illustration: Genera of Hepaticae. Plate XXII]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.
PELLIA.--Plant of P. epiphylla; calyptra with base of pedicel; capsule;
an elater, part of same, two spores, and two antheridia.
BLASIA.--Plants of B. pusilla; section of cavity at the end of the
midrib showing young perianth and calyptra; end of thallus with calyptra
and protruding capsule; capsule dehiscing; elaters and spores; part of
elater and two spores; [male] thallus with two antheridia; gemmiparous
thallus with two receptacles; section of a receptacle showing enclosed
gemmae and the protruded orifice.
METZGERIA.--Plants ([male], [female], and gemmiparous) of M. furcata,
and parts of same enlarged; hispid perianth with 2-lobed involucral leaf
and base of pedicel; a gemma; an antheridium; elaters and spores.
ANEURA.--Plants ([male] and [female]) of A. sessilis; section of fleshy
calyptra with base of pedicel; dehiscing capsule bearded by persistent
elaters; elater, part of same, and spores; part of thallus with long
deflexed [male] receptacles, and one cut transversely showing
antheridia.
FOSSOMBRONIA.--Plant of F. pusilla, and a part enlarged; capsule
dehiscing, with perianth and involucral leaves; part of stem with two
leaves and dorsal antheridia; an antheridium, elaters, and spores.
GEOCALYX.--Plant of G. graveolens; two pairs of leaves with underleaves;
part of stem with an underleaf; section of involucre showing calyptra
and base of pedicel; dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores.
GRIMALDIA.--Parts of [male] and [female] plants of G. barbifrons;
section of [male] disk; [female] receptacle and section of same;
dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores.
CHILOSCYPHUS.--Plant of C. ascendens; a leaf with underleaf; a pair of
leaves with antheridia; a part of stem with involucral leaves, perianth,
and calyptra; dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores.
HARPANTHUS.--Plant of H. Flotovianus, and same enlarged; a pair of
leaves with underleaf; perianth with involucral leaves, and section
showing calyptra; elaters, a part of one, and spores.
LOPHOCOLEA.--Plant of L. heterophylla; a part enlarged with involucral
leaves and perianth; cross section of perianth; three pairs of leaves
with underleaves; a leaf and antheridium; an underleaf; an elater and
spores.
CEPHALOZIA.--Plant of C. multiflora; two pairs of leaves; perianth with
involucral leaves; an involucral leaf; calyptra; capsule closed, and
dehiscent; an elater and spores.
GYMNOMITRIUM.--Plants of G. concinnatum; three pairs of leaves; apex of
stem with involucral leaves and dehiscent capsule; two involucral
leaves; calyptra.
MARSUPELLA.--Plant of M. emarginata; part of same with involucral
leaves; involucre and perianth opened showing calyptra and base of
pedicel; capsule; elater and spores.
[Illustration: Genera of Hepaticae. Plate XXIII]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.
SCAPANIA.--Plant of S. undulata; apex of stem with involucral leaves and
perianth enclosing calyptra; three pairs, of leaves, a capsule, elater
and spores.
PLAGIOCHILA.--Plant of P. interrupta; five leaves; an underleaf;
perianth enclosing calyptra; antheridia, capsule, elaters, and spores.
ODONTOSCHISMA.--Plant of O. Sphagni; parts of stems, one bearing gemmae,
the other a perianth with involucral leaves; an involucral leaf; a
capsule, elaters, and spores.
LEJEUNEA.--Plant of L. clypeata; perianth with capsule and involucral
leaves; cross section of perianth; part of stein with [male] branch;
leaves with underleaves; elaters and spores.
FRULLANIA.--Plant of F. Asagrayana; two pairs of leaves seen from above,
and from below with underleaves and ventral lobes; perianth with
involucral leaves; cross-section of perianth, involucral leaf; capsule,
elaters, and spores.
PORELLA.--Plant of P. platyphylla; a pair of leaves with underleaves;
part of stem with [male] spikes; an antheridium in its leaf; perianth
with involucral leaves and capsule; an elater, and spores.
RADULA.--Plant of R. obconica; end of branch with perianth and capsule
and lateral [male] branches; a [male] branch; an antheridium; leaves
seen from above and below; a capsule, elater, and spores.
PTILIDIUM.--Plant of P. ciliare; a pair of leaves; an underleaf;
perianth with involucral leaves; capsule, elater, and spores.
BAZZANIA.--Plant of B. trilobata; two pairs of leaves with underleaves
and [male] spike; portion of [male] spike, and antheridium; capsule,
elaters, and spores.
TRICHOCOLEA.--Plant of T. tomentella; leaf and underleaf; capsule;
elater and spores.
HERBERTA.--Plant of H. adunca; portion with leaves and underleaves;
perianth; capsules; elater and spores.
LEPIDOZIA.--Plant of L. reptans; portion with leaves and underleaves;
antheridium in its leaf and free, perianth with involucre; capsule,
elater, and spores.
KANTIA.--Plant of K. Trichomanis; leaves and underleaves; hairy
involucre, and section showing calyptra; capsule with spiral valves;
elater and spores.
[Illustration: Genera of Hepaticae. Plate XXIV]
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.
JUBULA.--Plant of typical J. Hutchinsiae, enlarged; two pairs of leaves
seen from below; a lower lobe separate and divided; a perianth with its
outer involucre and the dehiscent capsule; an elater.
BLEPHAROSTOMA.--Plant of B. trichophylla, and same enlarged; perianth
with the outer involucre, ventral side; two cross sections of perianth;
portion of the margin of its orifice, expanded.
LIOCHLAENA.--Plant of L. lanceolata; end of fertile branch, with two
leaves, two involucral leaves, and young perianth; summit of perianth,
perianth and involucre, the capsule protruding; capsule on its pedicel,
with remains of calyptra; capsule dehiscent.
MYLIA.--Plants of M. Taylori, enlarged; portion of stem, seen from
beneath, a cauline leaf (below); an underleaf; an involucral leaf
(above); perianth partly cut away, showing the calyptra and exserted
dehiscent capsule.
DYPLOPHYLLUM.--Plant of typical D. albicans, enlarged; a folded leaf; a
leaf with the upper lobe expanded to show the nerve; an involucral leaf
seen from without, and from within; perianth, cut longitudinally;
calyptra.
NARDIA.--Plant of N. crenulata (a slender small leaved form), enlarged;
portion of upper stem with leaves; perianth; calyptra; elater and
spores.
JUNGERMANNIA.--Sec. 1. Plants of J. Schraderi, natural size and enlarged;
two leaves; two underleaves; involucre; summit of perianth.--Sec. 2. Plant
of J. barbata, enlarged; portion of stem with leaves and underleaves;
perianth with involucre; involucre.--Sec. 3. Plant of J. Helleriana,
enlarged; summit of stem with leaves, involucre, and perianth;
involucral leaves, margin of perianth unfolded--Sec. 4. Plants of J.
inflata, natural size and enlarged; cauline leaves; involucral leaf.
LUNULARIA.--Sterile and fruiting plants of L. vulgaris, enlarged;
section of involucre, showing calyptra and capsule; lunate receptacle of
sterile plant, with gemmae.
MARSILIA.--Portion of plant of M. quadrifolia, a sporocarp; sporocarp
burst in water and extruding the gelatinous ring with compartments
attached.
[Illustration: Genera of Hepaticae. Plate XXV]