concave or involute._
2. O. asperifolia, Michx. (Pl. 8, fig. 1, 2.) Culms (9--18' high), with
sheaths bearing a mere rudimentary blade, overtopped by the _long and
rigid linear leaf from the base_; very simple panicle or raceme
few-flowered; _awn 2--3 times the length of the rather hairy whitish
glume_.--Hillsides, etc., in rich woods; common, N. Eng. to Minn., and
northward. May.--Leaves without keels, rough-edged, pale beneath,
lasting through the winter. Squamulae lanceolate, almost as long as the
palet!
3. O. Canadensis, Torr. Culms slender (6--15' high), the lowest sheaths
leaf-bearing; _leaves involute-thread-shaped_; panicle contracted (1--2'
long), the branches usually in pairs; glume pubescent, whitish; _awn
short and very deciduous, or wanting_.--Rocky hills and dry plains,
Maine to W. New Eng., the mountains of Penn., Wisc., Minn., and
northward; rare. May.--Glumes 1--2'' long, sometimes purplish.
22. MILIUM, Tourn. MILLET-GRASS. (Pl. 13.)
Spikelets 1-flowered, diffusely panicled, not jointed with their
pedicels, consisting of 2 equal membranaceous convex and awnless
persistent glumes, with a coriaceous awnless flowering glume and narrow
palet. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. Grain not grooved, enclosed
in its glume and palet, all deciduous together. (The ancient Latin name
of the Millet, which however belongs to a different genus, of uncertain
meaning.)
1. M. effusum, L. Smooth perennial, 3--6 deg. high; leaves broad and flat,
thin; panicle spreading (6--9' long); flower ovoid-oblong.--Cold damp
woods and mountain meadows, N. Eng. to Ill., and northward. June. (Eu.)
23. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. DROP-SEED G. (Pl. 8.)
Spikelets 1-flowered, in contracted or rarely in open panicles. Empty
glumes mostly acute or bristle-pointed, persistent, usually thin; the
lower rather smaller or minute. Flower very short-stalked or sessile,
the glume and palet usually minutely bearded at base, herbaceous,
deciduous with the enclosed grain, often equal, the glume 3-nerved,
mucronate or awned at the apex. Stamens 3. (Dedicated to the _Rev. Dr.
Henry Muhlenberg_, a distinguished American botanist of the early part
of this century.)
Sec. 1. MUHLENBERGIA proper. _Panicles contracted or glomerate, on
branching rigid culms from scaly creeping rootstocks; leaves short and
narrow._
[*] _Flowering glume barely mucronate or sharp-pointed._
1. M. sobolifera, Trin. Culms ascending (1--2 deg. high), rarely branching;
the _simple contracted panicle very slender_ or filiform; lower _glumes
barely pointed, almost equal, one third shorter than the flower_;
flowering glume abruptly short-mucronate, equalling the palet.--Open
rocky woods, Mass. to Mich., Minn., and southward. Aug.--Spikelets less
than 1'' long.
2. M. glomerata, Trin. Culms upright (1--3 deg. high), sparingly branched or
simple; _panicle_ (2--3' long) _oblong-linear, contracted into an
interrupted glomerate spike_, long-peduncled, the branches sessile;
_glumes awned_, nearly equal, and (with the bristle-like awn) about
twice the length of the unequal very acute flowering glume and
palet.--Bogs and wet rocks, common, especially northward. Aug.--Var.
RAMOSA, Vasey. A stout strict much-branched leafy form, the lower glumes
but little longer than the flower. Ill. to Dak.
3. M. Mexicana, Trin. Culms ascending, much branched (2--3 deg. high);
_panicles_ lateral and terminal, often included at the base,
_contracted, the branches densely spiked-clustered_, linear (green and
purplish); lower _glumes awnless, sharp-pointed_, unequal, the upper
about the length of the very acute flowering one.--Low grounds; common.
Aug. Varies with more slender panicles.
[*][*] _Flowering glume bristle-awned from the tip; flowers
short-pedicelled._
[+] _Lower glumes long and bristle-pointed._
4. M. sylvatica, Torr. & Gray. (Pl. 8, fig. 1, 2.) Culms ascending, much
branched and diffusely spreading (2--4 deg. long); contracted _panicles
densely many-flowered; lower glumes almost equal, bristle-pointed,
nearly as long as the flowering one_, which bears an awn twice or thrice
the length of the spikelet.--Low or rocky woods; common. Aug., Sept.
5. M. ambigua, Torr. Culms ascending, clustered and branching, 1 deg. high;
panicles contracted, densely many-flowered; _spikelet 2-flowered_, the
upper flower like the lower and perfect, or more frequently reduced to a
mere awn at the base of the lower flower; lower glumes nearly equal,
long-pointed; _flowering glume villous_, as long as the lower and
equalling the palet, its awn nearly twice longer.--Minn. (shore of
Elysian Lake, Waseca Co., _Geyer_).--A remarkable species, approaching
Brachyelytrum in the structure of the spikelet, but with wholly the
habit of Muhlenbergia.
[+][+] _Lower glumes short or minute, not or scarcely pointed._
6. M. Willdenovii, Trin. Culms upright (3 deg. high), slender, simple or
sparingly branched; contracted _panicle slender, loosely flowered; lower
glumes slightly unequal, short-pointed, half the length of the flowering
one_, which bears an awn 3--4 times the length of the spikelet.--Rocky
woods; rather common. Aug.
7. M. diffusa, Schreber. (DROP-SEED. NIMBLE WILL.) (Pl. 8, fig. 3--5.)
Culms diffusely much branched (8--18' high); contracted _panicles
slender_, rather loosely many-flowered, terminal and lateral; _empty
glumes extremely minute, the lower obsolete_, the upper truncate; awn
once or twice longer than the flowering glume.--Dry hills and woods,
from S. New Eng. to Mich., Iowa, and southward. Aug., Sept.--Spikelets
only 1'' long.
Sec. 2. TRICHOCHLOA. _Panicle very loose and open, the long branches and
pedicels capillary; leaves narrow, often convolute-bristle-form._
8. M. capillaris, Kunth. (HAIR-GRASS.) Culm simple, upright (2 deg. high)
from a fibrous root; panicle capillary, expanding (6--20' long, purple);
empty glumes unequal, the lower mostly pointless, the upper more or less
bristle-pointed, one third or half the length of the long-awned
flowering glume.--Sandy soil, W. New Eng. to N. J., Ky., Mo., and
southward. Sept.--Pedicels 1--2' long, scarcely thicker than the awns,
which are about 1' long.
24. BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv. (Pl. 8.)
Spikelets 1-flowered, with a conspicuous filiform pedicel of an abortive
second flower about half its length, nearly terete, few, in a simple
appressed racemed panicle. Lower glumes unequal, persistent, usually
minute, or the lower one almost obsolete. Flowering glume and palet
chartaceo-herbaceous, involute, enclosing the linear-oblong grain,
somewhat equal, rough with scattered short bristles, the first 5-nerved,
extended into a long straight awn, the palet 2-pointed; the awn-like
sterile pedicel partly lodged in the groove on its back. Stamens 2;
anthers and stigmas very long.--Perennial, with simple culms (1--3 deg.
high) from creeping rootstocks, downy sheaths, broad and flat lanceolate
pointed leaves, and spikelets 1/2' long without the awn. (Name composed of
[Greek: brachy/s], _short_, and [Greek: e)/lytron], _husk_, from the
minute glumes.)
1. B. aristatum, Beauv. Rocky woods; common. June.--Var. ENGELMANNI,
Gray, is a western form, with the second glume awn-pointed, nearly half
the length of the flowering one.
25. HELEOCHLOA, Host. (Pl. 7.)
Spikelets 1-flowered, crowded in a dense spike or spike-like panicle.
Lower glumes persistent, membranaceous, acute, ciliate-carinate,
awnless; flowering glume similar, a little longer, and a little
exceeding the palet. Stamens 3.--Low cespitose annuals; spike often
scarcely exserted from the upper sheath. (Name from [Greek: e(/los], _a
meadow_, and [Greek: chlo/a], _grass_.)
H. SCHOENOIDES, Host. Usually nearly prostrate and tufted; leaves rather
rigid, tapering to a sharp point; spike oblong, thick, 7--20'' long.
(Crypsis schoenoides, _Lam._)--Waste places, N. J. to Del. (Nat. from
Eu.)
26. PHLEUM, L. CAT'S-TAIL GRASS. (Pl. 7.)
Spikelets 1-flowered, in a very dense cylindrical spike-like panicle.
Lower glumes persistent, membranaceous, folded-carinate, subtruncate,
mucronate or short-awned; flowering glume hyaline, shorter, truncate.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct.--Perennials. (From [Greek: phle/os], a Greek
name for a kind of reed.)
P. PRATENSE, L. (TIMOTHY. HERD'S-GRASS in New Eng. and N. Y.) Tall;
_spike long-cylindrical_; lower glumes ciliate on the back, tipped with
_a short bristle_.--Meadows, commonly cultivated for hay. (Nat. from
Eu.)
1. P. alpinum, L. Low; _spike ovate-oblong_; lower glumes strongly
ciliate on the back, tipped with a rough _awn about their own
length_.--Alpine tops of the White Mountains, N. H., and high northward.
(Eu.)
27. ALOPECURUS, L. FOXTAIL GRASS. (Pl. 7.)
Spikelets 1-flowered, jointed on the pedicel. Lower glumes boat-shaped,
strongly compressed and keeled, nearly equal, united at base, equalling
or exceeding the flowering glume, which is awned on the back below the
middle; palet mostly wanting! Stamens 3. Styles mostly united. Stigmas
long and feathered.--Clusters contracted into a cylindrical and soft
dense spike; perennial. (Name from [Greek: a)lo/pex], _fox_, and
[Greek: ou)ra/], _tail_, from the shape of the spike.)
A. PRATENSIS, L. (MEADOW FOXTAIL.) Culm upright, smooth (2 deg. high); the
upper leaf much shorter than its inflated sheath; spike stout, 11/2--21/2'
long; _flowering glume equalling the acute lower glumes; awn exserted
more than half its length, twisted_.--Meadows and pastures, eastward.
May. (Nat. from Eu.)
A. GENICULATUS, L. (FLOATING F.) (Pl. 7, fig. 1--4.) Culm ascending,
often bent at the lower joints; upper leaf as long as its sheath; spike
slender, 1--2' long; _flowering glume rather shorter than the obtuse
lower glumes, the awn from near its base and projecting front half to
twice its length beyond it_.--Moist meadows, eastward. June--Aug. (Nat.
from Eu.)
Var. aristulatus, Torr. The awn very slender and scarcely exserted. (A.
aristulatus, _Michx._)--In water and wet places; common. June--Aug.
28. SPOROBOLUS, R. Br. DROP-SEED GRASS. RUSH-GRASS. (Pl. 7.)
Spikelets small, 1- (rarely 2-) flowered, in an open or contracted or
spiked panicle. Lower glumes persistent, 1--3-nerved, not awned or
pointed, the lower smaller; flowering glume of the same texture as the
lower ones (membranaceo-chartaceous) and usually longer than they,
naked, awnless and mostly pointless, 1-nerved (rarely somewhat
3-nerved); palet similar, 2-nerved. Stamens chiefly 3. Stigmas simply
feathery. Grain globular to oblong or cylindrical, deciduous, often very
thin, containing the loose seed.--Culms wiry or rigid. Leaves involute,
the throat usually bearded, and sheaths often enclosing the panicles.
(Name from [Greek: spora/], _seed_, and [Greek: ba/llo], _to cast
forth_.)
[*] _Panicle contracted, often simple; grain oval or oblong; perennial,
except n. 2._
1. S. asper, Kunth. Culms tufted (2--4 deg. high); lowest leaves very long,
rigid, rough on the edges, tapering to a long involute and thread-like
point, the upper short, involute; sheaths partly or at first wholly
enclosing the contracted panicle; _flower much longer than the unequal
lower glumes_; grain oval or oblong. (Vilfa aspera, _Beauv._)--Sandy
fields and dry hills, especially southward. Sept.--Spikelets 2--3''
long. Flowering glume and palet rough above, smooth or hairy below, the
palet tapering upward, acute, and one half to twice longer than the
glume, or else obtuse and equalled or even considerably exceeded by the
glume!
2. S. vaginaeflorus, Vasey. (Pl. 7, fig. 4, 5.) Culms slender (6--12'
high), ascending; leaves involute-awl-shaped (1--4' long); panicles
simple and spiked, the lateral and often the terminal concealed in the
sheaths; _flowering glume and palet somewhat equal, acute, about the
length of the nearly equal lower glumes_, only {1/3} longer than the
oval grain. (Vilfa vaginaeflora, _Torr._)--Barren and sandy dry fields;
common, especially southward. Sept.
3. S. cuspidatus, Torr. Erect culms and appressed leaves more slender
than in the preceding; _panicle exserted_, very simple and narrow;
spikelets smaller, the lower _glumes acuminate_, little shorter than the
cuspidate upper one. (Vilfa cuspidata, _Torr._)--Maine (on the St.
John's River, _G. L. Goodale_); also Iowa, Minn., and common westward.
4. S. depauperatus, Vasey. Resembling n. 3, but the culms decumbent at
base and matted, the leaves short and usually widely spreading, and the
lower glumes barely acute, not half the length of the upper one.--W.
Minn. to Kan., and southwestward.
5. S. Virginicus, Kunth. _Culms_ tufted, slender (5--12' long), often
procumbent, _branched_; leaves convolute, rigid; palets rather shorter
than the nearly equal acute glumes. (Vilfa Virginica, _Beauv._)--Sandy
seashore, Virginia (_Clayton_) and southward.--Spikelets much smaller
and more numerous than in the others.
6. S. minor, Vasey. Culms tufted, very slender, geniculate and
ascending, simple, 1 deg. high; leaves short and narrow; peduncles little
exserted from the sheaths; spikelets (11/2--2'' long) in a very narrow
simple compressed panicle (1--2' long), not crowded; glumes and palet
nearly equal, acute or somewhat acuminate.--Va. to N. C., Tenn. and Tex.
S. INDICUS, R. Br. Culms stout, erect, 2--3 deg. high; leaves elongated,
attenuate; panicle very narrow, 6--18' long, the densely crowded
spikelets 1/2'' long.--On ballast, and naturalized southward. (From Trop.
Am.)
[*][*] _Panicle pyramidal, open; glumes very unequal; grain globose,
utricular; perennials._
7. S. junceus, Kunth. _Leaves involute_, narrow, rigid, the lowest
elongated; culm (1--2 deg. high) naked above, bearing a narrow loose
panicle; empty _glumes ovate, rather obtuse_, the lower one half as long
as, _the upper equalling, the nearly equal flowering glume and
palet_.--Dry soil, Penn. to Wisc. and Minn., and (chiefly) south to Fla.
Aug.--Spikelets 1--2'' long, shining.
8. S. heterolepis, Gray. _Leaves involute-thread-form_, rigid, the
lowest as long as the culm (1--2 deg.) which is naked above; panicle very
loose; empty _glumes very unequal; the lower awl-shaped_ (or
bristle-pointed from a broad base) and somewhat shorter, _the upper
ovate-oblong and taper-pointed and longer, than the equal flowering
glume and palet_.--Dry soil, Conn. and N. Y. to Minn., Neb., and Mo.
Aug.--Plant exhaling an unpleasant scent (_Sullivant_), stouter than the
last, the spikelets thrice larger. Utricle 1'' in diameter, shining,
thick and coriaceous!
9. S. cryptandrus, Gray. (Pl. 7, fig. 1--3.) Culm 2--3 deg. high; _leaves
flat_, pale (2'' wide); the pyramidal lead-colored _panicle bursting
from the upper sheath_ which usually encloses its base, its spreading
branches hairy in the axils; spikelets 1'' long; _upper empty glume
lanceolate, rather acute, twice the length of the lower one_, as long as
the nearly equal flowering glume and palet; sheaths strongly bearded at
the throat.--Sandy shores, coast of New Eng. and of the Great Lakes,
Minn. to Kan., and westward. Aug., Sept.
10. S. airoides, Torr. Culm tufted, often stout, erect, 1/2--3 deg. high;
leaves strongly revolute and attenuate, rather rigid; panicle open and
diffuse, broadly pyramidal, glabrous; spikelets solitary on slender
pedicels, 1'' long; lower glumes unequal, rather obtuse.--Neb. to Tex.,
and westward.
S. ASPERIFOLUS, Thurb., a similar but smaller species, with thinner and
shorter leaves very rough on the margin, the inflorescence scabrous, and
spikelets smaller, with the glumes nearly equal, is very common
westward, and probably occurs within our limits--as also S. CONFUSUS,
Vasey (S. ramulosus of authors, not _Kunth_), a low slender annual, with
very short culms and a delicate diffuse panicle, the very small
spikelets (1/2'' long) on filiform-clavate pedicels.
[*][*][*] _Empty glumes almost equal; panicle racemose-elongated, open,
the pedicels capillary; sheaths naked at the throat; spikelets not
unfrequently two-flowered; perennial._
11. S. compressus, Kunth. Very smooth, _leafy to the top; culms tufted,
stout, very flat_; sheaths flattened, much longer than the internodes;
_leaves erect_, narrow, conduplicate-channelled; empty glumes acutish,
about one third shorter than the obtuse flowering one.--Bogs, on Long
Island and in the pine-barrens of N. J. Sept.--Forming strong tussocks,
1--2 deg. high. Panicle 8--12' long; spikelets 1'' long, purplish.
12. S. serotinus, Gray. Smooth; _culms very slender, flattish_ (8--15'
high), _few-leaved_; leaves very slender, channelled; _panicle soon much
exserted_, the diffuse capillary branches scattered; glumes ovate,
obtuse, about half the length of the flower.--Sandy wet places, Maine to
N. J. and Mich. Sept.--A very delicate grass; the spikelets half a line
long.
29. AGROSTIS, L. BENT-GRASS. (Pl. 7.)
Spikelets 1-flowered, in an open panicle. Empty glumes somewhat equal,
or the lower rather longer, usually longer than the flowering one,
pointless. Flowering glume and palet very thin, pointless, naked; the
first 3--5-nerved, frequently awned on the back; the palet often minute
or none. Stamens chiefly 3. Grain (caryopsis) free.--Culms usually
tufted, slender; root commonly perennial. (Name from [Greek: a)gro/s],
_a field_, the place of growth.)
Sec. 1. AGROSTIS proper. _Palet manifest, but shorter than the glume._
A. ALBA, L. (FIORIN or WHITE BENT-GRASS.) Rootstocks creeping or
stoloniferous; culms 1--2 deg. high, often decumbent at base; leaves short,
flat, the ligule long and acute; panicle contracted after flowering,
greenish, purplish or brownish, the branches slightly rough; flowering
glume nearly equalling the empty ones, 3-nerved, rarely short-awned, the
palet about half as long.--Meadows and fields, a valuable grass;
naturalized from Eu. and cultivated, and perhaps native north and
westward.
Var. VULGARIS, Thurb. (RED TOP. HERD'S-GRASS of Penn., etc.) (Pl. 7,
fig. 1, 2.) Panicle more or less spreading after flowering; ligule short
and truncate. (A. vulgaris, _With._)--Low meadows and pastures; nat.
from Eu. and cultivated, also perhaps indigenous.
1. A. arachnoides, Ell. Culms (1 deg. high) and leaves very slender; panicle
open, weak and drooping; glumes nearly equal, roughish on the keel and
margins, the flowering glume shorter, with 2 minute bristles at the
truncate apex and a long exceedingly delicate awn on the back above the
middle; palet minute.--Mo. to Ky., Tenn., and S. Car.
2. A. exarata, Trin. Culms erect, 1--2 deg. high; leaves mostly erect;
panicle narrow, crowded, greenish, the rays mostly flower-bearing to the
base; spikelets 11/2--2'' long; glumes nearly equal, acute, the flowering
ones shorter, sometimes awned above the middle.--Wisc. (_Vasey_) to
Sask., and far westward.
Sec. 2. TRICHODIUM. _Palet abortive, minute, or none._
3. A. elata, Trin. _Culms firm or stout_ (2--3 deg. high); leaves flat
(1--2'' wide); upper ligules elongated (2--3'' long); _spikelets crowded
on the branches of the spreading panicle above the middle_ (11/2'' long);
flowering glume awnless, slightly shorter than the rather unequal lower
ones; the palet wanting.--Swamps, N. J. and southward. Oct.
4. A. perennans, Tuckerm. (THIN-GRASS.) _Culms slender_, erect from a
decumbent base (1--2 deg. high); leaves flat (the upper 4--6' long, 1--2''
wide); _panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green; the branches
short, divided and flower-bearing from or below the middle; flowering
glume awnless_ (rarely short-awned), shorter than the unequal lower
ones; the palet minute or obsolete.--Damp shaded places. July,
Aug.--Spikelets, etc., as in n. 5, into which it seems to vary.
5. A. scabra, Willd. (HAIR-GRASS.) (Pl. 7, fig. 3.) _Culms very
slender_, erect (1--2 deg. high); leaves short and narrow, the lower soon
involute (the upper 1--3' long, less than 1'' wide); _panicle very loose
and divergent, purplish, the long capillary branches flower-bearing at
and near the apex; flowering glume awnless or occasionally short-awned_
on the back, shorter than the rather unequal very acute empty ones; the
palet minute or obsolete; root biennial?--Exsiccated places; common.
June--Aug.--Remarkable for the long and divergent capillary branches of
the extremely loose panicle; these are whorled, rough with very minute
bristles (under a lens), as also the keel of the glumes. Spikelets 1''
long. A dwarf mountain form occurs, growing in tufts in hollows of
rocks, etc.--A variety (?) from about the White Mountains, etc. (var.
montana, _Tuckerm_.), has a more or less exserted awn.
6. A. canina, L. (BROWN BENT-GRASS.) Culms 8'--2 deg. high; root-leaves
involute-bristle-form, those of the culm flat and broader; panicle
loose; lower glumes slightly unequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, the
flowering one _exsertly awned on the back_ at or below the middle;
spikelets brownish or purplish, rarely pale or greenish (1--11/2''
long).--Meadows, sparingly naturalized eastward. A mountain form with
shorter and more spreading panicle (A. Pickeringii & A. concinna,
_Tuckerm_., A. canina, var. alpina, _Oakes_, & Ed. 2, and essentially A.
rubra, _L_. ex _Wahl_., and A. borealis, _Hartm._) is indigenous on
mountain-tops, Maine to N. Y.; also an ampler form in the Alleghanies of
Penn. and southward (A. rupestris, _Chapman_, etc.). July--Aug. (Eu.)
30. POLYPOGON, Desf. BEARD-GRASS. (Pl. 8.)
Spikelets 1-flowered, in a contracted, mostly spike-like panicle. Empty
glumes nearly equal, long-awned, much longer than the membranaceous
flowering one which is commonly short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3.
Grain free. (Name composed of [Greek: poly/], _much_, and [Greek:
pogo/n], _beard_.)
P. MONSPELIENSIS, Desf. Panicle interrupted; lower glumes oblong, the
awn from a notch at the summit, the flowering one also awned; root
annual.--Isles of Shoals (_Robbins_), ballast heaps, and southward.
(Nat. from Eu.)
31. CINNA, L. WOOD REED-GRASS. (Pl. 8.)
Spikelets 1-flowered, much flattened, crowded in an open flaccid
panicle. Empty glumes persistent, lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled,
rough-serrulate on the keel; the lower rather smaller, the upper a
little exceeding the flower, which is manifestly stalked, smooth and
naked; flowering glume much like the lower, longer than the palet,
usually short awned or mucronate on the back below the pointless apex.
Stamen one, opposite the 1-nerved palet! Grain linear-oblong, free.--A
perennial, rather sweet-scented grass, with simple and upright somewhat
reed-like culms (2--7 deg. high), bearing an ample compound terminal
panicle, its branches in fours or fives; the broadly linear-lanceolate
flat leaves (4--6'' wide) with conspicuous ligules. Spikelets green,
often purplish-tinged. (From [Greek: ki/nna], a name in Dioscorides for
a kind of grass.)
1. C. arundinacea, L. (Pl. 8, fig. 1, 2.) Panicle 6--15' long, rather
dense, the branches and pedicels spreading in flower, afterward erect;
spikelets 21/2--3'' long.; awn of the glume either obsolete or
manifest.--Moist woods and shaded swamps; rather common. July, Aug.
2. C. pendula, Trin. Panicle loose and more slender, the branches nearly
capillary and drooping in flower; pedicels very rough; glumes thinner,
the lower less unequal; spikelets 11/2--2'' long; palet obtuse. (C.
arundinacea, var. pendula, _Gray_.)--Deep damp woods, N. New Eng. to
Lake Superior and northward, and on mountains southward. (Eu.)
32. APERA, Adans.