the type; spikes shorter and mostly loosely flowered, often becoming
very thin; scales generally longer, giving the spikes a darker color;
stigmas often 3. (C. rigida, var. (?) Bigelovii, _Tuckerm._)--Alpine
summits of N. H., Vt., and N. Y. (Eu.)
[*] 3.--[+] 3. _Acutae._
[++] _Stigmas 2; scales not conspicuously acute, or if so, divaricate._
[=] _Spikes erect, or rarely spreading in n. 34._
34. C. stricta, Lam. Tall and slender but erect, 2--4 deg. high, generally
in dense clumps when old, or rarely in small tufts; culm sharp, rough
above; leaves long and narrow, rough on the edges, the lowest sheaths
usually becoming prominently fibrillose; 1 or 2 lowest bracts leafy and
equalling the culm; spikes 3--5, variable in size and shape, scattered,
the lowest usually more or less peduncled and clavate and the others
sessile, erect or spreading, oblong or cylindric (1/2--2' long and 2--3''
broad), all compactly flowered above but often attenuate at base (or
rarely alternate-flowered throughout), the upper mostly staminate at
top, all greenish-purple or pallid; perigynium ovate and small, tawny,
mostly lightly few-nerved and somewhat granular, the beak very short and
commonly entire; scale obtuse to nearly acute, about equalling the
perigynium or a little shorter.--Swales, throughout; abundant and
variable.
Var. angustata. Stricter; spikes longer and narrower (3--4' long about
11/2'' broad), never clavate, more approximate and always erect, the
staminate portion usually much longer (often 1--2'), rust-colored;
scales narrower and sharper, mostly longer than the perigynium. (C.
angustata, _Boott_, in part.)--Same range as the type, but less common.
Var. decora, Bailey. Usually smaller; basal sheaths rarely fibrillose;
spikes shorter (seldom over 1' long), sessile or very nearly so, rarely
attenuate at base, spreading, the terminal staminate flowers few,
rust-colored; bracts more spreading; scales very sharp and spreading,
longer than the perigynium. (C. aperta, _Man._)--N. Eng. to Wisc.;
rather rare.
C. STRICTA x FILIFORMIS. Leaves and culms very slender; spikes short (1'
long or less), sessile and compact, the upper 1 or 2 scarcely bracted,
pallid; perigynium small, smooth.--Keweenaw Co., Mich. (_Farwell_.)
Exactly intermediate between the two species.
35. C. aquatilis, Wahl. Large and stout, glaucous, 2--4 deg. high; culm very
obtuse and smooth; leaves exceedingly long, broader than in the last,
the bracts broad and prolonged far beyond the culm; spikes 3--5, 1--2'
long, very compact or the lowest sometimes attenuate below, erect, thick
(3'' broad or less); perigynium round-ovate or broadly elliptic,
nerveless, greenish, imbricated; scale obtuse and much shorter and
narrower than the perigynium.--Swamps and lake-margins, N. Eng. to
Minn.; not common. (Eu.)
36. C. lenticularis, Michx. Rather slender but erect, pale throughout,
1--2 deg. high; culm sharp, usually slightly rough above; leaves very
narrow, numerous, much surpassing the culm; spikes 3--6, more or less
aggregated or the lowest remote, the terminal androgynous or staminate,
mostly sessile, erect; perigynium ovate, minutely granular,
brown-nerved, the tip empty and entire; scale pale and obtuse, about 1/2
the length of the perigynium.--Gravelly borders of ponds and lakes,
northern N. Eng. to Minn.; mostly local.
[=][=] _Spikes widely spreading or drooping._
37. C. torta, Boott. Slender but erect, 11/2--21/2 deg. high, in clumps, with
exceedingly tough and cord-like roots; culm rather sharp, smooth or
roughish above; leaves flat and rather soft, those of the culm very
short; spikes 3--5, mostly somewhat approximate or the lower remote, the
upper sessile and ascending but the others drooping, long and slender
(often 3' long, 2'' broad or less); perigynium lance-ovate, thin and
green, nerveless, the slim upper half empty and more or less tortuous,
the beak entire or erose; scale purple-margined and very obtuse, shorter
than the perigynium.--Cold banks and swamps, Vt. to N. C.; infrequent.
[++][++] _Stigmas 2; scales long-acute and ascending._
38. C. salina, Wahl., var. cuspidata, Wahl. Rather stout, 1--21/2 deg. high;
culm rather sharp, smooth; leaves narrow but flat; spikes 2--4, somewhat
approximate, the lowest 1 or 2 very short-stalked, erect, short (11/2' or
less) and rather thick, the lower subtended by leaf-like bracts 3--4'
long; perigynium elliptic, somewhat granular, marked with 2 or 3 nerves
or nerveless, the minute beak entire; scale brown-margined, produced
into a lighter and rough awn much exceeding the perigynium. (C. salina,
_Man._)--Salt marshes, Mass., and along the coast northward; rare in the
United States. (Eu.) Anomalous forms, which appear to be hybrids, have
been separated as
C. STRICTA x SALINA, Bailey. Spikes thinner and more scattered, more
inclined to be peduncled; scales blunt or short-awned, little exceeding
the perigynium.--Near Boston, Mass., _W. Boott, Morong_.
[++][++][++] _Stigmas 3._
39. C. prasina, Wahl. Slender, somewhat flexuose, 11/2--21/2 deg. high; culm
rather sharp, smooth; leaves very narrow, soft and flat, rough; spikes
2--3, peduncled and spreading or drooping, somewhat approximate, green,
1--2' long, narrow and loosely flowered; perigynium pale, narrowly
triangular-ovate, thin, nearly nerveless, produced into a short but
slender entire or minutely toothed beak; scale very thin and acute,
nearly colorless, shorter than the perigynium. (C. miliacea,
_Muhl._)--Meadows and bogs, Vt. to Mich., and southward; infrequent.
[*] 3.--[+] 4. _Cryptocarpae._
40. C. maritima, O. F. Mueller. Mostly stout, 1--21/2 deg. high; culm sharp,
smooth or rough above; spikes 2--6, scattered, all or all but the upper
one on very long weak stalks and pendulous, 1--3' long and thick and
bushy, usually staminate at top; perigynium nearly orbicular, pale,
few-nerved or nerveless, the beak very short and entire or nearly so;
scale produced into a greenish rough awn 3--8 times as long as the
perigynium.--Salt marshes of the coast, Mass., Maine, and northward; not
common. Leaves smooth, broad and flat. (Eu.)
41. C. crinita, Lam. Robust and mostly stout, 2--4 deg. high; culm sharp and
rough or sometimes smooth; leaves about 3'' broad, flat, more or less
rough on the nerves and margins; spikes 3--6, somewhat scattered, all
variously peduncled, mostly secund, curved and drooping (or in small
forms rarely nearly erect), 1--4' long, narrowly and evenly cylindric,
compact or attenuate below, often staminate at top; perigynium ovate,
thin and puncticulate, obscurely nerved, the minute point entire; scale
greenish-brown and rough-awned, 2--3 times as long as the perigynium.
(C. gynandra, _Schwein._)--Swales; common.--Var. MINOR, Boott. Much
smaller in all its parts, 10--18' high; leaves narrow; spikes 3--4, 11/2'
long or less, less drooping; scales less prominent.--Maine to N. Y.;
scarce. Somewhat resembles n. 39.
C. CRINITA x TORTA, Bailey. More slender than C. crinita, the leaves
narrower; spikes nearly as slender as those of C. torta; scales blunt or
simply acute and little longer than the perigynium, or sometimes very
short-awned.--Moist meadows near the Glen House, White Mts.
(_Brainerd_). Might be mistaken for drooping spiked forms of n. 34.
[*] 3.--[+] 5. _Pendulinae._
[++] _Spikes narrowly cylindrical._
42. C. littoralis, Schwein. Somewhat slender but erect, 1--2 deg. high;
leaves narrow and rather stiff, flat, glaucous, shorter than the sharp
and nearly smooth culm; staminate spikes 1--3, dark purple, 11/2' long or
less, the scales obtuse; pistillate spikes 2--4, somewhat approximate,
on thread-like peduncles, 1--2' long, usually staminate at top;
perigynium lance-oval, faintly nerved, the minute beak entire, mostly
longer than the obtuse purple scale; bracts prominently purple-auricled.
(C. Barrattii, _Schwein._ & _Torr._)--Marshes near the coast, N. J. and
southward; rare.
[++][++] _Spikes globular or oblong._
[=] _Scales very sharp, prominently longer than the perigynium._
43. C. Magellanica, Lam. Slender but erect, 8--18' high; leaves flat and
lax, somewhat shorter than the culm; lowest bract as wide as the leaves
or nearly so and exceeding the culm; spikes 2--3, approximate, all
slenderly stalked and drooping; perigynium orbicular or broad-ovate,
nerved in the centre, 1/2--{2/3} the length of the scale. (C. irrigua,
_Smith_.)--Deep swamps, throughout, north of Penn.; local. (Eu.)
[=][=] _Scales blunt, little exceeding the perigynium._
44. C. rariflora, Smith. Very small but stiff, 4--10' high, somewhat
stoloniferous; culm obtuse and very smooth; leaves very narrow, becoming
involute, shorter than the culm; spikes 1--2, only 3--10-flowered,
drooping, borne in the axil of a minute awl-like and purple-auricled
bract; perigynium ovate, nearly pointless, obscurely nerved, mostly a
little shorter than the enveloping scale.--Mt. Katahdin, Maine
(_Goodale_). (Eu.)
45. C. limosa, L. Slender but rather stiff, 1--2 deg. high, stoloniferous;
culm sharp, rough above; leaves very narrow, strongly keeled or
involute; spikes 1--2, nodding on short stalks or the upper one erect,
oblong, springing from the axil of a very narrow bract which is nearly
always shorter than the culm; perigynium very short-pointed, about the
length of the broad scale.--Deep swamps, throughout, north of Penn.;
local. (Eu.)
[*] 4. HYMENOCHLAENAE.--[+] 1. _Virescentes._
46. C. virescens, Muhl. Slender, erect or spreading, 1--11/2 deg. high; leaves
very narrow, more or less hairy; spikes 3--5, green, short-oblong, all
somewhat stalked and often spreading, compact (11/2'' thick or less);
perigynium ovate and costate, very hairy, longer than the thin and white
acute scale.--Var. COSTATA, Dewey, usually the commoner form, is taller
(often reaching 21/2 deg.), with spikes long-cylindric, 1/2--2' long, and a
stronger ribbed perigynium.--Banks and copses, N. Eng. to Mich., and
southward; common eastward.
47. C. triceps, Michx., var. hirsuta, Bailey. Usually stiffer; leaves
hairy; spikes 2--4 (usually 3), all contiguous or occasionally the
lowest somewhat removed, sessile, short-oblong or globular, green or
brown (2--3'' thick); perigynium broad-ovate, flattish, very obtuse,
often sparsely hirsute when young but smooth at maturity; staminate
scales very sharp; pistillate scales acute or short-awned, about the
length of or shorter than the perigynium.--Dry copses and fields, N.
Eng. to Mo., and southward; rare northward.--Var. SMITHII, Porter.
Tall, slender, olive-green, the leaves very long, very nearly smooth;
spikes small, globular or short-cylindrical (1/2' long or less), the
lowest often somewhat remote, all more inclined to be peduncled;
perigynium globular and turgid, brown, squarrose, giving the spike a
characteristic plump appearance.--Fields and woodlands, southern N. J.,
E. Penn., and southward; also in Ark.; frequent.
[*] 4.--[+] 2. _Sylvaticae._
48. C. longirostris, Torr. Very slender but erect, 11/2--3 deg. high, growing
in stools; leaves narrow, flat, loose; spikes 3--5, 1--2' long, loosely
flowered, drooping; perigynium thin, slightly inflated, green, nearly
nerveless, spreading, the beak longer than the body, about the length of
the awned scale.--Shady banks from N. Eng. to Neb., and northward;
frequent.--Var. MINOR, Boott. Smaller and slenderer; spikes 9'' long or
less, very narrow and very loosely or even alternately few-flowered;
perigynium smaller. Neb. and westward.
[*] 4.--[+] 3. _Flexiles._
49. C. castanea, Wahl. Slender but erect, 1--21/2 deg. high; leaves broad and
flat, hairy, much shorter than the rough culm; spikes 2--4, approximate,
widely spreading or drooping on filiform stalks, 1' long or less, rather
dense, tawny; perigynium broad lanceolate, gradually narrowed into a
beak 1/2 as long as the body, thin, with a nerve on each side, longer than
the light brown or whitish acute thin scale. (C. flexilis,
_Rudge_.)--Banks, Conn. to Minn.; local.
C. ARCTATA x CASTANEA, Bailey. Leaves mostly narrower, less hairy or
smooth; spikes very slender and loosely flowered (scarcely over 1''
wide), erect or drooping, chestnut color; perigynium thin, long-ovate,
shorter-beaked, lightly nerved, mostly surpassing the pointed whitish
scale. (C. Knieskernii, _Dewey_.)--Oneida Co., N. Y.; Keweenaw Co.,
Mich. (_Farwell_); N. Minn.
50. C. capillaris, L. Very slender but erect, 2--12' high; culm smooth,
longer than the narrow flat or at length involute leaves; spikes 2--4,
either scattered or approximate, all more or less long-peduncled and
drooping, borne in the axils of conspicuous sheathing bracts, very small
(3--12-flowered); perigynium thin, very small, oblong-ovoid, the beak
hyaline-lipped, longer than the very obtuse white scale.--Alpine summits
of the White Mts.; Cortland, N. Y., Alcona Co., Mich., and Point de
Tour, L. Huron. (Eu.)
[*] 4.--[+] 4. _Debiles._
[++] _Perigynium thin, rarely with more than two prominent nerves._
51. C. arctata, Boott. Slender, erect, 1--2 deg. high; radical leaves much
shorter than the culm and very broad (21/2--5''), flat; bracts broad and
short, long-sheathing; spikes 3--5, all widely spreading or drooping on
filiform stalks, 1--3' long and exceedingly slender; perigynium short
(2'' long or less), abruptly and conspicuously stipitate and abruptly
contracted into a beak, 3-cornered, prominently nerved, green, mostly
spreading, scarcely longer than the very sharp or cuspidate
scale.--Woods and copses, N. Eng. to Penn. and Minn.; common.
Var. Faxoni, Bailey. Spikes shorter and usually short-peduncled, erect
or nearly so, much more densely flowered, part of them commonly
contiguous at the top of the culm, rendering the shorter staminate spike
inconspicuous; perigynium usually larger.--Lisbon, N. H. (_Faxon_);
Keweenaw Co., Mich. (_Farwell_); extreme northern Minn. (_Bailey_);
also in Canada.
52. C. debilis, Michx., var. Rudgei, Bailey. Very slender and diffuse,
1--21/2 deg. high (or rarely reduced to 3--4'!); leaves narrow and lax, longer
than the culm; spikes mostly heavier than in the last; perigynium much
longer, very gradually narrowed at each end, scarcely angled and not
prominently nerved, rusty when ripe, erect, twice longer than the obtuse
or acutish scale. (C. debilis, of last ed.)--Copses, N. Eng. to N.
Mich., and southward; frequent east and southward.--Var STRICTIOR,
Bailey. Usually taller, strict; leaves broader (about 2'' wide) and
firmer; spikes stiffer, simply spreading or even erect; perigynium
mostly shorter and greener, often little exceeding the scale. White Mts.
(_Faxon_).--Var PUBERA, Gray. Perigynium usually more slender, more
nerved and minutely pubescent. Center and Lancaster Counties, Penn.
(_Porter, Lumsden_), and Bedford Co., Va. (_Curtiss_).
C. DEBILIS x VIRESCENS, Bailey. Plant slender and very green; leaves
flat, rough, mostly longer than the culm, spikes 2--3, 2' long, thin and
slender, erect or nearly so, the terminal one bearing a few pistillate
flowers at top; perigynium exactly intermediate between the two species,
lance-ovate, nerved and slightly hairy, short-beaked, thin, twice longer
than the scale.--Revere, near Boston, Mass. (_Faxon_).
[++][++] _Perigynium firm, prominently many-nerved._
53. C. venusta, Dewey, var. minor, Boeckl. Slender but strict, 11/2--2 deg.
high; leaves narrow and strict, about as long as the culm; spikes 1--2'
long, scattered, the upper usually ascending, the terminal one sometimes
staminate at top; perigynium ascending, the very short and stout beak
prominently toothed, thrice longer than the rusty narrow scale. (C.
glabra, _Boott_.)--Sphagnous swamps, Oneida Co., N. Y., N. J., and
southward; local.
[*] 4.--[+] 5. _Gracillimae._
[++] _Perigynium small, scarcely turgid._
54. C. aestivalis, M. A. Curtis. Slender but erect, 1--11/2 deg. high; leaves
very narrow, flat, shorter than the culm, the sheaths pubescent; spikes
3--4, erect or spreading, 1--2' long and very loosely flowered, all but
the lowest short-stalked; perigynium very small, ovate, scarcely pointed
and the orifice entire, few-nerved, about twice longer than the obtuse
scale.--Saddle Mountain, W. Mass., and southward in the mountains to
N. C.; rare.
55. C. gracillima, Schwein. Tall and slender, sometimes diffuse, 11/2--3 deg.
high; leaves broad and flat (the radical about 3'' wide), very dark and
bright green; spikes 3--4, scattered, the terminal rarely staminate,
densely flowered except at base, peduncled and drooping, green;
perigynium ovate, thin and slightly swollen, nerved, obtuse, orifice
entire, twice longer than the very obtuse scale.--Woodlands and low
meadows, throughout; common.--In poorer soil and sunny places, it runs
into var. HUMILIS, Bailey, and is then smaller, has much narrower leaves
and very small erect spikes (2--12-flowered), and mostly smaller
perigynia.
C. GRACILLIMA x HIRSUTA, Bailey. In habit like var. humilis; spikes
tawny; perigynium like that of C. triceps, var. hirsuta; plant smooth,
or very minutely pubescent under a strong lens.--Philipstown, N. Y.
(_Barratt_).
C. GRACILLIMA x PUBESCENS, Bailey. Tall and erect; leaves narrower than
in the last, usually slightly hairy; spikes slender, erect or slightly
spreading, often staminate at top; perigynium exactly intermediate
between the two species, ovate, obscurely nerved, sparsely hairy,
beaked, about the length of the ovate ciliate rough-awned scale. (C.
Sullivantii, _Boott_.)--Columbus, Ohio (_Sullivant_); Yonkers, N. Y.
(_E. C. Howe_); Stanton, Del. (_Commons_).
[++][++] _Perigynium large, prominently inflated_.
56. C. formosa, Dewey. Slender, erect, 1--21/2 deg. high; leaves flat, mostly
rather broad, those of the culm very short; spikes 3--5, scattered,
oblong or short-cylindrical (1' long or less), compact, all flexuose or
drooping; perigynium ovate, puncticulate, obscurely nerved, short-beaked
with a slightly notched orifice, all but the lowest one or two twice
longer than the blunt or cuspidate scale.--Woods and copses, Vt. to
Mich.; local.
57. C. Davisii, Schwein. & Torr. Always taller; spikes heavier;
perigynium more inflated, strongly nerved and prominently toothed, no
longer or shorter than the conspicuously awned and spreading scale.--Wet
meadows, W. Mass. to S. Minn., and southward; rare east and northward.
[*] 4.--[+] 6. _Griseae_.
58. C. grisea, Wahl. Stout, 1--2 deg. high; leaves broad (2--3'') and
slightly glaucous; bracts broad and leaf-like, diverging, very much
exceeding the culm; staminate spike small and sessile; pistillate spikes
3--4, short (1' long or less), the highest two usually contiguous to the
staminate spike and sessile, the others somewhat remote and peduncled,
all erect, compact; perigynium oblong, pointless, marked with impressed
nerves, turgid and cylindric, all but the lowest longer than the narrow,
cuspidate or blunt, nerved scale.--Moist grounds, throughout, except
along our northern borders; common.--Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Boott. Much more
slender; leaves scarcely half so wide, the bracts, especially, much
narrower and shorter and more erect; spikes slender, perigynium scarcely
inflated, triangular-oblong, bearing a sharp beak-like point, 2-ranked;
scale nerveless, long-awned and spreading. N. J. to S. Ohio, and
southward; common.--Var. GLOBOSA, Bailey. Low, 3--12' high, often
spreading; spikes few-flowered, often with but 2 or 3 perigynia;
perigynium short, inflated, very blunt, nearly globose or obovate; scale
short, not prominently cuspidate or the upper ones wholly blunt. Mo.,
Kan., and southward.
Var. (?) rigida, Bailey. Rigid; leaves rather narrow, long and erect;
staminate spike prominently peduncled; pistillate spikes scattered, all
more or less stalked, conspicuously 2 ranked; perigynium
triangular-oblong, hard, longer than the cuspidate ascending
scale.--Sellersville, Penn., and Del.
59. C. glaucodea, Tuckerm. Lax or somewhat strict (6--18' high), densely
glaucous; leaves flat, variable in width; spikes as in n. 58; perigynium
firm, not inflated, prominently impressed-nerved, glaucous, longer than
the short-cuspidate or blunt thin and appressed scale. (C. flaccosperma,
last ed.)--Meadows and swamps, Mass. to S. Ill., and southward; local.
[*] 5. SPIROSTACHYAE.--[+] 1. _Granulares_.
60. C. granularis, Muhl. Erect or spreading, 8'--2 deg. high, somewhat
glaucous; leaves flat, various; bracts broad and long, much exceeding
the culm; spikes 3--4, scattered, all but the upper peduncled, erect or
ascending, compact, short-oblong to cylindric, never exceeding 1' in
length; staminate spike small and usually sessile; perigynium ovoid,
very strongly nerved, the nearly entire short beak usually bent; scale
thin and pointed, about 1/2 the length of the perigynium.--Moist grassy
places; common.--Var. HALEANA, Porter. Habitually lower and more
slender; radical leaves very broad (3--4'') and more glaucous;
pistillate spikes 1/2' long or less, thinner; perigynium a half smaller,
narrower. Wisc. to Va.; infrequent.
61. C. Crawei, Dewey. Low, strict, stoloniferous (4--12' high); leaves
narrow; bracts scarcely exceeding the culm; spikes 2--4, scattered, the
lowest radical or nearly so, short-peduncled or the upper sessile,
erect, compact, 9'' long or less; staminate spike generally peduncled;
perigynium ovate, usually resinous dotted, obscurely or few-nerved, very
short-pointed, longer than the obtuse or short-pointed scale.--Moist
places, N. Y. to Ill. and Minn.; local, especially eastward.
[*] 5.--[+] 2. _Extensae_.
C. EXTENSA, Gooden. Slender but strict, 1--2 deg. high; leaves involute;
spikes about 3, the lowest remote and short-peduncled, the remainder
approximate and sessile, short (about 1/2' long) and compact; perigynium
ovate, very strongly nerved, ascending, the short stout beak sharply
toothed, longer than the blunt brown-edged scale.--Long Island and Coney
Island, N. Y.; Norfolk, Va., _McMinn._ (Nat. from Eu.)
62. C. flava, L. Very slender but strict and stiff, 1--2 deg. high,
yellowish throughout; leaves flat but narrow, mostly shorter than the
culm; staminate spike sessile or nearly so, usually oblique; pistillate
spikes 2--4, all contiguous or rarely the lowest one remote, all but the
lowest sessile, short-oblong or globular, densely flowered, the lowest
subtended by a long divaricate bract; perigynium ovate, produced into a
deflexed beak as long as the body, strongly nerved, thrice longer than
the blunt scale.--Swales and wet meadows, N. Eng. to L. Superior; rare
westward. (Eu.)--Var. GRAMINIS, Bailey. Smaller and green, 6--12' high;
leaves mostly longer than the culm; bracts erect; perigynium straight or
nearly so, the beak often rough. Grassy places, probably common and
generally distributed.
Var. viridula, Bailey. Small and slender, very strict, green or
greenish-white; leaves narrow, equalling or exceeding the culm; bracts
long and strictly erect, spikes very small or sometimes becoming
cylindric, more closely aggregated; perigynium conspicuously smaller,
the beak very short and straight. (C. OEderi, last ed.)--Cold bogs, N.
Eng. to Penn., and northwestward; local.
[*] 5.--[+] 3. _Pallescentes_.
[++] _Perigynium wholly beakless._
63. C. pallescens, L. Slender, erect, 4'--2 deg. high, tufted; leaves
narrow, flat, the lower slightly pubescent, particularly on the sheaths;
spikes 2--4, 1/2' long or less, densely flowered, all but the upper one
very shortly peduncled, erect or spreading; perigynium globular-oblong,
thin and very nearly nerveless, about the length of the cuspidate
scale.--Glades and meadows, N. Eng. to Penn., Wisc. and L. Superior;
rare westward. (Eu.)
[++][++] _Perigynium very stout-beaked._