scarcely exceeding the petals; style short; pod slightly
stipitate.--Gravelly shores, from Conn. and W. Vt. to Minn. and Kan.
June--Aug.--Flowers small (2--3'' long); calyx and filaments purplish;
petals yellowish-white.
2. P. trachysperma, Torr. & Gray. Flowers larger (4--5'' long), the
stamens (12--16) long-exserted; style 2--3'' long; pod sessile; seeds
usually rough.--Iowa to Kan. and westward.
2. CLEOME, L.
Petals entire, with claws. Stamens 6. Receptacle somewhat produced
between the petals and stamens, and bearing a gland behind the stipitate
ovary. Pod linear to oblong, many-seeded.--Our species a glabrous
annual, with 3-foliolate leaves, leafy-bracteate racemes, and
rose-colored or white flowers. (Name of uncertain derivation, early
applied to some mustard-like plant.)
1. C. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray. Calyx 4-cleft; petals with very short
claws, leaflets narrowly lanceolate to oblong; bracts simple; pod oblong
to linear, 1--2' long, the stipe as long as the pedicel.--Minn. to Kan.
and westward; N. Ill. Flowers showy; 2--3 deg. high.
(Addendum) C. SPINOSA, L. Viscid-pubescent, 3--4 deg. high; a pair of short
stipular spines under the petiole of each leaf; leaflets 5--7,
oblong-lanceolate; flowers large, rose-purple to white; stamens 2--3'
long; stipe of the linear pod about 2' long. (C. pungens, _Willd._)--An
escape from cultivation, near Mt. Carmel, Ill. (_Schneck_), and in waste
grounds southward; also on ballast. (Int. from Trop. Amer.)
3. CLEOMELLA, DC.
Differing from Cleome in the clawless petals, glandless receptacle, and
the short few-seeded pod with more or less distended or even conical
valves. Flowers small, yellow. (Name a diminutive of _Cleome_.)
1. C. angustifolia, Torr. Glabrous, 1--2 deg. high; leaflets (3) and simple
bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, acute; pod rhomboidal, the valves
very bluntly conical; stipe shorter than the pedicel.--Kan. to Tex. and
westward.
ORDER 12. RESEDACEAE. (MIGNONETTE FAMILY.)
_Herbs, with unsymmetrical 4--7-merous small flowers, a fleshy 1-sided
hypogynous disk between the petals and the (3--40) stamens, bearing the
latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Capsule 3--6-lobed, 3--6-horned,
1-celled with 3--6-parietal placentae, opening at the top before the
seeds_ (which are as in Order 11) _are full grown._--Leaves alternate,
with only glands for stipules. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes.--A
small and unimportant family, of the Old World, represented by the
Mignonette (_Reseda odorata_) and the Dyer's Weed.
1. RESEDA, Tourn. MIGNONETTE. DYER'S ROCKET.
Petals 4--7, cleft, unequal. Stamens 12--40, on one side of the flower.
(Name from _resedo_, to calm, in allusion to supposed sedative
properties.)
R. LUTEOLA, L. (DYER'S WEED or WELD.) Leaves lanceolate; calyx 4-parted;
petals 4, greenish-yellow; the upper one 3--5-cleft, the two lateral
3-cleft, the lower one linear and entire; capsule depressed.--Roadsides,
N. Y., etc.--Plant 2 deg. high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Adv. from Eu.)
R. LUTEA, L. Leaves irregularly pinnately parted or bipinnatifid; sepals
and petals 6, stamens 15--20.--Nantucket, Mass., and ballast-grounds.
ORDER 13. CISTACEAE. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.)
_Low shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct and hypogynous
mostly indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a 1-celled 3--5-valved
capsule with as many parietal placentae borne on the middle of the
valves, and orthotropous albuminous seeds._--Sepals 5; the two external
much smaller, bract-like, or sometimes wanting; the three others a
little twisted in the bud. Petals 3 or 5, convolute in the opposite
direction from the calyx in the bud. Anthers short, innate, on slender
filaments. Style single or none. Ovules few or many, on slender stalks,
with the orifice at the apex. Embryo long and slender, straightish or
curved, in mealy albumen; cotyledons narrow.--Leaves simple and mostly
entire, the lower usually opposite, and the upper alternate. Inert
plants.
1. Helianthemum. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious (or none).
Stigma nearly sessile. Stamens and ovules numerous in the petal-bearing
flowers.
2. Hudsonia. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9--30. Style long and slender.
Pod strictly 1-celled, 2--6-seeded. Heath-like.
3. Lechea. Petals 3, persistent. Stamens 3--12. Style none. Pod partly
3-celled, the imperfect partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placentae.
1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. ROCK-ROSE.
Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Styles short or none in our
species; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule strictly 1-celled. Embryo curved in the
form of a hook or ring.--Flowers in most N. American species of two
sorts, viz., _primary_ or earlier ones, with large petals, indefinitely
numerous stamens and many-seeded pods; and _secondary_, or later ones,
which are much smaller and in clusters, with small petals or none, 3--10
stamens, and much smaller 3--few-seeded pods. The yellow flowers open
only once, in sunshine, and cast their petals by the next day. (Name
from [Greek: e(/lios], _the sun_, and [Greek: a)/nthemon], _flower_.)
1. H. Canadense, Michx. (FROST-WEED.) _Petal-bearing flowers solitary;
the small secondary flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves_,
nearly sessile; calyx of the large flowers hairy-pubescent, of the small
ones hoary, like the stem and lower side of the lanceolate-oblong
leaves.--Sandy or gravelly dry soil, Maine to Minn. and southward.
June--Aug.--Stems at first simple. Corolla of the large flowers 1'
wide, producing pods 3'' long; pods of the smaller flowers not larger
than a pin's head. A variety is more hoary, and with a stronger tendency
to multiply the minute clustered flowers. Late in autumn crystals of ice
shoot from the cracked bark at the root, whence the popular name.
2. H. corymbosum, Michx. _Flowers all clustered at the summit_ of the
stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks;
calyx woolly.--Pine barrens, N. J. and southward along the coast.
2. HUDSONIA, L.
Petals 5, fugacious (lasting but a day), much larger than the calyx.
Stamens 9--30. Style long and slender; stigma minute. Pod oblong,
enclosed in the calyx, strictly 1-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached
near the base of each nerve-like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form
of a closed hook.--Bushy heath-like little shrubs (seldom a foot high),
covered all over with the small awl-shaped or scale-like alternate
persistent downy leaves, producing numerous (small but showy) bright
yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the branches. (Named in
honor of _Wm. Hudson_, an early English botanist.)
1. H. ericoides, L. Downy but greenish; leaves slender, awl-shaped,
loose; flowers on slender naked stalks; ovary hairy.--Dry sandy soil
near the coast, E. Maine to Va.; N. Conway, N. H. (_Miss Minns._) May.
2. H. tomentosa, Nutt. Hoary with down; leaves oval or narrowly oblong,
1'' long, close-pressed and imbricated; flowers sessile or some
short-peduncled.--Sandy shores, Maine to Md., and along the Great Lakes
to Minn.; rarely on banks of streams inland. May, June.
3. LECHEA, Kalm. PINWEED.
Petals 3, narrow, flat in the bud, not longer than the calyx,
withering-persistent. Stamens 3--12. Style scarcely any; stigmas 3,
plumose. Pod globular, partly 3-celled; the 3 broad and thin placentae
borne on imperfect partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face toward
the valve; in our species the placentae curve backward and partly enclose
the seeds. Embryo straightish.--Homely perennial herbs, with very small
greenish or purplish flowers, in summer. (Named in honor of _John
Leche_, a Swedish botanist.)
[*] _Pubescence villous, spreading; leaves oblong; flowers very
short-pedicelled in cymulose clusters._
1. L. major, Michx. Stem upright (1--2 deg. high), stout, simple, very
leafy, producing slender prostrate branches from the base; leaves
elliptical, mucronate-pointed, alternate and opposite or sometimes
whorled; flowers densely crowded; pedicels shorter than the very small
depressed-globose pod; sepals narrower than its valves.--Sterile
grounds; common, especially southward.
[*][*] _Pubescence appressed, leaves narrower; flowers paniculate._
[+] _Leaves comparatively short, broad, and thin; panicles leafy._
2. L. thymifolia, Michx. Erect, about 2 deg. high; stem-leaves oval or
oblong (3--6'' long), commonly somewhat hairy, some whorled or opposite,
those of the rather crowded panicles more linear; pod obovate-globose,
one of the narrow outer sepals often longer. (L. Novae-Caesareae,
_Austin_.)--Dry grounds near the coast, E. Mass. to Fla.
[+][+] _Leaves firmer, narrow, the cauline linear to slender-subulate;
panicles more naked and racemiform._
[++] _Fruiting calyx globular or broadly ovoid; pod rather large, nearly
globose._
3. L. minor, L. Rather strict, 1 deg. high or more, usually glabrate in age;
leaves of radical shoots lanceolate, rigid, 2--3'' long, the cauline
linear, 6--9'' long; pod about 1'' high.--Dry and sterile ground;
common.
Var. maritima, Gray in herb. Stouter and more rigid, leaves of radical
shoots thicker, linear, hoary, the cauline puberulent or glabrous, calyx
canescent. (L. thymifolia, _Pursh._; L. maritima, _Leggett_.)--Sandy
soil near the coast, Mass. to Ga.
4. L. tenuifolia, Michx. Low, slender and diffuse, minutely pubescent or
glabrous; leaves all small and very narrow; flowers mostly on very short
pedicels, diffusely racemose-paniculate; sepals without lateral ribs;
pod ovoid-globose.--Dry, sterile soil, E. Mass. to Mo., and southward.
[++][++] _Smaller-flowered; fruiting calyx narrower; pod ellipsoidal._
5. L. racemulosa, Lam. Erect, soft-pubescent when young, soon nearly
glabrous; leaves of radical shoots narrowly oblong, the cauline
oblong-linear, 4--6'' long; inflorescence loose and diffuse; fruiting
calyx glabrous.--Dry and rocky soil, Long Island to Ky., and southward.
ORDER 14. VIOLACEAE. (VIOLET FAMILY.)
_Herbs, with a somewhat irregular 1-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5
hypogynous stamens with adnate introrse anthers conniving over the
pistil, and a 1-celled 3-valved pod with 3 parietal placentae._--Sepals
5, persistent. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short
and broad filaments continued beyond the anther-cells, and often
coherent with each other. Style usually club-shaped, with the simple
stigma turned to one side. Valves of the capsule bearing the
several-seeded placentae on their middle; after opening, each valve as it
dries folds together lengthwise firmly, projecting the seeds. Seeds
anatropous, rather large, with a hard seed-coat, and a large and
straight embryo nearly as long as the albumen; cotyledons flat.--Leaves
alternate, with stipules. Flowers axillary, nodding. (Roots slightly
acrid or emetic.)
1. Viola. Sepals auricled. Lower petal spurred. Stamens distinct, the 2
lower spurred.
2. Solea. Sepals not auricled. Petals equal in length. Stamens united
into a sheath.
3. Ionidium. Sepals not auricled. Petals very unequal. Filaments
distinct, the anthers merely connivent.
1. VIOLA, Tourn. VIOLET. HEART'S-EASE.
Sepals extended into ears at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the
lower one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding the ovary,
often slightly cohering with each other; the two lower bearing spurs
which project into the spur of the corolla. Besides these conspicuous
blossoms, which appear in spring, others are produced later (especially
in the stemless species), on shorter peduncles or on runners, usually
concealed under the leaves; these never open nor develop petals, but are
fertilized in the bud, and are far more fruitful than the ordinary
blossoms. (The ancient Latin name of the genus.)
Sec. 1. _Perennials; stipules never leaf-like, the lower more or less
scarious._
[*] _Stemless, the leaves and scapes directly from a rootstock or from
runners._
[+] _Stigma large, naked, not beaked; stolons none; rootstock short and
thick._
1. V. pedata, L. (BIRD-FOOT V.) Nearly smooth; rootstock erect, not
scaly; _leaves all 3--5-divided_, or the earliest only parted, the
lateral divisions 2--3-parted, all linear or narrowly spatulate,
sometimes 2--3-toothed or cut at the apex; flower large, 1' broad, pale
or deep lilac-purple or blue.--Sandy or gravelly soil, New Eng. to
Minn., and southward.--Var. BICOLOR, Pursh, a very handsome variety,
with the two upper petals deep violet, and as it were velvety, occurs
sparingly from Mass. to Md.; most common in N. J., on shale.
[+][+] _Stigma small, naked, often beaked or pointed._
[++] _Rootstock fleshy and thickened, never filiform nor producing
runners; flowers violet or purple (rarely white); lateral petals
bearded._
2. V. pedatifida, G. Don. Leaves all palmately or pedately 5--7-parted;
divisions 2--3-cleft; lobes linear; otherwise like n. 3. (V.
delphinifolia, _Nutt._)--Rich prairies, or more often in dry poor land,
Ill. to Kan. and Minn.
3. V. palmata, L. (COMMON BLUE V.) Glabrous to villous-pubescent; early
leaves roundish-cordate or reniform and merely crenate, the sides rolled
inward when young, the later very various, palmately or pedately or
hastately lobed or parted, the segments obovate to linear. (V.
cucullata, var. palmata, _Gray_.)--Moist or dryish, especially sterile,
ground; very common.
Var. cucullata, Gray. Later leaves merely crenate, not lobed. (V.
cucullata, _Ait._)--Low grounds; common everywhere. Both forms are very
variable in the size and shape of the leaves and sepals, and in the size
and color of the flowers, which are deep or pale violet-blue or purple,
sometimes white or variegated with white.
4. V. sagittata, Ait. (ARROW-LEAVED V.) Smoothish or hairy; leaves on
short and margined, or the later often on long and naked petioles,
varying from oblong-heart-shaped to halberd-shaped, arrow-shaped,
oblong-lanceolate or ovate, denticulate, sometimes cut-toothed near the
base, the lateral or occasionally all the (rather large purple-blue)
petals bearded; spur short and thick; stigma beaked.--Dry or moist sandy
places, New Eng. to Minn., and southward. Some forms pass into the last.
[++][++] _Rootstocks long and filiform, extensively creeping._
[=] _Flowers blue or purple._
5. V. Selkirkii, Pursh. (GREAT-SPURRED V.) Small and delicate; the
filiform rootstock fibrose-rooted, no runners above ground; smooth,
except the round-heart-shaped crenate leaves, which are minutely hairy
on the upper surface and have a deep narrowed sinus; _spur very large_,
thickened at the end, almost as long as the beardless pale violet
petals.--Damp and shady soil, N. Maine to W. Mass., central N. Y.,
L. Superior (_Robbins_), and northward; rare.--Scapes and petioles
1--2', the leaf 1/2--11/4' long, thin; the spur 3'' long. (Eu.)
6. V. palustris, L. (MARSH V.) Smooth; leaves round-heart-shaped and
kidney-form, slightly crenate; flowers (small) pale lilac with purple
streaks, nearly beardless; _spur very short_ and obtuse.--Alpine summits
of the White Mountains, N. H., and high northward. June. (Eu.)
V. ODORATA, L. (SWEET VIOLET), cultivated in gardens, from Europe,
belongs near this group, and is sparingly spontaneous in some places.
[=][=] _Flowers white (small, short-spurred), mostly with brown-purple
veins; lateral petals bearded or beardless. Species apparently
confluent._
7. V. blanda, Willd. (SWEET WHITE V.) Commonly glabrous; leaves
round-heart-shaped or kidney-form; petals mostly beardless, the lower
strongly veined.--Damp places, everywhere. Flowers faintly
sweet-scented.
Var. palustriformis, Gray. The larger form; upper surface of the leaves
sparsely and finely hairy; petals 5'' long, oftener bearded, less
distinctly veined.--Shaded mossy ground, N. Eng. to Del., and westward.
Var. renifolia, Gray. Slightly or strongly pubescent with soft spreading
hairs; leaves round-reniform; petals usually beardless. (V. renifolia,
_Gray_.)--Maine to Mass., western N. Y., Lake Superior, etc.
8. V. primulaefolia, L. (PRIMROSE-LEAVED V.) Smooth or a little
pubescent; leaves oblong or ovate, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at
the base; petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly
bearded.--Damp or dry soil, N. Eng. to Fla., toward the coast.
9. V. lanceolata, L. (LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smooth; leaves lanceolate,
erect, blunt, tapering into a long-margined petiole, almost entire;
petals beardless.--Damp soil; common, especially eastward.
[=][=][=] _Flowers yellow._
10. V. rotundifolia, Michx. (ROUND-LEAVED VIOLET.) Leaves round-ovate,
heart-shaped, slightly crenate; lateral petals bearded and marked with
brown lines; spur very short.--Cold woods, Maine to Minn., and south
along the Alleghanies.--Smoothish; leaves 1' broad at flowering,
increasing to 3 or 4' in the summer, then lying flat on the ground,
shining above.
[*][*] _Leafy-stemmed; all perennial with short rootstocks._
[+] _Low, at first nearly stemless; flowers yellow; stigma concave,
bearded._
11. V. Nuttallii, Pursh. Pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, entire or slightly crenate, decurrent on the
petiole.--Central Kansas and westward.
[+][+] _Stems erect, without root-leaves; stipules entire; spur very
short; stigma beakless, pubescent._
[++] _Stems naked below; flowers yellow._
12. V. pubescens, Ait. (DOWNY YELLOW V.) Softly pubescent (6--12' high);
_leaves very broadly heart-shaped_, toothed, somewhat pointed; stipules
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large; lower petals veined with purple,
capsule oblong to globular, glabrous or tomentose.--Woods; common.--Var.
SCABRIUSCULA, Torr. & Gray, smaller and greener, slightly pubescent
(4--10' high).--R. I. to Ky., and southwestward.
13. V. hastata, Michx. (HALBERD-LEAVED V.) Nearly glabrous, slender
(4--10' high); _stem-leaves halberd-shaped_ or oblong-heart-shaped,
slightly serrate, acute; stipules ovate, small.--Woods, N. Ohio (near
Painesville, _Miss Shattuck_), mountains of Penn., and southward; rare.
[++][++] _Stems more leafy and prolonged; flowers white or purplish._
14. V. Canadensis, L. (CANADA V.) Upright (1--2 deg. high); leaves
heart-shaped, pointed, serrate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire;
petals white or whitish inside, the upper ones mostly tinged with violet
beneath, the lateral bearded.--Rich woods; common northward and along
the Alleghanies. May--Aug.
[+][+][+] _Stems erect or spreading (at first nearly acaulescent);
stipules fringe-toothed; spur oblong to cylindrical; stigma naked._
15. V. striata, Ait. (PALE V.) Stems angular, ascending (6--10' high);
leaves heart-shaped, finely serrate, often acute; stipules
oblong-lanceolate, large; _spur thickish, much shorter than the
cream-colored or white petals_, the lateral ones bearded, the lower
striped with purplish lines; stigma beaked.--Low grounds, W. New Eng. to
Minn. and Mo., and southward in the mountains. April--Oct.
16. V. rostrata, Pursh. (LONG-SPURRED V.) Stems ascending (3--6' high);
leaves roundish-heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute; stipules
lanceolate, large; _spur slender_ (1/2' long), _longer than the pale
violet beardless petals_; style straight and slender; stigma terminal,
beakless.--Shaded hillsides, N. New Eng. to Mich., and southward in the
Alleghanies; rather rare. June, July.
17. V. canina, L., var. Muhlenbergii, Gray. (DOG V.) Low (3--8' high),
mostly glabrous; stems ascending, mostly simple, from the base at length
producing creeping branches; leaves heart-shaped, or the lowest
kidney-form, crenate, the uppermost slightly pointed; stipules
lanceolate; _spur cylindrical, half the length of the light violet
petals_, the lateral ones slightly bearded; stigma beaked.--Damp or wet
shady places; common. May--July. (Eu.)--Var. PUBERULA, Watson in herb.
Finely puberulent; leaves mostly ovate and acutish with a cordate base,
often small; flowers small and mostly cleistogamous.--Sandy or stony
shores and islands of Lakes Huron and Superior. (_Robbins, Engelmann,
etc._)--Var. MULTICAULIS, Gray. Depressed and stoloniferous; flowers
mostly cleistogamous; leaves small, suborbicular to reniform.--Ky. to
Fla. and Tex.
Sec. 2. _Leaf-bearing throughout from an annual, biennial, or sometimes
short-lived perennial root; the stipules large, leaf-like and
lyrate-pinnatifid._
V. TRICOLOR, L. (PANSY. HEART'S-EASE.) Stem angled and branched; leaves
roundish, or the upper oval and the lowest heart-shaped, crenate or
entire; petals variable in color or variegated (yellow, whitish,
violet-blue and purple);--in var. ARVENSIS shorter or little longer than
the calyx.--Dry or sandy soil, N. Y. to Iowa, Kan., and southward; the
variety sometimes seeming like a native plant. April--Sept. (Nat. from
Eu.)
2. SOLEA, Spreng., in part. GREEN VIOLET.
Sepals not prolonged at the base. Petals nearly equal in length, but the
lower one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than
the others at the apex. Stamens completely united into a sheath
enclosing the ovary, and bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style
hooked at the summit.--A homely perennial herb, with stems leafy to the
top, and 1--3 small greenish-white flowers in the axils, on short
recurved pedicels. (Named in honor of _W. Sole_, author of an essay on
the British Mints.)
1. S. concolor, Ging. Plant 1--2 deg. high; leaves oblong, pointed at both
ends, entire; pod 1' long.--Woods, N. Y. to Kan., and southward. June.
3. IONIDIUM, Vent.
Sepals not prolonged at base. Petals very unequal, the two upper
shorter, the lower longest and largest, concave at base, contracted in
the middle. Filaments distinct, the two lower with a scale-like gland or
spur at base; anthers merely connivent.--Perennials, branching and
leafy, with alternate and opposite leaves, and small axillary flowers.
(Name from [Greek: i)/on], _violet_, and [Greek: ei)~dos],
_appearance_.)
1. I. polygalaefolium, Vent. Stems low, from a woody base; leaves linear
to oblanceolate, or the lower obovate, entire, the stipules leaf-like or
small or none; flowers solitary, nodding, 2'' long, white. (I. lineare,
_Torr._)--Kan. and southwestward.
ORDER 15. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. (PINK FAMILY.)
_Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4--5-merous flowers,
with or without petals, the distinct stamens no more than twice the
number of the sepals, either hypogynous or perigynous, styles 2--5 (or
rarely united into one); seeds several or usually many, attached to the
base or to the central column of the 1-celled (rarely 3--5-celled) pod,
with a slender embryo coiled or curved around the outside of mealy
albumen_, in Dianthus nearly straight.--Bland herbs; the stems usually
swollen at the joints; uppermost leaves rarely alternate. Leaves often
united at the base. Calyx persistent. Styles stigmatic along the
inside. Seeds amphitropous or campylotropous.
Tribe I. SILENEAE. Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals (mostly
convolute in the bud) and stamens (10) borne on the stipe or stalk of
the ovary, the former with slender claws, to the base of which the
corresponding filaments often adhere, included in the calyx tube. Seeds
numerous.--Stipules none. Flowers often large and showy.
[*] Calyx with scaly bractlets or small leaves at the base. Seeds
flattened on the back, attached by their face; embryo nearly straight.
1. Dianthus. Calyx terete, mostly cylindrical. Styles 2.
[*][*] Calyx naked. Seeds globular or kidney-shaped; embryo curved or
coiled.
2. Gypsophila. Calyx top-shaped or campanulate. Pod deeply 4-valved.
Styles 2.
3. Saponaria. Calyx oblong-cylindrical, obscurely nerved, terete or
5-angled. Pod shortly 4-valved. Styles 2.
4. Silene. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 3.