FROM THE ACCESSION OF THE STUARTS TILL THE DESTRUCTION OF THE
CATHEDRAL.
_Fresh signs of Decay and Neglect_--_Visit of James I._--_Bishop
Earle's Account of Paul's Walk_--_Laud's Letter to the Citizens_
--_Sir Paul Pindar's Munificence_--_The Rebellion_--_Monuments
of the Stuart Period:_ _Carey_, _Donne_, _Stokesley_, _Ravis_,
_King_, _Vandyke_--_Attempts at Restoration:_ _Inigo Jones_,
_Wren_--_The Great Fire:_ _Accounts of Pepys and Evelyn_,
_Eye-witnesses_--_Sancroft's desire to Restore the Old Cathedral
found quite impossible_--_Final Decision to Build a New One._
We saw how, in the reign of Elizabeth, a great calamity befell the
cathedral in the falling of the spire, and through this the great
injury to the roof, and further how the Queen, as well as the
citizens, endeavoured to repair the damage. The spire was not rebuilt,
but the roof was renewed. But fifty years later it was discovered that
the work had been fraudulently done, and the church was falling to
pieces. James I. came with much ceremony, in consequence of the
importunities which he received, to survey the cathedral,[1] and in
consequence of what he saw he appointed a commission to consider what
steps should be taken. At the head of it was the Lord Mayor, and
amongst the names is that of "Inigo Jones, Esquire, Surveyor to his
Majesty's Works." This remarkable man, though he was born in the
parish of St. Bartholomew the Less, Smithfield, was educated in Italy,
through the generosity of Herbert, third Earl of Pembroke.
[Illustration: MONUMENT OF DR. DONNE. _After W. Hollar._]
[Illustration: PREACHING AT PAUL'S CROSS BEFORE JAMES I. _From a
painting by H. Farley. Collection of the Society of Antiquaries._]
[Illustration: OLD ST. PAUL'S FROM THE THAMES. _After W. Hollar._]
[Illustration: WEST FRONT AFTER THE FIRE. _From a drawing in the
Library of St. Paul's Cathedral._]
He now took the lead in the restoration of St. Paul's. It must be
acknowledged that after the first outburst of zeal following the
fire of 1561, St. Paul's was much neglected for many long years. The
authorities were lukewarm, the services were dead and unattractive,
and all manner of irreverence was seen there daily. Bishop Earle's
_Microcosmography_ (1628) often gets quoted, but his description
of "Paule's Walke" ought to find place here. I take it from a
contemporary MS. copy. Paul's Walk was the whole nave of the
cathedral:--"Paule's Walke is the lande's epitomy, or you may call it,
the lesser Ile [Aisle] of Greate Brittayne. It is more than this,
the whole woorlde's map, which you may here discerne in its perfect
motion, justling and turning. It is an heape of stones and men, with
a vast confusion of languages, and were the steeple not sanctified,
nothing liker Babell. The noyse of it is like that of bees, an humming
buzze mixed with walking tongues, and feet. It is a kind of still
rore, or loude whisper. It is the greate exchange of all discourse,
and noe business whatsoever but it is here stirring and on foote. It
is the Synode of all pates politicke, jointed and layed together
in most serious postures; and they are not halfe soe busy at the
Parliament. It is the anticke of tayles to tayles, and backes to
backes, and for vizzards you neede goe noe further than faces. Tis
the market of young lecturers, which you may cheapen at all rates and
sizes. It is the generall mint of famous lyes, which are here (like
the legendes of Popery) first coyned, and stamped in the church. All
inventions are emptied here, and not few pockettes. The best signe of
a temple in it, is that it is the thieves' sanctuary, whoe rob here
more safely in a crowde than in a wildernesse, whilst every searcher
is a bush to hide them in. It is the other expence of a day after
playes and the taverne ... and men have still some othes left to
swear here.... The visitants are all men without exception, but the
principall inhabitants are stale knights and captains out of servis,
men with long rapiers and breeches, who after all turne merchant here,
and trafficke for news. Some make it a preface to dinner and travell
for a stomache, but thriftier men make it their ordinary, and boarde
here very cheape. Of all such places it is least troubled with
hobgoblins, for if a ghost would walk here he could not." Of "the
singing men" he draws a most unfavourable picture, accuses them of
drunkenness and shameful looseness of life; says that they are
earnest in evil deeds and that their work in the cathedral is their
recreation. Bishop Pilkington also speaks of the profanity and
worldliness of the daily frequenters. The carrying merchandise into
the building seems to have been the custom in many of the cathedrals,
and so it is not wonderful that the building went to ruin. The Bishop
of London, Laud, sent round exhortations to the City Companies to
contribute to the restoration. Here is his letter to the Barber
Surgeons, dated January 30th, 1632:--
"To the right worshipful my very worthy friends the Master Wardens and
Assistants of the Company of Barber Surgeons, London, these:
"_Salus in Christo._ After my very hearty commendations you cannot
but take notice of his Majesty's most honest and pious intention
for the repair of the decay of Saint Paul's Church here in London,
being the mother church of this City and Diocese, and the great
Cathedral of this Kingdom. A great dishonour it is, not only to
this City, but to the whole state to see that ancient and goodly
pile of building so decayed as it is, but it will be a far greater
if care should not be taken to prevent the fall of it into ruin.
And it would be no less disgrace to religion, happily established
in this kingdom, if it should have so little power over the minds
of men as not to prevail with them to keep those eminent places of
God's service in due and decent repair, which their forefathers
built in times, by their own confession, not so full of the
knowledge of God's truth as this present age is. I am not ignorant
how many worthy works have been done of late in and about this
City towards the building and repairing of churches, which makes
me hope that every man's purse will open to this great and
necessary work (according to God's blessing upon him), so much
tending to the service of God and the honour of this nation. The
general body of this City have done very worthily in their bounty
already, also the Lord Mayor, Aldermen and Sheriffs severally,
for their own persons. These are, therefore, according to their
examples, heartily to pray and desire you, the Master Warden and
other assistants of the worthy Company of Barber Surgeons to
contribute out of your public stock to the work aforesaid, what
you out of your charity and devotion shall think fit, and to pay
the sum resolved on by you into the Chamber of London at or before
our Lady Day next, praying you that I may receive by any servant
of your Company a note what the sum is which you resolve to give.
And for this charity of yours, whatever it shall prove to be, I
shall not only give you hearty thanks, but be as ready to serve
you, and every of you, as you are to serve God and His Church. So,
not doubting of your love and forwarding to this great work, I
leave you to the grace of God, and shall so rest,
"Your very loving Friend,
"GUL: LONDON."
The Court considered this letter on the 9th of April following, and
agreed to pay £10 down, and the same sum each year for the next nine
years.
We must not omit one munificent donor who came forward now: Sir Paul
Pindar, who had made a large fortune as a Turkey merchant, and had
been sent by King James as Ambassador to Constantinople, gave over
£10,000 to the restoration of the cathedral. He died in 1650, and his
beautifully picturesque house remained in Bishopsgate Street (it had
been turned, like Crosby Hall, into a tavern) until 1890, when it was
pulled down. Some of the most striking portions of its architecture
are preserved in the Kensington Museum.
That the alterations and additions of Inigo Jones, under King James,
were altogether incongruous with the old building everybody will
admit. But there are excuses to be made. He knew very little about
Gothic architecture. The only example now remaining of his attempts in
this style is the Chapel of Lincoln's Inn. St. Katharine Cree in the
City has been attributed to him, but with little probability. And if
he had essayed to work in Gothic at St. Paul's, it would not have been
in accordance with precedent. Nearly all our great cathedrals display
endless varieties of style, because it was the universal practice of
our forefathers to work in the style current in their own time. We
rejoice to see Norman and Perpendicular under one roof, though they
represent periods 400 years apart. In the case before us Gothic
architecture had died out for the time being. Not only our Reformers,
who did not require aisles for processions nor rich choirs, but
the Jesuits also, who had sprung suddenly into mighty power on the
Continent, repudiated mediæval art, and strove to adapt the classical
reaction in Europe to their own tenets. Nearly all the Jesuit churches
abroad are classical.
It was, no doubt, fortunate that Inigo Jones confined his work at St.
Paul's to some very poor additions to the transepts, and to a portico,
very magnificent in its way, at the west end. He would have destroyed,
doubtless, much of the noble nave in time; but his work was abruptly
brought to an end by the outbreak of the Civil War. The work had
languished for some years, under the continuance of causes which I
have already adduced. But Laud, as Bishop of London, had displayed
most praiseworthy zeal, and King Charles had supported him generously.
When the troubles began, the funds ceased. In 1640 there had been
contributions amounting to £10,000. In 1641 they fell to less than
£2000; in 1643 to £15. In 1642 Paul's Cross had been pulled down,
and in the following March Parliament seized on the revenues of the
cathedral.
With the Rebellion the history of the cathedral may be said to be a
blank. It would have been troublesome and expensive to pull it down,
so it was left to decay; the revenues were seized for military uses,
and the sacred vessels sold. There is a doubtful tradition that
Cromwell tried to sell the building to the Jews for a stately
synagogue. Inigo Jones's portico was let out for shops, the nave was
turned into cavalry barracks. An order, quoted by Sir Henry Ellis,
of which there is a copy in the British Museum, came out in 1651
prohibiting the soldiers from playing at ninepins from nine p.m. till
six a.m., as the noise disturbs the residents in the neighbourhood,
and they are also forbidden to disturb the peaceable passers by. At
the Church of St. Gregory by St. Paul, towards the latter part of
Cromwell's life, it is said that the liturgy of the Church was
regularly used, through the influence of his daughter, Elizabeth
Claypole, and not only so, but that he used sometimes to attend it
under the same auspices.
Once more before the catastrophe let us pause and see what monuments
had been erected in the Cathedral since the Stuarts mounted the
throne. Dean VALENTINE CAREY was also Bishop of Exeter, d. 1626, a
High Churchman, He "imprudently commended the soul of a dead person to
the mercies of God, which he was forced to retract." There was a brass
to him with mitre and his arms, but no figure.
Then we come to a monument which has a very great and unique interest,
that of Dr. John Donne, who was Dean from 1621 to 1631. It is hardly
needful to say that his life is the first in the beautiful set of
biographies by his friend, Izaak Walton. But it seems only right to
quote Walton's account of this monument. The Dean knew that he was
dying, and his friends expressed their desire to know his wishes. He
sent for a carver to make for him in wood the figure of an urn, giving
him directions for the compass and height of it, and to bring with
it a board, of the just height of his body. "These being got, then
without delay a choice painter was got to be in readiness to draw his
picture, which was taken as followeth:--Several charcoal fires being
first made in his large study, he brought with him into that place his
winding-sheet in his hand, and, having put off all his clothes, had
this sheet put on him, and so tied with knots at his head and feet,
and his hands so placed as dead bodies are usually fitted to be
shrouded and put into their coffin or grave. Upon this urn he thus
stood, with his eyes shut, and with so much of the sheet turned aside
as might show his lean, pale, and death-like face, which was purposely
turned towards the East, from whence he expected the second coming of
his and our Saviour Jesus." In this posture he was drawn at his just
height; and when the picture was fully finished, he caused it to be
set by his bedside, where it continued, and became his hourly object
till his death, and was then given to his dearest friend and executor,
Dr. Henry King, then chief Residentiary of St. Paul's, who caused
him to be thus carved in one entire piece of white marble, as it now
stands in that church; and, by Dr. Donne's own appointment, these
words were affixed to it as an epitaph:--
JOHANNES DONNE
Sac. Theol. Profess.
Post varia studia, quibus ab annis
Tenerrimis fideliter, nec infeliciter
incubuit;
Instinctu et impulsu Spiritus Sancti, monitu
et hortatu
Regis Jacobi, ordines sacros amplexus
Anno sui Jesu, MDCXIV. et suæ ætatis XLII
Decanatu hujus ecclesiæ indutus,
XXVII. Novembris, MDCXXI.
Exutus morte ultimo die Martii MDCXXXI.
Hic, licet in occiduo cinere, aspicit eum
Cujus nomen est oriens.
[Transcriber's Note: Below is the inscription, as it appears in the
Illustration.]
IOHANNI DONNE
SAC: THEOL: PROFESS:
POST VARIA STVDIA QVIBVS
AB ANNIS TENERIBVS FIDELI
TER NEC INF[OE]LICITER INCVBUIT
INSTINCTV ET IMPVLSV SPIR SCTI:
MONITV ET HORTATV REGIS IACOBI
ORDINES SACROS AMPLEXVS
ANNO SVI IESV 1614 ET SVE ÆTAT 42
DECANATVS RVTVS ECCLES: INDVTVS
27° NOVEMB. 1621.
EXVTVS MORTE VLTIMO DIE
MARTII A 1631.
HIC IACET IN OCCIDVO CINERE
ASPICIT EVM
CVIVS NOMEN EST ORIENS.
The unique interest attaching to this monument is in the fact that it
was saved from the ruins of the old cathedral and now adorns the wall
of the south choir aisle.
There are three more Bishops of this later period.
JOHN STOKESLEY (1530-1539) distinguished himself by his zeal in
burning Bibles, and using all his influence on the side of Henry VIII.
on the divorce, by his burning of heretics, and by his desire to burn
Latimer. Froude tells the whole story with vivid pen. Stokesley was
buried in St. George's Chapel in the N.E. corner of the cathedral. He
was the last of the pre-Reformation bishops buried in St. Paul's.
THOMAS RAVIS (1607-1610) was buried in the N. Aisle, with simply
a plain grave-stone telling that he was born at Malden in Surrey,
educated at Westminster and Oxford, Dean of Christ Church and Bishop
of Gloucester. But a most vigorous epitaph of him was written by his
friend and successor at Christ Church, Bishop Corbet, namely, a poem
in which extolling his virtues and his piety, he declares that it is
better to keep silence over his grave, considering the profanation
which is daily going on in the cathedral, the "hardy ruffians,
bankrupts, vicious youths," who daily go up and down Paul's Walk,
swearing, cheating, and slandering. And he sums up thus:--
"And wisely do thy grievèd friends forbear
Bubbles and alabaster boys to rear
On thy religious dust, for men did know
Thy life, which such illusions cannot show."
JOHN KING (1611-1621) was the last bishop buried in Old St. Paul's.
Some of the greatest English painters are buried in the present
cathedral. In Old St. Paul's rested the bones of Van Dyck, who may
almost be called the founder of English portrait painting, though he
was a foreigner by birth, and only an adopted Englishman. He was born
in Antwerp in 1599, became a pupil of Rubens, and, by general consent,
surpassed him in portrait painting. In this branch of art he is
probably unrivalled. He took up his residence in England in 1632, and
was knighted by Charles I. He died at a house which that King had
given him at Blackfriars, December 9th, 1641, and was buried close by
John of Gaunt.
We must not omit mention of John Tomkins, Organist of the Cathedral.
He died in 1638. His epitaph says that he was the most celebrated
organist of his time. He succeeded Orlando Gibbons at King's College,
Cambridge, in 1606, and came to St. Paul's in 1619. His compositions,
though good, are not numerous, but he is said to have been a wonderful
executant.
But we must now approach the final scenes of Old St. Paul's. At the
Restoration, Sheldon was made Bishop of London, and two years later,
on his translation to Canterbury, was succeeded by Humphrey Henchman,
a highly respectable man, who owed his elevation to his loyalty to the
Stuarts during the Commonwealth. He took no part in public affairs,
but was a liberal contributor to the funds of the cathedral. The Dean,
John Barwick, was a good musician, and restored the choir of the
cathedral to decent and orderly condition. But it was soon found that
the building was in an insecure, indeed dangerous condition, and it
became a pressing duty to put it in safe order. Inigo Jones had died
in 1652, and the Dean, Sancroft, who had succeeded Barwick in 1664,
called on Dr. Christopher Wren to survey the cathedral and report upon
it.
This famous man was the son of the Rector of East Knoyle, in Wilts,
and was born in 1632. His father had some skill in architecture, for
he put a new roof to his church, and he taught his son to draw, an art
in which he displayed extraordinary skill and taste. He was sent
to Westminster School, and, under the famous Busby, became a good
scholar. Then he went to Wadham College, Oxford, the Master of which,
Wilkins, aftewards (sic) Bishop of Chester, was a great master of
science. Wren took advantage of his opportunities, and became so
well known for his acquirements in mathematics and his successful
experiments in natural science that he was elected to a Fellowship at
All Souls'. A few years later he was appointed to the Professorship of
Astronomy at Gresham College, and his brilliant reputation made his
rooms a meeting-place of the men who subsequently founded the Royal
Society. A fresh preferment, that to the Chair of Savilian Professor
of Astronomy at Oxford, did not hinder him from pursuing a fresh line.
His father, as we have said, taught him to draw, his mathematical
skill guided his judgment in construction, and these two acquirements
turned him more and more towards architecture, though even now he was
held second only to Newton as a philosopher. His first appearance
as an architect was his acceptance of the post of Surveyor of King
Charles II.'s public works. This was in 1661. He lost no time in
starting in his new profession, for in 1663 he designed the chapel of
Pembroke College, Cambridge, which his uncle Matthew gave, and the
Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford. This, then, brings him down to the
survey of St. Paul's above named. It was carefully made, and presented
in May, 1666. How he designed to rebuild some portions which were
decayed, to introduce more light, to cut off the corners of the cross
and erect a central dome--all this boots not now to tell. The plans
were drawn, and estimates were ordered on Monday, August 27th, 1666.
But before another week had passed an effectual end was put for many a
day to all plans for the "repair of the cathedral." Pepys begins his
diary of September 2nd with the following words:--"Lord's Day.--Some
of our maids sitting up late last night to get things ready against
our feast to-day, Jane calls us up about three in the morning to tell
us of a great fire they saw in the City; so I rose and slipped on my
night-gown and went to her window, and thought it to be on the back
of Mark Lane at the farthest." He thought this was far enough off and
went to bed again. But next day he realises that it is all a terrible
business, and so he goes on to tell how he walked about the streets
and in some places burned his shoes; went on the river, where the
hot fiery flakes pursued him; went to the King and gave advice and
received instructions; met the Lord Mayor who seemed out of his
senses. So he goes on with his well-known description until September
7th, when he was "Up by five o'clock, and blessed be God! find all
well, and by water to Paul's Wharf. Walked thence and saw all the town
burned, and a miserable sight of Paul's Church, with all the roof
fallen, and the body of the choir fallen into St. Faith's; Paul's
School also, Ludgate, and Fleet Street."
Evelyn's note of the disaster is written in a higher key. "September
3rd ... I went and saw the whole south part of the City burning from
Cheapeside to the Thames, and all along Cornehill (for it likewise
kindl'd back against the wind as well as forward), Tower Streete,
Fen-church Streete, Gracious Streete, and so along to Bainard's
Castle, and was now taking hold of St. Paule's Church, to which the
scaffolds contributed exceedingly. The conflagration was so universal,
and the people so astonish'd, that from the beginning, I know not by
what despondency or fate, they hardly stirr'd to quench it, so that
there was nothing heard or seene but crying out and lamentation,
running about like distracted creatures, without at all attempting to
save even their goods--such a strange consternation there was upon
them, so as it burned both in breadth and length, the churches, public
halls, Exchange, hospitals, monuments, and ornaments, leaping after
a prodigious manner from house to house and streete to streete, at
greate distances one from the other; for the heate, with a long set of
faire and warme weather, had even ignited the aire and prepar'd the
materials to conceive the fire, which devoured after an incredible
manner, houses, furniture, and everything. Here we saw the Thames
cover'd with goods floating, all the barges and boates laden with what
some had time and courage to save, as, on the other, the carts, &c.,
carrying out to the fields, which for many miles were strew'd with
moveables of all sorts, and tents erecting to shelter both people
and what goods they could get away. Oh, the miserable and calamitous
spectacle, such as haply the world had not seene the like since the
foundation of it, nor be outdone till the universal conflagration of
it. All the skie was of a fiery aspect, like the top of a burning
oven, and the light seene above forty miles round about for many
nights. God grant mine eyes may never behold the like, who now saw
above 10,000 houses all in one flame; the noise and crackling and
thunder of the impetuous flames, the shreiking (sic) of women and
children, the hurry of people, the fall of Towers, Houses, and
Churches, was like an hideous storme, and the aire all about so hot
and inflam'd that, at the last, one was not able to approach it, so
that they were forc'd to stand still and let the flames burn on, which
they did for neere two miles in length and one in bredth. The clowds
also of smoke were dismall, and reach'd, upon computation, neer
fifty-six miles in length. Thus I left it this afternoone burning, a
resemblance of Sodom or the last day. It forcibly call'd to my mind
that passage--_non enim hic habemus stabilem civitatem:_ the ruines
resembling the picture of Troy--London was, but is no more! Thus I
returned home.
"September 7th.--I went this morning on foote from White-hall as far
as London Bridge, thro' the late Fleete-streete, Ludgate Hill, by
St. Paules, Cheapeside, Exchange, Bishopsgate, Aldersgate, and on
to Moorefields, thence thro' Cornehill, &c., with extraordinary
difficulty, clambering over heaps of yet smoking rubbish, and
frequently mistaking where I was....
"At my returne I was infinitely concern'd to find that goodly Church
St. Paules now a sad ruine, and that beautifull portico (for structure
comparable to any in Europe, as not long before repair'd by the late
King) now rent in pieces, flakes of vast stone split asunder, and
nothing now remaining intire but the inscription in the architrave,
shewing by whom it was built, which had not one letter of it defac'd.
It was astonishing to see what immense stones the heate had in
a manner calcin'd, so that all the ornaments, columns, freezes,
capitals, and projectures of massie Portland-stone flew off, even to
the very roofe, where a sheet of lead covering a great space (no less
than six akers by measure) was totally mealted; the ruines of the
vaulted roofe falling broke into St. Faith's, which being fill'd with
the magazines of bookes belonging to the Stationers, and carried
thither for safety, they were all consum'd, burning for a weeke
following. It is also observable that the lead over the altar at the
East end was untouch'd, and among the divers monuments, the body of
one Bishop remain'd intire. Thus lay in ashes that most venerable
Church, one of the most antient pieces of early piety in the Christian
world."
Sancroft, who was Dean at the time of the fire, and who afterwards
became Archbishop, was anxious to restore the cathedral on the old
lines. Henchman was Bishop, but he left the matter for the Dean to
deal with, though he not only rebuilt the Bishop's Palace at his own
expense but contributed munificently to the new building. Sancroft
preached within the ruined building before the King on October 10th,
1667, from the text, "His compassions fail not," and the sermon is
really eloquent. The congregation was gathered at the west end, which
had been hastily fitted up. The east end was absolute ruin.
Wren had already declared that it was impossible to restore the old
building, and in the following April, Sancroft wrote to him that he
had been right in so judging. "Our work at the west end," he wrote,
"has fallen about our ears." Two pillars had come down with a crash,
and the rest was so unsafe that men were afraid to go near, even to
pull it down. He added, "You are so absolutely necessary to us that
we can do nothing, resolve on nothing without you." This settled the
question.
There is a little difficulty with regard to the drawing, preserved
in the library of the cathedral, of the West Front after the Fire.
Evelyn, as we have seen, seems to describe it as far more ruinous than
the picture before us shows. Perhaps the artist filled up some of the
details from his memory, for the drawing hardly looks so desolate a
ruin as Evelyn implies. The gable of the nave roof is striking
enough, and evidently exactly according to fact; and the tower of St.
Gregory's preserves its external form, though it is inwardly
consumed, as is the whole nave. I am inclined to judge that this is
substantially the appearance of the porch after the west end had
been fitted up for worship as Sancroft described. However, Wren had
condemned the structure as unsafe, and the Dean had acquiesced, and
the new cathedral was resolved upon.
There was delay, which was inevitable. Not only was the whole city
paralysed with the awful extent of the ruin, but there were questions
which had to be referred to Parliament, as to the method of raising
the funds. Happily the whole voice of the people was of one accord in
recognising that it was a paramount duty for the nation to build a
splendid cathedral, worthy of England and of her capital city. It
was not until November 1673 that the announcement was made of the
determination of the King and his Parliament to rebuild St. Paul's.
The history of that rebuilding belongs to New St. Paul's. The King
wanted to employ a French architect, Claude Perrault, who had built
the new front of the Louvre, but this was objected to. Then Denham,
whose life may be read in Johnson's Poets, and who wrote one poem
which may still be met with, _Cooper's Hill_, was appointed the King's
Surveyor, with Wren for his "Coadjutor." Denham held the title to his
death, but had nothing to do with the work. He died next year, and
Wren then held unquestioned possession. His account of the old
building, the principal features of which have been borrowed in the
foregoing paper, is given in his son's book entitled _Parentalia_.
Our plan shows a change which Wren made as to the orientation. In all
probability this arose out of his scrupulous care as to the nature of
the foundation. The clearing away was most difficult. Parts had to
be blown up with gunpowder. It is said that when he was giving
instructions to the builders on clearing away the ruins, he called on
a workman to bring a great flat stone, which he might use as a centre
in marking out on the ground the circle of the dome. The man took out
of the rubbish the first large stone that came to hand, which was a
piece of gravestone, and, when it was laid down, it was found to have
on it the single word "RESURGAM." He took this, and there was no
superstition in such an idea, as a promise from God.
[Illustration: St Paul's in Flames. _W. Hollar fecit. A° 1666._]
[Footnote 1: There is a very amusing little book by one Henry Farley,
written in 1621, on the subject of this visit. In one paper he
personates the Cathedral, and expresses his rejoicing, "I have had
more sweeping, brushing, and cleaning, than in forty years before.
My workmen looke like him they call Muldsacke after sweeping of a
chimney." An oil painting by Farley in the collection of the Society
of Antiquaries, which we reproduce by permission, shows the houses
built against the cathedral, and blackening it with wreaths of smoke,
to which attention is drawn by this legend across the picture:--
Viewe, O King, howe my wall creepers
Have made mee work for chimney sweepers."]
* * * * *
INDEX
Alfred, King
Altars
Anabaptists
Archdeacons
Architecture of Old St. Paul's
Arthur, Prince of Wales
Athelstan
Augustine
Aulus Plautius
Ave Maria Lane
Barber Surgeons
Barkham, Lord Mayor
Baud, Sir William le
Baynard's Castle
Beaufort, Cardinal
Becket, Archbishop
Becket, Gilbert
Bible, The, in St. Paul's
Bishops of London:--
Mellitus;
Maurice;
Belmeis;
Basset;
Segrave;
Baldock;
Kempe;
Bonner;
Erkenwald;
Fitzhugh;
Braybrooke;
John of Chishull;
Roger Niger;
Wengham;
Fauconbridge;
Theodred;
William the Norman;
Foliot;
Montfort;
Gravesend;
Courtenay;
Ridley;
Grindal;
Sudbury;
Fitzneal;
Henry de Sandwiche;
Northburgh;
Clifford;
Laud;
Stokesley;
Sheldon;
Henchman;
Cranmer;
Ravis;
King.
Bishop's Palace, The
Black Death, The
Black Friars, The
Black Prince, The
Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster
Blois, Henry de, Bishop of Winchester
Bodleian Library, The
Boniface, Archbishop of Canterbury
Boniface VIII, Pope
Bonner, Bishop
Bowyer Row
Boy Bishop, The
Brandon, Charles
Buck and Doe, The Offering of a
Bunhill Fields
Burnet, Bishop
Busby, Dr.
Byrd, William
Camden, the Antiquary
Canons, The
Cantelupe, Walter de, Bishop of Worcester
Catharine of Aragon
Cathedral of the Old Foundation, St. Paul's a
Ceremonies
Chancellor, The
Chapter, The
Chantries
Charles I.
Charles II.
Charles V.
Chaucer
Cheapside
Christ's Hospital
Churchyard, The
Civil War
Claypole, Elizabeth
Clergy, The
Cnut
Colet, Dean
College of Minor Canons, The
Constance of Castile
Convocation
Creed Lane
Cromwell, Oliver
Crosby Hall
Dance of Death, The
Dean, The
Dean and Chapter
Deans of St. Paul's:--
More;
Stowe;
Ewer;
Nowell;
Ralph de Diceto;
Henry of Cornhill;
Pace;
May;
Wynterbourne;
Worsley;
Carey;
Barwick;
Sancroft;
Donne;
Colet.
Deanery
Denham, Sir John
Diana, Temple of
Doctors Commons
Dominicans
Donne, Dr.
Dramatic Performances
Dugdale
Duke Humphrey's Walk
Earle's _Microcosmography_
Edward the Confessor
Edward I.
Edward II.
Edward III.
Edward IV.
Edward VI.
Elizabeth, Queen
Erasmus
Erkenwald
Ethelbert
Ethelburga
Ethelred, Tomb of
Evelyn's Account of the Fire
Farrant, Richard
Feasts
Ferrers, Alice
Finsbury Fields
Fire, The Great
Fisher, Bishop of Rochester
Fleet River, The
Folkmote, The
Foster Lane
Foxe's _Book of Martyrs_
Francis I.
Fuller, Thomas
Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester
Garnet, the Jesuit
Grafton, the Chronicler
Gregory the Great
Gregory VII.
Gregory IX.
Grey, Lady Jane
Grey Friars, The
Gualo
Henry I.
Henry II.
Henry III.
Henry IV.
Henry V.
Henry VI.
Henry VII.
Henry VIII.
Henry II. of France
Hentzner, Paul
Herbert, William, third Earl of Pembroke
Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
Hunne, Richard, the Wycliffite
Innocent III.
Innocent IV.
Jacqueline, Duchess of Gloucester
James I.
John, King
John, King of France
John of Gaunt
Jones, Inigo
Justus of Rochester
Kilwardby, Archbishop
King, Dr. Henry
Lanfranc, Archbishop
Langton, Archbishop
Laud, Archbishop
Laurentius, Archbishop of Canterbury
Leo X.
Lilly, William
Linacre, Thomas
Lincoln's Inn Chapel
Lollards, The
Longchamp, William de
Longman's _Three Cathedrals_
Lucius, King
Ludgate Hill
Luther
Lydgate
Machyn, Robert
Magna Charta
Margaret Tudor
Mary, Princess, Duchess of Suffolk
Mary, Queen
Mellitus
Merbecke
Mercers' Company, The
Milman, Dean
Monuments:--
Sir John Montacute;
Bishop Kempe;
Sir John Beauchamp;
Bishop Barnet;
John Westyard;
Thomas Ewer;
Robert Fitzhugh;
Dean Nowell;
Bishop Braybrooke;
Robert Preston;
Sir Thomas Heneage;
Ralph Hengham;
Sir Simon Burley;
Sebba;
Ethelred;
John of Gaunt;
William Herbert;
John of Chishull;
Roger Niger;
Sir John Mason;
William Aubrey;
William Hewit;
Dr. Donne;
Dean Colet;
Sir William Cokayne;
John Newcourt;
Roger Brabazon;
Henry Wengham;
Eustace Fauconbridge;
William Rythyn;
Richard Lychfield;
Sir Nicholas Bacon;
Sir Francis Walsingham;
Sir Philip Sidney;
Sir Thomas Baskerville;
Sir Christopher Hatton;
Henry de Lacy;
Dean Wynterbourne;
Dean Worsley;
Dean May;
Dean Nowell;
Bishop Fitzneal;
Roger de Waltham;
Bishop Gravesend;
Dean Carey;
Bishop Stokesley;
Bishop Ravis;
Bishop King.
More, Sir Thomas
Mulliner, Thomas
Music
_Obits_
Offa
Old Change
Old St. Paul's:--
Founded by Lanfranc;
Architecture and building;
Dimensions;
Injured by fire in 1135;
Images destroyed;
Destroyed by the Great Fire;
The Spire;
The High Altar;
The Rose Window;
The Cathedral Wall;
The Churchyard;
The Cloister;
The Library;
Paul's Cross;
The Crypt;
College of Minor Canons;
The Bishop's House;
The Deanery;
The Brewhouse and Bakehouse;
The Chapter House;
The West Front;
The Lollards' Tower;
The Nave;
The Font;
Monuments;
Doors;
The South Transept;
The Lady Chapel;
Inigo Jones' Portico;
The Scriptorium;
Altars;
St. Dunstan's Chapel;
St. George's Chapel.
Organ, The
Otho, Cardinal
Papal Legates
Pardon Churchyard, The
_Parentalia_, Wren's
Paris, Matthew
Parr, Catherine
Parr, Anne
Paternoster Row
Paul's Chain
Paul's Cross
Paul's Walk
Pepys' account of the Fire
Philip IV. of France
Philip IV. of Spain
Pickerill, Richard
Pilkington, Bishop of Durham
Popes, Pretensions of the
Pindar, Sir Paul
Pole, Cardinal
Porter, John
Prebendaries
Precincts, The
Redford, John
Reformation
Rich, Edmund, Archbishop of Canterbury
Richard, Duke of York
Richard II.
Richard III.
Rogers, John
Roman Churches
Romans in London
Rusthall, Bishop of Durham
Sacrist, The
Sancroft, Archbishop
St. Alban's Abbey
St. Albans, Battle of
St. Edmund
St. Ethelburga
St. Faith's Church
St. Gregory-by-St. Paul
St. Katharine Cree
St. Martin's, Ludgate Hill
St. Mary-le-Bow
St. Michael Querne
St. Osyth, Monastery of
St, Paul's Cathedral, the Anglo-Saxon Church
The second Cathedral, _see_ 'Old St. Paul's.'
St. Paul's School
St. Peter's, Cornhill
St. Thomas Acons
Sebba
Sebert
Services
Skelton
Simon de Montfort
Somerset, The Protector
Spurriers' Lane
Stapylton, Bishop of Exeter
Statute of Provisors
Stephen, King
Sudbury, Archbishop
Sweyn
Swynford, Catherine
Tallis, Thomas
Tomkins, John
Treasurer, The
_Three Cathedrals_, Longman's
Van Dyck
Verger, The
Wakefield, The Battle of
Walton, Izaak
Warham, Archbishop
Warwick, The Earl of
White, Lord Mayor
White Friars, Church of the
Whitsun Festivals
Wilkins, Bishop
William I.
Winchelsey, Archbishop
Wolsey, Cardinal
Wren, Sir Christopher
Wyclif, John
Wykeham, William of
Wyngaerde's drawing of London
End of Project Gutenberg's Old St. Paul's Cathedral, by William Benham