applied to the purpose, HERSCHEL turned his attention to the sun. In a
very short time he exhausted nearly all there was to be discovered, so
that since the publication of his last paper on this subject, in 1801,
until the present time, there has been but a single telescopic
phenomenon, connected with the physical appearance of the sun, which was
unknown to HERSCHEL. That phenomenon is the frequent occurrence of a
darker central shade or kernel in large spots, discovered by DAWES about
1858.
HERSCHEL, though observing a hundred and ninety years after the earliest
discovery of sun spots, seems to have been the first to suspect their
periodic character. To establish this as a fact, and to measure the
period, was left for our own times and for the indefatigable observer
SCHWABE. The probable importance of such a period in its relation to
terrestrial meteorology was not only clearly pointed out by HERSCHEL,
but he even attempted to demonstrate, from such data as were obtainable,
the character of this influence.
Perhaps no one thing which this great philosopher has done better
exhibits the catholic character of his mind than this research. When the
possible connection of solar and terrestrial phenomena occurred to him
as a question to be tested, there were no available meteorological
records, and he could find but four or five short series of
observations, widely separated in time. To an ordinary thinker the task
would have seemed hopeless until more data had been collected. But
HERSCHEL'S fertile mind, though it could not recall lost opportunities
for solar observations, did find a substitute for meteorological records
in the statistics of the prices of grain during the various epochs.
It is clear that the price of wheat must have depended upon the supply,
and the supply, in turn, largely upon the character of the season.
The method, as ingenious as it is, failed in HERSCHEL'S hands on account
of the paucity of solar statistics; but it has since proved of value,
and has taken its place as a recognized method of research.
_Researches on Nebulae and Clusters._
When HERSCHEL first began to observe the nebulae in 1774, there were
very few of these objects known. The nebulae of _Orion_ and _Andromeda_
had been known in Europe only a little over a hundred years.
In 1784 MESSIER published a list of sixty-eight such objects which he
had found in his searches for comets, and twenty-eight nebulae had been
found by LACAILLE in his observations at the Cape of Good Hope. In the
mere discovery of these objects HERSCHEL quickly surpassed all others.
In 1786 he published a catalogue of one thousand new nebulae, in 1789 a
catalogue of a second thousand, and in 1802 one of five hundred. In all
he discovered and described two thousand five hundred and eight new
nebulae and clusters. This branch of astronomy may almost be said to be
proper to the HERSCHELS, father and son. Sir JOHN HERSCHEL re-observed
all his father's nebulae in the northern hemisphere, and added many new
ones, and in his astronomical expedition to the Cape of Good Hope he
recorded almost an equal number in the southern sky.
Of the six thousand two hundred nebulae now known the HERSCHELS
discovered at least eight-tenths. The mere discovery of twenty-five
hundred nebulae would have been a brilliant addition to our knowledge of
celestial statistics.
HERSCHEL did more than merely point out the existence and position of
these new bodies. Each observation was accompanied by a careful and
minute description of the object viewed, and with sketches and diagrams
which gave the position of the small stars in it and near it.[36]
As the nebulae and clusters were discovered they were placed in classes,
each class covering those nebulae which resembled each other in their
general features. Even at the telescope HERSCHEL'S object was not
discovery merely, but to know the inner constitution of the heavens.
His classes were arranged with this end, and they are to-day adopted.
They were:
CLASS I. "Bright nebulae (288 in all).
II. "Faint nebulae (909 in all).
III. "Very faint nebulae (984 in all).
IV. "Planetary nebulae, stars with burs, with milky chevelure,
with short rays, remarkable shapes, etc. (79 in all).
V. "Very large nebulae (52 in all).
VI. "Very compressed and rich clusters of stars (42 in all).
VII. "Pretty much compressed clusters (67 in all).
VIII. "Coarsely scattered clusters of stars" (88 in all).
The lists of these classes were the storehouses of rich material from
which HERSCHEL drew the examples by which his later opinions on the
physical conditions of nebulous matter were enforced.
As the nebulae were discovered and classified they were placed upon a
star-map in their proper positions (1786), and, as the discoveries went
on, the real laws of the distribution of the nebulae and of the clusters
over the surface of the sky showed themselves more and more plainly. It
was by this means that HERSCHEL was led to the announcement of the law
that the spaces richest in nebulae are distant from the Milky Way, etc.
By no other means could he have detected this, and I believe this to
have been the first example of the use of the graphical method, now
become common in treating large masses of statistics.
It is still in his capacity of an observer--an acute and wise one--that
HERSCHEL is considered. But this was the least of his gifts. This vast
mass of material was not left in this state: it served him for a
stepping-stone to larger views of the nature and extent of the nebulous
matter itself.
His views on the nature of nebulae underwent successive changes. At first
he supposed all nebulae to be but aggregations of stars. The logic was
simple. To the naked eye there are many groups of stars which appear
nebulous. _Praesepe_ is, perhaps, the best example. The slightest
telescopic power applied to such groups alters the nebulous appearance,
and shows that it comes from the combined and confused light of discrete
stars. Other groups which remain nebulous in a seven-foot telescope,
become stellar in a ten-foot. The nebulosity of the ten-foot can be
resolved into stars by the twenty-foot, and so on. The nebulae which
remained still unresolved, it was reasonable to conclude, would yield to
higher power, and generally a nebula was but a group of stars removed to
a great distance. An increase of telescopic power was alone necessary to
demonstrate this.[37]
"Nebulae can be selected so that an insensible gradation shall take
place from a coarse cluster like the _Pleiades_ down to a milky
nebulosity like that in _Orion_, every intermediate step being
represented. This tends to confirm the hypothesis that all are
composed of stars more or less remote."
So, at first, HERSCHEL believed that his twenty-foot telescope was of
power sufficient to fathom the Milky Way, that is, to see through it and
beyond it, and to reduce all its nebulosities to true groups of stars.
In 1791 he published a memoir on _Nebulous Stars_, in which his views
were completely changed. He had found a nebulous star, the sixty-ninth
of his Class IV., to which his reasons would not apply. In the centre of
it was a bright star; around the star was a halo gradually diminishing
in brightness from the star outward, and perfectly circular. It was
clear the two parts, star and nebula, were connected, and thus at the
same distance from us.
There were two possible solutions only. Either the whole mass was,
_first_, composed of stars, in which case the nucleus would be
enormously larger than the other stars of its stellar magnitude
elsewhere in the sky, or the stars which made up the halo indefinitely
small; or, _second_, the central nucleus was indeed a star, but a star
surrounded with "a shining fluid, of a nature totally unknown to us."
The long strata of nebulae, which he had before described under the name
of "telescopic Milky Ways," might well be accounted for by masses of
this fluid lying beyond the regions of the seventh-magnitude stars. This
fluid might exist independently of stars. If it is self-luminous, it
seems more fit to produce a star by its condensation, than to depend
upon the star for its own existence. Such were a few of the theorems to
which his discovery of this nebula led him. The hypothesis of an elastic
_shining fluid_ existing in space, sometimes in connection with stars,
sometimes distinct from them, was adopted and never abandoned. How well
the spectroscope has confirmed this idea it is not necessary to say.
We know the shining fluid does exist, and in late years we have seen the
reverse of the process imagined by HERSCHEL. A star has actually, under
our eyes, become a planetary nebula, and the cycle of which he gave the
first terms is complete.
In five separate memoirs (1802, 1811, 1814, 1817, and 1818) HERSCHEL
elaborated his views of the sidereal system. The whole extent of his
views must be gained from the extended memoirs themselves. Here only the
merest outline can be given.
In 1802 there is a marshaling of the various objects beyond our solar
system. The stars themselves may be _insulated_, or may belong to
_binary_ or _multiple_ systems, to _clusters_ and groups, or to grand
groups like the Milky Way. Nebulae may have any of the forms which have
been described; and, in 1811, he gives examples of immense spaces in the
sky covered with diffused and very faint nebulosity. "Its abundance
exceeds all imagination."[38] These masses of nebular matter are the
seats of attracting forces, and these forces must produce condensation.
When a nebula has more than one preponderating seat of attracting
matter, it may in time be divided, and the double nebulae have had such
an origin. When nebulae appear to us as round masses, they are in reality
globular in form, and this form is at once the effect and the proof of a
gravitating cause.
The central brightness of nebulae points out the seat of the attraction;
and the completeness of the approximation to a spherical form points out
the length of time that the gravitating forces have been at work. Those
nebulae (and clusters) which are most perfect in the globular form, have
been longest exposed to central forces. The planetary nebulae are the
oldest in our system. They must have a rotatory motion on their axes.
By progressive condensation planetary nebulae may be successively
converted into bright stellar nebulae, or into nebulous stars, and these
again, by the effects of the same cause, into insulated or double stars.
This chain of theorems, laid down in the memoir of 1811, is enforced in
1814 with examples which show how the nebulous appearance may grow into
the sidereal. HERSCHEL selects from the hundreds of instances in his
note-books, nebulae in every stage of progress, and traces the effect of
condensation and of clustering power through all its course, even to the
final breaking up of the Milky Way itself.
The memoirs of 1817 and 1818 add little to the general view of the
physical constitution of the heavens. They are attempts to gain a scale
of celestial measures by which we may judge of the distances of the
stars and clusters in which these changes are going on.
There is little to change in HERSCHEL'S statement of the general
construction of the heavens. It is the groundwork upon which we have
still to build. Every astronomical discovery and every physical fact
well observed is material for the elaboration of its details or for the
correction of some of its minor points. As a scientific conception it is
perhaps the grandest that has ever entered into the human mind. As a
study of the height to which the efforts of one man may go, it is almost
without a parallel. The philosopher who will add to it to-day, will have
his facts and his methods ready to his hands. HERSCHEL presents the
almost unique example of an eager observer marshaling the multitude of
single instances, which he himself has laboriously gathered, into a
compact and philosophic whole. In spite of minor errors and defects, his
ideas of the nature of the sidereal universe have prevailed, and are
to-day the unacknowledged basis of our every thought upon it. Some of
its most secret processes have been worked out by him, and the paths
which he pointed out are those along which our advances must be made.
In concluding this condensed account of HERSCHEL'S scientific labors,
it behoves us to remember that there was nothing due to accident in his
long life. He was born with the faculties which fitted him for the
gigantic labors which he undertook, and he had the firm basis of energy
and principle which kept him steadily to his work.
As a practical astronomer he remains without an equal. In profound
philosophy he has few superiors. By a kindly chance he can be claimed as
the citizen of no one country. In very truth his is one of the few names
which belong to the whole world.
FOOTNOTES:
[31] JAMES SHORT, F.R.S. (1710-1768), and JOHN DOLLOND, F.R.S.
(1706-1761), were the most celebrated makers of telescopes of their day.
The six-foot Newtonian reflectors of SHORT (aperture 9.4 inches), and
the forty-six-inch achromatics of DOLLOND (aperture 3.6 inches), were
highly esteemed. The Royal Observatory of Greenwich possessed, in 1765,
one of each class. In a comparative trial of SHORT'S telescope, at
Greenwich, and one of HERSCHEL'S first telescopes, the latter was
adjudged greatly superior.
[32] At least _one_ of these telescopes had the principal
mirror made of glass instead of metal.--_Philosophical Transactions_,
1803.
[33] The following extract from FOURIER'S _Eloge_ of HERSCHEL
is of interest in this connection. The sum first appropriated by the
king was L2,000. This was afterwards raised to L4,000, and a sum of L200
yearly was given for maintenance.
"L'histoire doit conserver a jamais la reponse de ce prince a un
etranger celebre [LALANDE?] qui le remerciait des sommes considerables
accordees pour les progres de l'astronomie. 'Je fais les depenses de la
guerre,' dit le roi, 'parcequ'elles sont necessaires; quant a celles des
sciences, il m'est agreable des les ordonner; leur objet ne coute point
des larmes, et honore l'humanite.'"
LALANDE'S own account is a little different. He says the king exclaimed:
"Ne vaut-il pas mieux employer son argent a cela qu'a faire tuer des
hommes?"
[34] The memoirs on the parallaxes of stars, written by various
astronomers from 1750 to 1800, were mainly directed to the improvement
of the methods, or to the discovery of the parallax of some particular
star. For example, LACAILLE'S observations of _Sirius_, at the Cape of
Good Hope, had resulted in a parallax of 9" for that star--a
quantity over forty times too large.
[35] HERSCHEL accepted, as did all his cotemporaries, the
Newtonian or corpuscular theory of light.
[36] Thus the position of small stars critically situated in
the centre, or on the edges of the nebulae was always noted. Many of the
descriptions are given in the published papers, but the publication of
the diagrams would be an immense help to this branch of astronomy.
D'ARREST in his reduction of HERSCHEL'S nebula observations (1856)
writes: "Gewiss waere es vom hoechsten Interesse fuer die Entwickelung,
welche hoffentlich auch dieser Zweig der beobachtenden Astronomie
zukuenftig erhalten wird, wenn die HERSCHEL'Schen Beobachtungen in der
Ausfuehrlichkeit in welcher sie, verschiedenen Andeutungen zufolge,
_handschriftlich_ vorhanden sind, veroeffentlicht wuerden. Es schliesst
sich dieser Wunsch in Betreff der Nebelflecken lebhaft an den an,
welcher, schon vor einem Jahrzehnt nach Veroeffentlichung der 400 noch
unedirten _star-gauges_ von gewichtigerer Seite her geaeussert wurde."
In this all must agree who have a knowledge of the direction in which we
must look for advances in the difficult and important questions of the
distance, the motions, and the changes of the nebulae. Almost the only
aid to be looked for from the older observations must come from such
diagrams, and we may safely say that the publication of this priceless
material, just as it stands, would carry our exact data back from 1833
to 1786, or no less than forty-seven years.
[37] Long after HERSCHEL had abandoned this idea, it continued
current among astronomers. The successes of Lord ROSSE'S telescope
perpetuated to the middle of the nineteenth century an erroneous view
which HERSCHEL had given up in 1791.
[38] These have never been re-observed. They should be sought
for with a powerful refractor, taking special precautions against the
illumination of the field of view from neighboring bright stars.
HERSCHEL'S reflectors were specially open to illusions produced in this
way. His observations probably will remain untested until some large
telescope is used in the way he adopted, _i. e._, in sweeping.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
I.--LIST OF THE PUBLISHED WRITINGS OF WILLIAM HERSCHEL ON ASTRONOMICAL
SUBJECTS.
[In chronological order.]
_N.B.--In general, translations and abstracts of those which appeared
in periodicals are not noticed here. I have made exceptions in the
more important cases._
[Solution of a prize question. _See_ this book, page 46.]
_Ladies' Diary_, 1779.
Astronomical observations on the periodical star in _Collo Ceti_.
_Phil. Trans._, 1780, p. 338.
Astronomical observations relating to the mountains of the moon.
_Phil. Trans._, 1780, p. 507.
Astronomical observations on the rotation of the planets round their
axes, made with a view to determine whether the earth's diurnal motion
is perfectly equable.
_Phil. Trans._, 1781, p. 115.
Account of a comet. [Dated 13th March, 1781. This was _Uranus_.]
_Phil. Trans._, 1781, p. 492.
On the parallax of the fixed stars.
_Phil. Trans._, 1782, p. 82.
Catalogue of double stars.
_Phil. Trans._, 1782, p. 112: translation in
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1786, p. 187.
Description of a lamp micrometer and the method of using it.
_Phil. Trans._, 1782, p. 163.
A paper to obviate some doubts concerning the great magnifying powers used.
_Phil. Trans._, 1782, p. 173.
A letter from WILLIAM HERSCHEL, Esq., F.R.S., to Sir JOSEPH BANKS,
_Bart._, P.R.S.
_Phil. Trans._, 1783, p. 1.
Aus einem Schreiben des Hrn. HERSCHEL an mich [BODE], datirt London, den
13ten August, 1783.
[This is a letter forwarding HERSCHEL'S memoir on the Parallax of the
Fixed Stars, etc.]
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1786, p. 258.
On the diameter and magnitude of the _Georgium Sidus_, with a
description of the dark and lucid disk and periphery micrometers.
_Phil. Trans._, 1783, p. 4.
On the proper motion of the sun and solar system, with an account of
several changes that have happened among the fixed stars since the time
of Mr. FLAMSTEED.
_Phil. Trans._, 1783, p. 247.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1787, p. 194, p. 224.
Astronomische Nachrichten und Entdeckungen, aus einem franzoesischen
Schreiben desselben an mich [BODE], datirt Datchet, nahe bey Windsor,
den 18. Mai, 1784.
[This letter is on the subject of the use of high magnifying powers, and
gives a _resume_ of his recent papers.]
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1787, p. 211.
On the remarkable appearances at the polar regions of the planet _Mars_,
the inclination of its axis, the position of its poles and its
spheroidical figure; with a few hints relating to its real diameter and
atmosphere.
_Phil. Trans._, 1784, p. 233.
Account of some observations tending to investigate the construction of
the heavens.
_Phil. Trans._, 1784, p. 437.
[_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1788, p. 246, has a summary of this paper by Baron
VON ZACH. See, also, _Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1794, p. 213.]
Catalogue of double stars.
_Phil. Trans._, 1785, p. 40.
On the construction of the heavens.
_Phil. Trans._, 1785, p. 213.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1788, p. 238.
See, also, _same_, 1787, p. 213, and 1794, p. 213.
Aus einem Schreiben des Hrn. HERSCHEL an mich [BODE], datirt Clay Hall,
nahe bey Windsor, den 20. Jul., 1785.
[This is a letter forwarding two memoirs, and giving the prices of
telescopes]
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1788, p. 254.
Catalogue of one thousand new nebulae and clusters of stars.
_Phil. Trans._, 1786, p. 457.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1791, p. 157,
and _same_, 1794, p. 213.
Investigation of the cause of that indistinctness of vision which has
been ascribed to the smallness of the optic pencil.
_Phil. Trans._, 1786, p. 500.
Remarks on the new comet [1786, II.].
_Phil. Trans._, 1787, p. 4.
[Letter from HERSCHEL to BODE on the discovery of two satellites to
_Uranus_, dated Slough, 1787, Feb. 11.]
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1790, p. 253.
An account of the discovery of two satellites revolving round the
_Georgian planet_.
_Phil. Trans._, 1787, p. 125.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1791, p. 255.
An account of three volcanoes in the moon.
_Phil. Trans._, 1787, p. 229.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1791, p. 255.
Note on M. MECHAIN'S comet. [1787, I.] [Added to preceding paper.]
_Phil. Trans._, 1787, p. 232.
On the _Georgian planet_ and its satellites.
_Phil. Trans._, 1788, p. 364.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1793, p. 104.
Observations on a comet [1788, II.].
_Phil. Trans._, 1789, p. 151.
Catalogue of a second thousand of new nebulae and clusters of stars, with
a few introductory remarks on the construction of the heavens.
_Phil. Trans._, 1789, p. 212.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1793, p. 104.
Also, _same_, 1794, p. 150.
Account of the discovery of a sixth and seventh satellite of the planet
_Saturn_, with remarks on the construction of its ring, its atmosphere,
its rotation on an axis, and its spheroidical figure.
_Phil. Trans._, 1790, p. 1.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1793, p. 239;
_same_, 1796, p. 88; 1797, p. 249.
On the satellites of the planet _Saturn_, and the rotation of its ring
on an axis.
_Phil. Trans._, 1790, p. 427.
On nebulous stars properly so called.
_Phil. Trans._, 1791, p. 71.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1801, p. 128.
On the ring of _Saturn_ and the rotation of the fifth satellite upon its
axis.
_Phil. Trans._, 1792, p. 1.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1796, p. 88.
Miscellaneous observations.
[Account of a comet], p. 23 [1792, I.].
[On the periodical appearance of omicron Ceti], p. 24.
[On the disappearance of the 55th _Herculis_], p. 26.
[Remarkable phenomenon in an eclipse of the moon], p. 27.
_Phil. Trans._, 1792, p. 23.
Observations on the planet _Venus_.
_Phil. Trans._, 1793, p. 201.
Observations of a quintuple belt on the planet _Saturn_.
_Phil. Trans._, 1794, p. 28.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1798, p. 90.
Account of some particulars observed during the late eclipse of the sun.
[1793, September 5th.]
_Phil. Trans._, 1794, p. 39.
On the rotation of the planet _Saturn_ upon its axis.
_Phil. Trans._, 1794, p. 48.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1798, p. 74.
On the nature and construction of the sun and fixed stars.
_Phil. Trans._, 1795, p. 46.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, II. Suppl. Band, p. 65.
Description of a forty-foot reflecting telescope.
_Phil. Trans._, 1795, p. 347.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, III. Suppl. Band, p. 238.
Additional observations on the comet. [1796, I.]
_Phil. Trans._, 1796, p. 131.
On the method of observing the changes that happen to the fixed stars;
with some remarks on the stability of the light of our sun. To which is
added a catalogue of comparative brightness for ascertaining the
permanency of the lustre of stars.
_Phil. Trans._, 1796, p. 166.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1809, p. 201.
On the periodical star _[alpha] Herculis_; with remarks tending to
establish the rotatory motion of the stars on their axes; to which is
added a second catalogue of the comparative brightness of the stars.
_Phil. Trans._, 1796, p. 452.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1809, p. 201.
A third catalogue of the comparative brightness of the stars, with an
introductory account of an index to Mr. FLAMSTEED'S observations of the
fixed stars, contained in the second volume of the Historia Coelestis.
To which are added several useful results derived from that index.
_Phil. Trans._, 1797, p. 293.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1810, p. 143.
Observations of the changeable brightness of the satellites of
_Jupiter_, and of the variation in their apparent magnitudes, with a
determination of the time of their rotatory motions on their axes. To
which is added a measure of the diameter of the second satellite, and an
estimate of the comparative size of all the four.
_Phil. Trans._, 1797, p. 332.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1801, p. 103.
On the discovery of four additional satellites of the _Georgium Sidus_.
The retrograde motion of its old satellites announced, and the cause of
their disappearance at certain distances from the planet explained.
_Phil. Trans._, 1798, p. 47.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1801, p. 231.
A fourth catalogue of the comparative brightness of the stars.
_Phil. Trans._, 1799, p. 121.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1810, p. 143.
On the power of penetrating into space by telescopes, with a comparative
determination of the extent of that power in natural vision, and in
telescopes of various sizes and constructions, illustrated by select
observations.
_Phil. Trans._, 1800, pp. 49-85.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1804, p. 231.
Investigation of the powers of the prismatic colors to heat and
illuminate objects, with remarks that prove the different refrangibility
of radiant heat. To which is added an inquiry into the method of viewing
the sun advantageously with telescopes of large apertures and high
magnifying powers.
_Phil. Trans._, 1800, pp. 255-283.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1804, p. 89.
Experiments on the refrangibility of the invisible rays of the sun.
_Phil. Trans._, 1800, pp. 284-292.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1804, p. 89.
Experiments on the solar and on the terrestrial rays that occasion heat,
with a comparative view of the laws by which light and heat, or rather
the rays that occasion them, are subject, in order to determine whether
they are the same or different.
_Phil. Trans._, 1800, pp. 293-326, 437-538.
_Gilbert Annal._, X. (1802), pp. 68-78;
_same_, XII. (1803), pp. 521-546.
Observations tending to investigate the nature of the sun, in order to
find the causes or symptoms of its variable emission of light and heat,
with remarks on the use that may possibly be drawn from solar
observations.
_Phil. Trans._, 1801, pp. 265-318.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1805, p. 218, and 1806, p. 113.
Ueber den 7 Nebelfleck der 1sten classe des Herschel'schen Verzeichniss,
und ueber _Ceres_ und _Pallas_, vom Herrn Doctor HERSCHEL, aus zwey
Briefen desselben.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1805, p. 211.
Additional observations tending to investigate the symptoms of the
variable emission of the light and heat of the sun, with trials to set
aside darkening glasses by transmitting the solar rays through liquids,
and a few remarks to remove objections that might be made against some
of the arguments contained in the former paper.
_Phil. Trans._, 1801, pp. 354-362.
Observations on the two lately discovered celestial bodies
[_Ceres and Pallas_].
_Phil. Trans._, 1802, pp. 213-232.
_Nicholson Journal_, IV. (1808), pp. 120-130, 142-148.
Catalogue of five hundred new nebulae, nebulous stars, planetary nebulae,
and clusters of stars, with remarks on the construction of the heavens.
_Phil. Trans._, 1802, pp. 477-528.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1807, p. 113.
Observations of the transit of _Mercury_ over the sun's disk, to which
is added an investigation of the causes which often prevent the proper
action of mirrors.
_Phil. Trans._, 1803, pp. 214-232.
Account of the changes which have happened during the last twenty-five
years in the relative situation of double stars, with an investigation
of the cause to which they are owing.
_Phil. Trans._, 1803, pp. 339-382.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1808, pp. 154-178.
Continuation of the account of the changes that have happened in the
relative situation of double stars.
_Phil. Trans._, 1804, pp. 353-384.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1808, p. 226.
Aus einem Schreiben des Herrn Doctor HERSCHEL, datirt Slough, bey
Windsor, den 31. May, 1804.
[Relates to his theory of the relation between the solar radiation and
the price of wheat.]
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1808, p. 226.
Experiments for ascertaining how far telescopes will enable us to
determine very small angles, and to distinguish the real from the
spurious diameters of celestial and terrestrial objects, with an
application of the results of those experiments to a series of
observations on the nature and magnitude of Mr. HARDING'S lately
discovered star [_Juno_ (1804),].
_Phil. Trans._, 1805, pp. 31-70.
On the direction and velocity of the motion of the sun and solar system.
_Phil. Trans._, 1805, pp. 233-256.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, IV. Suppl. Band, p. 67.
Observations on the singular figure of the planet _Saturn_.
_Phil. Trans._, 1805, pp. 272-280.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1809, p. 197.
On the quantity and velocity of solar motion.
_Phil. Trans._, 1806, pp. 205-237.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1811, p. 224.
Observations and remarks on the figure, climate, and atmosphere of
_Saturn_ and its ring.
_Phil. Trans._, 1806, pp. 455-467.
_Gilbert Annal._, XXXIV. (1810), pp. 82-105.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1810, p. 228.
Experiments for investigating the cause of the colored concentric rings
discovered by Sir I. NEWTON between two object-glasses laid one upon
another.
_Phil. Trans._, 1807, pp. 180-233.
_Annal. de Chimie_, LXX., 1809, pp. 154-181, 293-321;
_same_, LXXI., 1809, pp. 5-40.
Observations on the nature of the new celestial body [_Vesta_]
discovered by Dr. OLBERS, and of the comet which was expected to appear
last January in its return from the sun. [1806, II.]
_Phil. Trans._, 1807, pp. 260-266.
Observations of a comet [1807, I.] made with a view to investigate its
magnitude and the nature of its illumination, to which is added an
account of a new irregularity lately perceived in the apparent figure of
the planet _Saturn_.
_Phil. Trans._, 1808, pp. 145-163.
_Gilbert Annal._, XXXVI. (1810), pp. 389-393.
_Zach, Monat. Corresp._, XX. (1809), pp. 512-514.
Continuation of experiments for investigating the cause of colored
concentric rings and other appearances of a similar nature.
_Phil. Trans._, 1809, pp. 259-302.
Supplement to the first and second part of the paper of experiments for
investigating the cause of colored concentric rings between
object-glasses, and other appearances of a similar nature.
_Phil. Trans._, 1810, pp. 149-177.
_Gilbert Annal._, XLVI., 1814, pp. 22-79.
Astronomical observations relating to the construction of the heavens,
arranged for the purpose of a critical examination, the result of which
appears to throw some new light upon the organization of the celestial
bodies.
_Phil. Trans._, 1811, pp. 269-336.
_Journ. de Phys._, LXXV., 1812, pp. 121-167.
Observations of a comet, with remarks on the construction of its
different parts [1811, I.].
_Phil. Trans._, 1812, pp. 115-143.
_Journ. de Phys._, LXXVII., 1813, pp. 125-135.
_Zach, Monat. Corresp._, XXVIII., 1813, pp. 455-469, 558-568.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1816, p. 185.
Observations of a second comet, with remarks on its construction
[1811, II.].
_Phil. Trans._, 1812, pp. 229-237.
_Nicholson Journ._, XXXV., 1813, pp. 193-199.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1816, p. 203.
Astronomical observations relating to the sidereal part of the heavens,
and its connection with the nebulous part, arranged for the purpose of a
critical examination.
_Phil. Trans._, 1814. pp. 248-284.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1818, pp. 97-118.
A series of observations of the satellites of the _Georgian planet_,
including a passage through the node of their orbits, with an
introductory account of the telescopic apparatus that has been used on
this occasion, and a final exposition of some calculated particulars
deduced from the observations.
_Phil. Trans._, 1815, pp. 293-362.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1819, p. 232-242.
Astronomical observations and experiments tending to investigate the
local arrangement of the celestial bodies in space, and to determine the
extent and condition of the Milky Way.
_Phil. Trans._, 1817, pp. 302-331.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1821, p. 149.
Astronomical observations and experiments selected for the purpose of
ascertaining the relative distances of clusters of stars, and of
investigating how far the power of our telescopes may be expected to
reach into space, when directed to ambiguous celestial objects.
_Phil. Trans._, 1818, pp. 429-470.
On the places of one hundred and forty-five new double stars (1821).
_Mem. Roy. Ast. Soc._, 1, 1822, pp. 166-181.
II.--LIST OF WORKS RELATING TO THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF WILLIAM
HERSCHEL.
[Arranged alphabetically by authors.]
_N.B.--In general, the notices of his life to be found in Encyclopaedias
of Biography, etc., are not included here._
ARAGO (F.)
Analyse de la vie et des travaux de Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL [from
_Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes_, 1842]. Paris, 1843. 18mo.
[See also the _Annuaire_ for 1834, for an account of HERSCHEL'S
work on double stars.]
ARAGO (F.)
Biographies of Distinguished Scientific Men. Translated by Admiral
W. H. SMYTH, Rev. B. POWELL, and ROBERT GRANT, Esq. HERSCHEL.
First series, p. 258. Boston, 1859. 8vo.
ARAGO (F.)
HERSCHEL. [Translated from the French.]
Smithsonian Report. 1870. p. 197. 8vo.
AUWERS (A.)
WILLIAM HERSCHEL'S Verzeichnisse von Nebelflecken und Sternhaufen
bearbeitet von A. AUWERS.
From the _Koenigsberg Observations_. 1862. Folio.
BESSEL (F. W.)
Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL. [From the _Koenigsberger Allgemeine Zeitung_, 1,
1843, No. 37, _et seq._, reprinted in his] _Abhandlungen_, vol iii.,
p. 468. Leipzig, 1876. 4to.
D'ARREST (H. L.)
Verzeichniss von Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL'S Nebelflecken _erster_ und
_vierter_ Classe, aus den Beobachtungen berechnet und auf 1850
reducirt.
_Abhandlungen der Math. Phys. Classe der K. Saechs Gesells. d.
Wissenschaften_, Band iii. [1857], p. 359.
DUNKIN (E.)
Obituary Notices of Astronomers, p. 86. Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL,
K.C.H., F.R.S., 1738-1822.
London, 1879. 12mo.
FETIS (F. J.)
Biographie universelle des Musiciens [Article HERSCHEL].
Paris, 1835-37. 8vo.
FORBES (J. D.)
Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL [being Sec. 2 of Dissertation vi.].
Encyclopaedia Britannica, eighth edition.
Vol. i.,_Dissertations_, p. 838.
FOURIER (J.)
Eloge historique de Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL, prononce dans la seance
publique de l'Academie royale des sciences le 7 Juin, 1824.
_Historie de l'Academie Royale des Sciences de l'Institut de France_,
_tome_ vi., _annee_ 1823, p. lxi.
HARDING (C. L.)
Des Herrn Dr. HERSCHEL'S Untersuchungen ueber die Natur der
Sonnenstrahlen, aus dem englischen uebersetzt. Erstes Heft.
[Translations from _Phil. Trans._, 1800.] Celle, 1801. 16mo.
HASTINGS (C. S.)
See HOLDEN _and_ HASTINGS.
HERSCHEL (Carolina.)
An Account of a new Comet. [1786, II.]
_Phil. Trans._, 1787, vol. LXXVII., p. 1.
HERSCHEL (Carolina.)
An Account of the Discovery of a Comet. [1793, I.]
_Phil. Trans._, 1794, vol. LXXXIV., p. 1.
HERSCHEL (Carolina.)
Account of the Discovery of a Comet. [1795, II.]
_Phil. Trans._, 1796, vol. LXXXVI., p. 131.
HERSCHEL (Carolina.)
Catalogue of Stars taken from FLAMSTEED'S observations contained in
the second volume of his _Historia Coelestis_, and not inserted
in the British Catalogue; to which is added a collection of errata
which should be noticed in the same volume; with remarks by W.
HERSCHEL. London, 1798. Folio.
HERSCHEL (Carolina.)
Verzeichniss von 74 Sternen FLAMSTEEDS von denen keine beobachtungen
in der _Hist. Coel. Brit._ vorkommen.
_Bode's Jahrbuch_, 1806, p. 255
[HERSCHEL (Carolina.)]
[Notice of her Life.]
_Monthly Notices Roy. Ast. Soc._, vol. 8, p. 64; _also_, _Memoirs
Roy. Ast. Soc._, vol. 17, p. 120.
[HERSCHEL (Carolina.)]
Memoir and Correspondence of CAROLINE HERSCHEL. By Mrs. JOHN
HERSCHEL. With portraits. London, 1876. 12mo.
HERSCHEL (J. F. W.)
Article _Telescope_, in Encyclopaedia Britannica, eighth edition.
[This article (illustrated) gives most of the important features of
Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL'S manner of grinding and polishing specula.]
HERSCHEL (J. F. W.)
Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars. [General and systematic
reduction of all Sir W. HERSCHEL'S observations brought into
connection with all other similar ones.]
_Phil. Trans._, 1864. Page 1. 4to.
HERSCHEL (J. F. W.)
A Synopsis of all Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL'S Micrometrical Measurements,
etc., of Double Stars, together with a Catalogue of those Stars . . .
for 1880.
_Mem. Roy. Ast. Soc._, vol. 35, p. 21. Lond., 1867. 4to.
HERSCHEL (J. F. W.)
Additional Identifications of Double Stars in the Synoptic
Catalogues of Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL'S Micrometrical Measurements,
etc.
_Monthly Notices Roy. Ast. Soc._, vol. 28, p. 151. London, 1868.
8vo.
HERSCHEL (Mrs. John.)
Memoir and Correspondence of CAROLINE HERSCHEL. With portraits.
London, 1876. 12mo.
HERSCHEL (W.)
[Solution of a prize question. _See_ this book, page 46.]
_Ladies' Diary_, 1779.
HERSCHEL (W.)
The favorite Eccho Catch . . . and the preceding Glee [by S. LEACH].
To which is added the . . . Catch Sung by Three Old Women . . .
in the Pantomime called "The Genius of Nonsense" [by H. HARINGTON].
London, 1780(?). Obl. folio. [A MS. copy of this was kindly
furnished me by Dr. R. GARNETT, of the British Museum.]
HERSCHEL (W.)
_Goettingen Magazin der Wissenschaften und Literatur_ (1783), vol.
iii., p. 4. LICHTENBERG and FORSTER, Editors.
[Letter from HERSCHEL, giving a brief account of his life. _See_
this book, page 3.]
HERSCHEL (W.)
I. _Manuscripts in possession of the Royal Society._
1. A series of register sheets in which are entered up _all_ the
observations of _each_ nebula, copied _verbatim_ from the
sweeps. 2. A similar set of register sheets for MESSIER'S nebulae.
3. A general index of the 2,508 nebulae of W. HERSCHEL; given the
class and number, to find the general number. 4. An index list;
given the general number, to find the class and number.
5. A more complete list like 4. 6. A manuscript catalogue of
all the nebulae and clusters, reduced to 1,800, and arranged
in zones of 1 deg. in polar distance; by Miss CAROLINA HERSCHEL.
7. The original sweeps with the 20-foot reflector at Slough,
in three small 4to and four folio vols. of MS.
II. _Manuscripts in possession of the Royal Astronomical Society._
This library contains "the whole series of autograph observations
of each double star [observed by HERSCHEL], brought together on
separate sheets by Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL and Miss CAROLINA
HERSCHEL."
[HERSCHEL (W.)]
Some Account of the Life and Writings of WILLIAM HERSCHEL, Esq.
[With a Portrait.]
The _European Magazine and London Review_ for January, 1785. 8vo.
[HERSCHEL (W.)]
_Edinburgh Review_, vol. i., p, 426.
[A review of HERSCHEL'S memoir, "Observations on the two
lately discovered bodies," from _Phil. Trans._, 1802. _See_
this book, page 96.]
[HERSCHEL (W.)]
"Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL, from a London paper."
[This is a short obituary notice "furnished by a gentleman well
acquainted with Sir WILLIAM and his family, and its accuracy may
be relied on."]
_Niles' Register_, vol. 23, p. 154. Nov. 9, 1822. 8vo.
[HERSCHEL (W.)]
Obituary: Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL, Knt., LL.D., F.R.S.
_The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Chronicle_, vol. xcii.,
1822, p. 274. 8vo.
[HERSCHEL (W.)]
_Annual Register_, 1822, p. 289. 8vo.
[HERSCHEL (W.)]
W. HERSCHEL'S Saemmtliche Schriften, Erster Band.
Ueber den Bau des Himmels. Mit 10 Kupfertafeln.
[Edited by J. W. PFAFF. A second edition was published in 1850.]
Dresden and Leipzig, 1828. 8vo.
[HERSCHEL (W.)]
_New York Mirror_, vol. vi., 1829-30, p. 388.
[HERSCHEL (W.)]
_Living Age_, vol. ii., p. 125 (1844). 8vo.
[Reprinted from _Chambers' Journal_.]
[HERSCHEL (W.)]
_Foreign Quarterly Review_, vol. 31, p. 438. 8vo.
[Review of ARAGO'S "Analyse de la vie et des travaux de Sir WILLIAM
HERSCHEL."]
[HERSCHEL (W.)]
ARAGO'S Life of HERSCHEL.
_Eclectic Museum_, vol. ii., p. 556. [Reprinted from the _Foreign
Quarterly Review_, vol. 31.]
HOLDEN (E. S.)
On the Inner Satellites of _Uranus_. [Reduction of Sir WILLIAM
HERSCHEL'S observations.]
_Proceedings Amer. Assn. Adv. Science_, _August_, 1874, p. 49.
8vo.
HOLDEN (E. S.)
Index Catalogue of Books and Memoirs relative to nebulae, clusters,
etc. _Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections_, No. 311, pp. 19-38.
[Abstracts of Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL'S memoirs (on nebulae) in the
_Philosophical Transactions_.]
Washington, 1877. 8vo.
HOLDEN (E. S.) and C. S. HASTINGS.
A Subject-index and a Synopsis of the scientific writings of Sir
WILLIAM HERSCHEL. [Reprinted from the _Report_ of the Smithsonian
Institution (1879).]
Washington, 1881. 8vo.
KRAFFT (J. G. F.)
Kurze Nachricht von dem beruehmten Astronomen HERSCHEL und einigen
seiner Entdeckungen.
Bayreuth, 1787. 8vo.
PEIRCE (C. S.)
Photometric Researches. [A reduction of HERSCHEL'S observations on
the comparative brightness of the stars.] _Annals Harvard College
Observatory_, vol. ix.
Leipzig, 1878. 4to.
SOMMER (G. M.)
WILLIAM HERSCHEL . . . ueber den Bau des Himmels; drei abhandlungen
aus dem englischen uebersetzt, nebst einem authentischen Auszug
aus KANTS allgemeiner Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels.
Koenigsberg, 1791. 8vo.
STRUVE (W.)
Etudes d'astronomie stellaire. Sur la voie lactee et sur la distance
des etoiles fixes. [P. 24 _et seq._ contains an elaborate review
of the construction of the heavens according to HERSCHEL.] St.
Petersburg, 1847. 8vo.
WOLF (R.)
WILLIAM HERSCHEL. Zurich, 1867. 8vo.
ZACH (F. von.)
Dr. WILLIAM HERSCHEL [translated from _Public Characters_ and
printed in ZACH'S _Monatlich Correspondenz_, 1802, part i., p. 70
_et seq._]
III.--LIST OF THE PUBLISHED PORTRAITS OF WILLIAM HERSCHEL.
_Artist_, MME. DUPIERY. _Engraver_, THOeNERT. 8vo. Early portrait. Some
copies in red. Profile.
_Artist_, F. REHBURG. _Engraver_, F. W. BOLLINGER. 8vo. Late portrait.
_Artist_, ----? _Engraver_, C. WESTERMAYR. 8vo. Medallion.
_Artist_, C. BRAND. _Engraver_, ----? 8vo. Lithograph.
_Artist_, ----? _Engraver_, J. SEWELL. 8vo. Profile, 1785.
_Artist_, ----? _Engraver_, ----? 8vo. Profile.
_Artist_, F. BONNEVILLE. _Engraver_, F. BONNEVILLE. 8vo. Profile.
_Artist_, J. RUSSELL, R.A. _Engraver_, E. SCRIVEN. 8vo. Engraved from a
crayon in the possession of his son, and published by the S. D. U. K.
in the _Gallery of Portraits_, vol. 5.
_Artist_, ----? _Engraver_, ----? 8vo. _European Magazine_, Jan., 1785.
This is a bust in profile, showing the left side of the face.
_Artist_, ----? _Engraver_, THOMSON. 8vo. Published by Caxton, 1823.
This must have been engraved before 1816 since the legend is WILLIAM
HERSCHEL, LL.D., F.R.S.
_Artist_, Lady GORDON. From the painting by ABBOTT in the National
Portrait Gallery. _Engraver_, JOSEPH BROWN. 8vo. Published in memoir of
CAROLINE HERSCHEL. This is of the date 1788, or thereabouts. _See_
frontispiece.
_Artist_, ----? _Engraver_, C. MUeLLER. 4to. Medallion, 1785(?).
_Artist_, ----? _Engraver_, H. PINHAS. 4to. Legend in Russian.
_Artist_, BAISCH. _Engraver_, ----? 4to. Lithograph.
_Artist_, H. GREVEDON. _Engraver_, ----? Fol. Lithograph.
_Artist_, ----? _Engraver_, F. MUeLLER. Fol.
_Artist_, ABBOTT. _Engraver_, RYDER. Fol. 1788.
_Artist_, J. BOILLY. _Engraver_, ----? Fol. 1822. Lithograph.
_Artist_, ----? _Engraver_, J. GODBY. Fol.
R. W. S. LUTWIDGE, Esq., F.R.A.S., has an original seal with a head of
Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL, which is shown on the title-page of this work. A
cut of it has been courteously furnished me by JOHN BROWNING, Esq.,
F.R.A.S., etc.
In 1787 a bust of HERSCHEL was made by LOCKIE for Sir WILLIAM WATSON.
A picture of HERSCHEL was painted by Mr. ARTAUD about the beginning of
1819. A portrait of HERSCHEL by ABBOTT is in the National Portrait
Gallery, London. There are no doubt many other paintings in England,
though I can find notices of these only. The Royal Society of London has
nearly a hundred portraits of its most distinguished members, but owns
none of Sir WILLIAM HERSCHEL.
INDEX OF NAMES.
_N.B.--This index is intended to refer to the proper names occurring in
the body of the work only, and not to the Bibliography._
Airy (Sir George), 17.
Alison (Sir Archibald), 111.
Arago (Francois), 49, 81, 139.
Artaud (M.), 114.
Aubert (Alexander), 52, 62, 63.
Baldwin (Miss), 115.
Banks (Sir Joseph), 56, 58, 64.
Bessel (F. W.), 127, 137.
Blagden (Dr.), 57.
Bonaparte (Napoleon), 108, 111.
Bradley (James), 51, 153.
Bruhl (Count von), 52.
Bulman (Mr.), 22, 115, 116.
Bunsen (Chevalier), 12.
Burney (Dr.), 82, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106.
Campbell (Thomas), 107.
Cassini (J. D.), 51.
Cropley (Mr.), 20.
Dalrymple (Mr.), 73.
D'Arblay (Madame), 100 _et seq._
Darlington (Earl of), 18.
Darquier, 51, 119.
D'Arrest (H. L.), 204.
Dawes (W. R.), 200.
De Luc (M.), 64.
De Luc (Mrs.), 100, 102.
Dollond (J.), 120.
Engelfield (Sir Harry), 57.
Farinelli (Miss), 38.
Flaugergues (H.), 51, 119.
Fleming (Miss), 42.
Fourier (J.), 124.
Frauenhofer (J.), 195.
Galileo, 50, 135.
George III., 64, 77, 124, 126.
Griesbach (George), 63.
Griesbachs (the), 62, 106.
Hansen (P. A.), 142.
Hastings (C. S.), 119.
Heberden (Dr.), 64.
Helmholtz (H.), 188.
Herschel (Abraham) [1651-1718], 6.
Herschel (Alexander) [1745-1821], 10, 12, 14, 15, 35, 38, 41, 57, 61,
62, 66, 72, 73, 114.
Herschel (Benjamin), 7.
Herschel (Carolina) [1750-1848], 2, 10, 11, 12, 16, 23, 29, 33, 41, 43,
68;
discovers five comets, 69, 70, 78, 83, 103, 105, 112, 113, 114, 115.
Herschel (Carolina), her _Memoir_ quoted, 2, 9, 13, 23, 29, 31, 34, 36,
41, 57, 61, 63, 64, 65, 70, 74.
Herschel (Dietrich), 9, 10, 11, 29, 42, 114.
Herschel (Eusebius), 7.
Herschel (Hans) [_circa_ 1600], 6.
Herschel (Isaac) [1707-1767], 7, 8, 29.
Herschel (Jacob) [1734-1792], 10, 11, 16, 23, 30.
Herschel (Sir John Frederick William) [1792-1871], 80, 103, 105, 114,
126, 127, 143, 203.
Herschel (Lady), 80, 102, 103, 105, 114.
Herschel (Major John), 2.
Herschel (Mrs. Mary Cornwallis), 2.
Herschel (Sophia Elizabeth), b. 1733, married Griesbach, 10.
Herschel (William), born 1738, November 15; 10.
oboist in the band of the Guards (1755), and goes to England for the
first time, returning in 1756, 16.
deserts from the Guards and goes to England (1757), 17.
organizes the band of the Durham militia (1760), 18.
leaves the band and lives with Dr. Miller, 19.
leads the public concerts at Wakefield and Halifax, 20.
organist at Halifax (1765), 22.
organist of the Octagon Chapel at Bath (1766), 24.
his musical writings, 26.
studies Smith's harmonies and optics, 28.
visits Hanover, August, 1772, 32.
hires a small telescope, 37.
makes his first telescope (1774), 38.
visits Hanover (1775?), 42.
1st review of the heavens, 39, 73.
2d review of the heavens, 73.
3d review of the heavens (1783), 73.
4th review of the heavens (1785), 74.
manufacture of telescopes, 40, 59, 75, 77, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124,
125, 126, 127.
moves to 19 New King St., Bath, 43.
conducts oratorios of Handel, 43.
begins astronomical _measures_ (1779), 44.
joins Philosophical Society of Bath, 45.
first published scientific writing (1779), 46.
first communication to the Royal Society (1780), 47.
discovery of _Uranus_ (1781, March 13), 49.
its effect on his career, 53.
elected a member of the Royal Society (1781), and receives the
Copley medal, 56.
attempts a thirty-foot reflector, 59.
goes to London, 1782 (May, June, July), 61.
appointed Royal Astronomer (L200), 1782, 67.
removes to Datchet, 1782, August 1, 67.
his assiduity, 72, 77, 79, 81.
his mechanical genius, 14, 41, 121.
cost of his telescopes, 77.
marries Mrs. John Pitt, _nee_ Baldwin (1783), 80.
only child born (1792), 80.
removes to Slough (1786), 81.
LL.D. (_Oxon._), 1786, 47.
his account of the discovery of _Uranus_ (1781, March 13), 4.
discovers two satellites to _Uranus_, 1787, Jan. 11, 84.
discovers two satellites to _Saturn_, 1789, August-September, 125.
invents machines for making reflectors (1788), 41.
began forty-foot telescope, 1785, finished it, 1789, 121.
biographical letter (1783), 3.
list of published portraits of him, 232.
value of his sister's assistance to him, 34.
letters to Carolina Herschel, 61, 63, 64, 114.
his personal character (1786-1800), 100 _et seq._
his relations to his cotemporaries, 85, 86, 87, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97,
98, 99.
list of writings relating to him and to his works, 225.
his literary skill, 45.
examples of his style, 83 _et seq._
failure of health, 112 _et seq._
created a Knight of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order (1816), 115.
Herschel (Sir William), first president of the Royal Astronomical Society
(1821), 115.
his will, 114.
his death, August 25th, 1822, 116.
his epitaph, 117.
list of his scientific writings, 215.
review of his scientific labors, 118.
the improvement of telescopes and apparatus, 121.
the relative brightness of the stars; variable stars, 130.
researches on double stars, 134.
researches on planets and satellites, 140.
researches on the nature of the sun, 145, 186, 198.
the motion of the solar system in space, 149.
researches on the construction of the heavens, 154.
scale of celestial measures; distances of the stars, 170.
researches on light, heat, etc., 176.
researches on the dimensions of the stars, 193.
on the spectra of the fixed stars, 195.
on the variable emission of light and heat from the sun, 198.
researches on nebulae and clusters, 202.
Huyghens (C.), 50, 189.
King George III., 64, 77, 124, 126.
Lacaille (N. L.), 156, 202.
Lalande (Jerome), 28, 124, 156.
Lambert (J. H.), 153.
Lassell (W.), 143.
Lee (Miss), 61.
Lichtenberg (Herr), 3.
Lind (Dr. and Mrs.), 69.
Long (Dr.), 135.
Magellan (Herr), 3, 78.
Maskelyne (Nevil), 5, 51, 57, 62, 63, 150, 153.
Mayer (Christian), 94, 153.
Melloni (M.), 186.
Messier (C.), 202.
Michell (John), 52, 94, 137, 156.
Miller (Dr.), 19, 20, 21, 22.
Monson (Mrs.), 115.
Moritzen (Anna Ilse), m. Isaac Herschel, 7, 8.
Napoleon I., 108, 111.
Newton (Sir Isaac), 189, 190, 191, 192.
Olbers (William), 95.
Pabrich (Cappelmeister), 7.
Palmerston (Lord), 64.
Piazzi (Joseph), 75, 95.
Pierce (Charles S.), 132.
Pigott (J.), 119.
Poggendorff (J. G.), 188.
Ronzoni (Signor), 59.
Rosse (Lord), 122, 207.
Savary (M.), 139.
Secchi (Angelo), 195, 196.
Scheiner (C.), 199.
Schroeter (J. H.), 51, 77, 91, 92, 93.
Schwabe (H.), 201.
Short (James), 120.
Smith (Dr. Robert), 28.
Snetzler (Herr), 20, 21.
Struve (Otto von), 129.
Thomson (Thomas), 95.
Verdet (E.), 188.
Wainwright (Dr.), 20.
Walsh (Colonel), 62.
Watson (Sir William), 44, 58, 60, 64, 65, 66, 67, 75, 76.
Watt (James), 106.
Weld (R.), 126.
Wilson (Alexander), 52, 94, 146.
Zach (Baron von), 69.
THE END.
START OF TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:
I have used [alpha] to represent the greek letter used in the text.
page line In the Original text, left as is.
227 3 uebersetzt
231 29 uebersetzt
18 24 Biographie universelle des musiciens
226 24 Biographie universelle des Musiciens
231 33 Koenigsberg, 1791. 8vo.
226 9 Koenigsberger Allgemeine Zeitung
195 4 Fraunhofer
235 index Frauenhofer (J.), 195.
226 29 Vol. (all other occurances are) vol.
238 index Ronzoni (Signor), 59.
58 26 Ronzini
Original
page line Original text Replaced with
65 23 ornamented. ornamented."
117 31 [C] for letter C reversed CI[C]I[C]CCCXXII
216 25 den 18. May den 18. Mai
219 23 Suppl. Band., p. 238. Suppl. Band, p. 238.
END OF TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES: