[963] S. Alph. Lib. VI. nn. 802-804; Exa_Theory and practice of the confessional

[964] S. Alph. Prax. Conf. n. 93. Cf. Aertnys, Theol. Mor. Lib. III.

Tract. II. n. 112. We may suggest that the following distinctions are to

be made: (1) _votum non nubendi seu cælibatus_; (2) _votum virginitatis_;

(3) _votum_ (_perpetuæ_) _castitatis_. The first prohibits marriage

(_ergo non formaliter sed consequenter tantum inducit obligationem

perfectæ castitatis_); the second, any _peccatum consummatum_, by which

virginity is violated, _i.e. voluntariam seminis effusionem, si de viro

agitur, sive per copulam, sive per pollutionem fit; si de muliere agitur,

copulam aut innaturalem corporalis integritatis læsionem culpabiliter

factam_; the third forbids (_formaliter et per se_) every interior or

exterior act which is contrary to chastity _ex motivo religionis_. Cf.

Lehmkuhl, Theol. Mor. P. II. Lib. I. Tract. VIII. n. 719.

[965] See the following section. But he must by no means meddle with

engagements; every pastor, every priest, should be on his guard against

this, “for the zeal of relations in this matter is already great enough,”

remarks Frassinetti, who continues: “In matrimonial matters the world

wishes to act independently; and it is well that it does. Priests who do

not interfere in these matters act well in the eyes of God, and meet with

the approbation of men” (Frassinetti, l. c. VI. chap. On the Sacrament

of Matrimony, § 1, n. 458). On the other hand, it would be no dangerous

interference, and would not be taken ill by any one, if the confessor

endeavored to induce a man who had dishonored a young woman to marry her

as soon as possible. However, one cannot speak of an _absolute_ duty

to marry the woman under these circumstances, nor may one always adopt

this remedy. For if the woman were so immoral that infidelity toward

her husband might be safely presupposed, or if the seducer were such a

dissolute man that he would hear nothing about the bond of marriage, and

it was to be presumed that he would abandon or illtreat his wife if he

were forced into marriage, it would be highly imprudent to bring about

such a marriage. The same applies to all other cases in which it could

be foreseen that the marriage would result in misery. This would be

trying to remedy one misfortune, as seduction certainly is, by a lasting

evil, namely, a wretched marriage. The confessor must, therefore, first

investigate the circumstances.

[966] Theologians teach that, _per se loquendo_, children are not _bound_

to obey their parents in the matter of their vocation (they might,

_per accidens_, be sometimes bound to this, _non vi præcepti, sed ex

charitate_), that children who wish to join a Religious Order are _not_

always bound to obtain the advice and assent of their parents, etc.

Children should, however, take into consideration the objections raised

by their parents against their choice of a partner in life. This duty of

children to ask their parents’ advice and consent is one which ordinarily

binds under grave sin, _quia gravis contemptus est ac signum diffidentiæ,

tantam rem sine eorum consensu aggredi ac nurum aut generum ipsis insciis

adducere_. Cf. S. Alph. Lib. VI. n. 849; Lib. VII. n. 335; Lib. IV. n.

68; S. Thom. II. Q. 104, art. 5, Suppl. Q. 47, art. 6. Cf. Aertnys,

Theol. Mor. Lib. III. Tract. IV. n. 153.

[967] Trid. Sess. XXIV. cp. 1 de ref. Compare the Ordinances of many

provincial and diocesan synods, many diocesan regulations, and even civil

legislation.

[968] Compare the doctrine of the _occasio proxima, præsens libera_. S.

Alph. H. A. Tract. VII. n. 32; Scavini, Theol. Mor. Univ. Tract. X. n.

262. This is especially necessary when a dispensation for the intended

marriage is sought, as this dispensation generally contains the clause,

_dummodo separate vivant_. Cf. Bangen, Instr. pract. de spousal. et

matrim. I. p. 27 ss.

[969] Cf. Benedict XIV, Inst. pastor. _Sponsos eorumque parentes_

(_parochi_) _admoneant, ne unquam sponsi sine testibus ac præsertim

consanguineis, colloquium simul ineant, si illud aliquando permittendum

videtur; indecorum esse vetitumque eos simul habitare, graviter

puniendos, si de hac re certiores facti fuerimus._

[970] Cf. H. A. Tract. 7, n. 32; Tract, ult. n. 3; Theol. Mor. Lib. VI.

n. 452; Praxis Confess. n. 204. Cf. n. 65.

[971] Cf. Sanchez, De Matrimon. Lib. IX. Disp. 46, n. 52; Salmant. Tr.

26, cp. 3, n. 59; Sporer, De Matrim. n. 429; S. Leonard, Disc. mist.

nn. 23, 24; Aertnys, Theol. Mor. Append. _De prax. serv. cum occas. et

recidivis_, P. III. cp. VII. n. 340 ss. The question whether _sponsis

amplexus et oscula honesta in signum amoris_ are allowed is answered by

theologians _affirmative communiter, si fiant honesto modo juxta morem

patriæ sicut solutis permittantur; sunt enim connaturalia signa amoris.

Non licent vero oscula pressa sæpiusque repetita, neque diuturnæ manuum

constrictiones._ Cf. S. Alph. l. c. Lib. VI. n. 854.

[972] Hence, engagements which are entered into without prospect of

speedy marriage are much to be disapproved. See § 66, V.

[973] Cf. Bened. XIV, Instr. 46; S. Alph. l. c. Lib. VI. n. 846.

[974] Concerning dissolution of betrothal, see S. Alph. l. c. Lib. VI.

Tract. VI. De matrim. Dub. III. quomodo dissolvantur sponsalia, n. 855

ss.; Aertnys, Theol. Mor. Lib. VI. Tract. VIII. De Matrim. n. 433 ss.

[975] Cf. Trid. Sess. XXIV. cp. 1, de ref. mat. Rit. Rom. Tit. VII. cp. 1.

[976] “_Optimum et ut plurimum etiam necessarium erit confessionis

generalis consilium, ut sponsi labes suas plenius abluant et sanioribus

instituantur principiis atque impedimenta occulta et defectus, quibus

non raro laborant, quosque alteri parti aperire tenentur, sincere

detegantur._”—Instr. Eyst. p. 352.

[977] Compare § 8; Gury, Casus Conscientiæ, II. nn. 733, 394.

[978] Scavini, l. c. de Matrim. Disp. 4, Q. 3; Gury, Theol. Mor. II. 640.

[979] Compare above, § 44. Absolution from reserved sins, S. Alph. l. c.

Lib. VI. nn. 584, 585; Aertnys, Theol. Mor. Lib. VI. Tract. V. De Pœnit.

n. 245; Gury, l. c. II. n. 575.

[980] Or, as is the common custom in many places, not at once to set up

house together, but to wait till the dispensation has been granted.

[981] _Prouti in aliis Legibus, quando aditus ad Papam est impossibilis

et periculum in mora_ (cf. Bened. XIV, De. Syn. Lib. IV. cp. 2, nn. 2,

3); indeed according to the probable opinion of some theologians, the

bishop can delegate this power, as a _potestas ordinaria_, to others,

_etiam generaliter pro omnibus casibus occurrentibus_. S. Alph. Theol.

Mor. Lib. VI. n. 613; Prax. Conf. n. 8.

[982] Cf. S. Alph. l. c. and H. A. n. 114; Scavini, l. c.; Gury, l. c.

II. 771; Cas. Consc. II. n. 1045; Aertnys, Theol. Mor. l. c. n. 273.

[983] Benger holds that confession affords the most suitable occasion

for giving the necessary instruction concerning the _sacredness_ of the

matrimonial duties. Dubois (l. c.) urges that persons about to be married

should be well instructed in what concerns that state, in order that they

may never do anything which is against their conscience, or concerning

which they are in doubt, and that they should obtain advice from pious

and judicious people, or _from their confessor_; Aertnys (Theol. Mor. l.

c. n. 515) speaks of an _officium parochi et confessarii_, to instruct

married people concerning _licita et illicita in matrimonio_. The

confessions of married people and the questions which they put to the

confessor, may afford reason and occasion for instructing them concerning

the _debitum conjugale_. The confessor must, therefore, be prepared

for this; he should also be able to impart necessary information in

a becoming manner; and it requires judgment and skill so to instruct

in this difficult matter as to convey the information without giving

offense or saying more than is necessary. We append the wise remark of

Cardinal Gousset (Moral Theology, II. n. 897).... _Sacerdos, qui, ut ait

Apostolus, debet exemplum esse fidelium in castitate, tacebit, etiam

in sacro tribunali, de modo utendi matrimonio, seu de circumstantiis

ad actum conjugalem spectantibus, nisi forte fuerit interrogatus.

Explicare fusius, quæ licita sunt conjugibus aut illicita, ipsis æque ac

confessariis periculosum foret._ Cf. S. Alph. Prax. Conf. n. 41.

[984] Everything is allowed which is necessary, or conducive, to the

furtherance and attainment of the object of matrimony. The chief object

of matrimony is the _procreatio prolis_; the secondary object _remedium

concupiscentiæ_, and _mutuum adjutorium et solatium in vitæ societate_.

All that is necessary, and conducive, to the attainment of the principal

object, or which serves these secondary objects, having regard for the

first, is allowed; whatever _frustrates_ the principal object is mortally

sinful, whatever goes beyond this principal object, without counteracting

it, is venial sin. For further particulars upon this subject, the

confessor should consult the compendiums of moral theology; for example,

Aertnys, De Matrim. P. IV. cp. 2, n. 479 ss.; Lehmkuhl, l. c. De Matrim.

Sect. IV. n. 834 ss.

[985] Cf. S. Alph. Praxis Conf. n. 94; Aertnys, Instr. pract. l. c. n.

137; Frassinetti, Practical Instruction for Young Confessors (Lucerne,

1874), 2. Pt. 6 Chap. §§ 4, 5; Dubois, The Practical Confessor, 2 Pt. 19

chap. n. 402, etc.

[986] Benedict XIV, Decl. 4 Nov., 1741; Pius VII, Bull 27 Feb., 1809;

Gregory XVI, Encycl. 27 May, 1832, to the archbishops and bishops of

Bavaria. Finally, Leo XIII, Circular 10 Feb., 1880 declares: “A warning

voice must also be raised against marriage lightly contracted with a

person of another faith; for where the souls are disunited in religion,

union in other matters is scarcely to be expected. It is clear that

such marriages must be particularly shunned, for the reason that they

give occasion for unlawful communication and participation in religious

exercises, that they are a source of danger for the religion of the

Catholic party, an obstacle to the good education of the children and

not infrequently a temptation to hold all religions equally justified,

denying all difference between true and false.” Even Protestant divines

and authorities have frequently expressed themselves decidedly against

mixed marriages, and earnestly warned people against them.

[987] Ex facultat. a Pio. IX. datis. See Bangen, De Sponsalibus et de

Matrimonio, II. p. 161.

[988] Brief of Pius VIII, 25 March, 1830. Instruction of Pius IX, 15

Nov., 1858.

[989] Lehmkuhl, l. c. n. 715, justifies the dispensation of the Church,

under the conditions laid down, upon the following grounds: 1. _Propter

magnum bonum publicum_, such mixed marriages may be allowed even

when there is some risk, only the Catholic party must have the firm

intention not to yield to this danger (cf. Lugo, De sacr. in gen. Disp.

8, sect. ult., et De Fide Disp. 32, n. 33). 2. But when on account of

circumstances those dangers disappear, or become slight, a _magnum bonum

privatum_, such as the hope of leading the non-Catholic party to the true

faith, can also make such a marriage permissible. 3. When they cannot be

entirely removed, but yet are not really grave; or, on the other hand,

when a _bonum_, though no very great _bonum_, is to be hoped for from the

mixed marriage, it may happen that contracting such a marriage is not a

grave sin against the natural law, but a venial sin.

[990] The Roman Congregation demands _pacta notoria, de quibus spes est

servari_, that is, a documentary declaration made before the parish

priest, or a legal contract at the hand of a notary.

[991] Cf. Instructio. S. Congregat. Inquisit. 17 Febr., 1864; Decret. S.

Congr. Inq. 29 Aug., 1888.

[992] _Si quando connubium sine cautionibus necessariis initum fuerit,

non propterea_ (_parochi_) _conjugem catholicam negligant, sibique ac

suo peccato relinquant, sed studeant earn ad pœnitentiam adducere, ut

suæ obligationi quoad catholicam educationem prolis, quantum potest,

satisfaciat; quod quamdiu non præstiterit aut saltem sincere promiserit,

sacramentis suscipiendis utique imparatus censeri debet._ (_S. Congreg.

Officii 29 Jul., 1880 ad Cardin. Primatum et Archiep. Strigon._)

[993] Cf. Aertnys, Theol. Mor. Lib. VI. nn. 637, 654, 664.

[994] Cf. Bangen, Instructio practica, Tit. 4, p. 29. “_Si pater est

catholicus, sane liberorum educatio in ipsius potestate est: Ergo quod

potest facere debet; promittens coram testibus vel jurato vel juramenti

loco, se prolem educaturum in catholica religione; sed id de facto etiam

præstare tenetur. Excipe tamen, si proles jam in ea ætate sit, ut a

patre jam non dependeat; tunc enim sufficit, ut vere sit attritus atque

in hujus doloris signum id quod pro viribus efficere possit, peragere

sit paratus. Si mater est catholica, distinguendum videtur. Aut adducere

potest virum, ut in catholicam prolium educationem consentiat; et tunc

ambo conjuges formaliter expositas cautiones emittant coram parocho;

aut virum ad hoc movere nequit; tum attendatur, an indubitata ediderit

contritionis signa idque præstare pro liberorum educatione sit parata,

quod in ipsius viribus est._”

[995] See above, p. 603, Remark 2.

[996] Compare chiefly § 71 and § 49.

[997] “_Sed est aliud feminarum ingenium, quod considerationem

nostram meretur, nimirum, cum factæ fuerint propter virum, libenter

hujus societate gaudent et ea animi propensio, qua se in virum ferri

sentiunt, et vice versa, laqueus est non minus suæ, quam Confessarii

saluti periculosus. Ideo necesse est, ut Confessariis monita demus

et præcautiones indicemus, quibus pericula evitent in frequentibus

et prolixis mulierum confessionibus latentia. Verum enimvero adhæsio

mulieris personæ Confessarii tantum est malum, ut morte ipsa diligentius

est evitandum._” Aertnys, Instruct. practica, P. III. cp. II. art.

3, n. 139. _Mulier sensibili affectu magis succenditur et instinctu

cordis magis quam rationis usu sese dirigit ... uti debilior astutiâ

finem intentum assequitur ... si cui passioni se dedit, magis insanit,

... tempore menstruorum et prægnationis mulieres obnoxiæ sunt variis

motibus passionum, puta morositatis, iracundiæ, anxietatis, et.... Horum

consideratio juvabit sane Confessarium in directione mulierum._ Aertnys,

l. c.

[998] Frassinetti, Pract. Instr. l. c. § 5, p. 280.

[999] Cf. S. Alph. Prax. Conf. n. 119.

[1000] Even those theologians who teach that the _aggravating_

circumstances must also be stated in confession, admit, _in puncto

VI præcepti_, especially in the confessions of women, an exception.

“Heedless questioners! have care for yourselves, have care for weak

souls, respect the holy Sacrament,” exclaims Frassinetti; and the Angel

of the Schools says, “_Potius estis contaminatores quam confessores_.”

Cf. Gousset, Moral Theol. for the use of parish priests and confessors,

II. n. 424; Gury, l. c. n. 1261.

[1001] Praxis Confess. n. 119.

[1002] Cf. Gaume, Handbook for Confessors, Third Chapter, nn. 156-159;

Aertnys, Instr. pract. l. c. n. 141; Ricardi, Dei doveri et dello spirito

degli eccles. 15 a 15 in Le Noir; S. Alph. Praxis Confess. l. c.; Zenner,

Instructio practica Confessor. P. II. Sect. II. cp. 2, §§ 270, 271.

[1003] Frassinetti, l. c. p. 283. We will not leave unnoticed two

special dangers to which Aertnys calls attention: (1) _Siquando

Confessarius, junior præsertim advertat pœnitentem aliquam carnali amore

sibi adhærere asperis verbis eam retundat, et si hoc non sufficiat ad

alium Confessarium remittat, idque tum præcipue faciendum est, cum

et Confessarius sensualem affectum in se sentit; alioquin incautus

Confessarius seipsum et pœnitentem magno periculo exponet._ (2) He

then reminds confessors that the devil especially likes to direct his

efforts against priests, as, at one blow, he ruins not only one, but

many other souls if he succeeds in corrupting a priest. _Inde nonnunquam

contingit, ut procaces feminæ consilium ceperint insidias parandi virtuti

alicujus Sacerdotis, simulando conversionem, infirmitatem, aut quid

aliud excogitando, ut paulatim ad seductionem devenirent. Evenit quoque,

ut salax puella prolixam seriem obscænitatum in Confessione enarret et

inverecunde describat, eo animo, ut turpes commotiones in Confessario

suscitet. Confessarius debere ejusmodi serpentes a se repellere, res ipsa

monet._ And Berardi (Praxis Confess. n. 1099) adds: “_Cavendum quoque

est ab illis puellis, quæ ex curiositate malitiosa cupiunt interrogari a

Confessariis, ut addiscant ea quæ adhuc ignorant et in hunc finem semper

affirmative respondent. Sunt etiam aliæ adhuc magis malitiosæ, quæ, sive

ex libidine, sive ut postea in conversationibus rideant de Confessario,

non solum ad quaslibet interrogationes affirmative respondent, sed etiam

ruborem fingunt et enixe petunt, ut interrogentur. Ab his scopulis

interdum difficile est cavere; sed utile erit, quod Confessarii juniores

sciant, quousque malitia feminæ pertinqere possit._” Cf. Eccle. 25, 26.

[1004] On this account the Provincial Council of Bordeaux (Conc.

Burdigal. 1556, Tit. III. c. 5, in Coll. Lacens. Tom. IV. p. 711)

declares that, in our times especially, solicitude for men constitutes

a principal part of the priest’s work. “_Sane hoc ævi nostri opus

præcipuum reputamus, viros videlicet quam solertissima industria et

quovis indefesso zelo provocare, ut ad meliorem vitæ christianæ rationem

instituendam, ad exequenda integrius cujusque status et conditionis

officia, tandem se recipiant. Non saperet sacerdos, qui laboris

difficultatibus solummodo intentus, de divinis promissionibus et virtute

gratiæ diffidens, hoc opus aggrederetur segniter aut minus strenue

prosequeretur._” This care for men the priest will especially exercise

in the confessional. “The divine authority with which the priest is

invested, the reverence with which the penitent appears before him, the

candor with which he unbosoms himself, the obedience which he shows him,

_give an efficacy to the confessor’s work in the confessional, such as he

is unable to exercise in any other place or occasion_.” Göpfert.

[1005] Praxis Confess. n. 120.

[1006] Cf. Göpfert, l. c. p. 283.

[1007] L. c. p. 278, n. 397; also Dubois, l. c. n. 368, p. 434, and

Göpfert, l. c. p. 284.

[1008] He should not be repelled if the penitent—as is peculiar

to many men, generally less from malice than from awkwardness or

embarrassment—shows a rough, sullen, insolent disposition; if his

expressions are blunt, short, and ill chosen; indeed, the priest should

be impressed favorably by the fact that men generally confess their sins

with a certain honest fearlessness. Cf. Synod vic. Sutchuensis, 1803;

Coll. Lac. Tom. VI. p. 608; and Conc. Aqu. 1850, Tit. VII. c. 5. Coll.

Lac. Tom. IV. p. 992: _Alacri animo et in multa patientia suscipiat

pœnitentes, præsertim viros, qui ad sacrum tribunal summo studio omnique

charitatis industria alliciendi sunt._ Conc. Baltim. 1866, Tit. V. c. 5

(Coll. Lac. Tom. III. p. 40).

[1009] Zenner, Instructio pract. Conf. l. c. §§ 273, 274; Lehmkuhl, l. c.

Sacram. Pœn. Sect. III. cp. 4, art. 3, nn. 506-510; Aertnys, Instruct.

pract. l. c. art. II. n. 148; Gaume, Handbook for Confessors, n. 185.

[1010] See § 41.

[1011] For this purpose he should make a diligent study of those ascetic

books which treat of these matters; for example, the works of St.

Alphonsus, Rodriguez, Scaramelli.

[1012] _Idque_, proceeds Lehmkuhl, _adeo verum est, ut in extraordinariis

donis divinis, teste Sancta Theresia, Deus, non raro directorem vel

confessarium experientia instruat, ut alios, qui ejusmodi charismatibus

dotati sint, recte instruere et dirigere possit._ The more, therefore,

the confessor sees himself deprived of the extraordinary gifts, the

more prudent and cautious he must be; if he should have a penitent who

enjoys a special intercourse with God, such penitent must not be lightly

treated. But even in the treatment of ordinary, everyday matters,

the confessor of nuns must proceed with great prudence, in order to

give wholesome advice and correct answers; “_quo enim sagacioris et

suspicacioris indolis sint feminæ et quo majus otium ruminandi et

indagandi monialibus relinquatur, eo cautior et prudentior esse debet

illarum confessarius, ne errorum det ansam_.” Lehmkuhl. It is also a part

of prudence to content himself with what devolves upon him as confessor,

and not to interfere in the temporal affairs of the nuns, lest, by more

familiar intercourse with one or other of them, he expose himself or her

to danger, or give occasion for ill feeling or petty jealousy.

[1013] Decretum 17 Dec., 1890.

[1014] Compare on this point S. R. C. 2 Dec., 1885; S. C. Ep. et

Reg. 4 Aug., 1888; Ballerini, Notæ ad Gury, Theol. Mor. II. n. 241;

moreover, S. Rom. et Univ. Inquis. 2 July, 1890; Linzer Theol-prakt.

Quartalschrift, 1889, S. 630; 1893, S. 138 (both articles by W. E.

Hubert). According to these decisions, the right to give permission to

nuns to receive holy communion oftener (than on the days fixed by the

constitutions) belongs, not to their director or their Superioress, but

only to the usual confessor, who, in the exercise of his right, is free

and independent. Only in one case could the Superioress forbid holy

communion, namely, when a nun had _publicly_ committed a _serious_ fault

which had caused _scandal_ to the other sisters (cf. S. C. Ep. et Reg.

27 June, 1876); this prohibition, however, would only hold good till the

next confession. When the _Confessor ordinarius_ has given permission for

special occasions, it need not be referred to the Superiors; but if the

permission is granted once for all, the Superior should be informed; the

penitent herself ought to do so, but only once. Cf. S. Rom. et Univ. Inq.

2 July, 1890.

[1015] St. Alphonsus wishes that such a priest (_conscientiæ parum

meticulosæ_) should be asked: 1. _Si distulerit celebrationem missarum

per mensem, præsertim si sint defunctorum_ (cf. H. A. Append. III.

n. 107). 2. _Si festinanter celebravit_ (H. A. Tract. 15, nn. 84 ad

86). 3. _Si satisfecit obligationi divini officii, præsertim si est

beneficiatus._ H. A. Append. IV. § 1, n. 9; Prax. Conf. n. 183. Cf.

Aertnys. Instr. pract. P. III. cp. 2, 3, art. 3, n. 154 and P. II. cp. 2,

n. 42; Gaume, Handbook, 4. chap. 2. art. §§ 182, 183, 184.

[1016] H. A. Append. IV. § 1, n. 9.

[1017] S. Alph. Prax. Conf. n. 183.

[1018] Prax. Conf. nn. 122, 127, 219. _Contemplatio in ceteris hominibus

quæritur per consilium, in sacerdotibus vero exigitur per præceptum._

Rup. Tuit. Lib. II. in Lev. cp. 40. St. Gregory trembles for those

bishops who admit to the service of the sanctuary men who have neither

reverence nor love for prayer. St. Bernard admonishes Pope Eugenius to

impose hands upon those only who have taste and zeal for meditation. St.

Charles Borromeo objects to ordaining any priest without being certain

that he possesses the science of meditation.... And everything that has

been written upon this subject since the days of St. Vincent de Paul,

St. Francis of Sales, and Olier, may be summed up as follows: “If one

becomes a priest only by ordination, one becomes a good priest only by

meditation.” Compare Chaignon, Meditations, Introduction, p. x ff.

[1019] S. Alph. Prax. Conf. n. 48 ss.; Aertnys, Instr. pract. l. c. n.

156 ss.; Zenner, Instr. pract. Conf. §§ 276, 277.

[1020] The Priest in Solitude, Div. I. chap. ix. n. 30.

[1021] Rit. Rom. Tit. V. cp. 4, n. 1; S. Alph. Prax. Conf. n. 228.

[1022] Rit. Rom. Tit. V. cp. 4, n. 7.

[1023] Cf. Polancus, Methodus juvandi moribundos (Dilling, 1578);

Scupoli, The Manner of Comforting the Sick, and Preparing Them for a

Good Death (3. Supplement to the Spiritual Combat); Carol. Borrom.

Instructiones de cura et visit. infirm. (Act. Med. pp. 595-608); S. Alph.

Prax. Conf. nn. 227-292; H. A. II. Append.; Hettinger, Herr, den du

liebst, er ist krank. Wurzburg, 1854; Aertnys, Instruct. pract. P. III.

cp. 5, art. 2; Zenner, Instruct. etc. P. II. Sect. II. cp. 2, §§ 301-311;

Schüch, § 317; Frassinetti, a. a. O. 2. Teil. 2. Cap. I. anh. §§ 1-7;

Dubois, The Practical Pastor of Souls, 2. Part, 12. Chap. pp. 317-336,

etc.; Stang, Pastoral Theology.

[1024] S. Alph. Lib. VI. n. 354; De Herdt, Sacræ Liturg. praxis, Tom. II.

P. III. n. 20, IV.

[1025] Cf. Rit. Rom. l. c. _Quum primum noverit, quempiam ex fidelibus

curæ suæ commissis ægrotare, non expectabit, ut ad eum vocetur: sed ultro

ad illum accedat, idque non semel tantum, ted sæpius, quatenus opus

fuerit: horteturque Parochiales suos, ut ipsum admoneant, quum aliquem

in parochia sua ægrotare contigerit, præcipue si morbus gravior fuerit._

The sick person should, therefore, be visited _early_, the visit should

be repeated, but with _discretion_, so that he may not be in any way

inconvenienced. Various circumstances, however, cause patients or those

belonging to them to conceal the illness from the priest, such as, fear

of troubling him, the erroneous idea that his visit will entail expense,

anxiety lest his appearance might have an injurious effect upon the

patient’s condition; lack of conscientiousness on the part of the doctor,

malice, unbelief. In such cases the priest must endeavor to remove these

objections, and to obtain timely access to the sick person.

[1026] Cf. Rit. Roman. l. c.

[1027] The priest should not forget the exhortation of the Rit. Rom.:

“_Ægrotos visitans ea ex qua Sacerdotes Domini decet honestate et

gravitate se habeat, ut non ægris solum, sed sibi et domesticis verbo

et exemplo prosit ad salutem._” Special care is necessary in visiting

persons of the other sex. The sick-room should not be entered without

due notice, the visits should take place as much as possible during the

day, and not be too frequent nor too long; the priest should avoid being

alone; even when hearing the confession the door should be left open, so

that others can always see from a distance; certainly the door should

not be locked, and he should never remain in the dark, nor alone longer

than is unavoidably necessary. Everything of the nature of tenderness

or sentimentality should be avoided, and holy decorum and gravity be

observed. Comp. Benger, Pastoraltheologie, a. a. O.; Frassinetti,

Practical Instruction, chap. 2, Appendix I. § 3, nn. 353-356.

[1028] S. Aug. Enarrat. in psalm. 144, n. 11.

[1029] S. Alph. Prax. Conf. nn. 231, 232.

[1030] See §§ 30, 31, 32, General Confession.

[1031] Lugo, l. c. Disp. 16, sect. 14, n. 598.

[1032] Comp. § 27, S. Alph. Lib. VI. n. 260; H. Ap. Tract. 15, n. 24;

Tract. 16, n. 39; Gury, l. c. II. n. 498.

[1033] S. Alph. Hom. Ap. Tract, ult. n. 46, Prax. Conf. n. 105.

[1034] Compare § 27; S. Alph. Lib. VI. n. 479.

[1035] See § 86.

[1036] Cf. S. Alph. Lib. III. n. 682; Prax. Conf. n. 105; Reuter, n. 235.

Cf. 211, 6.

[1037] Cf. S. Alph. Lib. VI. nn. 609, 614, 616.

[1038] See § 66, 1. Those living in concubinage.

[1039] S. Alph. Lib. VI. n. 454; Reuter, n. 211, 6. Cf. 173; Gury, Cas.

consc. II. nn. 722-725; Gaume, Handbook, n. 376.

[1040] Compare Renninger-Göpfert, Pastoraltheologie, § 100; Müller,

Theol. Mor. Lib. III. Tract. II. § 167.

[1041] See also § 33, III.

[1042] It would be very wrong to take no further trouble about the sick

after they have received the last Sacraments. Benger, a. a. O. n. 17;

Dubois, n. 264; and others.

[1043] It would be best that the physician should tell the patient of

this danger. But if none else will do it, the priest must perform this

service of love, and that, not only when the patient is in a dangerous

condition as to his soul, but also when he is well prepared.

[1044] S. Alph. Prax. Conf. nn. 237-253.

[1045] S. Alph. Prax. Conf. n. 276, n. 11. See § 86.

[1046] S. Alph. l. c. nn. 234, 235; 267, 368. Rit. Rom. Tit. V. cp. 4,

nn. 6, 13, 14.

[1047] With regard to the Indulgence for the dying we append the

following from the various decrees: The sick person can gain only once

the Plenary Indulgence for the dying _in eodem mortis articulo_. S. C.

Ind. 5 Febr., 1841. And it is forbidden to give the General Absolution

more than once (whether it be by the same or by different priests) _in

eodem mortis articulo_, or to grant the Plenary Indulgence for the dying

repeatedly on the plea that the patient has claims to it from various

titles, for instance, by membership in the confraternities of the Rosary

and of the Scapular. S. C. Ind. 12 Mar., 1855, 22 Mar., 1879. The formula

prescribed by Benedict XIV must be used by all under pain of invalidity,

and according to a declaration of Leo XIII, 1882, even by Regulars

and Tertiaries, yet with mention of the founder of their Order in the

_Confiteor_. Compare Schneider-Beringer, Die Ablässe, 10. Aufl. S. 473 f.

[1048] Ordo ministrandi Sacr. Pœn. n. 24.

[1049] Cf. Aertnys, Theol. Mor. Lib. VI. Tract. V. n. 196, Q. 1;

Lehmkuhl, Theol. Mor. l. c. Sect. III. art. IV. n. 510; Müller, Theol.

Mor. Lib. III. T. II. § 166.

[1050] Lehmkuhl, l. c., who, however, adds: “_Attamen culpandus non est,

qui forte conditionem” si capax es “adjungat, quum possint occurrere

circumstantiæ, quæ absolutionis valorem dubium reddant._”

[1051] Aertnys, l. c., S. Antoninus, Suarez, Bonacina, etc. Müller, also,

recommends the _absol. condit._

[1052] “_Moraliter fieri nequit in hac nostra natura composita, ut

dolor et desiderium, se subjiciendi clavibus Ecclesiæ, quæ interne

habentur, nullo actu sensibili se manifestent, licet ab aliis forte non

animadvertatur, vel quia præsentes non sunt vel quia signa non valent

distinguere. Hinc sicut in moribundo sensibus destituto potest præsumi

pœnitentia, ita pari omnino jure præsumitur pœnitentia manifestata in

ordine ad se subjiciendum clavibus._”—Franzelin, De Sacr. in genere.

Romæ, 1868, p. 39.

[1053] S. Alph. Lib. VI. n. 482; Aertnys, l. c. n. 196, Q. 3; Müller, l.

c. § 166, II.

[1054] Lehmkuhl, l. c. nn. 512-515; Lacroix, Lib. VI. P. II. n. 1162;

Ballerini, Op. Theol. Mor. l. c. cp. 1, _De absolutione morientium_, nn.

394-420.

[1055] Cf. Aertnys, l. c. n. 196, Q. IV et V, Müller, l. c. § 166, II.

_b_ and _c_, and his dissertation upon the sacramental absolution of

the dying in the Linzer Theol-prakt. Quartalschrift, 1884, pp. 259-264;

Kenrick, Theol. Mor. Tract. 18, n. 211; Konings, Theol. Mor. II. n.

1371. Concerning dying non-Catholics who are still conscious, see § 73

(Conclusion).

[1056] S. Alph. Lib. VI. n. 480.

[1057] S. Alph. Lib. VI. n. 482; Prax. Conf. n. 276; H. Ap. n. 37;

Aertnys, l. c. n. 196, Q. VI; Müller, l. c. § 168.

[1058] De Sacram. Pœnit. Conf. VIII. n. 219. Cf. S. Alph. Prax. Conf. n.

276.

TOPICAL INDEX

Abortionists, excommunicated, 339.

“About” as a numerical qualification of sin, 163.

Absence of penitent when absolution is given (note), 57.

of contrition, how known, 120.

Absolution, form of, 50-53.

from censures, 54.

presence of penitent for, 55.

in writing, 56.

conditional, 59-69, 645.

objections urged against conditional, 66-69.

given at a distance, 58.

by telephone (note), 59.

from reserved sins, 340-350.

direct and indirect, 345.

of _complex in peccato turpi_, 354-363.

of those who refuse to denounce a _sollicitans_, 375.

postponement of, 529.

to the dying, 645-654.

repeated in cases of the dying, 653.

_Absolventes complicem in peccato turpi_, 333.

Abuse of the sacrament, 351.

Apostates, excommunicated, 328.

_Apostolicæ Sedis_, bull on censures, 326.

Appeal to secular judge in ecclesiastical cases, 332.

Appreciative sorrow for sin, 108.

Approbation of confessors, 279-283.

for hearing confessions of nuns, 311.

_Articulus mortis_, removes reservation, 347.

_Attritio_, 74, 88-98.

Attritionists, teaching of, 96.

Avarice, remedies of, 456.

Bad confessions, 391, 394.

Banns, dispensation from, 604.

Baptism, sins before, 39.

sins after, doubtfully valid, 190.

of converts, 558.

Betrothals, 592.

Blessing before confession, 53.

_Bona fide_ penitents, 443.

Books, _ex professo_ bad, 512.

on the Index (note), 331.

reading of good, 580.

Careless examination of conscience, signs of, 220.

Cases reserved, 316, 327.

Casuistry, study of, necessary, 432.

Catholics, dying, as a rule to be absolved, 651.

Censures, absolution from, 54.

reserved, 326.

Certain and doubtful matter for absolution, 40.

Change of penance, 275.

Child, age of, for receiving sacraments, 25.

Children’s confessions, how to be heard, 561.

Choice of state of life, 583.

Circumstances of sins to be confessed, 166-180.

changing venial into mortal, 173.

_Circumstantiæ aggravantes_, 174.

_speciem mutantes_, 175.

Civil government pastors, 335.

marriages, 607, 640.

Clandestine marriages, impediment of, 607.

Classification of sins (note), 158.

Commerce, missionaries forbidden to engage in, 338.

_Communicatio in sacris_, by clerics, 338.

mixed marriages, 600, 603.

Communion, frequent, 453.

Communion, frequent, for young unmarried people, 577.

Commutation of penance, 274-276.

Company-keeping of young people, 592.

Complete, sin to be reserved must be, 324.

Completeness of confession, 158, 198.

reasons excusing from, 200, 203.

_Complex absolvens_, excommunicated, 333.

_Complex in peccato turpi_, absolution of, 354.

inquiring the name of, unlawful, 351.

Concealing sins, habit of, 391, 394.

_Concina_, favors rigorous views (note), 65.

Concubinage, 501.

_Conditio de præsenti et de præterito_, 62.

Conditional absolution, 59-69.

Conditions placed in mixed marriages, 601.

_Confessio ficta ex pravo fine_, 367.

Confession, annual, 24, 26.

necessity of, 137.

in writing, 151.

of children, 561.

of women, 608.

Confessor, regular, 145-148.

of religious, 308, 309.

of nuns, 311.

Confirmation, blots out venial sin, 34.

Conscience, examination of, 215.

erroneous, 568.

Constituent parts of penance, 37.

Contracting marriage before Protestant minister, 603.

Contrition, 19, 36.

extent and efficacy of, 71.

perfect and imperfect, 74, 88-98.

qualities of, 98-111.

motives of, 105.

in children, 570.

Converts, treatment of, 555.

baptism of, 558.

_Damnificator injustus_, confessor as, 464.

Dancing, 506.

Danger to life of confessor, 201.

Dangerous intimacies, 514-518, 592.

Deaf penitents, 202.

Death, danger of, 65, 645.

_Debitum conjugale_, questions concerning, 387, 599.

Defenders of heretics, 329, 331.

Deferring absolution, duty of, 407, 411, 413.

Deficient jurisdiction, 300.

Definite matter for absolution, 48.

_Deinde_, in the form of absolution (note), 55.

Delegated jurisdiction not to be presumed, 288-290.

Denouncing the _sollicitans_, 372.

_Deprecatoria forma_, not in use in Latin Church, 55.

Desire of pleasing in women, 579.

Despair, temptation to, in the dying, 643.

Different spiritual conditions, penitents in, 487.

_Diligentia moralis_, required in examining conscience, 215.

Direct and indirect absolution, 345.

remission of sin, 41.

Discretion in penitent, 145.

in imposing penance, 270.

in questioning the penitent, 383.

_Disparitas cultus_, impediment of, 600.

Disposition of penitents, 49, 398.

Distance, absolution given at a, 58.

Distracted confessor (note), 397.

_Doctoris munus_ in the sacrament, 438.

Dogmatic theology, knowledge of, 428.

_Dolor intellectivus_, not contrition, 72.

_in fieri et in facto esse_, 112.

Doubt of jurisdiction, 64.

disposition, 49, 65, 402, 412.

Doubtful matter for absolution, 40.

sins to be confessed, 180.

Duellists, 336.

Duty of denouncing the _confessarius sollicitans_, 368-371.

confessor to dispose penitent, 402.

Dying penitents doubtfully disposed, 409.

ministry of confessor to the, 630-632, 645.

penitents, in the act of sin, 651.

Effects of perfect contrition, 81.

sins, evil, 161.

Efficacious resolution, 131.

Efficacy of contrition, 71.

_Efficax affectu_, 131.

_executione_, 131.

Engaged people, how to treat, 592.

Engagements of marriage, pastors not to meddle in (note), 591.

Envy, remedies of, 457.

_Epikeia_, 445.

_Error communis_, about jurisdiction, 302.

_privatus_, about jurisdiction, 302.

Errors committed by confessor, 460.

Essential form of sacrament, 50.

Eucharist removes venial sin, 33.

Examination of conscience, 215-221, 452.

for children, 565.

Excommunication by neglect of annual confession, 28.

reserved to the Pope, 327.

_latæ sententiæ_, 335.

reserved to the ordinary, 339.

_Excommunicationes non reservatæ_, 339.

Excusing, reasons, from complete confession, 198.

Exempted from going to Rome in reserved cases, 346.

Exhorting the penitent, duty of, 438.

Experience not a substitute for science, 432.

Extraordinary confessors of nuns, 313-315.

jurisdiction, 300.

_Facultas absolvendi a censuris_, 604.

Faith (implicit) essential for contrition, 73, 102.

Faults peculiar to youth, 578.

Fear as an element of attrition, 90.

of relapse, 130.

Fenians excommunicated, 336.

_Ficta confessio ex pravo fine_, 367.

Forbidden books, 512.

Forgotten penance, 277.

sins, 116, 195.

reservation, 348.

Form of sacrament, 50.

essential, 50, 51.

sufficient, 52.

Formal heresy, 328.

Freemasons excommunicated, 336.

Free matter of confession, 45.

Frequent confession, 28.

communion, 453.

General accusation, 44.

confession, 228-236.

manner of hearing a, 238.

plan for making a, 245-255.

Good works blot out venial sin, 36.

_Gousset_, Cardinal, defends St. Alphonsus, 68.

Habitual sinners, 518-520.

Hearing words of absolution not essential, 56.

Heretics excommunicated, 328.

Hypocritical penitents, 543-545.

Ignorance of reservation, 324.

Ignorant penitents, 185, 439, 441, 447, 642.

Impediment, occult, in marriage, 597.

Imperfect contrition, 88-98.

Imposition of penance, 256.

Impurity, remedies against, 457.

habit of, in children, 572.

_Index_ of forbidden books (note), 331.

Indications of true sorrow for sin, 119.

Indirect violation of the _sigillum_, 477.

_Indulgentiam_ in the form of absolution, 53.

Inquiring the name of accomplice, 351.

Insincere confessions, 394.

of children, 567.

Institution of penance, 22.

Instruction of children, 25, 569.

penitents, 438.

those about to be married, 591.

Integrity of confession, 153.

Intemperance, remedy against, 457.

Interdict, 340.

Intimacies, dangerous, 514.

Invalid confessions, 222.

absolution in reserved cases, 348.

Invincible ignorance, 442.

Jansenist teaching about amendment, 128.

Judge, the confessor as, 379.

Judging of child’s disposition, 574.

of penitent’s disposition, 398.

Judicial power and process, 20.

_Jurisdictio dubia_, 303.

_in articulo mortis_, 305.

Jurisdiction of confessors, 279-283.

delegated, 288.

directly limited by reservation, 325.

Knowledge of sins requisite for absolution, 226, 379.

necessary, of the confessor, 424.

_Læsio sigilli_, danger of, 204, 466-476.

_Lex disciplinaris_, reservation a, 325.

_Libri erotici_, 512.

_Librorum Index_, 331.

Lies told in confession, 141, 143, 571.

Long marriage-engagements, 594.

Love, degrees of, in contrition, 76.

of pleasure in youth, 578.

_Malus effectus peccati_, whether to be confessed, 162.

Marriage, instruction for, 600.

secret, 502.

vocation to, 590.

mixed, 600.

before Protestant minister, 603.

Married people, confessions of young, 599.

_Materia proxima_, _remota_, _ex qua_, _circa quam_, 39, 40, 112.

_Matrimonium secretum_, 502.

Matrimony, destroys venial sin, 34.

call to, 590.

Matter of sacrament, 37, 40, 112, 197.

_Medicinalis pœna_, reservation a, 325.

Members of religious orders as penitents, 307.

Men, confessions of, 614.

Mildness in giving penances, 263.

Minister of sacrament, 279, 378.

Protestant, contracting marriage before, 603.

_Misereatur_ in absolution, 35.

Mistakes of confessor, 421.

Mixed marriages, 600, 602.

_Mixtæ religionis_, impediment, 603.

Moral theology, study of, 427.

_Mortalia negative dubia_, 184.

Mothers, confessor’s care of, 613.

Motives of contrition, 103.

_Mulieres devotæ_, 422, 610.

_parturientes_, 637.

_Munus doctoris_, 438.

Name of accomplice not to be asked, 351.

Natural inclinations to be repressed, 421.

Necessary matter of penance, 40.

qualities of contrition, 98-111.

_Nemo malus præsumendus_, 399.

_Notitia confusa_ of sins, 226.

Number of sins to be expressed, 163, 241, 390.

Nuns, confessors of, 311, 618-623.

Objections against conditional absolution, 66.

Obligation to receive the sacrament, 23.

of annual confession, 24, 26.

procuring perfect contrition, 81-88.

_Occasio proximo peccati_, 488.

_remota_, 488, 492.

_continua_, 489.

_immediata_, 491.

_voluntaria_, 493, 639.

_interrupta_, 495.

_necessaria_, 496, 499, 639.

Occasion of sin, duty of avoiding the, 487.

“Odd Fellows” condemned, 336.

Office, divine, as a source of scruples, 554.

Omission of sins to be confessed, 41.

Omitted, sins, through forgetfulness, 193.

Order, vocation to a religious, 585.

Orders, sacred, blot out venial sin, 34.

as a requisite for jurisdiction, 278.

confessors of religious, 307.

_Ordinarius_, includes vicar-general, 339.

Ordinary, excommunication reserved to, 339.

jurisdiction, 284.

confessor of nuns, 313.

Papal reservations, 326.

Parish priest can hear his subjects anywhere, 287.

has ordinary jurisdiction, 285.

as confessor, 213.

“_Passio Domini_,” prayer after absolution, 52.

Pastors appointed by civil government, 335.

Patience requisite in confessor, 423.

_Peccata externa_ reserved, only, 324.

_Peccator publicus_, 504, 634.

Penalties imposed on _sollicitans_, 377.

Penance, virtue of, 17.

act of the will, 19.

sacrament, 20.

imposition of, 256.

public, 261.

Penances repugnant to penitent to be avoided, 262.

for venial sins, 266.

commutation of, 274.

object of the _sigillum_, 474.

Penitents aiming at perfection, 536-543.

_Percussores clericorum_, 335.

_Peregrini_ may be absolved, 296.

Perfect contrition, 76.

obligation of, 84.

_Periculum scandali_, 205.

_læsionis sigilli_, 204.

Persons prevented from going to Rome, 346.

Physician, confessor as, 448.

Pollution, the vice of, 531, 582.

Pope has universal jurisdiction, 284.

Postponement of absolution, 411, 415, 529.

_Potestas jurisdictionis_, 280.

_ordinis_, 279.

Practical knowledge required in confessor, 431.

Precept of confession, 23.

Predominant passion to be discovered, 450.

Preparation for making confession, 126.

for hearing confession, 416.

Presence, moral, of penitent, 55, 57, 58.

Preserving the seal of confession, 466-470.

Pride, remedy against, 456.

Priesthood, signs of vocation to the, 588.

Priests, confessions of, 624-629.

Profession of faith by converts, 558, 560.

at the hour of death, 560.

Promises required in mixed marriages, 601.

Properties of confession, 139.

_Propositum non peccandi_, 121.

_Proprio sacerdoti_, meaning of, 28.

_Proxima materia_, 39.

Prudence of confessor, 434, 436.

Public sinners, 504.

Purpose of amendment, 126, 639.

Pythias, Knights of, condemned, 336.

Qualities of contrition, 98.

_Quasi-materia_, 37.

Questions not to be answered by penitent, 142.

to be put to penitent, 214, 380, 435.

for general confession, 244, 248.

Raising the hand at _Indulgentia_ (note), 53.

Readers of heretical books, 330.

Reading, bad, 511.

of good books, 580.

Reasons excusing from complete confession, 198.

_Receptores_ of heretics, excommunicated, 329.

Recipient of penance, 70.

Refusing absolution, 407.

Regular confessor advisable for the young, 581.

Regulars receive jurisdiction from the Pope, 292.

may receive it conditionally from the ordinary, 295.

require approbation from ordinary, 293.

may be deprived of faculties by ordinary, 294.

confessors of, 308.

Relapsing sinners, 448-459, 521-536.

Relation of contrition to the sacrament, 111.

Religious order, vocation to a, 585.

Remedies against relapse, 448.

scruples, 550.

Remorse of conscience, not contrition, 72.

Repeating confession, when necessary, 224.

Reproving penitent, duty of, 451.

Reservation in case of strangers, 320.

ceases, when, 347.

forgotten by confessor, 348.

Reserved cases, 316.

not to be multiplied unduly, 319.

papal, 326.

_Retinentes libros hæreticos_, 330.

Retractation of heresy _in foro externo_, 329.

Revealing the accomplice, 208.

Rules for confessors, 465.

scrupulous penitents, 552.

Sacramental seal, 466-476.

Sacramentals destroy sin, 35.

_Sanatio in radice_, 443, 604.

Satisfaction, 38.

Schismatics, excommunicated, 332.

Science of perfection, 428.

required in confessor, 424.

Scruples as object of the _sigillum_, 475.

kinds of, 550.

remedies against, 550.

Scrupulosity, causes of, 547.

marks of, 545.

Scrupulous penitents, how to treat them, 545-552.

Seal of confession, 466.

Sensible contrition, 118.

Servile fear, 91.

Sick, confessor’s ministry to the, 630, 632-645.

_Sigillum sacramentale_, 466.

Signs of repentance, 20, 645.

in the dying, 649.

proper disposition, 400.

vocation to priesthood, 588.

Simulation of confession, 368.

Sincerity in confession, 27.

Sinful occasions, 487.

Sins forgiven may be again confessed, 42.

Sloth, remedies against the sin of, 458.

Small penances, 264.

_Sollicitatio proprii pœnitentis_, 364, 368.

Sorrow for sin, quality of, 72.

supreme (appreciative), 108.

test of, 119.

Special care of relapsing sinners, 530-536.

_Species infima_, 159.

State of life, choice of a, 583.

Stealing relics, 337.

habit of, in children, 571.

Striking a cleric _suadente diabolo_, 335.

Sufficient matter for absolution, 40.

_Supplet ecclesia_, 300.

Supplying deficient jurisdiction, 300.

Suspension, 340.

_Suspensionis_ in the form of absolution, 52.

Teacher, the confessor as, 438-448.

Telephone, absolution by (note), 59.

Testifying to confession made, 483.

Theaters, frequenting, 509.

Tickets, certifying to confession made, 483.

_Timor mundanus_, _naturalis_, _servilis_, _filialis_, _mixtus seu

initialis_, 90.

Timorous conscience, 186.

_Titulus coloratus_, 300-302.

Travelers on sea, who absolves, 299.

Treatment of scrupulous penitents, 545-555.

Trial, penance a judicial, 21.

Tribunal, difference between civil and sacramental, 21.

Trusting statements of penitent, 395.

Unconscious penitents, at the hour of death, 646.

Uncouth penitents, 447.

Universality of purpose of amendment, 132.

sorrow for sin, 106.

Unmarried, confessions of young, people, 575.

Urgent confessions, what to omit in, 52.

Usurpers of ecclesiastical rights, 333.

_Usus matrimonii_, instruction regarding the, 599.

Vagrants (_vagi_) may be absolved anywhere, 299.

Vague accusations in confession, 44, 48.

Valid absolution requires pronouncing of words, 56.

Venial sin, how forgiven, 29, 32.

purpose of amendment in case of, 183.

penance for, 266.

Vicars-general have jurisdiction, 285.

Violation of the _sigillum_, 476.

Virginity, state of, in the world, 589.

Virtual contrition, 30.

Virtues required in confessor, 416.

Visits to the sick to be repeated, 642.

_Vitium pollutionis_, 531, 582.

Vocation, choice of a, 583.

to the priesthood, signs of, 588.

Vow of virginity, 589.

Vows of nuns, 620.

Wedding, confessions immediately before, 596.

Women, conduct of confessor toward, 608.

Words required for valid absolution, 56.

Worthy preparation for marriage, 595.

Writing, absolution by, invalid, 55.

absolution by, from censures, valid (note), 57.

Young men, love of pleasure in, 579.

Young unmarried people, confessions of, 575.

Youth, faults peculiar to, 578.

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