present state of the problem it can be nothing more than a suggestion,
there is a line that has not been exhausted, and along which help may
yet be found. It starts from the fact that Jesus seems to have adopted
the _character_ of the Servant of the Lord under the _name_ of the Son
of Man; and we have seen that both these are ideals of a community or
a nation rather than of a person. Again, that somehow the title "the
Son of Man" had Messianic significance, and in the mind of Jesus was
connected with the figure in Daniel, is seen from His confession before
Caiaphas. The contradiction between these facts and the purpose of
concealing His Messiahship can perhaps be solved by noticing that Jesus
never explicitly identifies Himself with the Son of Man; and if all
the passages where this title is found in the Synoptics are examined,
they seem to separate themselves into three distinct groups: (1) where
the reference might be not only to Jesus Himself but to Man fulfilling
his ideal; (2) where the reference is to the suffering which the Son
of Man must undergo; (3) and most important, this term is always used
when Jesus speaks of that mysterious return on the clouds which is
known as the Second Advent. The conclusion to which it is suggested
all these facts point is that although Jesus believed Himself to be
the personal centre on which the Messianic hope converged, it was not
to Himself personally, but to the new humanity which His Spirit should
beget, that He looked for the complete fulfilment of the Messianic
hope. Thus at least are linked together the fact that the Prophets are
occupied rather with the Messianic community than with the Messiah,
and the fact that Jesus made the centre and aim of His teaching the
Kingdom rather than its personal embodiment in Himself. Jesus certainly
read these Prophets more according to their real inwardness than any
of His contemporaries or than many generations of Christian scholars;
and there is no better preparation for the serious study of the Gospels
than a careful examination of the growing revelation of the Old
Testament religion, and the inner meaning of the Messianic hope.
Of this wonderful growth and moving revelation, it can be said, in a
way deeper than the old typological and prophetic methods of study
could understand, that Christ is the aim and the goal; not only
Jesus of Nazareth with His unique Personality, but that still more
transcendent mystery, the Christ within the heart, Christ the head of
every man. If we have learned nothing else, surely we have learned
this: that behind the hopes of mankind, behind their misty dreams,
their gropings after truth, their struggles for righteousness, are
the eternal thoughts of God; and although these may transcend their
poor reflection in the mind of man, as the heavens the earth, yet this
remains: that for every hope implanted, there is an answer beyond
our expectation; for every desire Godward, the revelation of the
Father-friend; for every ideal of the human heart, the Christ; and
for every effort after human progress, the ever nearer coming of the
Kingdom of God.
INDEX
Abraham, emigration of, 23;
historicity of, 36;
religion of, 31, 34
_Adonai_, 60
Ahijah, 117
Altars, erected anywhere, 98;
construction of, 200
Amaziah, 118
Amos, 98, 118, 136, 148, 152, 159, 271
Animals, as tribal names, 39;
clean and unclean, 40;
worship of, 26, 39, 68, 124
Animism, 40, 41
Apostasy, 90, 129
Arabia, home of Semites, 20, 22
Ark, 69, 70, 121, 180
Armageddon, 272
Aryan conception of God, 25
Asaph, 222, 225
Asherah, 46
Ashtoreth, or _Ashtart_, 94
Assembly of the saints, 223
Assyria, 156, 160, 161
Atonement, 102, 208;
of Christ, 210, 211;
Day of, 177, 178
Azazel, 42, 207, 208
Baal, 38, 92, 96, 98
Baal of Tyre, 94, 109, 125. See also under Melkart
Babylon, fall of, 185;
Jews in, 169-174, 179, 185, 204
Babylonian epic of Creation, 205;
influence of, 204-206
Babylonian religion, 186
Balaam, prophecy of, 271
Ban, the, 49
Blood, significance of, 26, 208;
food of deity, 48
Book of the Covenant, 200
_Bosheth_, 94, 97
Bull-worship, 68, 98, 124
Calf-worship. See under Bull
Canaan, influence of, 27, 83-86, 170;
conquest of, 82, 86, 87;
Jewish love for, 83;
limitations of, 84
Canaanites, customs of, borrowed, 92, 98;
origin of, 23, 24;
religion of, 38, 92-95;
sanctuaries of, 98, 158, 163;
why not exterminated, 90;
and Hebrews, 87
Centralization of worship, 144, 157, 163
Chemosh, 43
Choice of Israel, Jehovah's, 75;
prophetic conception of, 156, 187
Christ the goal of Old Testament, 282.
And see under Jesus
Christianity, 101, 274
Chronicler, the, 221
Circumcision, 50, 180
Comparative religion, 38
Conditions of life among Semites, 20;
in time of Judges, 87;
after exile, 196, 232;
in time of Psalms, 226, 231, 232;
reflected in Wisdom lit., 247;
in Ecclesiastes, 259;
in Messianic age, 273
Covenant at Sinai, 58, 65;
prophetic conception of, 76, 157, 267
Covenant-sacrifice, 49, 63
Creation, 186, 205;
Babylonian legend of, 205
Customs retained with new significance, 39, 50, 176
Customs, mourning, 40
Cyrus, 183, 185, 268
Daniel, Book of, 141
David, character of, 119, 121, 229;
influence of, 120;
his kingdom, 88, 120;
a poet, 119;
his religious ideas, 121;
his work, 120;
and the Messiah, 270, 275
Day of Atonement, 177;
of the Lord, 271;
of judgment, 272
Deborah, Song of, 88
Decalogue, the, 74
Deluge, the, 206
Deuteronomy, Book of, 145, 157, 162, 200
Development of Religion, xiv, 27, 37, 79, 86, 99, 128, 129, 131,
142, 215, 282
Director's Psalm Book, 220
Documents, various, how detected, 33, 194, 199
"E," 30, 142, 194
Ecclesiastes, name, 258;
Book of, 260;
ascribed to Solomon, 258;
significance of, 262
El, 37, 59
Elijah, 98, 99, 106, 114, 125, 126, 136, 148
Elisha, 113, 114, 125, 128
_Elohim_, 30, 42, 222
Ephod, 67, 100
Ethical conceptions, 127, 152, 155, 158, 244, 249
Ethnology of Old Testament, 18
Exile, date of, 134, 168;
cause of, 171, 176;
critical view of, 171, 172;
lessons from, 190;
religion after, 230
Exilic stamp on literature, 172
Exodus, the, 58;
date of, 24, 82
Ezekiel, 169, 174, 175, 178, 195;
Book of, 174, 177;
his school, 195;
and Leviticus, 172, 177
Ezra, 181;
introduces the Law, 196, 197;
what did it include? 198, 200
Feast of Tabernacles, 197, 198
Forgiveness, 207, 233
Funeral feasts, 41
Gad, 117
God, name of. See under _Elohim_, El and Jehovah
God, conception of, Semitic, 25, 26;
Aryan, 25;
anthropomorphic, 48, 66, 155;
ethical, 96, 155, 211;
local, 43, 52, 62, 75, 96;
spiritual, 155;
tribal, 26, 32, 75;
materialistic, 69, 70;
as the Storm God, 70;
as the Creator, 186
God, conception of, by David, 26;
by Prophets, 154, 155, 175, 186;
by Psalmists, 236;
in Job, 256;
in Ecclesiastes, 261
God, holiness of, 175, 207;
jealousy of, 76;
righteousness of, 77, 155, 232
_Habiri_, 24, 82
Hallel Psalms, 223
Hammurabi, code of, 73, 203, 204
Heathen deities, 42, 43, 66, 154
Hebrew, meaning of name, 23
Hebrew Bible, divisions of, 141
Hebrews, relation to other nations, 18, 19, 22, 24, 85, 156
Heroes of Israel, 85
Hexateuch, 200
High places, worship at, condemned, 173.
See also Canaanitish sanctuaries
Higher criticism, xi, xii
Historical value of Hebrew tradition, 32, 183, 228, 229, 245, 247
Historical books, Prophets' influence on, 114, 141, 142
History, ancient conception of, xiii, 32, 51, 145, 163;
how compiled, 114, 142, 143;
religious interpretation of, 90, 101, 129, 171, 176, 187, 189.
See also under Redaction
Hittites, 23
Holiness, 175, 207, 236;
code of, 200
Horeb, Theophany at, 126, 128
Hosea, 159
Human sacrifice, 48, 49, 95
Ideal Israel, 188
Idolatry and images, 37, 45, 67, 68, 70, 154, 176, 180, 186, 247
Immortality in Psalms, 34, 35;
in Job, 256;
in Ecclesiastes, 261, 262
Inspiration, xiii, 129, 206, 231;
how related to infallibility, xiii, xiv
Interpolations, 146
Isaiah, 160, 295;
Book of, 147, 156;
authorship of, 147, 182-185
Israel. See under Hebrews
"J," 30, 32, 194
Jehovah, name, 59;
pronunciation, 60, 62;
explanation of, 61
Jehovah and other nations, 156;
and Baal, 97, 98;
and Israel, 44
Jehovah, religion of, date, 31, 34, 65;
weakness of, 92, 95, 96;
prophetic conception of, 154, 155;
a religion of choice, 65, 75
Jehovah. See also under God
Jeremiah, 154, 164, 188
Jeroboam, 124
Jerusalem, connection with David, 120;
idea of inviolability, 161, 169, 170;
besieged by Sennacherib, 161;
deliverance of, 161;
besieged by Nebuchadrezzar, 170;
destruction of, 169, 170
Jesus and Messiahship, 266, 276, 278, 280, 281;
and new covenant, 77;
and Levitical system, 210;
and Revelation, xv, 77;
and Prophets, 273, 282;
and Psalms, 231, 232, 234;
and Proverbs, 250;
and Isa. liii., 189;
and Book of Daniel, 280, 281; and Book of Enoch, 280;
and Old Testament, x
Jethro, 62
Jews. See under Hebrews
Job, 251;
Book of, 250;
date of, 251, 252;
author, 251, 254, 255;
divisions of, 253
Jonah, Book of, 156, 189
Joshua, Book of, 82, 86, 87
Josiah, reform of, 162, 163, 200
Judah, tribe of, 89
Judaism, 178
Judges, functions of, 91;
Book of, 82, 87, 88, 90, 144
Kenites, 64
King. See under Monarchy and Messiah
Kingdom of God, 28, 127, 131, 171, 273, 282
Korah, sons of, 225
Law, origin of, 173;
of Moses, 196-198;
later than Prophets, 137, 158;
no observance of, until after exile, 54, 172, 199.
See also under Pentateuch and Moses
Levi, tribe of, 89
Levite choirs, 221
Levites, 71;
distinguished from priests, 177
Levitical system, 208;
intention of, 209
Leviticus, Book of, 157, 158, 172
Literary ideals, 146, 163, 251, 259
Localization of God, 43, 96, 103
Local sanctuaries, 58, 59
Lower criticism, xi
Maccabees, the, 223, 224;
times of, 221;
Psalms of, 224, 226
Manasseh, 162
_Mazzebah_, the, 45
Melkart, 94, 95, 125.
See also Baal of Tyre
Memorial stones, 37, 44
Messiah, name, 274;
title, 276;
Davidic descent of, 275, 277
Messiah in the Prophets, 269, 276;
in Apocrypha, 264
Messiah as Prophet, 269;
Priest, 270;
King, 270, 275
Messianic age, 151, 270, 273
Messianic King, 228
Messianic prophecy, 266, 267, 269-271, 275-277;
includes more than a person, 267, 271, 281
Micah, 160, 277
Micaiah, 128
Midian, 64
Molech, 95, 96
Monarchy, origin of, 97, 106, 118;
in Psalms, 228;
in Proverbs, 247, 248
Monotheism among Semites, 25;
Hebrews, 39, 43;
not taught by Moses, 66;
in the Prophets, 42, 154, 186
Moses, name, 57;
historical reality, 55, 57;
his call, 58, 63;
mention before exile, 56;
not author of Pentateuch, 54, 57.
See also under Law, and Pentateuch
Music and prophecy, 112
Musical directions in Psalter, 218-220
Musical services, 223
Nathan, 117, 122, 275
Nature in Psalter, 236
Nazarites, 114
Nebuchadrezzar, 169
Necromancy, 39
Nehustan, 68
New Covenant, the, 165
New Testament, Psalms quoted in, 229
New Testament and Old Testament, 266. See also under Christianity,
and Jesus
Old Testament, attitude of Jesus to, x;
Jewish reverence for, x.
See also under Hebrew Bible
Oracles, 27, 46, 47, 68, 77, 100
Origin of religion, 51, 62
"P," 194. See under Priestly Code
Palestine. See under Canaan
Particularism, 155, 186, 191, 273
Passover, the, 49
Patriarchs, historicity of, 35
Pentateuch, strata of, 30, 194, 199, 200;
how discovered, 34, 194, 199;
not by Moses, 54, 73;
Samaritan, 201.
See also under Law, and Moses
Personal conception of religion, 154, 166, 232, 233, 235, 237
Personalities, influence of, on history, 268
Personification, 186, 189, 232, 246, 252, 253
Pharaoh of the Exodus, 82
Philistines, 24, 97
Philo, 242, 246
Philosophy, 21, 246, 252
Phoenicians, 20, 23
Poetry, sign of early date, 18, 69, 88;
of David, 119, 228;
in Prophets, 153;
in Psalms, 236;
in Proverbs, 245
Polytheism among Semites, 25;
among Hebrews, 37;
the religion of savages, 41;
in original documents, 41;
evidence of, 42
Prayer, 216, 231
Prediction, 137, 151, 182, 183, 266, 278
Priesthood, 63;
in time of Moses, 71, 111, 202;
in time of Judges, 54,68, 100;
in Ezekiel, 177;
after exile, 209;
of Messiah, 270.
See also under Levites
Priestly code, the, 200-202;
ideals of, 206, 210.
See also under Levitical system
Priestly school, the, 196, 206
Problem of Providence, 234, 250, 253, 257, 259, 260
Problem of suffering, 187, 243, 251, 253, 257, 258, 262
Progress, causes of, 75, 97, 102.
See under Development
Prophesying, 112
Prophet, name of, 109, 110
Prophetic bands, 106, 112, 125
Prophetic consciousness, 149, 150
Prophetic literature, how compiled, 145, 146, 152
Prophetic style, 114, 145, 150, 153, 185
Prophets, origin of, 106;
two classes, 108, 111, 149, 153;
conflict between, 113, 128;
their call, 148;
their relation to State, 117, 127, 153;
and national religion, 136, 149;
and the Covenant, 139, 157;
chronology of, 134;
their place in history, 137;
importance of, for criticism, xii, 137, 138;
their picture of their age, 138, 139;
they are creative, 135;
their relation to the Law, 137, 139, 140, 143, 164, 215;
and the Gospel, 136, 137, 138;
their scheme of the future, 151, 272
Protestantism, 131
Protevangelium, the, 270
Proverb, the, 245
Proverbs, Book of, 245;
its relation to Job, 240, 252;
divisions of, 245;
date of, 247
Psalms, titles of, 214, 218, 219, 224, 225, 228;
ascription to David, 214, 218, 221, 222, 225-229;
authorship of, 224, 225;
some are prayers, 216;
use in synagogue, 216;
in the temple, 216, 218;
Hallels, 223;
Maccabæan, 224, 226;
tone of, 217;
imprecations in, 217, 231, 232;
and the Gospel, 215;
and Christianity, 216;
their conception of God, 225, 236
Psalter, the, criticism of, 217, 218;
date of, 221, 225-227, 229, 231;
Books of, 221;
a gradual compilation, 218, 221
Queen of Heaven, 95
Rahab, 205
Rechabites, 115
Redaction, 144, 145, 173, 215, 218
Reform, 107;
of Elijah, 126;
of Prophets, 139;
under Josiah, 144, 162, 163;
after exile, 180, 181;
under Ezra, 196, 200
Religion, origin of, 38, 78;
primitive, 32, 39, 40, 42, 43;
Semitic, 25;
of Patriarchs, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 65;
in time of Moses, 54;
in time of Judges, 67, 71;
of Canaanites, 92-95;
under monarchy, 108, 112, 158;
after exile, 179, 181;
Levitical conception of, 209, 210;
of Psalmists, 230, 231-235;
in Wisdom lit., 242, 244;
in Proverbs, 249;
in Job, 255;
in Ecclesiastes, 261;
of the future, 265, 268, 273
Repentance, 173, 178
Restoration, the, 181, 182
Retribution, 250, 262. And see under Problem of Providence
Revelation, xiii, 51, 63, 66, 78, 79, 231
Ritual, 157, 209, 211
Sabbath, 168, 179
Sacred springs, 47
Sacred stones, 44
Sacred trees, 46
Sacrifice, primitive, 47, 48;
adopted by Moses, 72;
covenant, 49, 63;
human, 48, 49;
Prophetic estimate of, 72, 158;
in "P," 202, 207;
meaning of, 207, 208;
of Christ, 210, 211.
See also under Atonement
Samaria, fall of, 134, 160
Samson, 115
Samuel, 106, 111, 113, 114, 119
Satan, 255, 266
Saul, 111, 112, 119
Scepticism, 248, 260, 261
Science, 21, 131, 237
Second Isaiah, 147, 180.
See also under Isaiah
Seer, 100
Selah, 219, 220
Semites, home of, 20;
desert life, 20;
Western antipathy to, 21;
their contribution to thought, 21;
to science, 21;
to religion, 22;
groups of, 22;
migrations of, 22
Semitic character of our Bible, 25
Semitic language, 19
Semitic religion, 25, 26;
tribal, 26;
value of, 27;
does not account for Hebrew religion, 25, 31
Sennacherib, 160
Servant of the Lord, 187, 188, 269, 278, 280;
the suffering, 187, 279
Shekel, temple, 197, 199
Shewbread, 48
Shiloh, 271
Simeon, tribe of, 89
Simon Maccabæus, 224
Sin, 176, 207, 209, 232, 233
Sin-offering, the, 207
Sinai, 58, 62, 64, 65
Social conceptions, 127, 158, 159
Solomon, 88, 122, 224, 225;
Proverbs ascribed to, 245, 246, 248;
and Ecclesiastes, 259
Son of Man, the, title of, 279-281
Sons of the Prophets, 106, 110-112.
See also under Prophetic bands
Substitution, 208, 209
Supernatural, the, 79
Symbolism, 208, 209
Synagogue, the, 180, 181, 216
Syncretism, 92, 97, 99, 101, 102, 107
Tabernacle, the, 72, 73, 202
Tabernacles, Feast of, 197, 198
_Tehom_, _Tiamat_, 205
Tel-el-Amarna, tablets, 24, 82
Temple, the, 122-124, 162, 164, 177, 202;
worship of, 220, 230;
mentioned in Psalms, 226, 227
_Torah_, 100
Totemism, 39
Tradition, Jewish, 229
Tribes, names of, 40;
unity of, 88, 91
Universalism, 155, 156, 186, 190, 191, 242, 274
Virgin birth, the, 276
Wisdom, 243, 246, 249, 261
Wisdom literature, 241;
compared with rest of Bible, 243-244;
date of, 245
Wise men, the, 244, 248
Worship, prophetic conception of, 157;
of synagogue, 181;
of temple, 220, 230.
And see under Altars, Religion, God, and Sacrifice
Zechariah, Book of, 134, 147
BRADBURY, AGNEW, & CO. LD., PRINTERS, LONDON AND TONBRIDGE.
Transcribers' Notes:
Cover created by Transcriber and placed in the Public Domain.
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not
changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced
quotation marks retained.
Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.
Missing periods at the ends of the Roman numbers of Biblical citations
have been added.
Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references,
but on page 285, reference to page 295 under "Isaiah" should be to
page 195.
Page 208: "how this is affected" perhaps should be "effected".
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