BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG, FOUGHT SATURDAY, DECEMBER 13TH.
[Illustration: Battle-field of the Left Grand Division.]
Franklin’s troops slept upon their arms that night, little dreaming of
the fierce conflict of the morrow. At an early hour Saturday morning,
it became evident that the enemy, instead of having fallen back, were
concentrating their forces, with the design of giving us battle. The
sun rose clear in the heavens, though the mist and fog of a late
Indian summer enveloped the plain. The air was mild and balmy as on a
September day, and the fifty thousand men whom the reveille woke from
their slumbers began to prepare for action, and were soon marshalled in
“battle’s magnificently stern array.”
They were arranged as follows: The Sixth Corps, under General Smith, on
the right, composed of three Divisions, viz: General Newton’s on the
extreme right and rear, resting near the bridges; General Brooks’ in the
centre, and General Howe’s on the left. The First Army Corps, General
Reynolds, extended still further to the left, drawn up in the following
order: General Gibbon’s Division on the right, connecting with General
Howe’s; General Meade’s, centre; and General Doubleday’s, left, facing
to the southward, and resting nearly on the river. The Thirty-third was
posted in the first of the three lines of battle, to support a battery.
General Jackson commanded the rebels in front of us. At an early hour
the Thirteenth Massachusetts and Pennsylvania Bucktails, among other
Regiments, were deployed in front, as skirmishers, between whom and the
enemy’s skirmishers considerable firing ensued. General Vinton, now
commander of the Brigade, venturing too far in front, was shot through
the groin, and conveyed back to the Bernard House, which had been
appropriated for the Division Hospital. Col. Taylor took command until
the arrival of Gen. Neill, formerly of the Twenty-third Pennsylvania. As
soon as the heavy mist cleared away, Capt. Hall’s Second Maine Battery,
planted at the right of Gibbon’s Division, opened upon the enemy.
Artillery firing now became general along the whole line. Heavy siege
guns in our rear, the First Maryland and First Massachusetts Batteries,
and Battery D, Fifth Artillery, on the right; Captain Ransom’s and
Captain Walker’s in front, and Harris’ Independent on the left, kept up a
terrific fire on the rebels. Orders now came to advance, and about nine
o’clock, Gibbon’s and Meade’s Divisions commenced moving slowly forward,
thereby almost straightening our lines, which were previously arranged
somewhat in the form of a crescent. Considerable resistance was met with,
but the forces continued to move forward, until at mid-day the line of
battle was half a mile in advance of where it had been in the morning.
But now came the reserve fire of the enemy, with terrific force. Shot and
shell were poured into our men from all along the heights, which, curving
around in the shape of a horse-shoe, exposed them to an enfilading fire.
The rebel infantry likewise appeared, and fired rapidly. Still Meade
and Gibbon continued to press on, and as the enemy gave way, cheer
after cheer rent the air from our troops. General Meade now led his
Division on a charge, and pressing on the edge of the crest, skilfully
penetrated an opening in the enemy’s lines and captured several hundred
prisoners, belonging to the Sixty-first Georgia and Thirty-first North
Carolina Regiments. Owing, however, to the lack of reinforcements, he
was eventually compelled to fall back. While the fight was progressing
at this point, Jackson sent down a heavy column, near the Massaponax,
to turn our left, but it was handsomely repulsed and driven back by
Doubleday.
Very heavy firing now raged along the line. Dense clouds of smoke hid
friend and foe from view, and the heavy roar of artillery and musketry
shook the ground as with an earthquake. The bloody carnival was at its
height, “and wild uproar and desolation reigned” supreme. Mortals could
not long endure such a conflict, and after forty minutes’ duration, it
was followed by a temporary lull, the combatants resting from their
labors through sheer exhaustion. The rising smoke disclosed the field
strewn with the dead and wounded, lying thick as autumnal leaves. The
lull, however, was of short duration. Again “stiffening the sinews and
summoning up the blood,” the warriors rushed forward over the mangled
forms of their comrades, and the conflict raged with fury. One of
Gibbon’s Brigades, gallantly charging over the plain, dashed right up to
the mouths of the frowning cannon, and storming the enemy’s breastworks,
captured two hundred prisoners. Once more the air resounded with cheers,
cheers which, alas! were many a noble fellow’s death-cry. But unable to
withstand the galling fire, the troops, like those of Meade before them,
were compelled to relinquish their hold on the crest, and fall back, with
decimated ranks.
Reinforcements now arrived, consisting of Sickles’ and Birney’s Divisions
from Hooker’s command, and were sent to the support of Meade. Newton’s
Division was also transferred from the extreme right of the line to
the right of the First Corps, and became engaged. General Franklin
was seated, most of the time, in a little grove, which he had made
his temporary headquarters, watching the progress of the battle, and
delivering orders to the Aid-de-Camps, who were constantly arriving and
departing. Occasionally mounting his horse, he rode up and down the
lines, regardless of the missiles of death, anxiously peering in the
direction of the woody crest, to discover if possible some weak spot in
the enemy’s lines. Generals Smith and Reynolds were with him frequently.
About one o’clock, the young and gallant General Bayard, of the cavalry,
was fatally wounded. He had just seated himself under a tree by General
Franklin, when a ball striking a few yards in front, ricocheted, and
passed through his thigh, inflicting a fearful wound. He was immediately
conveyed to the hospital, and died a few hours afterwards. As he was
lying on the couch, the Chaplain of the Harris Light Cavalry approached,
and inquiring if he desired him to write anything for him, “By-and-by,”
he replied. Then turning to Surgeon Hackley, he asked if he should be
able to live forty-eight hours. A negative answer being given, he further
inquired if he should die easy. He was to have been married in a few days.
Meanwhile Generals Howe’s and Brooks’ Divisions were exposed to an
enfilading fire from the enemy’s artillery. The Thirty-third still
supported a battery. Instead of being posted some distance to the
rear, Colonel Taylor was ordered close up to the guns, and the men lay
almost beneath the caissons. Shot and shell were whizzing, screaming,
crashing, and moaning all around them, but they manfully maintained their
position, receiving the fire directed upon the artillerists. Towards noon
a 64-pounder opened from the hill directly back of Fredericksburg. The
first shell struck a few feet in front of the Regiment, the second fell
directly in their midst, plunging into the ground to the depth of three
feet or more. The enemy had obtained a most perfect range, and would have
inflicted a great loss of life, had not the monster gun, very fortunately
for us, exploded on the third discharge. The guns which the Thirty-third
supported were repeatedly hit by the enemy, whose batteries could be
distinctly seen glistening in the edge of the woods a mile distant.
One round shot struck the wheel of a caisson, smashing it to atoms, and
prostrating the “powder boy,” who was taking ammunition from it at the
time. Had the missile gone ten inches further to the left, it must have
exploded the caisson and caused fearful havoc among the Thirty-third.
Here Colonel Taylor lay with his men, for many long hours, exposed to
the fury of the rebel cannoniers, without shelter or protection of any
kind, until the after part of the day, when they were relieved by the
Forty-third New York, Col. Baker, and fell back to the second line of
battle. Towards evening, a Brigade of the enemy charged down from the
crest upon one of our batteries (Martin’s), yelling and cheering, as
they came on the double quick. Slowly the Second and Fourth Vermont,
which were in the skirmish line, fell back, until the enemy had advanced
well on towards the guns, when a most sweeping cross fire was poured upon
them. At the same time, the Third Vermont, concealed in a ravine close
by, rose to their feet, delivering volley after volley, and they were
sent back, broken, disorganized and howling to the thickets.
And so the dark masses of men swayed to and fro through the livelong day,
neither side gaining any material advantage. Nor did the going down of
the sun end the struggle. After the evening shadows had gathered over
the plain, the artillery still kept playing upon each other, though
probably with but little effect. About half past eight, the last gun was
fired, and the shrieks and groans of the sufferers alone broke upon the
stillness of the night.
The fighting on the right, at Fredericksburg, had been still less
successful. Again and again were our forces hurled against the rebel
works, only to be rolled back with confusion and slaughter. The narrow
plain previously described, over which they had to charge, was so
completely commanded by the enemy’s guns, as to render every foot of it
untenable. The last assaulting column succeeded, however, in reaching
the stone-wall which we had all day attempted to gain possession of. But
they had no sooner commenced clambering up the green sides of the bluff,
and arrived within a few feet of the guns, before rebel reinforcements
arrived and drove them back beyond the wall and over the plain. This
terminated the fighting on the right.
During the night General Burnside summoned his Division Commanders to
his Headquarters, and after a brief consultation, informed them of
his determination to renew the attack in the rear of the city, on the
following day. His plan was to form his old Corps, the Ninth, into a
column of attack, by Regiments. He thought that the eighteen or twenty
Regiments of which it was composed, by arriving quickly, one after
another, would be able to carry the stone-wall and the batteries in
front, and force the enemy back to his second line of works.
All of his Generals stoutly opposed the project, but still believing
that it would prove successful, he ordered the storming columns to be
got in readiness. When, however, General Sumner, always so fond of a
fight, rode up to him on the following day, and said, “General, I hope
you will desist from this attack; I do not know of any General Officer
who approves of it, and I think it will prove disastrous to the army,” he
decided upon abandoning it.