3. By increasing the weight of a material. a, Cottons and linens with
starch; b, silks with metallic salts and dyes.
4. By giving a finish which is deceptive. a, Heavy pressing or
calendering an ordinary cotton to imitate mercerizing; b, finishing
cotton to look like linen; c, printing paste dots on cotton to produce
the effect of embroidered dotted swiss.
5. By use of made-over yarns. Example, shoddy in woolens, also addition
of short wool, felted in surface.