employed by the Congested Districts Board in the counties along the
Atlantic coast, roadmaking, draining lands, fencing, building houses,
bridges, and other improvements, and in planting larches and other trees
that grow in this climate. This has not only kept them busy at good
wages, but has made important permanent improvements. The total area of
land drained last year was 12,089 acres at a cost of £11,391.
The amount of money spent on roads, bridges, piers, docks, and other
public works during the year was £7,102.
One of the most interesting features of the work is the fisheries. There
is an abundance of fish all along the coast and there is always a demand
for them in the London market, either fresh or cured, but the peasants
until recently have had no boats or nets and were unable to raise the
money to provide them. The villages on the shores of the coves and bays
had no landing places for boats, no facilities for storing or curing
fish, and all of these things the board is now trying to provide. It has
several methods of doing so. Wherever necessary docks have been
constructed with warehouses, packing-houses, and cooper shops, and the
board has agencies for furnishing salt, ice, and other necessaries for
the fishing business at cost prices. Docks have been built at a dozen
places costing from $500 to $15,000, which are free to the public and
bring no return.
The board will furnish boats, nets, and the rest of an outfit to a
fisherman, to be paid for in five annual installments, and it has gone
into partnership with the fishermen, in three hundred cases furnishing
the outfit at an average cost of £350 and dividing the proceeds into
nine shares. Six of these shares go to the crew and three to the
government to pay the interest on the investment and create a sinking
fund. When that fund has reached the total of the investment, the entire
property is handed over to the crew. Nearly four hundred thousand
dollars is invested in such partnerships by the government. The
Congested Districts Board finds the market and supervises the sale of
the fish. It also furnishes experts to instruct fishermen in the
business and show them how to make their own barrels.
In other chapters I have told you about the schools for lace-making and
for training the peasant girls for house servants. There are altogether
eighteen schools for servants and forty-three schools for lace-making
and embroidery, besides crochet work, knitting, and weaving. I observe
in the annual report of the board concerning the "domestic training
schools" this sentence: "The pupils can very easily find situations in
this country as domestic servants, and it is a mistake to suppose that
the greater portion of them go to America after the course of training."
The following table shows the amounts of money expended in this
benevolent work by the Congested Districts Board since its organization
in 1891 up to 1907:
1891-92 £3,660 1900-01 168,864
1892-93 50,266 1901-02 199,626
1893-94 47,259 1902-03 210,054
1894-95 74,886 1903-04 197,451
1895-96 81,907 1904-05 229,065
1896-97 87,196 1905-06 375,065
1897-98 99,200 1906-07 341,580
1898-99 107,082 ----------
1899-1900 417,411 Gr. total £2,690,572
This expenditure is equivalent to $13,478,600 in American money.
Denis Johnston, assistant secretary of the United Irish League, gave me
several photographs which illustrate in a striking manner what is being
done for the improvement of the poor peasants in the west of Ireland. He
shows with the accuracy of the camera the appearance of the cabins in
which human beings have lived for generations, and in one case from
which they were driven out because they were too poor to pay the rent
even for such a hovel as appears in the picture. On the other hand, he
photographs the neat and comfortable cottage of artificial stone with
slate roof which has been recently erected in its place by the Congested
Districts Board. It is now the home of the same family that formerly
lived in the miserable shack which was occupied by the fathers and
grandfathers for several generations before them.
These are not exceptional or isolated cases. They are types of
habitations that once existed and in a large measure still exist on the
large estates in the west of Ireland, and the second photograph shows
the improvements that are being made as rapidly as the funds will
permit. I have seen similar cabins, for many of them still exist, and
are still occupied as homes by human beings. In some of them large
families are crowded, six, eight, and often ten people, in a single
room. I was told by a friend of one wretched, loathsome hovel that he
found in County Kerry where nineteen human creatures were living. These
photographs of Mr. Johnston show what has been and is being accomplished
and illustrate the methods and purposes of the Congested Districts
Board.
"All this has been done by the pressure brought upon the government by
the Irish parliamentary party," said Mr. Johnston; "and its members are
entitled to the credit of what has been accomplished. Every concession
that has been made, every reform that has been ordered, every dollar
that has been voted for those improvements, has been obtained by
threatening revolution, and the government has been compelled to yield.
"In 1880 it was quite within the power of the landlords of Ireland to
evict tenants from their holdings by merely serving them with a notice
to quit. The Irish parliamentary party, with the organized forces of the
Irish race behind them, in 1881 secured the passage of the Land Act of
that year, which reduced the rents by nearly $10,000,000. Under this
measure the tenant farmers of Ireland were first vested with a right in
their farms. They had the power to enter a land court constituted under
that act for the purpose of having fair and reasonable rents fixed upon
the property they occupied at intervals of fifteen years, and they were
practically secured from the interference of the landlords or their
agents so long as such rents which were called 'judicial rents,' were
paid.
"In the following year, 1882, the Arrears of Rent Act was secured by the
Irish parliamentary party under the leadership of Parnell, and that
measure wiped off the slate in some cases ten years of unpaid rents and
in others less. The act certainly benefited the people of Ireland to the
extent of at least $15,000,000. Thus the rent question was placed upon a
fair judicial basis and extortion was impossible as long as the tenant
could appeal to a tribunal constituted for that very purpose against
unfair and unjust claims by his landlord. What are known as 'judicial
rents'--that is, rents fixed by such courts and based upon the quality,
the value, and the productive capacity of the land--have since prevailed
very generally throughout Ireland, and they are now being used as the
basis for calculating the selling price of the farms that are being
purchased by the tenants on the big estates under the Land Act of
1903.
[Illustration: THE OLD: A LABORER'S SOD CABIN]
[Illustration: THE NEW: EXAMPLE OF THE COTTAGES BUILT IN CONNEMARA BY
THE CONGESTED DISTRICTS BOARD]
"In 1883 was passed what is known as the Act for the Building of
Cottages for the Laborers of Ireland. The benefits of that measure can
never be calculated. Under its authority nearly twenty-five thousand
comfortable and neat cottages have been built for laborers throughout
the whole country, and the miserable habitations, hovels of stone with
leaky straw roofs, in which thousands of honest, hard-working peasants
have been compelled to live, have been torn down and replaced with such
buildings as you see in the picture, with walls of cement and roofs of
slate. In addition to the improvement in their habitations, an acre of
land is given with each cottage on which it is possible for the laborer
to raise vegetables sufficient for his household. No estimate in money
can possibly be made of the benefits that the people of Ireland have
enjoyed from that act.
"In 1885 the Irish party secured the passage of the first Land Purchase
Act and followed it up by winning the acts of 1888 and 1891, which went
farther and still farther and benefited the country to the amount of at
least one hundred and forty millions of dollars.
"Next came the Act for the Establishment of the Congested Districts
Board," continued Mr. Johnston, "expressly to deal with what are known
as the congested areas of Ireland. These districts are not thickly
settled, like Belgium, as one might have comparatively few population,
but altogether more than the land will support. These are mountain
districts along the rocky shores of the Atlantic Ocean where it is
possible to raise a few cattle and goats that can find pasture in the
narrow little valleys and up the mountain sides, but where there is
seldom enough arable soil in a single patch to support an ordinary
family. For these reasons it is difficult for the most industrious men
to make a living there, and the inhabitants are the poorest, the most
ill-nourished, and the most miserable in all the land.
"The Congested Districts Board was instructed to buy all the lands it
found necessary in such places, moving some of the inhabitants to other
sections of Ireland, where they would be able to make a living, and
distributing the lands among those that remained in allotments
sufficiently large to enable them to live. In deserving cases the board
is authorized to build comfortable houses to replace the wretched
hovels, to restock the farms, to purchase implements where they are
needed, to provide seed, and do whatever is necessary to give the family
a fair start and enable them to enjoy the results of their labors. The
board is also empowered to build new houses upon the locations selected
for the families which are moved, and has done so in many cases. You
will see in these photographs the character of the cabins that were
formerly occupied by the poor people in the congested districts and the
character of those which have been built to replace them, by the board."
Mr. Johnston showed me an object lesson in the form of a photograph of a
cottage in County Meath for which a rental of fifteen dollars a year has
been paid by the tenant for many years. It has a single room, a mud
floor, a thatched roof of straw, and is entirely without the simplest
conveniences or comforts. He showed me another photograph of a cottage
built under the Laborers' Act of 1906, which is now occupied by the same
family with the same rent of fifteen dollars a year, with an acre of
ground attached to it as a garden. It is a one-story structure of four
rooms, with two fireplaces, three windows on each side, a slate roof,
and walls of concrete.
He also showed me a picture of the miserable hovel from which Bernard
King was evicted in 1902. It stands on the De Freyne estate, near the
town of Feigh, County Roscommon. King made a stubborn defense of his
home, but the police finally ejected him. The Estates Commissioners have
put him back, and in place of the miserable hut from which he was
evicted, they have built him a neat two-story six-room cottage that is
good enough for anybody to live in. There could not be any better
illustration of the benefits of the evicted Tenants' Act, and this is a
type of some two thousand cases.
This humane work will be continued as long and as rapidly as the funds
furnished by the British parliament will permit, and it is difficult
to conceive of more direct and comprehensive benevolence. Ireland is
thus being gradually redeemed, and although conditions are by no means
ideal, the improvement during the last decade is a matter of
congratulation to every Irishman and every sympathizer of the Irish
race.
[Illustration: INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR OF ONE STORY COTTAGES ERECTED BY THE
CONGESTED DISTRICTS BOARD]
THE END
INDEX
Aberdeen, Earl of, 34, 44, 54, 154.
Lady, 34.
Absentee landlords, 133.
Academy, Royal Irish, 91.
"Adair, Robin," 271.
Adare Manor, 429.
Adare, Village of, 428.
Addison in Ireland, 90.
Adrian IV, Pope, 280.
Agricultural, Department, 13, 38, 404.
education, 404.
Organization Society, 13, 410.
statistics, 251.
Agriculture in Ireland, 209.
Alexander, Archbishop, 189.
All Hallows College, 143.
American bacon, 417.
flour, 417.
Anderson, R.A., Secretary Irish Agricultural Organization Society, 412.
Anecdotes, 260, 463.
"Annals of the Four Masters," 169, 171, 186, 195, 410.
Annals of Ulster, 196.
Antrim County, 209.
Archbishops of Ireland, 148, 189.
Area of Ireland, 130.
Ardilaun, Lord, 16, 348, 357, 384.
Ard-Ri, The Irish, 174.
Ark of the Covenant, 177.
Armagh, Book of, 195.
Cathedral, 192.
City of, 188.
Art education, 406.
gallery, 93.
Askeaton Abbey, 427.
Village of, 425.
Assassination of Cavendish and Burke, 96.
Automobiles in Ireland, 269.
Avoca, Vale of, 271.
Bailey, W.F., Land Com'r, 62, 130.
Balbriggan factories, 162.
Balfe, M.W., memorial, 18.
"Bally,"--use of the word, 266.
Ballyhack, Village of, 286.
Banks, Coöperative, 414.
Bannow, Ancient town of, 278.
Bantry, Bay of, 353, 355.
Bards, The Irish, 267.
Barry, Arthur Hugh Smith, 296.
Barrymore, Lord, 296.
Bassilia de Clare, 278, 281.
Battle of Clontarf, 123.
Battle of the Boyne, 167, 213.
Beggars, Irish, 283.
Belfast, Castle, 217.
City Hall, 227.
City of, 21, 231.
population of, 222.
Presbyterians of, 223.
Religion in, 223.
rope walk, 235.
shipyards, 236.
Technical School, 230.
Benevolence of British Government, 460.
Beresford, Archbishop, 193.
family, 287.
Lord Charles, 284.
William, 288.
Betting in Ireland, 305.
Birmingham, George A., the author, 454.
Birr Castle Observatory, 10.
Birrell, Augustine, 35.
Birth rate, Irish, 253.
Bishops of Ireland, 148.
Blackrock, Cork, 117.
Bladensburg, Battle of, 210, 419.
Blake, Sir Henry, 331.
Blarney, Castle, 320.
origin of term, 322.
Stone, 323.
Bogs, Irish, 7.
Boleyn, Anne, 289.
Boycott, Birthplace of the, 433.
forbidden by priests, 434.
of landlords, 16, 136.
Boyle, Richard, Earl of Cork, 19, 54, 322.
Boyne, Battle of the, 167, 213.
Valley of the, 167.
Brewery, the Guinness, 16.
Brian Boru, 105, 123, 125, 188.
Bruce, Edward, 197.
Bryce, James, 35, 44, 219, 460.
Buildings erected by government, 71.
Burke, Edmund, 85.
Burke, Sir Bernard, 57.
Butler, James, first Earl of Ormonde, 326.
Cabins, Irish, 12, 74, 358, 461, 465.
Car, Jaunting, 310, 449.
Carrick Castle, 289.
Carrickfergus, 214, 218.
Carrickmacross lace, 344.
Carton House, 151.
Cashel, History of, 9.
Ruins of, 9.
Castle, Dublin, 35, 53.
Kilkenny, 325.
Castles, Ruined, 289.
Cathedral, at Cork, 316.
at Armagh, 193.
Christ Church, at Dublin, 15, 281.
Downpatrick, 196.
Kilkenny, 325.
Limerick, 419.
Londonderry, 242.
St. Patrick's, Dublin, 14.
Catholic, Roman, hierarchy, 148.
Church in Ireland, 51.
Cattle, breeding, 63.
driving, 63, 434.
Causeway, The Giant's, 243.
Census of Ireland, 130, 252.
Channel, Irish, 213.
Characteristics, Irish, 260, 436, 461.
Charity in Ireland, 360, 460.
Charles I, 46, 333.
Cherries, First, in Ireland, 334.
Chesterfield, Lord, 57.
Chief Secretary for Ireland, 35.
Children, Behavior of, 360.
Choirs, Church, 31, 100.
Christ Church Cathedral, 32, 281.
Christian Brothers' schools, 150.
Churches in Belfast, 222.
Church Land Acts, 50, 67.
Church statistics, 49.
City Hall, Belfast, 237.
Civil Service of Ireland, 78.
Clanricarde, Marquess of, 20, 137, 432.
Clergy, Irish, 149.
Clifden, Town of, 443.
Climate of Ireland, 166, 320.
Clontarf battlefield, 123.
Coaching in Ireland, 367.
College, Queen's, at Belfast, 227.
Queen's, at Cork, 313.
Queen's, at Galway, 440.
Trinity, Dublin, 97.
Magee, Londonderry, 242.
Maynooth, 143.
All Hallows, 143.
Colthurst, Sir George, 321.
Columba, Saint, 170.
Commerce of Ireland, 253.
Comyn, Archbishop of Dublin, 16.
Condensed milk factories, 418.
Confederation, Irish, 324.
Congested Districts Board, 13, 38, 339, 358, 459, 465.
Connemara, Poverty in, 443.
Scenery of, 443.
Cooke, Rev. Dr., of Belfast, 224.
Coöperation among farmers, 412.
credit societies, 414.
Coöperative stores, 412.
Corbet, Miles, 160.
Cork, City of, 212.
Earl of, 19, 292, 332.
Harbor of, 6.
Cormac, King, 169, 175, 183.
Coronation Stone, British, 177.
of the O'Neills, 238.
Cottages erected by the government, 12, 425, 463.
Courcy, Sir John de, 196.
Courts, The Irish, 56.
Creameries, Coöperative, 412.
Crime in Ireland, 401.
Croughpatrick, Mount of, 451.
Croker, Richard, 3, 306.
Cromwell, Oliver, 56, 163, 270, 284, 289, 336, 344, 357.
Crops in Ireland, 130.
Crosses of Monasterboice, 166.
Cultivated area in Ireland, 70, 130.
Curragmore Castle, 287.
Curran, Philpott, 18.
Curran, Sarah, 83, 84.
Customs, Irish, 260.
Dairies, Irish, 418.
Dalkey, suburb of Dublin, 119.
Davis, John H., 218.
Davitt, Michael, 79.
Death rate in Ireland, 253.
Declan, Saint, 9.
Derry, Town of, 257.
Desmond, Earl of, 330, 332.
Lady, 332.
rebellion, 330.
Devolution policy, 36.
Devonshire, Duke of, 134, 292.
Dillon, John, 44.
Disestablishment, The, 33, 49.
Disraeli, Lord, 148.
Donkeys, Irish, 311.
Donnybrook Fair, 128.
Dougherty, Sir John, 37.
Doughnamore, Lord, 329.
Downpatrick Abbey, 197.
Downpatrick Cathedral, 187, 196.
Drogheda, City of, 159.
Massacre of, 163.
Druids, The, 169.
Drink bill of Ireland, 392.
Drunkenness in Ireland, 229, 391.
Dublin, Castle, 53.
City government of, 44.
Lord Mayor of, 44.
Name of, 47.
Population of, 49.
Sacred spots in, 77.
University of, 102.
Dudley, Countess of, 364.
Earl, 44.
Dufferin, Lord, 217.
Dunraven, Earl of, 36, 428.
Dunsany Castle, 186.
Lord, 410.
Earls, Flight of the, 214.
Eccles Hotel, Glengariff, 354.
Edgeworth, Maria, 454.
Education, 12, 109.
Agricultural, 404.
Art, 406.
at Maynooth, 144.
at Belfast, 231.
at Cork, 315.
Expenditures for, 111.
Roman Catholic, 101.
Statistics of, 111.
Technical, 405.
Edward I, 177.
Edward VII, 104.
Electric railway, The first, 243.
Elizabeth, Queen, 100, 103, 270, 291, 322, 331, 451.
Ellen's Tower at Belfast, 218.
Ely, Earl of, 278.
Emigrants returning, 2.
Emigration, 2, 134, 243, 247, 250, 253, 298, 360, 418, 437.
Emmet, Robert, 79, 82, 118.
England, Hatred of, 38.
Epitaphs, Curious, 336, 420.
Estates, Commission, Work of, 60.
Sale of, 60.
Eva, The Princess, 278, 280, 281.
Evictions in Ireland, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 470, 472.
Expenses of government, 39, 253.
Excursions about Dublin, 115.
"Faerie Queene, The," 271, 337.
Fairies, Irish, 345.
Farms sold by government, 65.
Farms, Prices of, 65.
Farm labor, 75.
Farm lands, 130.
Farmers, Education of, 407.
Father Mathew, 77.
"Father Prout," the poet, 316, 321.
Faversham, Earl of, 153.
Fergus, First Scottish king, 179.
Fenians, The original, 183.
Ferns, Town of, 275.
Finances of land sales, 64.
Fin-Barre, Saint, 314, 350.
Fighting, Irish love of, 436.
Fisheries, The, 13, 441, 445, 465, 467.
Fitzgerald, Family history of, 155.
Gerald, 10, 19, 137.
Lord Edward, 84, 117, 126.
Maurice, 146, 155.
Fitzgibbon, John, 136.
Flax culture, 234.
Flour, American, 417.
Foley, Captain James Arthur Wellington, 328.
Four Courts of Dublin, 48.
Frascati, Estate of, 117.
French invasion of Ireland, 355.
Fruit, Scarcity of, 449.
Gaelic League, 455.
Gaelic, Study of, 456.
Gallery, National, 93.
Galway, City of, 432, 438.
Gambling in Ireland, 269, 305.
George I, 22.
Gerald, Thomas, 156.
Geraldines, The, 157.
Ginger ale, Manufacture of, 212, 235.
Gladstone, William E., 39, 147.
Glencare, Earl of, 371.
Glendalough, Valley of, 272.
Glengariff, Church of, 362.
Legend of, 370.
Town of, 345, 353.
Goldsmith, Oliver, 454.
"Gombeen Man," The, 72.
Gougane Island, 349.
Government, of Ireland, 34, 38.
of City of Dublin, 44.
Grace, Michael P., 328.
Grattan, Henry, 80.
Grave of Parnell, 78.
Grey, Lord, 197, 291, 330.
Griffith, Arthur, 203.
Guinness, Benjamin, 16.
Brewery, 399.
Hale, J.P., 294.
Hall, Rev. Dr. John, 220.
Hammersley, Lillian, 288.
Hamilton, Sir William, 90.
Hannay, Rev. J.M., the author, 454.
Harp of Tara, 183.
Harps, The Irish, 266.
Harrington, Timothy, 46.
Headford, Marquess of, 171.
Hemans, Mrs., 90.
Handel's "Messiah," 87.
Henderson, Sir James, 231.
Hennessy, Sir John Cope, 331.
Henry II, of England, 9, 47, 54, 280.
Henry VII, 369.
Henry VIII, 15, 100, 157, 270.
"Himself," The title, 264.
Historic spots in Dublin, 77.
Hogan, Professor, 143.
Hollybrook, 270.
Home, Love of, Irish, 463.
Home Rule, 11, 36, 39.
"Hook or Crook," Origin of phrase, 280.
Horse Show, Dublin, 310.
Horses, Irish, 300, 311.
Hotels in Ireland, 166.
Housewifery, Schools of, 465.
Howth, Earl of, 126.
Village of, 121.
Huguenots in Ireland, 284.
Hussey, Dr., 145.
Hyde, Douglas, 455.
Imports of Ireland, 253.
Improvement, in conditions, 73.
in cottages, 465.
Insane asylums, 25, 379.
Insanity, Irish, Causes of, 265, 402.
Intemperance in Ireland, 229, 391.
Interest paid by land buyers, 61, 65.
Invasion, French, 355.
of Ireland, The first, 280.
Ireland, Kings of, 290.
Ireton, General, 422.
Irish Academy, 91.
Irish as farmers, 69.
Irish in the United States, 257.
Iveagh, Lord, 17, 91.
Jaunting car, 310, 449.
James I, 239, 331.
James II, 213, 214, 240.
Jewel robbery, The, 58.
Johnston, Dennis, Ass't Secretary, United Irish League, 136, 469.
Jones, John Paul, 218.
Keimaneigh, Pass of, 352.
Kells, Book of, 105, 171.
Village of, 170.
Kelvin, Lord, 219.
Kenmare, Earl of, 371.
House, 373.
Lady, 375.
Park, 374.
Village of, 368.
Kilbarrack, Abbey of, 126.
Kilcolman Castle, 291, 330.
Kilcrea Abbey, 344.
Kildare, House, 94.
Earl of, 10, 19, 20, 137, 152, 156.
"Silken Thomas," 146, 156.
Kilkea Castle, 152.
Kilkenny Castle, 325.
"Kilkenny Cats," Story of, 325.
City of, 323.
Statues of, 323.
Killarney, Lakes of, 366, 375.
Village of, 379.
Killeen Castle, 186.
Kings, Ancient, of Ireland, 174.
Knabenshue, S.S., 245.
Kylemore Castle, 450.
Labor, Farm, 75.
Lack of, in Ireland, 250.
Lace work, 13, 256, 339, 360, 468.
Lacy, Hugh de, 187, 281.
Land Act, Wyndham, 60, 152.
acts, Various, 68.
disturbances, 432.
Land League, 295.
"Landless," The, 459.
Landlord and Tenant Act, 67.
Landlords, Irish, 60, 130, 131.
Land troubles, 295.
Land war of 1901, 136.
Lansdowne, Marquess of, 141, 368.
Laracor, Town of, 27.
Lawrence family, The, 127.
League, United Irish, 135.
Lee, River, 6, 312, 350.
Legend of the O'Neills, 215.
Legends, of Ireland, 160, 191, 367.
of Killarney, 370, 379.
of Limerick, 424.
Leinster, Duke of, 20, 41, 62, 92, 117, 146, 151.
Leopardstown races, 300.
Lever, Charles, 90, 121.
Lewis', Mrs., land case, 137, 139.
Lexington, Irish at Battle of, 18.
"Lia Fail," Coronation Stone, 177.
Library, National, 106.
Royal, 93.
Trinity College, 97, 105.
Liffey River, 115.
Limerick, City of, 417.
lace, 340.
Women of, 422.
Linen, Manufacture of, 211, 232.
Liquor, Consumption of, 400.
licenses, 363, 391.
Lismore, Earl of, 299.
Town of, 293.
Literary reminiscences, Dublin, 90.
Logue, Cardinal, 143, 189, 194, 257.
Londonderry, Apprentices' Hall, 241.
shirt factories, 242.
Siege of, 240.
Statue of Walker, 240.
Town of, 237.
Wall of, 239.
Lord Gough, 77.
Lord Lieutenant, The, 34.
Lover, Samuel, 18, 90.
Lundy, Col. Robert, 241.
Lynch, Story of Mayor, 440.
Lyne, Lucius, Croker's jockey, 307.
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 148.
MacCarthy, Cormac, 322.
Eleanor, 158, 322.
MacCarthys, The, 344, 385.
MacCool, Fin, 379.
MacDonnell, Sir Antony Patrick, 36.
Macroom, Village of, 348.
Magee, Alexander, Swift's servant, 27.
Magee College, 108, 242.
Mahoney, Rev. Francis ("Father Prout"), 316.
Malachi the Great, 123.
Malehide, 160.
Manchester, Duke of, 450.
Mansion House, Dublin, 46.
Manufacturing in Ireland, 255.
Marconi's wireless station, 448.
Mareschal, William Le, 325.
Marlborough, Duchess of, 288.
Martello towers, 163.
Martin, Col. Richard, 447.
Mary, Queen of Scots, 161.
Massareene, Lord, 140.
Mathew, Father, 177, 319.
Maynooth, Castle of, 144, 155.
College, 108, 143.
McKinley, ancestry, 245.
cottage, 245.
McMurrough, Dermot, 275, 278.
"Meeting of the Waters," 271.
Methodists, Irish, 52.
Meyer, Prof. Hugo, 456.
Migration of labor, 462.
Missions, Protestant, 339.
Monasterboice, Ruins of, 164.
Crosses of, 166.
Monastery, Trappist, 341.
Monks, Irish, 51.
Monument, O'Connell, 77.
Nelson's, 77.
Parnell, 78.
Patriotic, at Cork, 318.
Moore, Tom, 84, 89, 183.
Motoring in Ireland, 166.
Mountain people, The, 358.