counts of Penthievre.
[37] John Maria and Philip Maria, sons of John Galeas, and successively
dukes of Milan.
[38] Theodore Palæologus, second marquis of Montferrat. He married,
first, a daughter of the duke of Bar, and, secondly, a princess of
the house of Savoy. His daughter Sophia was married to Philip Maria
Visconti, then count of Pavia, afterwards duke of Milan.
[39] Facino Cane, a captain of great reputation, and partisan of John
Maria Visconti, duke of Milan.
[40] Gaing. Q. Gavi?
[41] Noefville. Q. Novara, or Novi?
[42] Q. Louis king of Sicily? or Charles king of Navarre? Probably the
latter.
[43] John VI. count of Roucy and Braine, son of Hugh count de Roucy
and Blanche of Coucy. He married Isabel de Montagu, and was killed at
Agincourt.
[44] The lords of Antoing and princes of Espinoy were a younger branch
of the house of Melun, counts of Tancarville. John I. viscount of
Melun, was grandfather both to the count of Tancarville and the lord
d’Antoing, mentioned in this volume.
[45] Guichard Dauphin, descended from the old counts de Clermont,
dauphins of Auvergne, grand master from 1409 to 1413. He was son to
Guichard Dauphin I. grand master of the cross-bows.
[46] Amadeus VIII. the first duke of Savoy, son of Amadeus VII. and
Bona daughter to the duke of Berry.
[47] Bernard VII. brother of John III. count of Armagnac, killed at
Alexandria della Paglia, as related by Froissart. This count was a
man of the most unbounded ambition, and had already, in the forcible
seizure of the county of Fesenzaguet, (the appanage of a younger branch
of Armagnac) and the murder of its count, Geraud III. and his two sons,
discovered an unprincipled cruelty of disposition, remarkable even at
this calamitous period of history. He married Bona of Berry, the widow
of Amadeus VII. and mother of Amadeus VIII. above mentioned.
[48] Martin king of Sicily, by whose death without issue the king of
Arragon was deprived of male heirs. The island of Sardinia was at this
time divided between the genoese and arragonian factions. The chief of
the former was Brancaleon d’Oria, whose sister was married to William
count of Narbonne. Turquet calls him Aimery,--and says that the king
of Sicily was not killed, but died a natural death at Cagliari, after
obtaining a victory over the confederates.
[49] Q. Angennes? John d’Angennes, lord de la Louppe, was governor of
Dauphinè and afterwards of the Louvre, and enjoyed great credit at
court.
[50] This Yvain Graindos is a strange corruption, if any corruption
in the french nomenclature can be strange to a practised ear, of Owen
Glendower, who, as Rapin says, ‘upon the Welch unanimously renouncing
their allegiance to the crown of England, and acknowledging him for
sovereign, from thenceforward always styled himself Prince of Wales, as
appears from several acts.’
[51] In a battle fought May 14. 1405. See Rapin’s History of England
_in loco_.
[52] De Dolhaing. Q. D’Olhaing?
[53] I suppose Monstrelet must mean Jagellon, grand duke of Lithuania,
who was called to the throne of Poland in 1386, on condition that
he would become a Christian, marry the daughter of the late king,
and annex Lithuania to Poland. This last condition, however, was not
completely fulfilled until the reign of Sigismond Augustus in 1569.
_Baudran._
Jagellon took the name of Uladislaus V. on his baptism; but Hedwige,
daughter to the king of Poland, reigned two years before she married
Uladislaus.
_Anderson._
[54] Sigismond was king of Hungary in 1387,--roman emperor 1411,--king
of Bohemia 1419,--died 1437, aged 70. He married for his second wife
Barbara, daughter to Hermannus II. count of Cilly in Crain.
_Anderson._
[55] Of the half blood. See p. 138.
[56] _I. e._ Bari.
[57] Probably Nicholas d’Este, connected by marriage with the house of
Malatesta.
[58] Probably Pandulph Malatesta, lord of Rimini, a captain of great
reputation and adherent of king Ladislaus.
[59] Sir Raoul de Gaucourt, successively promoted to the posts of
chamberlain, governor of Dauphinè, and grand master of the household,
became a distinguished actor in the wars with the English, from 1427 to
1437 particularly.
There was also a sir Eustace de Gaucourt, lord of Vicy, who was grand
falconer in 1406 and 1412.
[60] Count de Hembe. Q.
[61] Charles de Mouroufle. Q.
[62] The author of ‘An Account of Livonia, with a Relation of the Rise,
Progress and Decay of the Marian Teutonic Order,’ London, 1701, relates
these transactions in the manner following:
‘The order was now on the highest pinnacle of prosperity and honour,
exceeding great kings and potentates of Europe in extent of dominions,
power and riches, when Ulricus à Jungingen was chosen great master; but
he being of a boisterous, fiery temper, soon broke the peace concluded
between Poland with his brother Conradus à Jungingen, whereupon
king Uladislaus Jagellon joining forces with his father Witoldas of
Lithuania, formed an army of 150,000 fighting men and marched into
Prussia. To stop the progress of this formidable army, the great master
drew up as many forces as he could, and, after the Livonians had
joined him, found his army consisted, in a general muster, of 83,000
well armed stout combatants; and thus, with an undaunted spirit, he
marched forth to meet his enemy. Such a battle as this was never heard
of before in these parts, and was given the 15th day of July 1410 in
Prussia, near the town Gilgenbourg, between the two villages Tannenberg
and Grunwald, on a large plain, with such obstinacy that, according
to an exact computation, there were actually killed, on both sides,
100,000 on the spot. The Poles got the victory, but lost 60,000 men.
The order lost 40,000,--but among them almost all their generals and
commanders. The great master himself, and the chief of the order, with
600 noble german marian knights, were there slain. There is still
kept every year a day of devotion upon that plain, in a chapel built
to the remembrance of this battle, marked with the date of the year
it happened, and this inscription, _Centum mille occisi_. The king of
Poland was so weakened by this dear-bought victory that he very readily
agreed to a peace. This memorable battle is called The Battle of
Tannenberg.’
[63] Moreri says, that the good duke Louis died at Monbucan on the 19th
of August 1410. By his wife Anne, dauphiness of Auvergne and countess
of Forez, he left John count of Clermont, his son and successor:
his other children, Louis and two daughters, died without issue and
unmarried. He left also a natural son, named Hector, who was killed at
the siege of Soissons in 1414.
[64] Boulogne, the property of the duke of Berry, by marriage with
Jane, heiress of Auvergne and Boulogne.
The county of Estampes belonged to the duke of Berry,
Valois, I believe, to the count d’Alençon,
Beaumont to the duke of Orleans,--and
Clermont to the duke of Bourbon.
[65] Vinchestre, or rather Winchester,--now called Bicêtre, was a
palace built by a bishop of Winchester 1290. For further particulars,
see ‘Sauval Antiquitès de Paris’, vol. ii. book vii.
[66] I hardly know whether this can be the celebrated archbishop of
Rheims, and historian of the reign of Charles VI. who was one of the
most learned men of his time, and died at an advanced age, in 1474.
He had two brothers older than himself, William des Ursins, baron
of Treynel, chancellor of France in 1445, and again in 1464,--and
James Juvenal des Ursins, who was archbishop of Rheims before him.
The history written by Juvenal des Ursins occupies the space from
1380 to 1422, and throws great light, by comparison, on Froissart and
Monstrelet.
[67] Q. De Nesle?
Guy III. de Nesle, lord of Offemont and Mello, was grand master of the
household to queen Isabella, and was killed at Agincourt. His two sons,
_John_ III. and Guy IV. followed him in succession. He had a third son,
who died with him at Agincourt.
[68] Monstrelet apparently mistakes. According to Moreri, _Robert_ duke
of Bar died this year, leaving issue by his wife Mary (daughter to John
king of France),
1. Henry lord d’Ossy, who died in Hungary, 1396, leaving by his
wife Mary de Coucy, countess of Soissons, one son, Robert count
of Marle and Soissons, killed at Agincourt.
2. Philip, died in Hungary 1396.
3. Edward III. marquis du Pont, and duke of Bar after his
father’s death.
4. Louis cardinal of Bar.
5. Charles lord of Nogent.
6. John lord of Puisaye. (Both Edward and John were killed at
Agincourt.)
7. Yoland, queen of Arragon.
8. Mary, countess of Namur.
9. Bona, countess of St Pol.
One striking peculiarity is discernible in this table, viz. the
preference shown in the succession to Edward the third son, over
Robert, son of the eldest son of the deceased duke; but this was
according to the law of many feudal tenures, which took no notice of
our universally-established doctrine of _representation_ in descents.
The same law prevailed in Artois, and was the ground of that famous
decision by which Robert d’Artois was ejected in the middle of the
fourteenth century, and in consequence of which he retired in disgust
to the court of our Edward III. who asserted the justice of his
pretensions.
[69] He was a peer as duke of Burgundy, and again a peer as
count-palatine of Burgundy.
[70] John, called count de Ligny, third son of John count of Brienne,
brother to the count de St Pol.
[71] James de Châtillon was appointed admiral in 1408, in the room
of Clugnet de Breban. He was lord of Dampierre, and son of Hugh de
Châtillon, formerly master of the cross-bows.
[72] Nephew of duke Edward. See p. 232.
[73] The advice which, according to Stowe, king Henry gave to the duke
of Burgundy on this occasion was deserving of more attention than he
was disposed to pay to it. ‘The duke of Burgoyne, desiring the king’s
aid against the duke of Orliance, promised many things,--amongst the
which he promised his daughter in marriage to the prince, and a great
sum of gold with her. To whom the king answered: ‘We advertise you not
to fight with your enemie in this case, who justly seemeth to vexe
you, for the death of his father by you procured, but as much as in
you lyeth endeavor yourself to mitigate the young man’s wrath, and
promise to make him reasonable satisfaction, according to the advice
of your friends; and if then he will not cease from persecuting you,
get you into the strongest place of your dominion, and there gather
such power as may be able to put off his force. If then, after this,
he will make war against you, you shall have the juster occasion to
fight with him,--and in such case we will shew you such favour as yee
have demaunded.’ Thus there were sent over to his ayde Thomas earl of
Arundell, Gilbert Umfreville earl of Angus, or earl of Kyme, sir Robert
Umfreville, sir John Oldcastle, lord Cobham, sir John Grey and William
Porter, with twelve hundred archers,’ &c. &c.
[74] According to the catalogue in Moreri, Arnauld de Corbie, lord of
Joigny, was at this time chancellor.
[75] Called William Porter by Stowe.
[76] Q. If this is not _Umfreville_ earl of Angus and _Kyme_ (as Stowe
calls him)? There was at this period no Neville earl of Kent. The
only earl of Kent of that family was William Nevil lord Falconbridge,
created 1461. I find this conjecture somewhat confirmed by the
original, which is, ‘Ousieville comte de Kam.’ It is true, that
Holinshed mentions the earls of Pembroke and of _Kent_ as being of the
expedition: but he cites Monstrelet as his authority, and is therefore
likely to be mistaken.
[77] ‘Que _à peu près_ elle _ne_ mourast de deuil.’ ‘That she was
within a little of dying with grief.’ Mary of Berry, daughter of John
duke of Berry, and wife to John duke of Bourbon (her third husband, she
having been before twice a widow, first of Louis de Châtillon count
of Dunois, and, secondly, of the constable d’Eu), lived till the year
1434, when she died at Lyons. See Morery. Her children by the duke of
Bourbon were Charles, duke of Bourbon after his father,--Louis, who
died young,--and another Louis, founder of the line of Montpensier.
[78] John II. lord of Rieux and Rochefort. According to Morery’s
catalogue, two mareschals were created this year,--Louis lord of
Loigny, and James lord of Heilly, commonly called Mareschal of
Acquitaine.
[79] See p. 328.
[Transcriber's Note:
Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.
Seven instances of “Pier-vves” changed to read “Pier-Yves”; and one
instance of “Pierre-vves” changed to read “Pierre-Yves.”]