some days of lamentation, had the funeral obsequies of his father
performed, and, having arranged his affairs, returned to the duke of
Orleans and the other lords at Chartres, and firmly united himself with
them, treading in the steps of his late father. The duke of Bourbon
had long held the office of great chamberlain of France, from the
friendship of the king, and was in possession of it even at the time of
his death; but at the entreaty of the king of Navarre and the duke of
Burgundy, the king now gave it to the count de Nevers, to exercise the
duties of it in the usual manner.
At this time, the duchess of Brittany, daughter to the king of France,
was brought to bed of a son; and she sent to request the duke of
Acquitaine, her brother, to stand godfather. He sent, as his proxy,
sir David de Brimeu, knight, lord of Humbercourt, with a handsome
present of jewels, which sir David gave her on the part of the duke of
Acquitaine.
The king again issued his summons to the different bailiwicks and
seneschalships in the realm, for all persons to arm without delay who
were bounden so to do from the tenure of their fiefs or arriere fiefs,
and to march instantly to Paris to serve the king against the dukes of
Orleans, Berry, Bourbon, the counts d’Armagnac, d’Alençon, and others
their allies, who, notwithstanding the king’s positive orders to the
contrary, continued daily to assemble large bodies of men at arms, to
the destruction of his country and subjects.
The above dukes wrote letters to the king, to the university of Paris,
and to many of the principal towns, to explain the causes why they had
thus confederated and collected men at arms; one of which, signed with
their signs-manuel, they sent to the town of Amiens, and the contents
were as follows:
‘To our well-beloved and very dear citizens, burgesses, and inhabitants
of the town of Amiens, health and affection. We have written to
our most redoubted and sovereign lord the king of France in manner
following:--We dukes of Berry, of Orleans, and of Bourbon, counts of
Alençon and of Armagnac, your humble uncles, relations and subjects,
for ourselves and all others our adherents, wellwishers to your
person,--as the rights of your domination, your crown and royal
majesty, have been so nobly instituted, and founded on justice,
power, and the true obedience of your subjects,--and as your glory
and authority are resplendent through all parts of the world, you
having been worthily consecrated and anointed by the holy roman see,
and considered by all Christendom as sovereign monarch and equal
distributor of justice, as well to the poor as to the rich, without
owing obedience to any other lord, but God and his Divine Majesty, who
has been pleased most worthily to have gifted you,--may all those who
are connected with you by blood, by their frank and loyal affections,
guard and defend your sacred person as your relations and subjects.
‘And may we, in particular, as your near relations, and for that cause
more obliged to it, set an example of due obedience to your other
subjects, and exert ourselves in preserving to you free liberty of
action in every part of your government, insomuch that you may have
power to reward the good and punish the wicked, and to preserve every
one in his just rights, and likewise that you may execute justice in
such wise that your kingdom may remain in peace, first to the honour
of God, and then to your own honour, and to the example of your good
friends and subjects, by following the paths of your predecessors,
the kings of France, who, by this noble way of governing their great
kingdom, have ever preserved tranquillity and peace, insomuch that all
Christian nations, far and near, and even infidels, have had recourse
to them in their disputes, and have been perfectly contented with their
decisions on the cases referred to them, as the fountains of justice
and loyalty.
‘And, most sovereign lord, that your power, justice, and the state of
your government may not suffer at present any wound or diminution,
and that public affairs may be managed according to the principles
of reason, in such wise as may be apparent to all men of sound
understanding;--
‘For this effect, most redoubted sovereign, we, the above-written, have
confederated and assembled, that we may most humbly lay before you the
real state of your situation, in regard to your royal person, and also
that of my lord of Acquitaine, your eldest son. We have likewise to lay
before you the manner in which you are enthralled, and the government
carried on, that justice may be restored, and the public weal no longer
suffer, as we can more fully explain. Should any persons deny this,
let your majesty, by the advice of your council, appoint some of the
princes of your blood, and other impartial and unprejudiced persons,
to inquire into it, in whatever number you in your wisdom may select.
But we advise that you speedily and effectually provide for the safety
of your own person, and for that of my lord of Acquitaine, your eldest
son, so that your state may enjoy justice and a good government, to the
advancement of the public welfare, and that the power and authority
may be exercised by you alone, freely and uncontrolled by any other
person whatever; and that such a desirable object may be obtained, we,
the above-named, offer our earnest prayers, and, at the same time, our
lives and fortunes, whatever they may be, which God has graciously
granted us in this world, for the just defence of your rights, and in
opposing all who may attempt to infringe on them, if any such there be.
‘Most redoubted lord, we also inform you, that we shall not break up
our confederation until you shall have listened to us, and until we
shall see that you have properly provided against the inconveniences
we have mentioned, and until you be fully and wholly reinstated in
that power which is your right. To this, most redoubted lord, are we
bound, as well in regard to what we have already said, as from fear,
honour and reverence to our Creator, from whom originates your royal
authority, and also to satisfy justice, and then yourself, who are
sovereign king on earth, and our sole lord. To your support we are
urged by our kindred and by our love to your person; for in truth,
most redoubted sovereign, there is nothing we dread so much as having
offended God, yourself, and wounded our own honour, by leaving for so
long time unnoticed the aforesaid grievances, which are notorious to
every one.
‘In like manner as we signify the above to you, we shall do the same to
all prelates, lords, universities, cities and principal towns of your
realm, and in general to all your wellwishers.
‘Most redoubted lord, we humbly supplicate that you will deign to hear
us, and consider of what we have written,--for the sole object we aim
at personally affects yourself and your government; and we earnestly
beg that you will speedily adopt the most effectual measures for the
enjoyment of your own freedom of action, and that your government may
be carried on to the praise of God first, and your own glory, and
to the advantage of all your good subjects who are anxious for your
welfare.
‘We have written this, that you may know our intentions, and the cause
of our assembling, which is solely for the preservation of the personal
liberty of our lord and king, and the affranchisement of his government
from any hands but his own. For this object we have sought the advice
of the most prudent men, and shall follow their counsels, with all the
means God has put in our power, to obtain so desirable an end, for the
general welfare of the realm; and we intend so to act toward our lord
the king that God and the world shall be satisfied with us.
‘And we most earnestly entreat that for so praiseworthy an object
you will join us, and exert yourselves in the same cause; for it is
not properly us but the king your lord that you will serve, whom by
your oaths you are bounden to assist,--and know that for so doing you
will be commended by all men of understanding and prudence. Given at
Chartres the 2d day of December, 1410.’
This letter, when received by the council of the town of Amiens,
produced very little sensation,--for all, or the greater part of the
inhabitants, were inclined to the duke of Burgundy. When a similar one
was read in the council of state, it did not make any impression on the
king, nor did it seem advisable that the dukes should have an audience;
but, on the contrary, orders were sent to them to disband their forces
without delay, on pain of incurring the royal indignation.----They
refused to obey this order, and bade the messenger tell the king,
that they would not cease assembling until he should grant them an
audience, and hear their complaints. At this period, the dukes of
Acquitaine and Burgundy paid a visit to the queen of France at her
residence in the castle of Melun, and left there a garrison, having
brought back with them the queen and her children to the castle of
Vincennes.
The duke of Brabant at this time left Paris, to go to his country, and
assemble his Brabanters to serve the king. Many able ambassadors were
sent, in the king’s name, to the lords assembled at Chartres; and among
them was the grand master of Rhodes, to signify to them that they must
disband their army, and that, if they pleased to wait on the king in
their private capacity, he would see them.
This they refused; and as they continued disobedient, the king took
possession of the counties of Boulogne[64], Estampes, Valois,
Beaumont, Clermont, and other lands belonging to the said dukes,
counts, and their adherents, of whatever rank they might be. The king’s
officers appointed governors to the castles and fortresses within these
countries, whom they ordered to govern them at the expense of the
aforesaid lords.
So very numerous were the forces that assembled near Paris, in
obedience to the summons from the king and the duke of Burgundy, that
the oldest persons had not for a long time seen so many men at arms
together.
Among the number was the duke of Brabant, with a great force. He was
quartered in the town of St Denis, where he lived at the expense of the
greater part of the inhabitants, as if he had been in the open country.
The count de Penthievre, son-in-law to the duke of Burgundy, was there
with him, accompanied by a large body of Bretons.
Two thousand men belonging to the count Waleran de St Pol were
quartered at Menil-Aubry, and the adjacent villages.--Because the
count himself resided in Paris, he one day ordered his troops to be
assembled under the lord de Chin, for him to march them to Paris to be
mustered and enrolled for pay; but it happened, as they were marching
through St Denis to obey the order, that a dispute arose between them
and the Brabanters, on account of some enterprise which the last had
made against the lord de Carlian, a native of the Boulonois, so that
the two parties armed and drew up in battle-array to decide matters
by combat. The duke of Brabant was soon informed of this tumult, and
hastened from Paris to check his own men, and acted so prudently with
both parties that an end was put to it; but he was very wroth with the
first promoters of it, for he was married to the daughter and heiress
of the count de St Pol.
When they had marched through Saint Denis, they came before their lord,
the count de St Pol, in Paris, who having reviewed them, and paid many
compliments to their captains, dismissed them to the quarters whence
they had come. In order to pay these troops which had been levied,
as has been said, by orders from the king and the duke of Burgundy,
and which amounted, by the muster-rolls, to fifteen thousand men with
helmets, seventeen thousand cross-bows and archers, very heavy taxes
were levied throughout the realm, and particularly on the city of
Paris. It will be impossible to relate one half of the mischiefs the
armies of both parties committed: suffice it to say, that churches,
churchmen, and the poor people were very great sufferers.
The Orleans-party, shortly after this, marched from Chartres
to Montlehery, seven leagues from Paris, and there, and in the
neighbouring villages, quartered their army, ruining the whole country
on their line of march. The lords and adherents of this faction, as
well clergy as seculars, wore, as their badge, a narrow band of white
linen on their shoulders, hanging over their left arm, like to a deacon
when celebrating divine service.
When the king of France and his council learnt that they had approached
so near the capital, they hastily dispatched to the leaders the count
de la Marche, the archbishop of Rheims, the bishop of Beauvais, and the
grand master of Rhodes, with some others, to persuade them to disband
their army, and come before him at Paris, in consequence of his former
orders, without arms, in the manner in which vassals should wait on
their lords, and that he would do them justice in regard to their
demands; but that, should they refuse, he would instantly march his
forces against them.--The princes made answer, that they would not
act otherwise than they had said in their letter to the king; and the
ambassadors, seeing they could not gain any thing, returned to Paris.
In like manner, the university sent to them an embassy of learned
men, headed by Noeétz, abbot of Povegny and doctor in divinity, who
harangued them very ably and gravely. They were very handsomely
received by the princes, especially by the duke of Berry, who, among
other grievances, complained much that his nephew, the king, should be
counselled by such fellows as the provost of Paris, and others of the
same sort, who now ruled the realm, which was most miserably governed,
as he was ready to explain, article by article, when they should be
admitted to an audience.
They could obtain no other reply than that, with God’s pleasure, they
would accomplish, to the utmost of their power, the matters contained
in their circular letters to the university and principal towns.
On this repeated ill success, the king, by the advice of his council,
sent another embassy, composed of the queen, the cardinal de Bar, the
count de St Pol, and others. The count de St Pol had lately accepted,
with the king’s approbation, the office of grand butler of France,
which the provost of Paris had held, through the interest of the count
de Tancarville, by a gift from the king.
Notwithstanding the queen and her companions were received with every
honour, she did not remain with their army, but went to the castle
of Marcoussi, which is not far distant from Montlehery, with her
attendants, and remained there some time negotiating with them, and
some of the princes daily visited her. Although she acted with much
perseverance, she failed in her object,--for the princes were firm in
their resolution of marching with their army to the king, and requiring
that he would execute justice and attend to the affairs of government,
and choose another set of ministers than those now in power.
Finding she was labouring in vain, she returned with her companions
to Paris, and related to the king all that had passed. He was very
indignant, and much troubled thereat; and on the morrow, the 23d
September, he ordered all the men at arms that were come to serve him
to be drawn out, and the baggage and artillery waggons to be made ready
instantly to march against the Orleans-party, to give them battle.
When all were ready, and as he was going to attend mass and afterward
to mount his horse, he was met by the rector of the university,
magnificently accompanied by all the members and supporters of it, who
remonstrated with him, that his daughter, the university of Paris, was
preparing to leave that city, from the great want of provisions, which
the men at arms of the two parties prevented coming to Paris,--for no
one could venture on the high roads without being robbed and insulted;
and, likewise, that all the low countries round Paris were despoiled by
these men at arms. They most humbly requested, that he would provide
a remedy, and give them such answer as might seem to him good. The
chancellor, namely, master Arnauld de Corbie, instantly replied, ‘The
king will assemble his council after dinner, and you shall have an
answer.’ The king of Navarre, being present, entreated the king that he
would fix an hour for hearing them again after dinner; and the king,
complying with his request, appointed an hour for the rector to return.
When the king had dined, he entered the _chambre verde_, attended by
the following princes: the dukes of Acquitaine, Burgundy and Brabant,
the marquis du Pont, the duke of Lorraine, the counts de Mortain,
de Nevers and de Vaudemont, with many other great lords, as well
ecclesiastical as secular. The king of Navarre made four requests to
the king: first, that all the princes of the blood, as well on the one
side as on the other, should retire to their principalities, and never
more interfere in the king’s government, and likewise that henceforth
they should not receive any profits or pensions, as well from the
subsidies arising from their lands as from other exactions, but live
on their own proper revenues until the public treasury should be in
a better state than it was at that moment: however, should the king
be inclined to make them presents of any thing, or call them near his
person, they should be alway ready to obey him.
His second request was, that some diminution should take place in those
taxes that most aggrieved the people.
The third, that as some of the citizens of Paris had lent different
sums of money to the king, of which repayment had been promised, but
not made, sufficient assignments on the treasury should be given to
them.
The fourth, that the affairs of the king and realm should be governed
by prudent men, taken from the three estates of the kingdom. When the
king of Navarre had ended, the king himself replied, and said he would
take advice on what he had proposed, and then give him such answers as
ought to satisfy him and every one else.
When this was over, the king showed the same determination as before
to march, on the morrow morning, against the rebellious lords; but he
was overruled, and the queen, with the former ambassadors, were again
sent to negotiate a peace. On their arrival at the army of the princes,
she exerted herself, as it was said very much and loyally; for it was
commonly reported that she was in her heart inclined to the Orleans
faction.
During the time of this embassy, the count Amé de Savoye, who had been
sent for by the king, arrived at Paris with five hundred men at arms.
His brothers-in-law the dukes of Burgundy and Brabant, and the count
de Nevers, attended by many other lords, went out to meet him beyond
the gate of St Anthony, and thence conducted him to the palace to the
king, who very kindly received him.
Some days after, the queen, not having more success than before,
returned to the king, and told him that she could not any way bring
them to terms, for they were obstinate in their original intentions.
She then hastened to the castle of Vincennes as speedily as she could.
On the ensuing morning, the aforesaid lords quitted Montlehery; and
the duke of Berry came to his hôtel of Vinchestre[65], which he had
rebuilt, and was there lodged. The duke of Orleans fixed his quarters
at Gentilly, in the palace of the bishop, and the count d’Armagnac at
Vitry; the rest as near to each other as they could; and at vespers,
they had advanced as far as the suburbs of St Marcel and the gate de
Bordelles.
The king, the duke of Burgundy, and the other princes, were greatly
surprised at this boldness; and the Parisians, at their own expense,
collected a body of a thousand men armed with helmets to serve as a
guard during the night, and they also made great fires in very many of
the streets. To prevent them from crossing the Seine at Charenton, they
sent two hundred men at arms to defend that pass.
The third day, Arthur count de Richemont, brother to the duke of
Brittany, joined the dukes of Berry and Orleans, with six thousand
breton horse, to the great displeasure of the king, and especially of
the duke of Burgundy; for the duke of Brittany had lately been summoned
by the king to attend him with his Bretons, and had, for this purpose,
received a very large sum of money. The duke, in consequence, having
other business in hand, sent his brother to serve the king in his room.
It was also said, that the lord d’Albreth, constable of France, had
disposed of the money sent him in the same manner, and had employed it
in the service of the duke of Berry. The army of the princes marched to
Saint Cloud, and to the adjoining towns, which they plundered, taking
by force whatever they were in need of. Some of the worst of them
ravished and robbed many women, who fled to Paris, and made clamorous
outcries against their ravishers, requiring vengeance from the king,
and restitution, were it possible, of what they had been plundered of.
The king, moved with pity, and by the importunity of his ministers,
ordered a decree to be drawn out, which condemned the whole of the
Orleans-party to death and confiscation of goods. While this was doing,
the duke of Berry, uncle to the king, hastily sent ambassadors to
Paris to prevent it from taking effect, and in the name of their lord
requested that the decree might be a little delayed, when other means
of accommodation, through God’s grace, would be found.
This request was granted, and the proclamation of the decree put off:
a negotiation was entered into warmly by both parties, although the
king was very much displeased that the princes of his blood were thus
quarrelling with each other, so that he should be forced to proceed
with rigour against them. To prevent the effusion of blood, the king
desired his chancellor and others of his privy council to exert
themselves diligently that peace might be established; and he likewise
spoke to the same purpose to the duke of Burgundy, the count de St
Pol, and other princes, who promised faithfully that an accommodation
should take place.
While these matters were going on, the lord de Dampierre, the bishop
of Noyon, the lord de Tignonville, master Gautier de Col, and others,
ambassadors from the king of France, were sent from Paris to Boulogne,
to meet an embassy from the king of England, consisting of the lord
Beaumont, the bishop of St David’s, and others, who had arrived at
Calais to treat of a truce. It was prolonged from All-saints-day, when
the former one expired, to the feast of Easter ensuing.
CHAP. XXII.
IN CONSEQUENCE OF THE NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO PARTIES OF
BURGUNDY AND OF ORLEANS, PEACE IS MADE BETWEEN THEM, AND CALLED
‘THE PEACE OF WINCHESTER,’ WHICH WAS THE SECOND PEACE.
After the ambassadors from both parties, namely those of the king and
duke of Burgundy on the one hand, and those of the dukes of Berry, of
Orleans, and of Bourbon, on the other, had held several conferences,
the following treaty was at length concluded, on the 2d of November.
The princes of the blood on each side, with the exception of the count
de Mortain, were to retire to their principalities, and lead back their
forces, committing as little damage as possible to the countries they
should pass through, without fraud or deception. The duke of Berry had
liberty, if he pleased, to reside at Giens-sur-Loire, and the count
d’Armagnac might stay there with him for fifteen days. The king of
Navarre was to depart for his duchy of Nemours. The duke of Brabant
might, if he so pleased, visit his sister, the duchess of Burgundy, in
that country.
The aforesaid princes were to conduct their men at arms so that all
trespassing might be mutually avoided on each other’s lands,--nor
should they suffer any of their adherents to commit waste or damage, so
that all inconvenience or source of quarrel might be avoided.
Item, in whatever garrisons there shall be more men than are usually
kept, the same shall be reduced to the accustomed number of men
retained therein for its defence, without any fraud or deception. And
that these terms may be faithfully observed, the aforesaid lords shall
promise, on their oaths, made before such princes as the king may
nominate, that they will punctually and loyally keep every article.