Chapter 7. On the third division of all number.

1. Numbers are abstract or concrete. The latter are divided as

follows: first, lineal; second, superficial; third, solid. Abstract

number is that which is made up of abstract units. For example, III,

IV, V, VI, and so on.

2. Concrete number is that which is made up of units that are not

abstract, as for example, the number three, if it is understood of

magnitude, whether line, superficies, or solid, is called concrete.

4. The number of superficies is that which is constituted not only by

length but also by breadth, as triangular, square, pentangular, or

circular numbers, and the rest that are contained in a plane surface

or superficies.

5. The circular number, when it is multiplied by itself, beginning

with itself, ends with itself. For example, _Quinquies quini vicies

quinque_.

6. ... The spherical number is that which being multiplied by the

circular number begins with itself and ends with itself; for example,

five times five are twenty-five, and this circle being multiplied by

itself makes a sphere, that is, five times XXV make CXXV.

An encyclopedist of the dark ages: Isidore of Seville · 第 7 / 63 章