DYNAMIC ENERGY
Whenever the dynamic energy is exhausted and the levels of
reserve energy are reached, the individual affected begins to
feel restless, and if there is no access to the levels of reserve
energy, the individual gets scared. The fear instinct becomes
awakened, giving rise, after repeated unavailing attempts, to the
states of psychopathic neurosis. In states of depression, such as
hypochondria and more especially in states of melancholia, the
fear instinct is potent. The fear instinct is brought about in
the darkness of the night, when the individual is fatigued from
his day’s labor, when the external stimuli are at a minimum, and
reserve energy is not available. The fear instinct rises from the
subconscious regions to the surface of conscious activities.
Convalescent states as well as exhaustion from pain and disease,
such as fever or a shock from some accident, war-shock,
shell-shock, surgical shock predispose to the manifestation of the
fear instinct. Hence the caution of surgeons in the preparation
of the patient for a serious operation. For the result may be a
shock to the system due to the subconscious activities of the fear
instinct present in subconscious mental life, no longer protected
by the guardianship of the upper consciousness. And it may also
be shown, both by experiment and observation, that during the
subconscious states when the lower strata of dynamic energy are
reached, such as hypnoidal, hypnoid states, and sleep, that the
individual is more subject to fear than during the waking states.
We know how a sudden noise, a flash of light during drowsy states
or sleep startles one, and the same holds true of any stimulus. I
have observed the same condition of fright during hypnoidal states.
We must agree with the French psychologist, Ribot, when he comes to
the conclusion that “every lowering of vitality, whether permanent
or temporary, predisposes to fear; the physiological conditions
which engender or accompany it, are all ready; _in a weakened
organism fear is always in a nascent condition_.”
The fear instinct becomes morbid when the individual has to draw
on his reserve energy, and finds he is unable to do it. The cure
consists in the release of the reserve energy which has become
inaccessible. This can be done by various methods, but the best is
the method of induction of the hypnoidal state under the control of
a competent psychopathologist. The whole process consists in the
restitution of the levels of dynamic energy and the building up of
the patient’s active personality.
From our point of view, fear is not necessarily due to pain
previously experienced, it may be purely instinctive. The fear
instinct may be aroused _directly_, such for instance is the fear
of young children who have never before experienced a fall. In
fact we claim that the fear instinct and the restlessness which
expresses it antedate and precede pain. The fear of pain is but one
of the forms under which the fear instinct is manifested. The fear
instinct appears long before pain and pleasure come into existence.
This holds true not only of the lower animal life, but also of the
vague fear found in many a case of neurasthenia and functional
neurosis and psychosis. Ribot also calls attention to pantophobia.
“This is a state in which the patient fears everything, where
anxiety instead of being riveted on one object, floats as a dream,
and only becomes fixed for an instant at a time, passing from one
object to another, as circumstances may determine.”
It is probably best to classify fears as _antecedent_ and
_subsequent_ to experience, or fears as _undifferentiated_ and
_differentiated_.
When the dynamic energy is used up in the course of life
adaptations, and reserve energy is drawn upon, there may be danger
that the energy may be used up until the static energy is reached,
and neuropathic conditions are manifested. These conditions are
preceded by psychopathic disturbances. Associative life becomes
disturbed, and emotional reactions become morbid. There is a
degeneration or reversion to earlier and lower forms of mental
activity, and to lower instinctive life. The primitive instincts,
the impulse of self-preservation and the fear instinct, come to
the foreground, giving rise to the various forms of psychopathic
affections.
This process of degeneration and simplification is characteristic
of all forms of psychopathic conditions, though it may be more
prominent in some cases than in others. The type of mental life
becomes lowered and there is a reversion, a sort of atavism, to
simpler and more childish experiences, memories, reactions of
earlier and less complex forms of mental life. I have laid special
stress on this feature of psychopathic reactions in all my works on
the subject. What I emphasize in my present work is the fact that
psychopathic reactions are dominated by self and fear, which are
laid bare by the process of degeneration.
The patient in psychopathic states is tortured by his fears, he is
obsessed by wishes which are entirely due to his fear and deranged
impulse of self-preservation.
As the static energy is reached, and with lack of functional
energy of the dynamic character, the energy habitually used in the
ordinary relations of life, the patient experiences a monotony,
a void in his life activity. He has a feeling of distress, as if
something is haunting him, and possibly something terrible is going
to happen to him or his family. He may have a feeling of some
depression, and may suffer from a constant unquenchable craving
for new stimulations, run after new impressions and excitements
which pale in a short time on his fagged mind. He is restless,
demanding new amusements and distractions. He is distracted with
fear, conscious and more often subconscious,--which he is unable to
dispel or shake off. He seems to stand over a fearful precipice,
and he is often ready to do anything to avoid this terrible gap in
his life. Life is empty, devoid of all interest; he talks of ennui
and even of suicide; he is of a pessimistic, gloomy disposition,
his state of mind approaching a state of melancholia. He asks for
new sensations, new pleasures, new enjoyments which soon tire him.
He is in the condition of a leaking barrel which never can be
filled.
Psychopathic individuals are in a state of the wicked “who are like
the ocean which never rests.” This misery of ever forming wishes
and attempting to assuage the inner suffering, this craving for new
pleasures and excitements, in order to still uneasiness, distress,
and the pangs of the fear instinct with its gnawing, agonizing
anxieties, brings the patient to a state in which he is ready to
drink and use narcotics. The patient seeks ways to relieve his
misery. The patient has used up all his available dynamic energy,
and being unable to reach the stores of reserve energy looks for
a key or stimulant to release his locked up reserve energies.
The patient is unable to respond to the stimuli of life, so he
attempts then the use of his static energy. This can only result in
producing psychopathic and neuropathic symptoms.
The patient needs to be lifted out of the misery of monotony
and ennui of life, he needs to be raised from his low level of
vitality, to be saved from the listlessness into which he has
fallen. The low level of energy makes him feel like a physical,
nervous, and mental bankrupt. This bankruptcy is unbearable to him.
He is in a state of distraction, distracted with the agony of fear.
Something must be done to free himself from the depression of low
spirits and from the low level of energy which keeps him in a state
devoid of all interest in life, accompanied by physical, mental and
moral fatigue. He is like a prisoner doomed to a life long term.
This constant craving for stimulation of energy, this reaction
to the anxiety of the morbid fear instinct is the expression
of exhaustion of available dynamic energy for the purpose of
normal life activity. The patient attempts to draw on his latent
reserve energy. Since this form of energy is not accessible to
the stimulations of common life, he tries to release the energy
by means of artificial stimulations, be it morphine, alcohol,
mysticism, Freudism, sexual and religious “at-one-ments” or by
other stimuli of exciting character. Unable to release energy by
fair means the patient is driven to the employment of foul means
for the stimulation of new sources of energy. The psychopathic
patient is driven by fear, by fears of life and death.
The morbid fear instinct in all cases is brought about by
exhaustion of energy, whether sudden or gradual. Fear is due to
exhaustion of lower levels of dynamic energy and to the inability
of liberation of stored up reserve energy. The more intense this
incapacity of utilization of reserve stores of energy be, the
more intense is the fear. When this condition is prolonged the
psychopathic symptoms become unendurable.
The experienced, thinking surgeon has learned the danger of this
condition in his operating room. Thus it is told of Porta, the
great surgeon of Pavia, when his patients died under an operation,
he used to throw his knife and instruments contemptuously to the
ground, and shout in a tone of reproach to the corpse: “Cowards die
of fear.”
The great physiologist Mosso gives a graphic description of
the effects of fear in a pathetic case that has come under his
personal observation: “As army surgeon, I had once to be present
at the execution of some brigands. It was a summary judgment. A
major of the _besaglieri_ put a few questions to one or two, then
turning to the captain said simply: ‘Shoot them.’ I remember one
lad, of scarcely twenty years of age, who mumbled replies to a few
questions, then remained silent, in the position of a man warding
off a fatal blow, with lifted arms, extended palms, the neck drawn
between the shoulders, the head held sideways, the body bent and
drawn backwards. When he heard the dreadful words he emitted a
shrill, heart-rending cry of despair, looked around him, as though
eagerly seeking something, then turned to flee, and rushed with
outspread arms against a wall of the court, writhing and scratching
it as though trying to force an entrance between the stones, like a
polyp clinging to a rock. After a few screams and contortions, he
suddenly sank to the ground, powerless and helpless like a log. He
was pale and trembled as I have never seen anyone tremble since. It
seemed as though the muscles had been turned to a jelly which was
shaken in all directions.”