CHAPTER XXVII_Archæology and the Bible

ARCHÆOLOGICAL LIGHT ON THE ACTS AND EPISTLES

THE POLITARCHS OF THESSALONICA. AN ALTAR TO UNKNOWN GODS. AN

INSCRIPTION FROM DELPHI AND THE DATE OF PAUL’S CONTACT WITH GALLIO.

SOME EPISTLES FROM EGYPT. INSCRIPTIONS MENTIONING ARETAS, KING OF

ARABIA.

=1. The Politarchs of Thessalonica.=

In Acts 17:6 the rulers of Thessalonica are called in the Greek

“politarchs.” It is a unique term, and its accuracy had been called in

question by some scholars. Within the past hundred years no less than

nineteen inscriptions have come to light which prove its accuracy, by

referring to the rulers of Thessalonica as “politarchs.” One of the most

important of these is from an arch in Thessalonica. It runs in part as

follows, the beginning being illegible:[616]

In the time of the Politarchs, Sosipatros, son of Cleopatra, and

Lucius Pontius Secundus Publius Flavius Sabinus, Demetrius, son of

Faustus, Demetrius of Nicopolis, Zoilos, son of Parmenio, and Meniscus

Gaius Agilleius Poteitus ......

Another fragmentary inscription shows that the rulers of the city bore

this title as early as the time of Augustus. It is in part:[617]

Bosa, proconsul, made a stone-quarry for the temple of Cæsar, in the

time of the priest and judge, the Emperor Cæsar, the divine son

Augustus .........., the politarchs remaining faithful,

viz.:--Diogenes, the son of Kleon, the ...., etc.

It is not clear from the inscriptions whether the number of politarchs was

five or six.

=2. An Altar to Unknown Gods.=

In Acts 17:23 it is stated that Paul saw in Athens an altar with this

inscription: TO AN UNKNOWN GOD. In the year 1909 an altar was discovered

in the sacred precinct and temple of Demeter at Pergamos in Asia Minor,

the home of one of the seven churches of the book of Revelation (Rev.

2:12, f.), which bore a mutilated inscription; (see Fig. 299). This

inscription in the judgment of several impartial epigraphists should be

restored as follows:[618]

To unknown gods,

Capito,

torch-bearer.

This is not only a confirmation of the statement of Acts 17:23, but of

Pausanias[619] (second century A. D.) and Philostratus[620] (third century

A. D.) that altars to unknown gods existed.

=3. The Date of Paul’s Contact with Gallio.=

The chronology of the life of Paul cannot be fully determined from the

Bible itself. Such chronological data as the New Testament affords help us

only to a relative chronology. Could the year of one of the dates given by

the New Testament be determined by a date of the Roman empire, it would

enable scholars to fix with approximate certainty the other dates.

Hitherto the endeavor to do this has centered about the recall of Felix

from Palestine and the coming of Festus (Acts 24:27), but there has been

so much uncertainty about the date of this recall, that systems of

chronology, differing from one another by from four to five years, have

been constructed. A fragmentary inscription has come to light from Delphi,

which seems to give us the desired aid for our Pauline chronology in that

it fixes the date of the coming of Gallio to Corinth (Acts 18:12). This

inscription, as its lacunæ are supplied by Deissmann, is as follows:

Tiberius Claudius Cæsar Augustus Germanicus, Pontifex Maximus, of

tribunican authority for the 12th time, imperator the 26th time,

father of the country, consul for the 5th time, honorable, greets the

city of the Delphians. Having long been well disposed to the city of

the Delphians .......... I have had success. I have observed the

religious ceremonies of the Pythian Apollo .................... now it

is said also of the citizens .................... as Lucius Junius

Gallio, my friend, and the proconsul of Achaia, wrote .......... on

this account I accede to you still to have the first[621] ..........

At this point the inscription is too broken for translation, although the

beginnings of several lines can be made out. The importance of the

inscription lies (1) in the fact that it mentions Gallio as proconsul of

Achaia, and (2) in the reference to the 12th tribunican year and the 26th

imperatorship of Claudius. It can be deduced from these, in comparison

with other inscriptions of his, that this letter was written between

January and August of the year 52 A. D.[622] If Gallio was then in office,

and had been in office long enough to give information to Claudius of

material importance to the purpose of the emperor’s letter to the

Delphians, Gallio must have arrived in Corinth not later than the year 51.

According to Dio Cassius, Claudius had decreed that new officials should

start for their provinces not later than the new moon of the month of

June.[623] Gallio must, therefore, have arrived in Corinth not later than

July.

Paul’s stay in Corinth extended over eighteen months (Acts 18:11), and the

narrative in Acts implies that a large part of it had passed before Gallio

went there. Paul must, then, have arrived in Corinth not later than the

end of the summer of the year 50. As the journey described in Acts 16 must

have occupied some months, the council at Jerusalem, described in Acts 15,

cannot have taken place later than the year 49 A. D. In Gal. 2:1 Paul says

that this visit occurred fourteen years after the visit which followed his

return from Damascus. As the Jews in counting time usually reckoned the

two extremes as a part of the number, even if a part of them only should

really have been included, the visit of Paul to Jerusalem, mentioned in

Gal. 1:18 must have occurred not later than 36 A. D., nor earlier than 35

A. D. As this visit occurred “three” years after his conversion, we find,

if we make similar allowance for the possibilities of Jewish reckoning,

that his conversion occurred not later than 34 A. D., and possibly as

early as 31 A. D.[624]

=4. The Epistles.=

The Epistles of the New Testament, especially those of Paul, are cast in

the form of ancient letter-writing. This form in its more stately aspects

has long been known through the letters of Aristotle, Epicurus, Cicero,

Seneca, Pliny, etc., but the papyri discovered in Egypt afford us many

examples of the more familiar and affectionate style of informal

letter-writing, and frequently, at the beginning, afford parallels to

expressions which are found in the introductions of Paul’s Epistles. The

following examples will illustrate this:

Isias to her brother, greeting: If you are well and other things

happen as you wish, it would be in accordance with my constant prayer

to the gods. I too am in good health, and so is the boy; and all at

home make constant remembrance of you. When I got the letter through

Horus, in which you explain that you are in sanctuary at the Serapeum

in Memphis, I straightway gave thanks to the gods for your being in

good health, but as for your not coming to us when the evils that

threatened you there have passed away, I am disconsolate because such

a long time I have been keeping myself and the child, and am come to

the lowest point on account of the price of bread, and I did think

that now you were coming I should find a little relief, but you seem

to have no idea of coming to us, nor to have an eye to our

circumstances, as you would if you were still here. We are in need of

everything, not only because such a long time and so many seasons have

passed since you were here, but because you have not sent us anything.

And besides that, Horus, who brought your letter, tells me further

that you are released from sanctuary, and I am perfectly miserable.

No, indeed! and your mother, too, takes it very hard, and you will do

well to come for her sake as well as ours to the city, unless some

more pressing need draws you elsewhere. Farewell, then, and have a

care for your body so as to be in health. Good-bye.

Epephi 30th, of the 9th year.[625]

This letter was written in the year 172 B. C. “Brother” in it probably

means husband. The husband had gone on a religious mission and has left

the wife without support. He at last sent her a letter, and this is her

reply. She wishes to persuade him to return, and writes with great tact.

What she says about remembering her husband in her prayers, and her thanks

to the gods for his health, reminds one of the language of Paul in 1

Thess. 1:2; 3:9; 2 Thess. 1:3, 11; 2:13; 1 Cor. 1:4; 2 Cor. 1:4-6; Phil.

1:3, 9; Col. 1:3; Philemon 4.

Another letter which illustrates the same points is this:

Ammonios to his sister Tachnumi, much greeting: Before all things I

pray that you may be in health, and each day I make the act of worship

for you. I salute heartily my goodest little boy Leo. I am jolly and

so is the horse and Melas. Don’t neglect my son. I salute Senchris,

and I salute your mother. I likewise salute Pachnumi and Pachnumi

junior. I salute ...... and Amenothis. Hurry up about the boy until we

go to my place. If I come to the place and see the place, I will send

for you and you shall come to Pelusium, and I will come to you at

Pelusium. I salute Steches, the son of Pancrates. I salute Psemmouthis

and Plato. If your brothers dispute with you, come to my house and

stay there until we see what to do. Don’t neglect it. Write me of your

own welfare and of my boy’s. Hurry up over the matter of the farm. I

wrote this letter in Themuis on the fifth of the month Phamenoth. We

have two days more, and then we will arrive at Pelusium. Melas greets

you all by name. I salute Psenchnumi, the son of Psentermout. I pray

that you may be well and strong.[626]

The sentence of this letter which follows the greeting is couched in

almost the same language as 3 John 2, and the number of people saluted in

it and the manner of their salutation reminds one strongly of Rom.

16:3-16.

Clearly the New Testament Epistles conform in their affectionate

expressions to the forms that were often employed by other letter-writers

of that period of history.

=5. Paul and Aretas, King of Arabia.=

Paul says: “In Damascus the governor under Aretas the king guarded the

city of the Damascenes in order to take me.”[627] Aretas is called by

Josephus king of Arabia. He was Haretat IV, King of the Nabathæan Arabs.

These Nabathæans were found in Arabia by the Assyrian King Ashurbanipal

(668-626 B. C.); they conquered Edom about 400 B. C., driving the Edomites

over into southern Judah; they helped one of the successors of Alexander

the Great at the battle of Gaza in 312 B. C., and founded a dynasty of

kings that lasted until overthrown by the Roman Emperor Trajan in 106 A.

D. Haretat IV belonged to this line. The following Aramaic inscription,

dated in his reign, affords monumental confirmation of his existence:

This is the tomb which Halafu, son of Kosnatan, made for himself and

for Shaidu, his son, and his brothers, whatever males are born from

this Halifu, both their sons and descendants by right of inheritance

forever. And those who may be buried in this sepulcher and in this

structure are this Shaidu and Manuath, Kenushath, and Ribamath, and

Umaiyath and Shalimath, daughters of this Halifu. Also no descendant

of Shaidu has authority, and no man after him of their sons or

descendants, to sell this sepulcher, or to inscribe an epitaph or an

emblem for anyone, except for the wife of one of them, or for his

daughters, or kinsman, or relative by marriage he may inscribe the

tomb. If any one shall do contrary to this, then the fine of Dushara,

the god, our lord, shall be imposed upon him to the extent of five

hundred silver shekels of Haretat, and in accordance with this

inscription shall be deposited in the temple of Kaisha. Month Nisan,

year fortieth of Haretat, King of the Nabathæans, who loves his

people. Rauma and Abdobodat, stone-cutters.[628]

As Haretat ruled from 9 B. C. to 40 A. D., this inscription was written in

31 A. D., just a few years before Paul escaped from the officers of

Haretat at Damascus. There are many other inscriptions dated in the reign

of this king.

Another reads as follows:

This is the sepulcher and two monuments over it, which Abdobodat, the

general, made for Aitebel, the general, his father, and for Aitebel,

the commander of the two camps which are in Luhitu and Abarta, the son

of Abdobodat. This is in the district of their command, which they

exercised in the two places for thirty-six years in the reign of

Haretat, King of the Nabathæans, who loves his people. The

above-mentioned (monument) was constructed in the forty-sixth year of

his reign.[629]

The forty-sixth year of Haretat was the year 37 A. D. The monument here

translated was found at Medeba east of the Jordan (see Num. 21:30; Josh.

13:9), and the two places mentioned in it are believed to be Nabathæan

names for Medeba and Rabbah Ammon (2 Sam. 11:1, etc.). It is evidence that

Haretat had held this territory for a long time. Paul’s escape from

Damascus (2 Cor. 11:32) occurred between the date of the preceding

inscription and this one.

APPENDIX

(Appearing first in Second Edition.)

Addition to Part I, Chapter III, §2, (3), p. 70.

The discoveries at Carchemish included Hittite inscriptions, one of which

is said to be longer than any Hittite writing yet discovered. A number of

stone deities were also found, one of which is a bearded god of the eighth

century B. C. seated on a heavy base supported by two lions. Three large

gateways were found. On the inside of the court of one of these were

dadoes from five to six feet high, “with sculptured slabs of alternating

black diorite and white limestone adorned with carved figures of bulls,

horses, and chariots.” The acropolis was surmounted by the ruins of a

palace of King Sargon of Assyria, who conquered Carchemish, and by the

ruins of a Roman palace. An avenue of broad steps, more than a hundred

feet long, led up to these.

Addition to Part I, Chapter III, §3, to be read after (7) on p. 74.

(8) _Hrozny_, a Hungarian scholar, published in the _Mitteilungen der

deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin_, No. 56 (December, 1915), a new

study of the problem of Hittite decipherment. Owing to the war the

publication has not reached the writer. An excellent _résumé_ of it has,

however, been published by Professor J. H. Moulton in the _Expository

Times_, xxviii, 106 ff. (December, 1916).

It appears that in April, 1914, Professor Hrozny and Doctor Figulla went

to Constantinople and copied cuneiform inscriptions from Boghaz Koi until

the war recalled them. Hrozny’s study is based on this cuneiform material.

He reaches the conclusion that Hittite is not only an Indo-European

language, but that it also belongs to the western half of the

Indo-European family. In other words, he finds it more closely related to

Greek, Latin, Keltic, and the Teutonic tongues than to the Slavonic,

Lithuanian, Armenian, and Persian languages, or to Sanscrit and its

daughters. According to Hrozny, then, the Hittites came from western

Europe, or the center from which the western European peoples radiated. He

thinks they crossed into Asia by way of the Bosphorus. He supports his

contention by some most interesting philological analogies. The Mitanni,

on the other hand, belonged, he thinks, to the eastern half of the

Indo-European family. They were closely related to the Slavs, Lithuanians,

Armenians, Persians, etc. The indications seem to be that they entered

Asia by way of the Caucasus. We await further evidence with great

interest.

III

Addition to Part I, Chapter III, §9, p. 102.

Professor George L. Robinson, who was in Jerusalem in the spring of 1914

as Director of the American School, has published in the _American Journal

of Archæology_, Vol. XXI, p. 84 (January-March, 1917), a brief statement

of the discoveries on Ophel and at Balata. He mentions the finding on

Ophel of a tower with rock-cut foundations, certain cave-tombs with oval

roofs, a cistern with Roman baths, an inn, a Greek inscription (which

tells of a synagogue), and an underground, rock-cut aqueduct, running

parallel to and probably older than that of Hezekiah, which conducts the

water of Gihon to the Pool of Siloam.

At Balata the foundations of old Hebrew houses were discovered, together

with a portion of the Amorite city-wall, which was thick and oblique. The

ruins of a palace were also found and a great triple gateway, the longest

yet excavated in Palestine. This gate was on the west of the city. Near

the tell an Egyptian sarcophagus was found, which some have thought might

be the coffin of Joseph.

A NEW BABYLONIAN ACCOUNT OF THE CREATION OF MAN

To supplement Part II, Chapter II, p. 257.

Since the first edition of this book went to press, the writer has had the

good fortune to discover among the tablets from Nippur in the University

Museum in Philadelphia a new Babylonian account of the creation of man.

The text is written in the Sumerian language, and the script is of the

mixed cursive variety that was employed during the time of the first

dynasty of Babylon and the Kassite dynasty. The text is accordingly older

than 1200 B. C., and may have been written before 2000 B. C. It reads as

follows:

1. The mountain of heaven and earth

2. The assembly of heaven, the great gods, entered. Afterwards,

3. Because Ashnan had not come forth, they conversed together.

4. The land Tikku had not created;

5. For Tikku a temple-platform had not been filled in;

6. A lofty dwelling had not been built;

7. The arable land was without any seed;

8. A well and a canal (?) had not been dug;

9. Horses and cattle had not been brought forth,

10. So that Ashnan could shepherd herd and corral.

11. The Anunna, the great gods, had made no plan;

12. There was no _šes_-grain of thirty-fold;

13. There was no _šes_-grain of fifty-fold;

14. Small grain, mountain-grain, and great _sal_-grain there were not;

15. A possession and houses there were not;

16. Tikku had neither entered a gate nor gone out;

17. Together with the lady Nintu the lord had not brought forth men.

18. The god Ug came; as leader he came to plan;

19. Mankind he planned; many men were brought forth.

20. Food and sleep he planned for them;

21. Clothing and dwellings he did not plan for them.

22. The people with rushes and rope came,

23. By making a dwelling a kindred was formed.

24. To the gardens ...... they gave drink.

25. On that day their [gardens] sprouted (?) ....

26. Their lands covered (?) ............

.....................................................

..........................................................

.............................................................

...............................................................

Reverse

1. ........................................

2. Father Enlil (?) .............................

3. ........ standing grain ....................

4. For mankind ............................

5. .................. creation of Entu ....................

6. Father Enlil ................................

7. Duazagga, the way of the gods ............

8. Duazagga, the brilliant, for my god I guard (?).

9. Entu and Enlil to Duazagga ............

10. A dwelling for Ashnan from out of Duazagga I will [make?] for

thee.

11. Two-thirds of the fold perished (?);

12. His plants for food he created for them;

13. Ashnan rained on the field for them;

14. The moist (?) wind and the fiery storm-cloud he created for them.

15. Two-thirds of the fold stood.

16. For the shepherd of the fold joy was overthrown;

17. The house of rushes did not stand;

18. From Duazagga joy departed.

19. From his dwelling, a lofty height, his boat

20. Descended; from heaven he came

21. To the dwelling of Ashnan; the scepter he brought forth to them;

22. His brilliant city he raised up, he appointed for them;

23. The reed-country he planted, he appointed for them;

24. The falling rain the hollows caught for them;

25. A dwelling-place was their land; food made men multiply;

26. Prosperity entered the land; it caused them to become a multitude.

27. He brought to the hand of man the scepter of command.

28. The lord caused them to be, and they came into existence.

29. Companions calling them, a man with his wife he made them dwell.

30. At night as fitting companions they are together.

A colophon states that the tablet contained sixty lines. Only five lines

are entirely broken away.

Ashnan was a god of vegetation. Tikku, who had not created the land, was a

personified river-bank. The story begins, therefore, before the beginning

of vegetation and before the creation of dykes in Babylonia. As in the

text translated in Chapter VIII, Part II, considerable space is occupied

with the things that were non-existent when the process of creation began.

The last sentence of this section asserts that the lord and Nintu had not

brought forth men. Nintu is the goddess who in the creation story

translated in Chapter VII, Part II, appears as the mother of mankind (see

p. 279). The new tablet then states that Ug, the lion god, identified by a

later text with Shamash, the sun god, first came forth to plan. “Mankind

he planned; many men were brought forth.” The word rendered “planned” has

also the meaning “know,” as in Gen. 4:1, where Adam is said to have known

Eve. It seems probable, therefore, that the text indicates that men were

born from a natural union of Ug and Nintu, just as it is said on p. 284,

in another text from Nippur, that irrigation resulted from a similar union

of the sun-god and Nintu. This shows that among the Sumerians there were

different conceptions of the way mankind was made. A Babylonian story of

the making of a man which is much more like the narrative of Gen. 2 than

that contained in this new tablet is given on p. 256.

After telling how men were brought forth, and how they were left to

provide houses and clothing for themselves, the new tablet tells how reed

huts, similar to those still seen in the Babylonian marshes, were made.

Clans were formed and irrigation begun. Here the obverse becomes too

broken for connected translation.

At the beginning of the reverse several lines are fragmentary. From what

can be made out, some god seems to be addressing Enlil. Reference is made

to Duazagga, the heavenly abyss, which is described as “the way of the

gods,” probably an allusion to the Milky Way. It is implied that the gods

live along this way. It seems that all was not going well with men on the

earth, so this deity proposed to make a dwelling for Ashnan, the god of

agriculture, outside of Duazagga, presumably on the earth. Two-thirds of

the fold perished; Ashnan accordingly created plants as food for men. This

reminds us of how plants and fruits were given to man as food in Gen.

1:29. Ashnan also caused it to rain in order to promote the growth of

vegetation. This, however, created a new evil. The reed huts were washed

away, together with a third of the fold. Some god, probably Enlil,

accordingly came down from heaven, and built a city. This gave to human

society the required stability. In this stable society the god gave the

scepter of command into man’s hand just as in Gen. 1:28 man is given

dominion over all the lower orders of life. In this connection we find the

statement:

“The lord caused them to be and they came into existence,” the form of

which reminds one of the statement in Gen. 1:3, “God said, Let there be

light: and there was light.”

The next line: “Companions calling them, a man with his wife he made them

dwell,” recalls Gen. 2:18 and 24. The last line of the text is the

Babylonian equivalent of the last clause of Gen. 2:24.

This text as a whole describes the creation of man, sketches the

vicissitudes of pastoral life, and ends with a statement of the greater

security and prosperity of urban life. It attributes the origin of

everything to the gods.

* * * * *

Addition to Part II, Chapter XI, p. 309.

The entrance of Abraham and later of Jacob and his sons into Egypt in time

of famine (Gen. 12:10 and 47:5-12) is strikingly illuminated by the

following reports of officials stationed at fortresses on the Egyptian

border.

The first of these texts was inscribed in the tomb of Harmhab, the

founder of the nineteenth dynasty, though there is reason to believe that

it was written during the reign of Amenophis IV of the eighteenth dynasty

(1375-1357 B. C.). Some of the lines are broken. It reads as follows:

....... Asiatics; others have been placed in their abodes ...... they

have been destroyed, and their town laid waste, and fire has been

thrown ......... [they have come to entreat] the Great in Strength to

send his mighty sword before ....... Their countries are starving,

they live like goats of the mountain, [their] children ....... saying:

“A few of the Asiatics, who knew not how they should live, have come

[begg]ing [a home in the domain] of Pharaoh ....., after the manner of

your fathers’ fathers since the beginning under, ......... Now, the

Pharaoh .... gives them into your hand, to protect their

borders.”[630]

The second text comes from the reign of Merneptah (1225-1215 B. C.). It

reads as follows:

Another matter for the satisfaction of my lord’s heart [to wit]: We

have finished passing the tribes of the Shasu of Edom through the

fortress of Merneptah-Hotephirma ... in Theku, to the pools of Pithom,

of Merneptah-Hotephirma in Theku, in order to sustain them and their

herds in the domain of Pharaoh ..., the good sun of every land

......... I have caused them to be brought ........ other names of

days when the fortress of Merneptah-Hotephirma may be passed,

....[631]

These texts make it evident that at different periods of Egyptian history

Asiatic tribes in time of famine and stress sought and found refuge in

Egypt as the Israelites are said to have done.

ALLEGED TRACES OF THE “TEN TRIBES” IN EXILE

To supplement Part II, Chapter XVII, at the end of § 10, p. 372.

In 2 Kings 15:29 it is said that Tiglath-pileser [IV] captured certain

cities in Galilee, and carried their inhabitants captive to Assyria. In 2

Kings 17:6 it is said that when Samaria was destroyed by the Assyrian king

[Sargon, in 722 B. C.], Israelites were carried captive to Halah and

Gozan, which were situated on the Khabur River in Mesopotamia.

Two groups of cuneiform tablets, one in the museum at Berlin, the other in

the British Museum, are thought to confirm these statements by the

evidence they give that Hebrews who reverenced Jehovah were living in

that region.[632] The evidence consists chiefly of a divine name _A-u_,

employed as a component part of proper names just as _Jo-_ and _Jeho-_,

abbreviations of the name of Jehovah, are employed in Hebrew proper names

in the Old Testament. Indeed, _A-u_ is the form that _Jo-_ or _Jeho-_

would take, if expressed in Assyrian characters.

The names in question occur in a series of documents which record the

transfer of slaves. If the men in question were Hebrews they would seem to

have been interested in the business of buying and selling slaves. The

documents are much alike. It will suffice to translate one of them:

1. Seal of Atarkhasis,

2. son of Aushezib,

3. the Kannuean,

4. owner of the slave-girl. A transfer

5. of Kabili, his slave-girl he

6. has made, and Nabushallimshunu

7. for the price of 1½ manas of silver

8. has taken her. The money in full

9. is paid. That slave

10. is purchased and delivered. Whoever in the future

11. at any time shall rise up and

12. lay claim, whether Atarkhasis

13. or his sons,--whoever against

14. Nabushallimshunu or his sons

15. legal process

16. shall begin, 10 manas of silver

17. shall pay. Against an attack of rheumatism for 100 days

18. and legal claim for all time (he is guaranteed).

19. Month Airu, 17th day,

20. eponym of Ashurrimani, rabshekeh.

21. In the presence of Padi,

22. In the presence of Khani,

23. In the presence of Ashurnadinakhi,

24. In the presence of Tubusu,

25. In the presence of Belbelshaduni,

26. In the presence of Ilumia.

27. In the presence of Ashurikhtamusur

28. In the presence of Bariku,

29. In the presence of Kennusharruni.

The significant name here is Aushezib, meaning, “Au saves.” If _Au_ is a

translation of _Jeho-_, the name, in its entirety, would be a translation

of one of the Hebrew forms of the name Joshua. Other names, into which

the name of the god _Au_ enters, appear sometimes in the body of a

contract and sometimes among the witnesses. They are _{il}A-u-salim_, “the

god Au gives peace”; _A-u-iddina_, “Au gives,” equivalent to the Hebrew

Jonathan; _A-u-akhiddin_, “Au has increased the brothers”; _A-u-daninani_,

“Au is our mighty-one”; _A-u-e-ballitani_, “O Au, make us live”;

_{il}A-u-dân_(?)_-ilani_, “Au is judge of the gods”; _A-u-sabi_, “Au

satisfies.”[633]

The tablets were written at Kannu, the Canneh of Ezek. 27:23, which was

near Haran in Mesopotamia. One text states that if the seller of the slave

ever brings legal action, he shall pay ten silver manas and one gold mana

“at the sanctuary of the god _A-u_, who dwells in Kannu.” If the god _A-u_

be really the Hebrew Jehovah, the captives from Samaria and Galilee had

built for him a temple in Kannu, as the Jews at Elephantine afterward did

on the island in the Nile. (See p. 387, f.)

The documents in which these names occur appear to be dated between 666

and 606 B. C. They are dated according to the Assyrian method of dating,

which shows that they were written under the Assyrian monarchy, but the

eponyms in which they are dated are not found in the extant portions of

the Assyrian Eponymlist. They were therefore written after the year

666.[634] This fixes the dates of these documents in the seventh

century--the century after Tiglath-pileser IV and Sargon transported to

this region parts of the ten “lost tribes,” and, if _A-u_ really is a form

of the name Jehovah, these tablets afford us a little glimpse of some of

these Hebrews in exile.

INDEX OF SCRIPTURE PASSAGES

GENESIS--

1 247

1:7 248

1:24-26 266

2 256

3 260

3:18, 24 289

4:1, 2, 16-23 269

5 264

5:24 266

6, 7, 8, 9 277

9:20 287, 289

10:10 44, 47, 58

10:11 43, 47, 60

10:23 116

11:2 58

11:9 42

11:27 109

11:31 77

11:31, ff. 112

12:4 77, 109

14:1 58, 294, 295, 297, 298

14:5 215

14:6 106, 116

14:15 213

15:2 213

16:5-7 329

16:7 95

19:1 129

21 111

21:9, 10 329

22 172

22:2 168

22:6, 10 152

22:9 169

23 76

23:10 68

24:22 161

24:30 156

25:15 307

25:34 134

26:34 68

29:1 108

30:1-13 328

34:20 129

36:20 106, 308

36:20-22 109

36:21 106

36:24 308

36:29 106, 109

37:17 133

40:11 136

41:30 305

41:39 303

41:42 157

41:45 34

41:47-57 306

41:54 305

46:17 349

50:13 180

50:26 303, 411

EXODUS--

1:11 35

2:1-10 311

3:8, 17 139, 309

4:25 152

5:7-18 36

11:5 135

12 390

12:37 36

13:20 36

14:23-28 37

16:36 158

18:13-26 315

20:8-11 258

20:12 411

20:24 172

20:24-26 198

21:2-6 316, 323

21:2-11 324

21:6 340

21:12-14, 18-27 334

21:16 316

21:17 332

21:24 340

21:28-35 337

22:1-4, 9 315

22:5 319, 320

22:5, 6 319

22:7-10 323

22:10-13 339

22:11, 25 320

22:16, 17 328

22:18 314

22:26, 27 324

23:10, 11 319

29:40 158

34:20 172

35:22 156

38:26 161

LEVITICUS--

5:13 343

6:3-5 315

6:18, 29 343

7:8-10, 14, 34 343

11:35 149

18:6-18 329

19:9 319

19:20-22 328

20:10 328

20:11, 12, 19-21 329

22:30 329

23 390

24:20 340

25:5 137

25:25-46 316

26:26 149

NUMBERS--

5:9, 10 343

5:11-28 314, 328

13:23 136

14:8 139

16:13, 14 139

21:13 365

21:15, 16 116

21:21 116, 308

21:30 443

26:45 349

27:8-11 332

31:29, 41 343

31:50 157

32:8 95

32:34 112, 365

32:38 365

32:42 215

33:5, 6 36

36:2-12 332

DEUTERONOMY--

1:4 111, 112, 116, 308

2:12, 22 106

2:24 365

2:26 307

3:9 116

3:11 217

5:12-15 258

5:16 411

6:3 139

7:5 91

10:18 420

11:10 84

12:3 91

14:29 420

15, 16, 17 340

15:7-18 323

15:12-18 316, 324

16:9 135

16:18-20 315

18:10 314

19:4 334

19:5 152

19:16-21 314

19:21 340

21:1-9 316

21:15-21 332

22:6 139

22:13-21 325

22:22-29 328

22:30 329

23:15 316

23:17 323, 326

23:17, 18 333

23:24 137

23:24, 25 319

24:1-4 329

24:6 136

24:10-13 324

24:19-22 319

25:4 135

26:2, 4 153

28:5, 17 153

34:1 365

JOSHUA--

2:6 138

5:2, 3 152

6:20 125

9:17, 20 111

10:3 89, 112

10:33 92, 112, 116, 117

11:1, 2 111

11:22 91

12:4 111

12:21 96, 97

12:22 133

13:9 443

13:16-19 365

13:25 217

15:10 94, 112

15:37 114, 116

15:41 111, 116

15:44 346

15:59 111

15:63 188

17:11 111, 114, 133, 214

18:24 111

19:6 110

19:18-20, 25, 28 111

19:35, 37 111, 114

19:44 377

20:7 133

20:8 365

21:19 111

21:23 377

JUDGES--

1:5, 27-36 116

1:17 111

1:21 188

1:27 92, 111

1:29 117

4, 5, 6 133

4:2 111

4:21 153

5:19 97

5:26 153

6:3 108, 307

6:11 111, 193

6:19 153

6:33 108

7:12 108, 307

7:22 111

8:10 108, 307

9:4, 46 351

9:53 136

11:3, 5 111

13:2 112

13:19 193

16:23-30 93, 176

18:7, 18 111

18:29 133

19:10, 11 188

1 SAMUEL--

2:13, 14 151

4:1 111

5:8 91

9:12 169

10:5 155

10:26 133

11:4 133

13:20, 21 161

17:1 111

17:4 91

17:43 139

19:24 356

23:1 112, 188

25:2 188

28:41 111

31:5 154

31:10 133

31:10, 12 214

2 SAMUEL--

1:10 156

2:16 154

3:27 129

5:6-8 188

5:9 189

5:25 92

7:2 176

8:9, ff. 81

11:1 217, 443

12:27 130

12:31 152

15:2 190

16:9 139

17:28 134

20:14 111

21:12 214

23:11 134

24 190, 192

24:16 193

24:16, 17 377

24:18, 22 135

1 KINGS--

1:33 101

1:40 155

3:1 190

3:1, ff. 30

3:2 169

4:7 317

4:12 214

5:6, 17 358

6:4 194, 195

6:29, 32, 35 194

6:36 195

7:2, 6 196

7:8, 12, 23-37, 39 195

7:9 152

7:49 194

9:15 112, 190

9:15-19 94

9:16 30

9:24 189

10:1 371

10:1-13 381

10:5, 18-20 193

11:14-25 118

11:27 190

11:40 30

12:12 359

14:25 37, 118, 360

14:25-28 30, 259

15:20 111

16:23-29 365

16:24 127

16:34 99, 100, 125, 128

16:36 128

17:10 133

19:16, 17 124

19:19 134, 135

21:8 155

22:39 100, 127

2 KINGS--

2:19-22 98

3:4 364

3:4-12 197

3:5-27 365

4:8 111

4:23 259

5:12 214

6:5 152

6:13 133

6:25 158

11, 12, 13, 14, 15 268

11:12, 13 195

12:17 91

12:20 189

13:20, 21 183

14:7 173

14:8-14 94, 95

14:13 196

14:19 89

14:21 367

14:23 259

15:1-27 367

15:19 61, 62

15:29 370

15:29, 30 62, 369

15:37 367

16:5-9 367

16:10 369

16:10-16 198

16:14 195

17:3-5 369

17:4 370

17:5 62, 123

17:16 370

17:24 124, 125, 370

17:24-34 100, 118

18 374, 375

18:1-6, 9 198

18:4 171

18:13 44

18:13-16 375

18:13--19:8 376

18:14 89

18:14, ff. 374

18:17 375

18:32 139

19 374, 375

19:9 31, 375

19:9-36 376

19:35 374

19:36 377

19:37 44, 64, 378

20:12 63

20:20 198, 377

20:21 378

21 378

21:6 172

22:14 199

23:5, 8 169

23:10 172, 199

23:29 32, 96

23:29, ff. 379

23:34 32, 379

24, 25 44, 65, 380

25:9, 10 200

25:27. 381

25:27-30 66

1 CHRONICLES--

1:30 307

1:38 109

1:40 308

2:18 116

4:8 116

7:31 349

8:12 111

18:9, ff. 82

21:23 135

23:4 315

24 117

29:7 163

2 CHRONICLES--

1:5, 6 195

2:8 358

3:1 168

5:2 189

11:5-10 90

19:5-7 315

33 64

EZRA--

1 386

2:69 163

3:12 201

4:2 378

4:10 379

5:16 200

8:27 163

NEHEMIAH--

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 118

1:1 47

1:3 200

2:10, 19 389

3, 4, 5, 6 90

3:13, 28 202

4:1, ff. 389

6:1, ff. 389

7:2 390, 391

7:37 111

7:70-72 163

11:25 111

12:31-40 202

13:28 389

ESTHER--

1:2 47

3:10, 12 157

JOB--

1:3 108

3:8 253

9:13, 14 251

12:7, 8 430

26:12, 13 251, 252

28:28 409

29 395

29:13 420

31 395

38:14 154

39:13 139

41 253

41:24 136

42:4-6 395

PSALMS--

6:3 400

8 401

17:1 400

18:6 400

19 401

21:9 149

68:4 147

68:5 420

74:10 400

74:13, 14 282

74:13, 14, 16, 17 252

85:5 400

87:4 254

89:10 253

90:7, 13 400

104 406

104:24 404

137 200

146, 147, 148 401

PROVERBS--

1:9 156

5:3 410

6:9-11 411

10:19 409

10:26 411

11:1 162

13:3 409

13:4 411

14:3 409

14:35 408

17:28 409

18:24 409

20:23 162

24:17 408

24:21 409

31:13 138

31:31 129

ECCLESIASTES--

7:15-17 409

9:6-9 412

9:9 410

11:9 409

CANTICLES--

1:10 156

2:13 136

3:6 156

4:1-7 414

5:1 416

6:2, 3 416

8:1-3 415

ISAIAH--

1:13 259

1:17, 23 420

3:18 157

3:19, 20 156

5:1-8 137

5:12 155

6 418

7:1 197

7:1, ff. 62

7:3 198

7:16 369

8:1 154

8:6 198

9:1-6 422

9:17 420

10:2 420

10:9 63, 81, 116, 361, 371

10:14 139

10:28-32 372

11:1-8 422

11:6-9 284

14:9-11 180, 422, 426

15:1 116

15:2, 4, 5 365

19 389

19:13 27

19:19-22 38

20:1 43, 372

22:22 151

27:1 253

30:7 254

31:5 64

36 44

36, 37 63, 374

37:9 31

37:38 378

39:1 377

40:12 158

41:15 135

44:28 383

45:1 383

47:8 420

51:9 253

57:3 172

66:23 259

JEREMIAH--

2:10 293

2:16 27

7:6 420

7:31 172, 199

15:8 420

18:21 420

22:3 420

23:27 418

23:29 153

32:35 172

36 32

41:4, 5 200

43:7, 8 37

43:8 38

44:1 27, 37

46 32, 65

46:2 361

46:2, ff. 379

46:14, 19 27

48:22-24 365

49:11 420

50:16 135

LAMENTATIONS--

4:3 139

5:10 150

EZEKIEL--

1:1 65, 66

4:9 134

4:12-15 149

5:1, 2 152

8:14 426, 427

8:16 194

16:3 77, 349

16:11 156

16:45 349

22:7, 25 420

23:40 156

27:6 293

27:8, 9 112

30:13, 16 27

30:17 31

32:21-31 422, 426

32:22-32 180

43:13-17 198

45:11, 14 158

46:3 259

DANIEL--

3:5, 15 155

4:29 380

5:11, 18 382

5:25 160

5:30, 31 384

8:2 47

HOSEA--

2:5, 9 138

2:11 259

7:4, 6, 7 150

9:6 27

JOEL--

3:13 135

AMOS--

5:19 126

6:2 116

7:14 356

8:1, 2 153

8:5 162, 259

9:7 116, 357

MICAH--

1:14 92, 140

6:15 136

NAHUM--

3:8 31, 64

ZEPHANIAH--

1:10, 11 199

ZECHARIAH--

3:1 418

4 201

7:10 420

MALACHI--

3:5 420

ECCLESIASTICUS--

50:1-4 203

1 MACCABEES--

1:21, 22 201

1:33 204

5:37 215

7:32, 33 204

9:52 124

13:48 128

14:34 94

14:36 204

MATTHEW--

1:8 268

3:12 135

4:25 213, 218

5:14 123, 429

5:15 151

5:26 165

5:29 199

6:30 149

6:33 430

7:5 428

7:7 430

7:24, 25 429

10:26 431

10:28 199

10:29 165

11:27 405

12:1 132

13:4 132

13:57 408, 429

14:3 165

16:13 133

19:24 151

19:30 431

22:19 165

23:37 140

24:41 135, 136

25:1-12 148

26:34, 74 140

26:36 137

26:57 101

28:2 184

MARK--

2:23 132

4:4 132

4:23 431

5:1 218

5:20 213, 218

6:4 429

6:17 165

7:11 159

7:31 213, 218

8:27 133

10:12 329

10:25 151

10:31 431

12:15-17 165

12:41 209

12:42 165

13:35 140

13:44 430

14:26 211

14:30, 68, 72 140

14:32 137, 211

16:3, 4 184

LUKE--

2:1-5 432

2:2 434, 437

2:3-5 435

3:17 135

3:19 165

4:24 429

4:26 133

5:9 430

6:1 132

6:42 428

7:5 98

8:5 132

9:51-54 119

11:47, 48 183

12:2 431

12:6 165

12:28 149

13:30 431

15:8 165

15:22 157

17:21 430

18:25 151

20:36 430

21:1 209

21:2 165

22:34, 60 140

22:39 211

23:18, 21 206

24:2 184

JOHN--

2:20 208

3:16, 36 431

3:29 416

4:5 133

4:9, 20 119

4:44 429

5:4 187

5:24 431

13:38 140

18:1 211

18:24 101

18:27 140

20:1 184

ACTS--

3:2 210

8:27 39

8:27-39 33

9:11 214

9:32 111

12:23 377

15, 16 440

16:14 226

17:6 438

17:22-31 220

17:23 438, 439

17:27 178

18:1 220

18:4, 7 221

18:11 220, 440

18:12 221, 439

19:23-41 224

20:15, 17 222

20:35 431

23:23, 24 133

24:27 439

26:14 135

ROMANS--

16:3-16 441

1 CORINTHIANS--

1:4 441

3:10-17 223

14:7 155

15:32 224

2 CORINTHIANS--

1:46 441

3:14 194

11:32 174, 442, 443

GALATIANS--

1:18 440

2:1 440

PHILIPPIANS--

1:3, 9 441

COLOSSIANS--

1:3 441

4:13 230

1 THESSALONIANS--

1:2 441

3:9 441

2 THESSALONIANS--

1:3, 11 441

2:13 441

PHILEMON--

4 441

HEBREWS--

13:12 211

3 JOHN--

2 441

REVELATION--

2:10 230

2:12 438

2:13 225

2:18-29 226

3:1-6 227

3:5 228

3:12 229

3:15, 16 230

6:13 136

21:2, 9 416

INDEX

Abana, 214

Abbi-Teshub, makes treaty with Mursil, 80

Abdi-Hepa, vassal of Amenophis IV, 76

Abi-Adda, 80

Abraham, sojourn in Egypt, 35;

purchase of the cave of Machpelah, 76;

home in Mesopotamia, 112;

sacrifice of Isaac, 172

Abraham, Babylonian account of farmer of this name, 108, 290

“Absalom’s Pillar,” 183

Abu Haba, Turkish exploration of, 46

Abu Shusheh (Gezer), 93

Abydos, chief town of This, 25

Acts, archæological light on the book of, 438

Adab (Bismya), 47, 57

Adad-nirari III, King of Assyria, 53

Adad-nirari IV, inscription regarding Syria and Palestine, 61, 365

Adam, Biblical account of, 289;

Babylonian forms of the name, 266

Adapa and the fall of man, legend of, 260

Adime, 266

“Admonitions of Ipuwer, The,” 28

Adzes, 153

Ælia Capitolina, 122, 212

Africanus, Julius Sextus, _Chronigraphiai_ of, 21

Agade (Sippar), 54, 57, 266

Agricultural implements, 134;

calendar, 138

Agriculture, 134

Ahab, in confederacy against Shalmaneser III, 61;

palace of, 100;

pays tribute to Tiglathpileser IV, 369

Ahaz, vassal to Tiglath-pileser IV, 62;

altar of, 198

Ahmose I, siege of Sharuhen, 110

Ain es-Sultan (Elisha’s Fountain), 98

Ain Kades, 95

Ain Shems (Beth-shemesh), 94

Ain Sitti Miriam, see _Gihon_.

Akkad, derivation of, 58

Akra, 203

Alaparos, 271

Alexander Jannæus, 120, 201, 205

Alexander the Great, empire of, 33;

conquests of, 66;

death of, 119

Alexandra, Asmonæan queen, 120

Alorus, 271

Altar of incense, 173

Amanus, source of cedar, 58, 358

Amēlon, 271

_Amelu_, 267, 271

Amempsinos, 271

Amenemhet I, 76

Amenemhet III, 28

Amenophis I, 23, 110

Amenophis III, 60, 304

Amenophis III and IV, 29

American Exploration Society, 86

American Palestine Exploration Society, 86

American School of Oriental Research in Palestine, 99

American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 221

Amil-Marduk (Evil-Merodach), 66;

inscription of, 381

Amman, 218

Ammenon, 271

Ammienshi, Amorite chieftain, 108, 109

Ammi-zadugga, reign of, 53

Amorites, conquests of the, 107

Amosis I, 29

Amosis II, 32

Anderson, H. J., explorations in Palestine, 86

Anderson, J. G. C., inscription discovered at Antioch, 436

Andrae, W., exploration at Kalah-Sherghat, 47;

inscription of Tukulti-Ninib, 52

Animals, representative of Egyptian tribes, 24;

domestic, 138

Anklets, 157

Antigonus, 120, 205

Antiochus III, 130

Antiochus IV, 203

Antipas, 121

Antiquities, preservation of Egyptian, 19;

of Babylonian, 41

Antonia, fortress, 205

Anu, 260

Anubanini, King of Lulubi, 57

Apollophanes, tomb of, 183

Arad-Sin, King of Larsa, 58

Aramæans, migration of, 113

Arandas, successor of Subbiluliuma, 79

Araunah the Jebusite, 168

Archæological Institute of America, 99

Archelaus, 121

Areopagus, 220

Aretas, see _Haretat IV_.

Arioch, identified with Arad-Sin and Rim-Sin, 58

Aripi, 266

Aristobulus I and II, 120

Arnuanta, successor of Dudkhalia, 81

Arpad, overthrow of, 371

Arrows, 153

Artatama I, King of the Mitanni, 77;

alliance with Thothmes IV, 77

Artatama II, King of the Harri, 78

Artaxerxes, inscriptions of, 48

Artaxerxes III, Jews rebel against, 66

Asarjik, Hittite remains at, 70

Asenath, wife of Joseph, 33

Asherim, at Tell es-Safi, 169

Ashmolean Museum, 19

Ashteroth-Karnaim, 215

Ashtoreth, figures of, at Taanach, 173

Ashur, 47, 60

Ashurbanipal, succeeds Esarhaddon, 64;

his account of his campaign against Tyre, 378;

proverbs from library of, 407

Ashur-dan, 52

Ashur-nasirpal II, records of, referred to, 60;

military exploits of, 61;

advance toward Hebrew territory, 360

Ashur-rim-nishishu, King of Assyria, 53, 60

Ashur-uballit, King of Assyria, 60

Asia, churches of, 221

Asmonæan coins, 164

Asmonæans, 120

Assumptionist Fathers, excavations at Jerusalem, 101;

collection of flint implements, 103

Assurbanipal, invasion of Egypt, 31

Assyria, wars with Egypt, 31;

the land, 40;

explorations in, 47;

relations to Babylonia, 59;

early period of, 60;

second period of, 61

Atbara, 18

Athenæ Polias, temple of, 225

Athens, 219

Aton, Egyptian hymn in praise of, 403

Atys, worship of, 226

Augustus, temple to, at Samaria, 178

Awls, 152

Axes, 152

Azariah (Uzziah), 367

Azekah, excavation at, 90

Aziru, Amorite king, 79, 113, 304

Babylon, capture of, 383

Babylonia, the land, 40;

exploration by Harper and Banks, 47;

historical periods, 55;

early period, 59;

Persian period, 66;

psalms from, 398;

proverbs from, 407

Babylonian column, 50

Babylonian creation epic, 235, 247;

account of the flood, 273

Babylonian exile, 65;

termination of, 118

Bacchides, Syrian general, 124

Bactria, secedes from the empire of the Seleucidæ, 67

Bagoses, general of Artaxerxes III, 66

Baking-trays, 150

Balata, 102

Ball, C. J., decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 71

Banks, Edgar J., exploration in Babylonia, 47

Barada, 214

Bar Chocaba, 121

Baris, castle of, 204

Barsalnunna, 267

Baskets, 153

Bath, 158

Beads, 156

Beautiful gate, 210

Bees, 139

Behistun inscription of Darius I, 50

Beit Jibrin, caves at, 106

Bel (Enlil), god of Nippur, 55;

Babylonian hymn to, 401

Belshazzar, son of Nabuna’id, 382

Ben-Hadad in league with Ahab, 61

Benjamin of Tudela, explorations of, 42

_Beqa_, 161

Bergama, 224

Berossos, list of Babylonian kings, 54;

Babylonian priest, 247;

list of kings, 270

Bethesda, Pool of, 210

Beth-Ninib (Beth-shemesh), 95

Beth-shemesh, excavations at, 94;

capture of, 117;

walls of, 125;

gates of, 129;

burial caves at, 180

Bezetha, hill, 212

Birds, 139

“Bishop Gobat’s School,” 191

Bismya (Adab), mound of, 47;

Luguldaudu, King of, 57

Blanche-Garde, fortress of the Crusaders, 91

Bliss, Frederick J., excavations at Lachish, 89

Boghaz Koi, excavations at, 69;

Hittite kingdom at, 77;

the “Hittite City,” 78

Bor (Tyan), 82

Bork, Ferdinand, studies in the Mitanni language, 73

Botta, Paul Emil, exploration of Nineveh, 43

Bowls, 150

Bracelets, 156

Breasted, Henry James, accession of Mena, 23;

_Ancient Records, Egypt_, 76, 352

British Museum, trustees direct excavation at Carchemish, 70

Bruce, James, 20

Brugsch, H., _History of Egypt_, 76;

inscription at Elephantine, 305

Brünnow, R., studies in the Mitanni language, 71;

explorations in Edom, 88

Bubastis, capital of Shishak dynasty, 31

Bulghar-Maden, Hittite remains at, 70

Burckhardt, J. L., explorations in Palestine, 85

Burial customs, 180

Burnaburiash, 60

Burnouf, Eugène, 50

Butler, H. C., explorations in Syria, 102, note;

excavations at Sardis, 228

Cab, 158

Cain, list of descendants, 269

Cairo, 17, 19

Calah, made capital of Assyria, 60

Calendar, 138

Calvary, site of, 211

Cambyses, son of Cyrus, 32;

extends power of Persia, 66

Canaanites, migration of the, 109

Capernaum, identification of, 98

Caphtor, home of the Philistines, 115, 116

Captivity, Babylonian, 65

Carchemish, excavations at, 70;

alliance with Assyria, 81

Carthaginian law regarding sacrifices, 342

Cataracts of the Nile, 18

Cave-dwellers, 142, 187

Caves of the stone age, 104

Chaldæan Empire, 65

Champollion, Jean François (Le Jeune), 21, 22

Chaplin, Thomas, description of weight from Samaria, 160

Charles, B. B., explorations in Asia Minor, 70;

_Travels and Studies in the Nearer East_, 73

Châteaubriand, explorations in Palestine, 85

Chedorlaomer, 295

Cheops, 25

Child sacrifice, 172

Chisels, 152

Chosroes II, captures Jerusalem, 122

Christian Nubians, 39

Church of the Holy Sepulcher, 211

Churches of Asia, 221

Cistern burial, 180

Cities, topography of Palestinian, 123;

situated near springs, 186

City gates, 129

Clark, Herbert, 160

Clay, A. T., _Babylonian Texts from the Yale Collection_, 384

Clermont-Ganneau, explorations in Palestine, 88, 89, 198;

Moabite Stone, 363

Code of Hammurapi, 313

Coins, 162;

Roman, 165

“Columbarium,” 182

Combs, 156

Conder, Lieut.-Col. C. R., _The Hittites and Their Language_, 72;

survey of Palestine, 88

Constantine, interest in holy places, 84, 85, 122

Constantinople, tablets hoarded in, 48

Cor (Homer), 158

Corinth, 220

Corners, considered sacred, 128

Cossæans, see _Kassites_.

Creation, epic of, 235;

comparison with first chapter of Genesis, 247;

second account of, found at Babylon, 255;

compared with second chapter of Genesis, 256

Creation and flood, account of, from Nippur, 278

Cremation, 179

Crœsus, temple of, 223;

wealth of, 227;

overthrown by Cyrus the Great, 163, 383

Cromlech (heap of stones), 104

Cros, Gaston, explorations of, 45

Crucifixion, site of the, 211

“Cuneiform” characters, origin of, 56

Curtis, Samuel Ives, discovery at Petra, 102

Cybele, worship of, 226;

temple of, 228

Cyprus, seal of Sargon found in, 57

Cyrus the Great, founder of Persian empire, 32;

conquests of, 66;

overthrows Crœsus, 163, 383;

captures Sardis, 227;

inscription of, 385

Dalman, Gustaf II., explorations in Petra, 88

Damascus, 213, 248, 369

Danaoi, migration of, 115

Daniel, book of, 384

Daonos (Daos), 271

Daphne, 38

Darics, 163

Darius I, rule in Egypt, 32;

inscriptions of, 48;

extends power of Persia, 66;

coinage of, 163

Darius the Mede, 384

David, conquests of, 117, 118;

captures Jebus, 188;

Tower of, 206

Decapolis, description of, 213

Delitzsch, Friedrich, development of Hittite grammar, 74

_Deutscher Palästina-Verein_, 96

Dilmun, 283

Dion, 216

Domazewsky, Alfred von, explorations in Edom, 88

Domestic animals, 138

Doorway tombs, 182

Dor, excavations at, 117

_Drachma_, 165

Drovetti, M., collection of, 22

Dudkhalia, successor of Hattusil II, 81

Dûdu, 304

Dulcimer, 155

Dumuzi, 271

Dung Gate, 202

Dungi, King of Babylonia, 58

Dushratta, a king of Mitanni, 69;

two El-Amarna letters from, 71;

contemporary with Amenophis IV, 77;

death of, 78

“Dynastic tablets,” 52

Ea, 260

Eannatum, King of Lagash, 56

Early Assyrian period, 60

Early Babylonian period, 59

Earth-graves, 181

Ebed-Ashera, Amorite king, 113

Ebed-Hepa, 187;

letters of, 345;

history of, 349

Ecbatana, visited by Rawlinson, 50

Ecclesiastes, parallel to, 412

Ecclesiasticus, 203

Eclipse at Nineveh, 51

Egypt, the land, 17;

history of, 21, 23;

division of, 24;

Roman period, 33;

Hyksos invasion of, 34;

period of the Oppression and the Exodus, 35;

Jewish colony in, 387;

psalms from, 402;

parallels to Song of Songs from, 413;

social conscience in, 418;

wisdom literature of, 421

Elam, invasion of, during reign of Kurigalzu, 59

El-Amarna letters, 35, 60;

from Dushratta, 69;

Palestinian cities mentioned in, 112;

source of information regarding Jerusalem, 187;

selections from, 303;

from Rib-Adda of Gebal, 344;

from Ebed-Hepa of Jerusalem, 345;

reflecting conditions in Palestine, 348

Elamites, subjugated by Eannatum, 56;

invade Babylonia, 60

Elephantine, papyri discovered at, 37, 387

El-Gib, 130

Elisha’s Fountain, 98

“Eloquent Peasant, The,” 28, 418

El-Wad, 185

Eni-Teshub, King of Carchemish, 81

Enlil, 279;