PARASITES DURING THEIR WHOLE LIFE.
In this chapter we bring together true parasites, which may be called
complete; they pass every part of their life under the care of a
neighbour, and require an asylum the more urgently, since they cannot
exist without it. They absolutely need both food and lodging. Not long
ago, all parasites were supposed to be dependant during their whole
life, and to be incapable of living outside the body of another
animal. We have before proved that this opinion was erroneous. We find
in this category a great number of parasites which may be separated
and placed in the first group, including all such as pass all the
phases of their life on the same animal, without changing their
costume, and many of which never leave the fur, the feathers, or the
scales, among which they are born.
Fishes nourish on the surface of the skin a great number of these,
which helminthologists have thought proper to classify under the name
of _Ectoparasites_. Among many crustaceans and insects, only one
of the sexes is parasitical. The males remain entirely free, and
preserve all their attributes, while the females seek for assistance,
and require food and lodging. The female alone sacrifices her 256
liberty, and changes her form entirely in order to secure the
preservation of her posterity.
The insects called _Strepsiptera_, which live as parasites on wasps,
furnish a curious example of this (Fig. 77). These insects, the
_Polistes_, the _Andrenæ_, and the _Halicti_, do not kill the larvæ of
the Hymenoptera on which they feed; they suck the blood of their
victim slowly, and leave him just enough strength to go through his
metamorphoses. The females are condemned to remain almost completely
immovable on their prey, while the males are winged.
[Illustration: Fig. 77.--Stylops. Male, natural size, and magnified.]
Naturalists have paid great attention to these latter insects, as much
on account of their mode of life as of the difficulties which they
have suggested to entomologists in the appreciation of their natural
affinities. Are they coleoptera, as was for a long time, and perhaps
correctly, supposed, or do they form a distinct order by themselves?
However this may be, these are the facts known concerning them,
according to the recent observations of Mons. Chapmann, a
conscientious naturalist. The females do not lay their eggs in the
nests of wasps, but the larvæ, under the form of meloë, penetrate into
the cells, by the assistance of the larvæ of the wasps, which carry
them hidden between the second and third ring. The larvæ of the 257
Rhipiptera are developed at the expense of the larvæ of the wasp, suck
their blood, swell, and their skin remains adhering to the fourth
segment.
[Illustration: Fig. 78.--Black Stylops, female, showing the embryos in
the abdomen.]
[Illustration: Fig. 79.--Black Stylops, larva at its birth (from
Blanchard).]
When the rhipipterous insect is six millimètres in length, it changes
its skin the second time, and this splits on the back, so that the 258
skin remains fixed between the larva of the parasite and that of the
wasp. It then sucks the rest of the juices of the young wasp, and
becomes a nymph in the prison which it has formed for itself. This
evolution lasts from twelve to twenty-four hours.
Many male crustaceans, though they differ materially from their
females in form as well as in manner of life, do not remove far from
their partners in order to procure the assistance which they need. The
insects which now occupy our attention are entirely different in this
respect. The male preserves his usual appearance during the whole of
his life, as well as the attributes and independence of free insects;
while the female seeks for assistance with regard both to food and
lodging from the time she leaves the egg; she is still wrapped up in
swaddling clothes when she receives the male, as when she came forth
from the egg.
The worms of this category are usually fully formed without undergoing
metamorphoses; and if the place which they choose at their exit from
the egg is not precisely their cradle and their tomb, at least all the
phases of their monotonous life occur around it. They may be ranked
among the most beautiful and the largest of parasitical worms; and as
they are hermaphrodites, we find no greater diversity in the several
forms than in their differences of age. All have their reproduction
certain, and their eggs are less numerous for this reason. There are
some of them that lay only one egg at a time, and this egg sometimes
appears but once during a season. This explains why the eggs of some
of these worms have not yet been recognized.
We may place at the head of this group the _Tristomum_, which has 259
only been discovered a few years. We owe to Baster the knowledge of a
beautiful and large species, which inhabits the body of the halibut.
Naturalists have given it the name of _Epibdella_. This worm is
of the size of the human nail; it resembles in form a box leaf; by the
aid of its suckers it clings to the skin of its host like a scale; and
is sometimes mistaken for one. It is of an oval form, and of a dull
white colour; it can scarcely be distinguished from the skin of the
fish. We may have it before our eyes for a long time before we
perceive it.
Another Epibdella lives on the skin and on different parts of the body
of the European maigre, or the Virgin Mary's fish; it is covered with
pigment spots which cause it still more to resemble the large scales
of its host. This fish, which is also called the _Sciæna aquila_,
has its skin covered with similar scales, and they are of the same
colour, both on the back and belly.
Another large and fine worm of this group lives on the gills of the
sturgeon, and is distinguished by its suckers as well as by its great
mobility. The epibdellæ preserve their scale-like form during their
greatest contractions, but these worms change with every movement. The
_Nitschia elegans_, for such is the name by which it is distinguished,
is not rare on the sturgeon as we see it in our markets. Among the
many parasites in this category, there is a very remarkable one which
deserves particular mention. It lives abundantly on fresh-water
fishes, preferring to attach itself to their gills; it is found most
commonly on the bream. For our knowledge of these worms we are
indebted to Nordmann.
They bear the name of _Diplozoon paradoxum_, and are always double, 260
that is to say, always united like Siamese twins, being organically
fastened together; they leave the egg, like their congeners, isolated
and hermaphrodite, instal themselves separately on their host, and a
little time after their choice of a resting-place, they unite so that
the tissues, I was about to say the organs, are welded to each other.
They cross like two strokes of an _x_. It is in this position that
they live and die, after having produced large and beautiful eggs
provided with a very long cable. These eggs are laid separately, and
attached to the gills of the fishes which give them shelter. At the
end of a fortnight the ciliated embryo comes forth, being provided
with two eyes, and seeks to establish itself on a fresh host.
Under the form of _Diporpa_ it has a ventral sucker, and a small
papilla on its back, and the two individuals are attached to each
other cross-wise by the sucker and the papilla. Notwithstanding what
Humboldt says in his "Cosmos," the _Diplozoon_ is not an animal with
two heads and two caudal extremities, but is a double animal, two
hermaphrodite individuals united, which at first have lived
separately, and have become soldered to each other at the period of
maturity.
We find a nematode, and consequently an animal with the sexes
separate, which presents the same phenomena. The male and female are
soldered together, but the female alone undergoes development. It is
the _Syngamus trachealis_ of Siebold. It inhabits the tracheal artery
of some gallinaceous fowls, and according to recent experiments, it
develops itself directly in the tracheal artery of birds.
Another beautiful trematode, the _Octocotyle lanceolata_, lives 261
abundantly on the gills of the alosa, and another, the _Octobothrium
merlangus_, on those of the whiting. The gills of the _Mustelus
vulgaris_ regularly bear another species resembling a leech, but
instead of a single sucker there are six; this is the _Onchocotyle
appendiculata_.
The bladder of frogs lodges a very beautiful and large trematode which
has lately been studied by many naturalists, the _Polystomum
integerrimum_. Many observations remain to be made on the different
phases of the existence of this parasite. Its organization is known,
and it has been seen to lay large and beautiful eggs, but its
movements have not been observed before its entrance into the bladder.
This Polystomum of the frog--and it is no doubt the same with the
species _Polystomum ocellatum_ which inhabits the mouth of the
European tortoise (_Emys Europæa_)--lays eggs only in winter, and
the eggs of the young ones do not seem to produce more precocious
embryos than those of the adult. The embryos are ciliated, unlike
those of many of the ectoparasite worms. They much resemble the
gyrodactyles, especially by their bristles; and like these, they
inhabit the cavity of the mouth before they migrate into another
organ. We may even ask if these singular gyrodactyles, so peculiar in
many respects, are not the larval forms of trematodes allied to the
polystomum.
Several important works have lately appeared on the _Polystomum
integerrimum_, by Mons. Stiéda in 1870, by Mons. E. Zeller and
Mons. Willemoes-Suhm in 1872.
The gyrodactyles, which we have just mentioned, are among the most 262
curious worms that have been discovered during late years. They are of
small size, and live in the gills of fishes, often in great numbers,
and move with considerable agility. They are armed with very variable
hooks, which serve to anchor them; and sometimes a digestive canal and
organs of sensation are found in them.
The _Gyrodactylus elegans_ bears within it a young one which already
has hooks, and in this young one, which is not yet born, we see
another generation with the same organs, so that three generations are
thus enclosed. The daughter is ready at the moment of her birth to
give birth to another daughter. According to another mode of
interpretation, the mother and daughter are sisters; the elder is
found at the periphery, the younger at the centre. These worms are
found abundantly in the gills of the cyprinidæ, or white fishes. We
have only to scrape gently the surface of the gills with a scalpel,
and thus remove a small quantity of a mucous substance, place it on a
slide of a microscope, cover it with thin glass, and examine it
immediately with the compound microscope. We cannot repeat this three
times without finding gyrodactyles.
There are also many insects which live as parasites on plants, and
demand from them both a resting-place and their food. Almost all the
Hemiptera are among these; we have already mentioned them. The
hemiptera, which live on the sap of vegetables, are parasites in the
same manner as those which live at the expense of animals. We ought
not to make a difference between the manner of life of the bugs of
plants and those of animals. It may be said that Providence has placed
these beings as riders on both the vegetable and animal kingdoms to 263
restrain them with a bridle. What the gardener does to plants, the
aphis has often done before in order to arrest a too vigorous and
rapid growth.
[Illustration: Fig. 80.--Cochineal insect, male (Coccus cacti),
natural size and magnified.]
The cochineal insect (_Coccus cacti_) Figs. 80 and 81, originally 264
from Mexico, lives on the cactus nopal as a true parasite, and
furnishes a precious colouring matter, carmine. This insect has been
introduced into the Antilles, Spain, the Canary Isles, Algeria, and
Java.
[Illustration: Fig. 81.--Cochineal insect, female.]
[Illustration: Fig. 82.--Aphis.]
Lake is produced by a species of the same genus, originally a native
of India (_Coccus lacca_).
Aphides (Fig. 82) feed on the sap of plants; they multiply rapidly
without the male insect. Rose-trees, and more especially their buds,
are attacked by a species of a green colour, of which we give a
representation (Fig. 83).
An aphis, the _Phylloxera vastatrix_, has, a short time since, invaded
the vineyards, and small as it is, it is dreaded as a plague which
scatters ruin in its path. According to recent observations this
insect has a double series of generations which precede each other:
the mother type and the tubercular type. But this polymorphism seems
to be more apparent than real, although there is a considerable 265
difference in their manner of life and of procuring nourishment. Is
this difference the result of the different kinds of food taken from
the roots and the leaves? There is one thing which may reassure us as
to the future attacks of the phylloxera, that Mons. Planchon has 266
just discovered in America the cat of the phylloxera, one of the
acaridæ, its mortal enemy; and it is only necessary to multiply these
in order to destroy this terrible pest of the vineyards. We thus see
that we have only to imitate this so-called blind Nature, in order
that we may arrest a misfortune against which man is unable to protect
himself by his own powers.
[Illustration: Fig. 83.--Rose-Aphis. Male and Female.]
We will here repeat what we wrote respecting aphides some years ago.
Who does not know these small green bodies, of the size of a pin's
head, coming like a cloud upon the buds and leaves of the rose bushes,
which shrivel and wither immediately? There are green ones on certain
plants, and black ones on others, but whatever be their colour, they
are living pearls which form garlands round the stalk. The world
considers them as vermin, and they scarcely dare to touch them with
the point of their fingers. To the naturalist they are a little world
of wonders. Let us examine with a magnifying lens these walking grains
of sand; each grain will reveal to us a charming insect, whose head is
adorned with two little antennæ, and has globular projecting eyes
glistening with the richest colours; behind these are two reservoirs
of liquid sugar, elegantly mounted on a polished stalk, and always
full; long and slender limbs support the globular body.
Much has been written about these small sugar manufactories, so well
known by ants that they have procured for the aphis the name of
ant-cow. Among the curious phenomena presented by these grains of
animated dust, that which most interests us relates to the secret 267
of their astonishing, we may say, their prodigious fecundity.
Nature requires millions of aphides in a few hours, to arrest the
exuberance of vegetation, and as if she distrusted the assistance of
the male insect, she dispenses with it, and the female brings into the
world a daughter already prepared to produce a grand-daughter.
Generations succeed each other with such rapidity, that if the
daughter at her birth were to meet with any obstacle in her passage,
the grand-daughter might come into the world before her mother; a
single egg can produce in the course of one season milliards of
individuals. Each plant has its own aphis, and in many localities the
ravages of the _Aphis laniger_ are but too well known, though it was
unknown in Europe a quarter of a century ago.
The _Gyrodactylus elegans_, of which we have spoken above, contains
embryos similarly enclosed, and if these facts had been known at an
early period, the celebrated theory of the enclosure of germs, so
warmly advocated by Bonnet, would have preserved still longer its
intrepid defenders.
With but few exceptions, all the Hemiptera are parasites of the
vegetable kingdom. There are only very few which attack animals. There
is one species, the name of which may be readily guessed (_Acanthia
lectularia_), which pursues us relentlessly everywhere, for it will
wait for months and years, always equally greedy of our blood. It
surprises us during the night, and does not wait till its digestion is
complete before it attacks us again. Happily for us, another
hemipterous insect, the masked reduvius (_Reduvius personatus_)
penetrates like the preceding one into our apartments, and covers 268
itself with dust, in order the more readily to fall upon its enemy;
but man is not sufficiently acquainted with its habits, to make war in
common with it on this miserable parasite. We ought for this purpose
to place the masked reduvius under the protection of the law, to
collect the various kinds together, and to offer premiums for the most
vigorous races.
INDEX. 269
Acanthia lectularia, 267
Acaridæ, 130
---- of reptiles, 135
---- insects, 135
---- molluscs, 136
Acarus, itch, 131
---- eruditus, 137
---- marginatus, 134
Actinia carcinopodus, 63
Adamsia, 26
Agamonema, 234
Alardus caudatus, 45
Albertia, 35, 78
Alciopina, 47
Alcyonium domuncula, 27
Alepas on Spinax niger, 58
Allotria victrix, 172
Amphinoma, 43
Amphistomum sub-clavatum, 203
Ampularia and Sphærium, 40
Ancei, 72
Anelasma squalicola, 58
Anemone of Chinese sea, 7
---- and Pyades, 26
Angler (fishing frog), 33
Anguillula macroura, 248
---- scandens, 181
Anguillulina, 182
Anilocra, 29
Anodonts, young, 39
Anoplodium parasita, 46
Apterychtus ocellatus, 6
Arcturus Baffini, 41
Argas chinche, 133
---- Persian, 133
---- reflexus, 143
---- Americanus, 134
Arguli, 34, 72
Arius bookei, 8
Ascaracantha tenuis, 250
Ascaris acus, 241
---- inflexa, 237
---- lumbricoides, 95
---- megalocephala, 241
---- nigro-venosa, 157
---- vesicularis, 237
Ascaroides limacis, 83
Asellus medusæ (Dalyell), 21
Asilus crabroniformis, 121
Astacobdella, 81
Asterachæres Lilljeborgii, 152
Asteromorpha lævis, 48
Atax, 136
Axinella, 66
Balanidæ on Matamata, 58
Balatro calvus, 35
Baudroie (angler), 33
Bdellura, 46
Bernard the Hermit, 23
Berne, 120
Bilharzia, 105
Birgus, 25
Black-flies, 116
Bonellia (male), 139
Bopyrus, 32, 144
Bothriocephalus latus, 105
Brachycera, 115
Bracon iniator, 168
Branchellions, 113
Bryozoa, 41
Bugs, 124
---- of Miona, 133
Cahira lerneodiscus, 146 270
Caligi, 34, 44
---- with cable, 72
Caligulus elegans, 73
Callianassa, 28
Cancer lanosus, 22
Cancrisocia expansa, 22
Caprella, 77
Caris elliptica, 135
Cecidomya, 171
Cellepora, 62
Cenobita, 25
Cepes distortus, 145
Ceratopogon, 119
Cercariæ, 192
Cestodes, 204
Chætogaster, 114
Chætopterus insignis, 43
Chalcididæ, 166
Chama squamata, 19
---- Pliny on the, 18
Chelonobia, 58
Cheyletus of Leroy, 137
Chigoë, 105, 141
Chironomus, 116
Chrysaora isocela, 10
Cimex lectularia, 123
Cirrhipedes, 56
---- on Neptunus, 59
---- on the Langouste of Cape Verd, 58
Clione, 50
Cochlialepsis parasitus, 39
Coenurus of the Sheep, 99
Comatula, 36
Conchoderma gracile, 151
---- on Sea Snakes, 58
Conchodytes, 17
Concholepas Peruviana, 60
Conops, 176
Corethria on Sertularia abietina, 66
Corethra, 116
Coronilla robusta, 248
Coronula, 56
Crenella on Sponge, 40, 61
Creusia, 60
Crisiæ, 61
Cryptolepas, 57
Cryptolithoides typicus, 22
Cryptophiolus minutus on Concholepas, 60
Culex pipiens, 116, 118
Cucullanus elegans, 238
Cucumerina, 71
Cuterebra noxialis, 175
Cyami, 34, 76
Cyanea arctica, 49
Cydippe densa, 47
Cylicobdella lumbricoides, 112
Cymothoa, 9
Cymothoe, 31
---- of Trachina vipera, 32
---- fresh-water, 32
---- stromatei, 31
Cynips of Aphis, 172
Cypræa on Melithæa, 38
Cysticercus tenuicollis, 222
---- of the pig, 215
---- rabbit, 220
Demodex caninus, 134
Demodicidæ, 134
Dactylometra quinquecirra, 9
Dermanyssus avium, 135
Diadema, 56, 60
Dichelaspis on Sea Snakes, 58
Dicyema, 161
Diplozoon, 98
Diporpa, 260
Distomum filicolle, 201
---- Goliath, 199
Distome with cables, 84
Distomes of Cheiroptera, 199
Distomidæ, 190
Distomum hepaticum, 95
---- ocreatum, 45
---- ventricosum, 45
Dochmius trigonocephalus, 238
Donzellina, 4
Drilus, 13
Dromia, 22
Echinococcus, 225
Echinomya, 176
Echinorhynchi, 251
Echinorhynchus angustatus, 252
---- gigas, 96
---- hæruca, 251
Elminius, 60
Enalcyonium rubricundum, 152
Enchelyophis vermicularis, 6
Enterocola fulgens, 151
Entoconcha, 37, 158 271
Entoniscus porcellanæ, 146
Epichtys, 31
Epibdella, 259
Epizoanthus Americanus on Eupagurus, 63
Eubranchella, 112
Eulimæ, 36
Euplectella, 23, 30, 50
Euriechinus imbecillus, 20
Eurysilenium, 152
Fabia Chilensis, 20
Fierasfer, 5
Filaria of Medina, 105, 153
---- immitis, 153
---- attennata, 234
Filaroides mustelarum, 250
Fishing Frog and Amphipod, 33
Fleas, 126
---- harnessed, 129
---- of the sea shore, 128
---- Dugès on, 128
---- Van Helmont on, 127
Flies, 119
Gadfly, 112
Galathea spinirostris on Comatula, 20, 61
Gammarus of Avicula, 33
Gebia, 28
Gerardia Lamarckii, 49
Glossina morsitans, 119
Gnats, 116
Gordius, 153
---- bifurcus, 180
---- Indian, 180
---- ornatus, 153
Gregarinæ, 160
Guinea worm, 105, 158
Gyges branchialis, 145
Gyrodactyli, 261
Gyrodactylus elegans, 262
Gyropeltis, 74
Halichondria suberea, 63
Halodactylus, 62
Hematopinus tenuirostris, 129
Helmidasys, 47
Hemieuryale, 49
Hemioniscus, 60
Hemiptera, 262
Hemistomum alatum, 204
Heterodera Schachtii, 248
Heteroneidæ, 236
Heterosammia, 63
Heteroura androphora, 248
Hippoboscus, 175
Hirudineæ, 108
---- of fishes, 109
---- reptiles, 112
Histriobdella, 80
Holtenia Carpenteri, 50
Hopalocarcinus, 21
Hyalonema, 64
Hydrachna geographica, 136
Hydractiniæ, 27
Hyperinæ, 32
Hyperia Latreillii, 33
---- galba, 33
Ichneumons, 163
Ichthyoxenus Jellinghausii, 31, 146
Iones, thoracicus, 145
Isopods, parasite, 143
Ixodes bovis, 134
---- of the dog, 135
---- reduvius, 134
---- ricinus, 96, 142
Kakerlot, 23
Krätzmilben, 133
Laura, 152
Læmippa rubra, 152
Leeches, aquatic, 110
---- land, 111
Lepidonotus cirratus, 44
Leposphilus, 147
Leptus autumnalis, 137
Leptodera, 154
---- appendiculata, 248
---- pellio, 248
Lernea branchialis, 151
Lerneans, 148
Lerneoniscus, 146
---- nodicornis, 150
Lichnophora, 159
Lice of Bees, 171
Limosina, 136
Linguatula serrata, 231
Linguatulidæ, 134
Liothe pallidum, 71 272
Lithoscaspus, 21
Lipoptena of the Stag, 177
Loxostoma, 41
Lucilia hominivora, 120
Liriope, 28
Lysidice erythrocephala, 43
Macaco Worm, 175
Magilus, 39
Maia and Polypidom, 20
Malacobdella, 109
Maringouins, 116
Measled pork, 190
Meloë, 173
Meloïdeæ, 171
Melophagus of the Sheep, 177
Membranipora, 41
Mermis, 158
Messmates fixed, 53
---- free, 4
Midges, 116
Mnemiopsis, 44
Mnestra parasites, 61
Modiola, 16
Modiolaria, 40
Monostomata, 201
Monostoma mutabile, 201
---- bijugum, 201
---- verrucosum, 191
Mosquitoes, 117
Musca hominivora, 119
Mutualists, 68
Myasis, 123
Myzobdella, 81
Myzostoma, 42
Nais, 114
Nebalia, 35
Nemertes carcinophilus, 46
Nemocera, 115
Nereis succinea, 42
---- tethyeola, 43
Nirmus buteonivorus, 70
Nitzchia elegans, 259
Notonecta, 124
Notopterophorus, 151
Nycteribia, 123
Octobothrium merlangi, 261
Octocotyle lanceolata, 261
Odontobius, 45
OEga on Hyalonema, 30
OEstri, 172
Ollulanus tricuspis, 247, 250
Onchocotyle appendiculata, 261
Opalina, 79
Ophiocnemis obscura, 48
Ophioneurus, 169
Ophiothela, 48
Ornithomya, 121
Ostracion, 10
Ostracotheres tridaenæ, 17
Oxybeles lumbricoides, 7
Oxyuris brachyura, 248
---- incurvata, 237
---- vermicularis, 241
Pachycerca, 194
Paguri, 25
Pagurus Prideauxii, 26
Pandarus, 35
Parasites which undergo transmigration and metamorphosis, 183
---- free in their youth, 138
---- during their old age, 162
---- without transmigration, 255
Pedicellina, 41, 42
Pediculinæ, 70
Peltogaster, 28, 60
Penella, 150
Pentastoma, 231
Philomedusa Vogtii on Halecampa, 61
Phoxichilidium, 35
Phthiriasis, 125
Phthirius pubis, 126
Phronima, 25
Phryxus paguri, 27, 145
---- Rathkei, 145
Phylliroë bucephala, 61
Phyllobothrium of the Dolphin, 207
Phylloxera vastatrix, 166
Physalia, 9
Picnogonon, 34
Pilot, 10
Pinnotheres, 18
Pisa Styx, 20, 61
Piscicola, 113
Planaria, 46 273
Platygaster cyamus, 171
Platystoma, 7
Plover, Egyptian, Introd. xvi., 107
Polia involuta, 46
Polynema, 169
Polynoë, 43
Polyp of the Sterlet, 82
Polystomum integerrimum, 261
---- ocellatum, 261
Polythoa, 64
---- of the Adriatic, 63
Pontobdellæ, 80, 111
Pontonia, 18
Porcellanæ, 21
Porites, 62
Praniza, 75
Premnas biaculeatus, 7
Prosthetes cannelatus, 27
Protolepas, 60
Psorospermiæ, 161
Pteroptus, 123
Pulex penetrans, 141
---- irritans, 128
Pylidium, 45
Pyrgoma, 60
Reduvius personatus, 267
Remora, 11
Rhabdites, 156
Rhagio, 119
Rhipiptera, 257
Rhincoprion penetrans, 141
Ricini, 69, 72
Rictularia plagiostoma, 251
Rouget (Cheyletus eruditus), 137
Sabelliphilus, 152
Sacculina, 59
Saphirina, 77
Sarcoptes mutans, 135
---- scabiei, 131
Scalpellum, 56, 60
Sclerostomum equinum, 238
---- pinguicola, 238
Scolyti, 168
Scison nebaliæ, 36
Simonea folliculi, 89, 134
Simulium molestum, 119
Siponculus concharum, 47
Sertularia parasitica, 63
Serupocellariæ, 61
Sitaris, 172
Smut in Corn, 181
Snail and Drilus, 13
Spiroptera obtusa, 246
Sphex, 170
Sphærosoma of Leydig, 74
Sphæronella Leuckarti, 151
Sphærulariæ, 235
Sphyriones, 151
Sphynx of Tithymalis, 166
Spirorbis, 44
Staurosoma on Sabella, 35
Stegophilus insidiatus, 8, 9
Sterlet, 82
Stephanurus dentatus, 238
Stratiome chameleon, 177
Strebla vespertilionis, 175
Strepsiptera, 256
Stronguli, 238
---- of Porpoise, 239
Strongulus trigonocephalus, 240
---- armatus, 93
---- commutatus, 239
---- filaria, 237
---- gigas, 239
Stylifer, 36
Stylops, 256
Stylorhynchus oligacanthus, 161
Sylon hippolytes, 60
---- Pandali, 60
Syngamus trachealis, 91
Syrphus, 122
Tabanus bovinus, 120
Tachinariæ, 166
Tænia coenurus, 222
---- cucumerina, 71
---- echinococcus, 225
---- lata, 226
---- magna, or Rhinoceros, 229
---- gigantea, 229
---- medio-canellata, 105
---- nana, 105
---- serrata, 71
---- solium, 97, 105
---- tenuicollis, 222
Temnophila, 47
Termes lucifuga, 236
Tetrarhynchus, 101
Ticks, 142
Ticks, African, 143 274
Trematoda, digenetic, 191
Trichinæ, 243
Trichiniasis, 242
Trichocera, 116
Trichocephalus affinis, 242
Trichodectes of the Dog, 70
Trichosomum crassicauda, 235, 250
Tridacna, 17
Tristoma, 259
Trombidium, 137
Tsetse, 119
Tubicinella, 34, 56
Tubularia, 84
Turtle Crab, Brown's, 23
Udonella, 44
Vaginicola, 84
Vampires, 107
Vibrio anguillula, 249
Wasps, 170
Whales of southern hemisphere, 57
Xenobalanus globicipitis, 57
Zanzare, 116
Zeuxo, 146
Zwischenwirth, 184
_Opinions of the Press on the "International Scientific Series."_
I.
Tyndall's Forms of Water.
1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Illustrated. Price, $1.50.
"In the volume now published, Professor Tyndall has presented a noble
illustration of the acuteness and subtlety of his intellectual powers,
the scope and insight of his scientific vision, his singular command
of the appropriate language of exposition, and the peculiar vivacity
and grace with which he unfolds the results of intricate scientific
research."--_N. Y. Tribune._
"The 'Forms of Water,' by Professor Tyndall, is an interesting and
instructive little volume, admirably printed and illustrated. Prepared
expressly for this series, it is in some measure a guarantee of the
excellence of the volumes that will follow, and an indication that the
publishers will spare no pains to include in the series the freshest
investigations of the best scientific minds."--_Boston Journal._
"This series is admirably commenced by this little volume from the pen
of Prof. Tyndall. A perfect master of his subject, he presents in a
style easy and attractive his methods of investigation, and the
results obtained, and gives to the reader a clear conception of all
the wondrous transformations to which water is subjected."--_Churchman._
II.
Bagehot's Physics and Politics.
1 vol., 12mo. Price, $1.50.
"If the 'International Scientific Series' proceeds as it has begun, it
will more than fulfil the promise given to the reading public in its
prospectus. The first volume, by Professor Tyndall, was a model of
lucid and attractive scientific exposition; and now we have a second,
by Mr. Walter Bagehot, which is not only very lucid and charming, but
also original and suggestive in the highest degree. Nowhere since the
publication of Sir Henry Maine's 'Ancient Law,' have we seen so many
fruitful thoughts suggested in the course of a couple of hundred
pages.... To do justice to Mr. Bagehot's fertile book, would require a
long article. With the best of intentions, we are conscious of having
given but a sorry account of it in these brief paragraphs. But we hope
we have said enough to commend it to the attention of the thoughtful
reader."--Prof. JOHN FISKE, in the _Atlantic Monthly_.
"Mr. Bagehot's style is clear and vigorous. We refrain from giving a
fuller account of these suggestive essays, only because we are sure
that our readers will find it worth their while to peruse the book for
themselves; and we sincerely hope that the forthcoming parts of the
'International Scientific Series' will be as interesting."--_Athenæum._
"Mr. Bagehot discusses an immense variety of topics connected with the
progress of societies and nations, and the development of their
distinctive peculiarities; and his book shows an abundance of
ingenious and original thought."--ALFRED RUSSELL WALLACE, in
_Nature_.
III.
Foods.
By Dr. EDWARD SMITH.
1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Illustrated. Price, $1.75.
In making up THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES, Dr. Edward Smith was
selected as the ablest man in England to treat the important subject
of Foods. His services were secured for the undertaking, and the
little treatise he has produced shows that the choice of a writer on
this subject was most fortunate, as the book is unquestionably the
clearest and best-digested compend of the Science of Foods that has
appeared in our language.
"The book contains a series of diagrams, displaying the effects of
sleep and meals on pulsation and respiration, and of various kinds of
food on respiration, which, as the results of Dr. Smith's own
experiments, possess a very high value. We have not far to go in this
work for occasions of favorable criticism; they occur throughout, but
are perhaps most apparent in those parts of the subject with which Dr.
Smith's name is especially linked."--_London Examiner._
"The union of scientific and popular treatment in the composition of
this work will afford an attraction to many readers who would have
been indifferent to purely theoretical details.... Still his work
abounds in information, much of which is of great value, and a part of
which could not easily be obtained from other sources. Its interest is
decidedly enhanced for students who demand both clearness and
exactness of statement, by the profusion of well-executed woodcuts,
diagrams, and tables, which accompany the volume.... The suggestions
of the author on the use of tea and coffee, and of the various forms
of alcohol, although perhaps not strictly of a novel character, are
highly instructive, and form an interesting portion of the
volume."--_N. Y. Tribune._
IV.
Body and Mind.
THE THEORIES OF THEIR RELATION.
By ALEXANDER BAIN, LL. D.
1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.50.
PROFESSOR BAIN is the author of two well-known standard works upon the
Science of Mind--"The Senses and the Intellect," and "The Emotions and
the Will." He is one of the highest living authorities in the school
which holds that there can be no sound or valid psychology unless the
mind and the body are studied, as they exist, together.
"It contains a forcible statement of the connection between mind and
body, studying their subtile interworkings by the light of the most
recent physiological investigations. The summary in Chapter V., of the
investigations of Dr. Lionel Beale of the embodiment of the
intellectual functions in the cerebral system, will be found the
freshest and most interesting part of his book. Prof. Bain's own
theory of the connection between the mental and the bodily part in man
is stated by himself to be as follows: There is 'one substance, with
two sets of properties, two sides, the physical and the mental--a
_double-faced unity_.' While, in the strongest manner, asserting the
union of mind with brain, he yet denies 'the association of union _in
place_, but asserts the union of close succession in time,' holding
that 'the same being is, by alternate fits, under extended and under
unextended consciousness.'"--_Christian Register._
V.
The Study of Sociology.
By HERBERT SPENCER.
1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.50.
"The philosopher whose distinguished name gives weight and influence
to this volume, has given in its pages some of the finest specimens of
reasoning in all its forms and departments. There is a fascination in
his array of facts, incidents, and opinions, which draws on the reader
to ascertain his conclusions. The coolness and calmness of his
treatment of acknowledged difficulties and grave objections to his
theories win for him a close attention and sustained effort, on the
part of the reader, to comprehend, follow, grasp, and appropriate his
principles. This book, independently of its bearing upon sociology, is
valuable as lucidly showing what those essential characteristics are
which entitle any arrangement and connection of facts and deductions
to be called a _science_."--_Episcopalian._
"This work compels admiration by the evidence which it gives of
immense research, study, and observation, and is, withal, written in a
popular and very pleasing style. It is a fascinating work, as well as
one of deep practical thought."--_Bost. Post._
"Herbert Spencer is unquestionably the foremost living thinker in the
psychological and sociological fields, and this volume is an important
contribution to the science of which it treats.... It will prove more
popular than any of its author's other creations, for it is more
plainly addressed to the people and has a more practical and less
speculative cast. It will require thought, but it is well worth
thinking about."--_Albany Evening Journal._
VI.
The New Chemistry.
By JOSIAH P. COOKE, JR.,
Erving Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in Harvard University.
1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $2.00.
"The book of Prof. Cooke is a model of the modern popular science
work. It has just the due proportion of fact, philosophy, and true
romance, to make it a fascinating companion, either for the voyage or
the study."--_Daily Graphic._
"This admirable monograph, by the distinguished Erving Professor of
Chemistry in Harvard University, is the first American contribution to
'The International Scientific Series,' and a more attractive piece of
work in the way of popular exposition upon a difficult subject has not
appeared in a long time. It not only well sustains the character of
the volumes with which it is associated, but its reproduction in
European countries will be an honor to American science."--_New York
Tribune._
"All the chemists in the country will enjoy its perusal, and many will
seize upon it as a thing longed for. For, to those advanced students
who have kept well abreast of the chemical tide, it offers a calm
philosophy. To those others, youngest of the class, who have emerged
from the schools since new methods have prevailed, it presents a
generalization, drawing to its use all the data, the relations of
which the newly-fledged fact-seeker may but dimly perceive without its
aid.... To the old chemists, Prof. Cooke's treatise is like a message
from beyond the mountain. They have heard of changes in the science;
the clash of the battle of old and new theories has stirred them from
afar. The tidings, too, had come that the old had given way; and
little more than this they knew.... Prof. Cooke's 'New Chemistry' must
do wide service in bringing to close sight the little known and the
longed for.... As a philosophy it is elementary, but, as a book of
science, ordinary readers will find it sufficiently advanced."--
_Utica Morning Herald._
VII.
The Conservation of Energy.
By BALFOUR STEWART, LL. D., F. R. S.
_With an Appendix treating of the Vital and Mental Applications of
the Doctrine._
1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.50.
"The author has succeeded in presenting the facts in a clear and
satisfactory manner, using simple language and copious illustration in
the presentation of facts and principles, confining himself, however,
to the physical aspect of the subject. In the Appendix the operation
of the principles in the spheres of life and mind is supplied by the
essays of Professors Le Conte and Bain."--_Ohio Farmer._
"Prof. Stewart is one of the best known teachers in Owens College in
Manchester.
"The volume of THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES now before
us is an excellent illustration of the true method of teaching, and
will well compare with Prof. Tyndall's charming little book in the
same series on 'Forms of Water," with illustrations enough to make
clear, but not to conceal his thoughts, in a style simple and
brief."--_Christian Register, Boston._
"The writer has wonderful ability to compress much information into a
few words. It is a rich treat to read such a book as this, when there
is so much beauty and force combined with such simplicity."--_Eastern
Press._
VIII.
Animal Locomotion;
Or, WALKING, SWIMMING, AND FLYING.
_With a Dissertation on Aëronautics_.
By J. BELL PETTIGREW, M. D., F. R. S., F. R. S. E.,
F. R. C. P. E.
1 vol., 12mo. Price, $1.75.
"This work is more than a contribution to the stock of entertaining
knowledge, though, if it only pleased, that would be sufficient excuse
for its publication. But Dr. Pettigrew has given his time to these
investigations with the ultimate purpose of solving the difficult
problem of Aëronautics. To this he devotes the last fifty pages of his
book. Dr. Pettigrew is confident that man will yet conquer the domain
of the air."--_N. Y. Journal of Commerce._
"Most persons claim to know how to walk, but few could explain the
mechanical principles involved in this most ordinary transaction, and
will be surprised that the movements of bipeds and quadrupeds, the
darting and rushing motion of fish, and the erratic flight of the
denizens of the air, are not only anologous, but can be reduced to
similar formula. The work is profusely illustrated, and, without
reference to the theory it is designed to expound, will be regarded as
a valuable addition to natural history."--_Omaha Republic._
IX.
Responsibility in Mental Disease.
By HENRY MAUDSLEY, M. D.,
Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians; Professor of Medical
Jurisprudence in University College, London.
1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.50.
"Having lectured in a medical college on Mental Disease, this book has
been a feast to us. It handles a great subject in a masterly manner,
and, in our judgment, the positions taken by the author are correct
and well sustained."--_Pastor and People._
"The author is at home in his subject, and presents his views in an
almost singularly clear and satisfactory manner.... The volume is a
valuable contribution to one of the most difficult, and at the same
time one of the most important subjects of investigation at the
present day."--_N. Y. Observer._
"It is a work profound and searching, and abounds in wisdom."--_Pittsburg
Commercial._
"Handles the important topic with masterly power, and its suggestions
are practical and of great value."--_Providence Press._
X.
The Science of Law.
By SHELDON AMOS, M. A.,
Professor of Jurisprudence in University College, London; author of
"A Systematic View of the Science of Jurisprudence," "An English Code,
its Difficulties and the Modes of overcoming them," etc., etc.
1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.75.
"The valuable series of 'International Scientific' works, prepared by
eminent specialists, with the intention of popularizing information in
their several branches of knowledge, has received a good accession in
this compact and thoughtful volume. It is a difficult task to give the
outlines of a complete theory of law in a portable volume, which he
who runs may read, and probably Professor Amos himself would be the
last to claim that he has perfectly succeeded in doing this. But he
has certainly done much to clear the science of law from the technical
obscurities which darken it to minds which have had no legal training,
and to make clear to his 'lay' readers in how true and high a sense it
can assert its right to be considered a science, and not a mere
practice."--_The Christian Register._
"The works of Bentham and Austin are abstruse and philosophical, and
Maine's require hard study and a certain amount of special training.
The writers also pursue different lines of investigation, and can only
be regarded as comprehensive in the departments they confined
themselves to. It was left to Amos to gather up the result and present
the science in its fullness. The unquestionable merits of this, his
last book, are, that it contains a complete treatment of a subject
which has hitherto been handled by specialists, and it opens up that
subject to every inquiring mind.... To do justice to 'The Science of
Law' would require a longer review than we have space for. We have
read no more interesting and instructive book for some time. Its
themes concern every one who renders obedience to laws, and who would
have those laws the best possible. The tide of legal reform which set
in fifty years ago has to sweep yet higher if the flaws in our
jurisprudence are to be removed. The process of change cannot be
better guided than by a well-informed public mind, and Prof. Amos has
done great service in materially helping to promote this
end."--_Buffalo Courier._
XI.
Animal Mechanism,
_A Treatise on Terrestrial and Aërial Locomotion_.
By E. J. MAREY,
Professor at the College of France, and Member of the Academy of
Medicine.
With 117 Illustrations, drawn and engraved under the direction of the
author.
1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.75
"We hope that, in the short glance which we have taken of some of the
most important points discussed in the work before us, we have
succeeded in interesting our readers sufficiently in its contents to
make them curious to learn more of its subject-matter. We cordially
recommend it to their attention.
"The author of the present work, it is well known, stands at the head
of those physiologists who have investigated the mechanism of animal
dynamics--indeed, we may almost say that he has made the subject his
own. By the originality of his conceptions, the ingenuity of his
constructions, the skill of his analysis, and the perseverance of his
investigations, he has surpassed all others in the power of unveiling
the complex and intricate movements of animated beings."--_Popular
Science Monthly._
XII.
History of the Conflict between Religion and Science.
By JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER, M. D., LL. D.,
Author of "The Intellectual Development of Europe."
1 vol., 12mo. Price, $1.75.
"This little 'History' would have been a valuable contribution to
literature at any time, and is, in fact, an admirable text-book upon a
subject that is at present engrossing the attention of a large number
of the most serious-minded people, and it is no small compliment to
the sagacity of its distinguished author that he has so well gauged
the requirements of the times, and so adequately met them by the
preparation of this volume. It remains to be added that, while the
writer has flinched from no responsibility in his statements, and has
written with entire fidelity to the demands of truth and justice,
there is not a word in his book that can give offense to candid and
fair-minded readers."--_N. Y. Evening Post._
"The key-note to this volume is found in the antagonism between the
progressive tendencies of the human mind and the pretensions of
ecclesiastical authority, as developed in the history of modern
science. No previous writer has treated the subject from this point of
view, and the present monograph will be found to possess no less
originality of conception than vigor of reasoning and wealth of
erudition.... The method of Dr. Draper, in his treatment of the
various questions that come up for discussion, is marked by singular
impartiality as well as consummate ability. Throughout his work he
maintains the position of an historian, not of an advocate. His tone
is tranquil and serene, as becomes the search after truth, with no
trace of the impassioned ardor of controversy. He endeavors so far to
identify himself with the contending parties as to gain a clear
comprehension of their motives, but, at the same time, he submits
their actions to the tests of a cool and impartial examination."--
_N. Y. Tribune._
XIII.
THE DOCTRINE OF
Descent, and Darwinism.
_By OSCAR SCHMIDT_,
Professor in the University of Strasburg.
WITH 26 WOODCUTS.
1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.50.
"The entire subject is discussed with a freshness, as well as an
elaboration of detail, that renders his work interesting in a more
than usual degree. The facts upon which the Darwinian theory is based
are presented in an effective manner, conclusions are ably defended,
and the question is treated in more compact and available style than
in any other work on the same topic that has yet appeared. It is a
valuable addition to the 'International Scientific Series.'"--
_Boston Post._
"The present volume is the thirteenth of the 'International Scientific
Series,' and is one of the most interesting of all of them. The
subject-matter is handled with a great deal of skill and earnestness,
and the courage of the author in avowing his opinions is much to his
credit.... This volume certainly merits a careful perusal."--_Hartford
Evening Post._
"The volume which Prof. Schmidt has devoted to this theme is a
valuable contribution to the Darwinian literature. Philosophical in
method, and eminently candid, it shows not only the ground which
Darwin had in his researches made, and conclusions reached before him
to plant his theory upon, but shows, also, what that theory really is,
a point upon which many good people who talk very earnestly about the
matter are very imperfectly informed."--_Detroit Free Press._
XIV.
The Chemistry of Light and Photography;
In its Application to Art, Science, and Industry.
_By Dr. HERMANN VOGEL_,
Professor in the Royal Industrial Academy of Berlin.
WITH 100 ILLUSTRATIONS.
12mo. Price, $2.00.
"Out of Photography has sprung a new science--the Chemistry of
Light--and, in giving a popular view to the one, Dr. Vogel has
presented an analysis of the principles and processes of the other.
His treatise is as entertaining as it is instructive, pleasantly
combining a history of the progress and practice of photography--from
the first rough experiments of Wedgwood and Davy with sensitized
paper, in 1802, down to the latest improvements of the art--with
technical illustrations of the scientific theories on which the art is
based. It is the first attempt in any manual of photography to set
forth adequately the just claims of the invention, both from an
artistic and a scientific point of view, and it must be conceded that
the effort has been ably conducted."--_Chicago Tribune._
XV.
Fungi;
THEIR NATURE, INFLUENCE, AND USES.
_By M. C. COOKE, M. A., LL. D._
Edited by Rev. M. J. BERKELEY, M. A., F. L. S.
With 109 Illustrations. Price, $1.50.
"Even if the name of the author of this work were not deservedly
eminent, that of the editor, who has long stood at the head of the
British fungologists, would be a sufficient voucher for the accuracy
of one of the best botanical monographs ever issued from the press....
The structure, germination, and growth of all these widely-diffused
organisms, their habitats and influences for good and evil, are
systematically described."--_New York World._
"Dr. Cooke's book contains an admirable _résumé_ of what is known
on the structure, growth, and reproduction of fungi, together with
ample bibliographical references to original sources of
information."--_London Athenæum._
"The production of a work like the one now under review represents a
large amount of laborious, difficult, and critical work, and one in
which a serious slip or fatal error would be one of the easiest
matters possible, but, as far as we are able to judge, the new
hand-book seems in every way well suited to the requirements of all
beginners in the difficult and involved study of fungology."--_The
Gardener's Chronicle (London)._
XVI.
The Life and Growth of Language:
AN OUTLINE OF LINGUISTIC SCIENCE.
_By WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY_,
Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology in Yale College.
1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.50.
"Prof. Whitney is to be commended for giving to the public the results
of his ripe scholarship and unusually profound researches in simple
language. He draws illustrations and examples of the principles which
he wishes to impact, from common life and the words in frequent use.
"The topics discussed in this volume are, for the most part, those
which have been already treated by other writers on philology, and
even by the author himself, in his volume on 'Language, and the Study
of Language,' published a few years ago, and, though many of the
truths here set forth are those with which students in the same line
of investigation are generally familiar, all will rejoice to see them
restated in such a fresh and simple way.
"This work, while valuable to scholars, will be interesting to every
one."--_The Churchman._
"This work is an important contribution to a science which has
advanced steadily under conditions that appear constantly to throw an
increasing light on difficult questions, and at each step clear the
way for further discoveries."--_Chicago Inter-Ocean._
"Prof. Whitney is undoubtedly one of the foremost of English-speaking
philologists, and occupies an enviable position in the wider circle of
European students of language.
"His style, clear, simple, picturesque, abounding in striking
illustrations, and apt in comparisons, is admirably fitted to be the
vehicle of a popular treatise like the work under consideration."--
_Portland Daily Press._
XVII.
Money and the Mechanism of Exchange.
_By W. STANLEY JEVONS, M. A., F. R. S._,
Professor of Logic and Political Economy in the Owens College,
Manchester.
1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.75.
"He offers us what a clear-sighted, cool-headed, scientific student
has to say on the nature, properties, and natural laws of money,
without regard to local interests or national bias. His work is
popularly written, and every page is replete with solid instruction of
a kind that is just now lamentably needed by multitudes of our people
who are victimized by the grossest fallacies."--_Popular Science
Monthly._
"If Professor Jevons's book is read as extensively as it deserves to
be, we shall have sounder views on the use and abuse of money, and
more correct ideas on what a circulating medium really means."--
_Boston Saturday Evening Gazette._
"Professor Jevons writes in a sprightly but colorless style, without
trace of either prejudice or mannerism, and shows no commitment to any
theory. The time is not very far distant, we hope, when legislators
will cease attempting to legislate upon money before they know what
money is, and, as a possible help toward such a change, Professor
Jevons deserves the credit of having made a useful contribution to a
department of study long too much neglected, but of late years, we are
gratified to say, becoming less so."--_The Financier, New York._
XVIII.
The Nature of Light,
WITH A GENERAL ACCOUNT OF PHYSICAL OPTICS.
_By Dr. EUGENE LOMMEL_
(University of Erlangen).
1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $2.00.
"In the present treatise, Professor Lommel has given an admirable
outline of the nature of light and the laws of optics.
"Unlike most other writers on this subject, the author has, we think,
wisely postponed all reference to theories of the nature of light,
until the laws of reflection, refraction, and absorption, have been
clearly set before the reader. Then, in the fifteenth chapter,
Professor Lommel discusses Fresnel's famous interference experiment,
and leads the reader to see that the undulatory theory is the only
conclusion that can be satisfactorily arrived at. A clear exposition
is now given of Huyghen's theory, after which follow several chapters
on the diffraction and polarization of light-bearing waves.
"The reader is thus led onward much in the same way as the science
itself has unfolded, and this, we think, is the surest and best way of
teaching natural knowledge.
"We have said enough to show that Professor Lommel's treatise is a
useful contribution to the 'International Series'--a book that can
thoroughly be understood and enjoyed by any intelligent reader who may
not have had any special scientific training."--_Nature._
"In a style singularly lucid, considering the abstruse nature of the
subject treated, Dr. Lommel unfolds the learning of the scientists on
the nature and phenomena of light."--_Philadelphia Inquirer._
"As a popular introduction to physical optics, it would be difficult
to find a more satisfactory work than the one by Dr. Lommel, which has
just appeared in the excellent 'International Scientific
Series.'"--_The English Mechanic._
D. APPLETON & CO., PUBLISHERS, 549 & 551 Broadway, N. Y.
THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES.
D. APPLETON & CO. have the pleasure of announcing that they have made
arrangements for publishing, and have recently commenced the issue of,
a SERIES OF POPULAR MONOGRAPHS, or small works, under the above title,
which will embody the results of recent inquiry in the most
interesting departments of advancing science.
The character and scope of this series will be best indicated by a
reference to the names and subjects included in the subjoined list,
from which it will be seen that the coöperation of the most
distinguished professors in England, Germany, France, and the United
States, has been secured, and negotiations are pending for
contributions from other eminent scientific writers.
The works will be issued in New York, London, Paris, Leipsic, Milan,
and St. Petersburg.
The INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES is entirely an American project,
and was originated and organized by Dr. E. L. Youmans, who has spent
much time in Europe, arranging with authors and publishers.
_FORTHCOMING VOLUMES._
Prof. W. KINGDON CLIFFORD, M. A. _The First Principles of the Exact
Sciences explained to the Non-mathematical._
Prof. T. H. HUXLEY, LL. D., F. R. S. _Bodily Motion and
Consciousness._
Dr. W. B. CARPENTER, LL. D., F. R. S. _The Physical Geography of the
Sea._
Prof. WILLIAM ODLING, F. R. S. _The Old Chemistry viewed from the New
Stand-point._
W. LAUDER LINDSAY, M. D., F. R. S. E. _Mind in the Lower Animals._
Sir JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart., F. R. S. _On Ants and Bees._
Prof. W. T. THISELTON DYER, B. A., B. Sc. _Form and Habit in Flowering
Plants._
Mr. J. N. LOCKYER, F. R. S. _Spectrum Analysis._
Prof. MICHAEL FOSTER, M. D. _Protoplasm and the Cell Theory._
H. CHARLTON BASTIAN, M. D., F. R. S. _The Brain as an Organ of Mind._
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have been Destroyed._
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its Relations to Art and Industry._
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Prof. REES (University of Erlangen). _On Parasitic Plants._
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Language._
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Cosmical Conditions._
E. ALGLAVE (Professor of Constitutional and Administrative Law at
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P. LORAIN (Professor of Medicine, Paris). _Modern Epidemics._
Prof. SCHUTZENBERGER (Director of the Chemical Laboratory at the
Sorbonne). _On Fermentations._
Mons. FREIDEL. _The Functions of Organic Chemistry._
Mons. DEBRAY. _Precious Metals._
Prof. CORFIELD, M. A., M. D. (Oxon.). _Air in its Relation to Health._
Prof. A. GIARD. _General Embryology._
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Transcriber's Note
Variant and obsolete spellings were not changed. Footnotes were
renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of the chapter in which
the related anchor occurs. Illustrations that fell within paragraphs
were moved to precede or follow the paragraph, and in some cases no
longer occur on the page number listed in the List of Illustrations.
Words in italics are surrounded by underscores, _like this_. A few
index entries are not listed in alphabetical order.
Alterations:
Deleted duplicate words:
Page 24 - 'and and' ... bottom of the sea, and in which ...
Page 24 - 'the the' ... march boldly on the enemy,...
Page 185 - 'of of' ... The stomach of the carnivorous animal ...
Added:
Missing periods, quote marks, and commas to sentences, illustrations
and index entries.
'F' to 'IXED' in Table of Contents for Chapter 3.
Second 'as' to '... it attacks great as well as little ...'
Page number to index entry for Apterychtus ocellatus
Changed:
List of illustrations - page number from 226 to 227 for Figure 58
Page xviii - 'villany' to 'villainy' ... or by superior villainy ...
Page xviii - 'copepode' to 'copepod' ... a copepod crustacean ...
Page xviii - 'rack' to 'back' ... by keeping his back clean,...
Page 12 - 'Psclaphidæ' to 'Pselaphidæ'
Page 23 - 'ascercertain' to 'ascertain' ...difficult to ascertain;...
Page 31 - 'Blecker' to 'Bleeker' ... Dr. Bleeker, who has so ...
Page 105 - 'pecular' to 'peculiar' ... their peculiar host ...
Page 146 - 'Ichthoxenus' to 'Ichthyoxenus'
...Ichthyoxenus Jellinghausii...
Page 251 - 'remakable' to 'remarkable' ... very remarkable group ...
Page 215 - comma to period ... to injured corn and mouldy bread.
Fig. 66 - periods to commas after numbers 2 & 3 in caption
Page 242 - period to comma ... on this subject, in which he said ...
Page 244 - comma to period ...their true nature. He referred ...
Page 248 - 'Shachti' to 'Schachtii' ... _Heterodera Schachtii_ ...
Index - 'Ichthoxenus Jellingshausii' to 'Ichthyoxenus Jellinghausii'