them. Their name is an Indian word meaning _enemies_. Their original
territory was on the south side of Klamath Lake, including some 4,000
square miles. Were early known as a treacherous and cruel people, and up
to 1850 had cut off more than 50 whites. Engagements followed between
them and the whites in 1851--when Wright massacred 41 out of a total of
46--which were kept up until 1864, when they agreed to go on a reserve.
The treaty to that effect was not ratified for seven years, and in the
mean time were induced to go on the Klamath reserve. Were harassed and
dissatisfied, and afterwards put on Yaniax reservation, but most of the
tribe left under two rival chiefs, Schonchin and Captain Jack. The
former settled peaceably near the settlements, while the latter went
back to their old home and became troublesome. In 1872, were ordered
back to the reserve, and upon their refusing to go troops were called on
to enforce the order, the citizens joining in an attack on their
entrenched camps, but were repulsed. The Modocs then retreated to the
"lava-beds," a volcanic region so broken up into great caves and
fissures as to serve as a natural fortification. After several
engagements a commission was organized to enquire into the trouble, and
while holding a conference with the leaders were attacked, and General
Canby and Dr. Thomas were killed, (April 11, 1873.) After two months'
further operations, the hostiles were reduced, their leaders hung, and
the rest removed to the Indian Territory. About 100 who took no part in
the trouble remained at the Klamath agency.
_List of illustrations._
1008. SCAR-FACED CHARLEY.
The famous war chief of the lava-bed warriors, and the greatest of
their soldiers. He was the most trusted of Captain Jack's braves,
and the most desperate of his fighters. Rev. Dr. Thomas; who was
slain at the peace-commission massacre, on the day before his death
called Scar-Faced Charley the "Leonidas of the lava-beds." He was
never known to be guilty of any act not authorized by the laws of
legitimate warfare, and entered his earnest protest against the
assassination of General Canby and Dr. Thomas. He led the Modocs
against Major Thomas and Colonel Wright when the United States
troops were so disastrously repulsed and when two-thirds of our men
were killed and wounded. Wearied of the slaughter, he shouted to the
survivors, "You fellows that are not dead had better go home; we
don't want to kill you all in one day." He has said since, "My heart
was sick of seeing so many men killed."
1009. SHACK-NASTY JIM.
The sub-chief of the tribe and chief of the Hot Creek band of the
Modocs; although hardly twenty-one years of age, is known throughout
Christendom as one of the most fearless warriors that the red men
ever sent to fight the pale-faces. He led the tribal forces that
suffered most severely. After the massacre he quarrelled with
Captain Jack; and, with "Bogus Charley," "Hooker Jim," and
"Steamboat Frank," became scout for General Jeff. C. Davis--which
led to the capture of the remnants of the Modoc army.
1010. STEAMBOAT FRANK.
One of the participators in the Modoc war, but after the massacre of
General Canby's party, left his tribe, and as a scout under General
Davis, did good service in securing the capture of the remnants of
Captain Jack's forces.
1011. WI-NE-MA, or _Tobey Riddle_.
The modern Pocahontas, who, at the risk of her own life, saved the
life of Col. A. B. Meacham, chairman of the Modoc peace commission,
at the Modoc massacre. The Oregon Statesman truly says: "A truer
heroine was never born in the American forest than the poor Indian
woman, Tobey Riddle, whose exertions to save one who had befriended
herself and people were no less daring and resolute than the
devotion of Pocahontas. We have nowhere read of a woman, white,
black, or red, performing an act of sublimer heroism than Tobey
Riddle, when, under suspicions of treachery, she returned to her
people in the rocks, with an almost absolute certainty of being
flayed alive. The description of that event is one of the finest
passages in Mr. Meacham's speech, and is a fitting tribute to the
courage and fidelity of his dusky, lion-hearted friend. The
gratitude, fidelity, and devotion of that poor squaw ought to
forever put to silence and shame those heartless savages who, in the
midst of a Christian civilization, are clamoring for the extinction
of a people whom God had planted where they were found." Tobey is 28
years of age, and the wife of Frank Riddle. She is honored by all
who know her.
3. ROGUE RIVERS.
The Rogue Rivers, so called from the stream upon which they have lived
for a long time, have also been known by the names Lototen or Tototutna.
As a general rule the coast tribes are inferior in physique and
character to the inland tribes, but an exception must be made in favor
of the Rogue Rivers. "The men are tall, muscular, and well made, the
women are short and some of them quite handsome, even in the Caucasian
sense of the word." They are associated with some 15 or 20 tribes or
bands at the Siletz agency, the whole numbering less than 1,500 souls.
_List of illustrations._
978. OL-HA-THE, or _George Harvey_.
Chief of the confederated tribes of Indians of Siletz reservation,
Oregon, lineal descendant of a long line of Rogue River chiefs, was
captured when a small boy at the Rogue River war between the United
States forces and the Rogue River tribes of Southern Oregon, and
carried to the Siletz reservation, where he has lived ever since. He
is a fine speaker, and has acted many years as an interpreter. This
office having brought him into close and constant contact with
American civilization, he long ago abandoned his aboriginal habits
and religion, and adopted the customs and faith of the whites. He is
well known throughout Oregon, and is held in the highest esteem. He
has been complimented by the judges everywhere for his integrity and
intelligence, and both by his loyalty and education is a living
proof of the folly and wickedness of the theory that the Indian can
neither be civilized nor be made the friend of the white race.
VIII. PIMAS.
1. PAPAGOS.
The Papapootans, as they style themselves, belong to the Pima family,
and have long resided in the country south of the Gila. Have always been
at enmity with the Apaches until within the last year, but were friendly
to the Spaniards, who, with a few exceptions, have maintained missions
among them continuously up to the present time. At the close of the
Mexican war were Mexican citizens, and partly civilized, but were not
recognized as such by the United States, and were left without an agency
or reservation until 1874, when they were settled on the Santa Cruz
River, a tributary of the Gila, on a tract of 70,400 acres. They now
number between 5,000 and 6,000 souls. Have well-cultivated farms, and
live in houses of their own construction.
650. ASCENCION RIOS. (Front.)
651. ASCENCION RIOS. (Profile.)
2. PIMAS.
The Pimas, calling themselves Ohotama, are a portion of a family of
Indians of the same name, comprising, besides themselves, the Opates,
Eudevis, and Joves, occupying much of Southern Arizona, Sonora, and
Sinaloa. Missions were established among them at an early day by the
Spaniards, but they revolted many times, killing several of the
missionaries. They have long been divided into the Upper and Lower
Pimas, the former living on the Gila, in mud-covered huts, and
cultivating the soil extensively. Have been long associated with the
Maricopas, the two tribes now living together as one on a reservation of
64,000 acres. The Pimas now number 4,100; are self-supporting, wear
civilized dress, and are ready for the privileges of citizenship.
653. LUIG MORAGUE. (Front.)
654. LUIG MORAGUE. (Profile.)
655. ANTONIO AZUL. (Front.)
656. ANTONIO AZUL. (Profile.)
IX. IROQUOIS.
1. SENECAS.
One of the Five Iroquois Nations in Western New York, comprising,
originally, the Sinnekaas, as the Dutch called them, (hence the word
Senecas,) Onondagas, Mohawks, Cayugas, and Oneidas. When first known to
the French, were living on the south side of Lake Ontario, and engaged
in a fierce war with their Algonkin neighbors. By conquest several other
tribes became incorporated with them. Missions were established among
them by the French as early as 1657. In 1763 the Senecas alone, of the
Six Nations, joined in Pontiac's league to extirpate the English. During
the Revolution sided with the English, but made a peace in 1784, and
during the second war remained loyal. Early in the century part of the
tribe settled in Ohio, afterwards removing to the Indian Territory,
where they now are to the number of 240. The New York Senecas still
occupy the Alleghany, Cattaraugus, and Tonawanda reserve of 66,000
acres, where they all live in good houses and have large,
well-cultivated farms, and are in every way a civilized and
well-regulated class of people.
1048. DYAR-YO-NAAe-DAR-GA-DAH. _One who Carries Hemlock Boughs on his
Back._
English name, Caster Redeye. Was born on the Alleghany reservation;
belongs to the traditionary Bear clan. Is now President of the New
York Senecas. Does not speak English, but is an eloquent speaker in
his native tongue. Has been a councillor three terms. Is a farmer
and lumberman, and has also been a pilot for several years on the
Alleghany River. Caster is a grandson of Governor Blacksnake, the
famous chief of the Senecas, who died in 1859 at the age of 120
years. Age, 46; height, 5.9; head, 22-1/2; chest, 43.
1045. DAR-GAR-SWEN-GAR-ANT. _Dropping the Stock of the Gun._
Commonly known as Harrison Halftown; belongs to the Snipe clan. Was
born on the Alleghauy reservation. Is the clerk of the nation, which
position he has held for the last eight years. Was well educated at
a Quaker school adjoining the reservation, and speaks English
fluently. Is a fine speaker, and is quite noted as an orator. Age,
47; height, 5.8; head, 23-1/4; chest, 42.
1046. HOH-HO-I-YO. _Splendid Doer._
Samuel Jimson, as he is ordinarily known, is one of a family of
thirty-one children, and was born on the Alleghany reservation in
1837. Is a descendant of Mary Jimson, a white captive among the
Senecas, whose descendants now number 111. Is a farmer, but also a
fine orator, and of more than ordinary ability. Has been a
councillor for eleven terms in succession. Height, 6.1; head, 23;
chest, 43.
1047. JOHN IRVING.
President of the peacemakers' court. Is a grandson of Governor
Blacksnake. Age, 50; height, 5.9-1/2; head, 22; chest, 44.
979. MYRON SILVERHEELS.
980. GROUPS COMPRISING 1045-46-47.
715. A DAUGHTER OF GENERAL PARKER.
Copy from an old daguerreotype.
2. WYANDOTS.
The Wyandots, or Hurons, a western Iroquois tribe, lived originally on
the shores of Lake Huron, where they raised tobacco to such an extent
that they were called Petem, or Tobacco Indians. Were driven west to
Wisconsin and to the shores of Lake Superior, and by the Sioux back
again to the neighborhood of Detroit, where they remained up to the
close of the wars between the United States and England. In 1832 ceded
all their lands in Ohio to the Government, and 687 were removed to
Kansas, where they have since resided, at the junction of the Kansas and
Missouri Rivers. In 1855 many became citizens, and had their lands
divided among them, the others being removed to the Indian Territory,
where they now are, numbering 258 souls. Some of the Wyandots remained
near Detroit, and by treaty with the English government were assigned a
reservation on the Detroit River of 23,600 acres, where they yet remain,
but have declined within the present century from 200 to 72. Their
hereditary king remained with the Canadian band.
_List of illustrations._
981. MATHEW MUDEATER.
Head chief of the Wyandots, and a delegate in 1875 to Washington,
with power to settle all complications between his tribe and the
Government growing out of sundry treaties. Was born in 1813, in
Canada.
982. NICHOLAS COTTER.
A councillor in his tribe, and delegate to Washington with Mudeater,
1875. Was born in Canada in 1822.
X. MUSKOGEES.
1. CREEKS.
The Creeks are known in their own language as the Muskokee or Muskogee
and occupied originally the greater part of Georgia, Alabama, and
Florida. Their traditions say that they emigrated from the Northwest
until they reached Florida, when they fell back to the country between
the headwaters of the Alabama and Savannah rivers. As this was full of
small rivers and creeks it was called by the early settlers the creek
country, hence the name of the Creek Indians, who, when first known to
the whites, were living there. Those remaining in Florida were called
the Seminoles or Isti-semole (wild men). The nation became a confederacy
of tribes speaking other languages, modifying somewhat the original
Muskogee, but who, nevertheless, numbered seven-eighths of their whole
number. Before a dominant power was established in the South they were
courted by the Spanish, French, and English, and were about equally
divided in their allegiance to these nations, but the final success of
the English brought them entirely under their influence. "They took an
active part in the war of the Revolution against the Americans, and
continued their hostilities till the treaty concluded at Philadelphia in
1795. They then remained at peace eighteen years; but at the beginning
of the last war with Great Britain a considerable portion of the nation,
excited, it is said, by Tecumseh, and probably receiving encouragement
from other sources, took arms without the slightest provocation, and at
first committed great ravages in the vicinity of their western frontier.
They received a severe chastisement, and the decisive victories of
General Jackson at that time, and some years later over the Seminoles,
who had renewed the war, have not only secured a permanent peace with
the southern Indians, but, together with the progress of the
settlements, have placed them all under the absolute control of the
United States. The Creeks and Seminoles, after some struggles among
themselves, have ceded the whole of their territory and accepted in
exchange other lands beyond the Mississippi."--_Gallatin._
Twenty-four thousand five hundred and ninety-four were removed west of
the Mississippi, only 744 remaining on their old hunting-grounds. At the
breaking out of the civil war the western Creeks numbered less that
15,000. The tribe divided and engaged in pitched battles against each
other, the Unionists suffering badly, many fleeing to Kansas. They were
brought together again after the war, and in 1872 numbered 13,000, on a
reservation of over 3,000,000 acres in the Indian Territory.
By the report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1876, they were
numbered at 14,000, including 3,000 mixed-bloods, and all wearing
citizens' dress and living in good houses. They have 36 school
buildings, with an attendance of about 750 pupils; over $24,000 was
expended upon their education. There are 20 churches on the reserve,
with a membership among the Creeks of over 3,000. They rank among the
first of civilized tribes.
_List of illustrations._
97. LO-CHA-HA-JO. _The Drunken Terrapin._
Served as a first lieutenant in the Union Army during the rebellion,
and was at that time and is now the leading spirit of the loyal
Creeks. Is the treaty-making chief. Age, about 35.
98. TAL-WA-MI-KO. _Town King._
Commonly known as John McGilvry. Is a brother-in-law of
Oporthleyoholo, a famous chief of the last generation, and stood by
him during their struggles with and flight from the rebel Creeks. Is
at the present time the second leading spirit of the loyal Creeks.
Age, about 30.
99. TAM-SI-PEL-MAN. _Thompson Perryman._
First organizer of the loyal Creeks that came north during the
rebellion. Was a councillor of Oporthleyoholo, and a steadfast
adherent to the treaties made with the Government. Age, about 40.
100. HO-TUL-KO-MI-KO. _Chief of the Whirlwind._
English name, Silas Jefferson; is of mixed African and Creek
parentage; born in Alabama and raised among the Creeks in that
State, removing with them to their present home in the Indian
Territory. Is to all intents and purposes one of the tribe, taking a
wife from among them, and sharing all their troubles. Was
interpreter for the loyal Creeks during the war, and is now the
official interpreter of the nation. Age, 45.
102. GROUP OF THE PRECEDING CHIEFS.
103. KOT-CO-CU, or _Tiger_.
Served in the Union Army as a lieutenant. Was one of the council in
framing the treaty of 1866. In 1871 was a candidate for chief, but
was defeated, and died shortly after.
104. OK-TA-HA-SAS-HAJO, or _Sand_.
The predecessor of Lo-cha-ha-jo as the treaty-making chief of the
nation, and second chief under Oporthleyoholo. Was among the first
to join the Union forces during the rebellion. Was chief of the
council that framed the new constitution in 1866. Has not been
educated, but has great natural ability, and is of an extremely
sensitive and kindly disposition.
105-107. FAMILY OF GEORGE STEADMAN. (Half-bloods.)
108. A CREEK BRAVE.
2. SEMINOLES.
"The Isti-Semole (wild men) who inhabit the peninsula of Florida (1836)
are pure Muskogees, who have gradually detached themselves from the
confederacy, but were still considered members of it till the United
States treated with them as with an independent nation. The name of
Seminoles was given to them on account of their being principally
hunters and attending but little to farming."
Were very hostile to the Americans up to the cession of Florida in 1819,
but a treaty was finally made with them in 1823. Other treaties followed
looking to their removal westward, in attempting to carry out which a
war ensued, lasting from 1835 until 1842. Nearly 2,000 had then been
removed, leaving about 300 in Florida, and 145 of these, under Billy
Bowlegs, joined the western band in the Indian Territory in 1858. Had
much trouble in getting settled upon a reservation, locating finally
upon a tract of 200,000 acres bought of the Creeks, where they now
number 2,553--a prosperous and civilized tribe.
_List of illustrations._
714. O-LAC-TO-MI-CO. _Billy Bowlegs._
The well-known and famous leader of the Seminoles in the Florida
war, 1835-'42, but was finally compelled to remove with the remnants
of his tribe to the Indian Territory.
3. CHICKASAWS.
When first known the Chickasaws were located north of Mississippi on the
Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. Were mixed up in the early French and
English wars, remaining loyal to the English up to 1783. Operated with
the Americans against the Creeks in 1793. Commenced to migrate west of
the Mississippi early in the present century. Sold their lands to good
advantage and amassed considerable wealth, and were in every way a
prosperous, progressive nation. They purchased a large tract of land
from the Choctaws, a tribe speaking the same language, and affiliated
with them in all tribal affairs. In 1855, on payment of $150,000 to the
Choctaws, they effected a political separation. Like the Choctaws, they
first went south with the confederates during the civil war, but
returned to the northern army afterwards. They lost very much property,
besides a large number of slaves.
Their numbers have not undergone any material change, the latest census
placing their numbers at 5,800. Nearly 2,000 of these are mixed bloods.
Two weekly papers are supported between the Choctaws and themselves.
They are also well supplied with churches, schools, and other appliances
of an industrious, civilized, and prosperous people. They have
intermarried to a great extent with the whites, some of the following
portraits being of subjects having a large proportion of white blood in
their veins.
_List of illustrations._
73. J. D. JAMES.
74. ASH-KE-HE-NA-NIEW.
75. SHO-NI-ON.
76. ANNIE GUY.
77. A YOUNG BRAVE.
4. CHOCTAWS.
The Choctaws, or Chahtas, at the time of De Soto's visit in 1540, were
living south of the Chickasaws, and west of the Creeks. Unlike the
surrounding tribes, they were peaceably disposed, and a nation of
farmers, and much farther advanced in civilization than any of their
neighbors. Coming in contact with the French, Spanish, English, and
Americans, they have never been at war with any of them. Commenced
moving west of the Mississippi in 1801, and by 1830 had exchanged all
their lands for other in the Indian Territory. By 1861 had advanced far
in civilization, numbering with the Chickasaws 25,000, with 5,000
slaves. In the civil war they joined first the South and then the North,
losing a great deal in property, and a reduction to 17,000 of their
population. They now number 16,000, of whom two-thirds are of mixed
blood. Are governed by a written constitution; elect their chief every
four years; have a council, consisting of 40 members, and a judiciary,
and trial by jury.
Of the following subjects, nearly all are of mixed blood.
_List of illustrations._
88. ISRAEL FOLSOM.
89. PETER FOLSOM.
90. SAMUEL FOLSOM.
91. ---- FOLSOM.
92. FAUNCEWAY BAPTISTE.
93. B. L. LE FLORE.
94. SAMUEL GARLAND.
95. COLONEL PYTCHLYNN.
96. ALLEN WRIGHT.
936-7. SQUAWS.
938-9. YOUNG BOYS.
XI. INDEPENDENT AND UNCLASSIFIED TRIBES.
1. ARAPAHOS.
"Very little is known of the early history of the Arapahos, but are
supposed by some to be the Querechos of the early Spanish explorers.
They called themselves Atsinas, of whom, however, they are but a branch.
The early English knew them as the Fall Indians, and the French as the
Gros Ventres of the south. They were then roaming over the plain country
about the heads of the Platte and Arkansas. Gallatin speaks of them as a
detached tribe of the Rapid Indians, which has wandered as far south as
the Platte and Arkansas and formed a temporary union with the Kaskasias
and some other erratic tribes. At the present time (1862) the Arapahos
are divided into two portions or bands. The first portion call
themselves Na-ka-si-nin, 'People of the Sage,' and number one hundred
and eighty lodges. They wander about the sources of the South Platte and
the region of Pike's Peak; also northward to the Red Buttes on the North
Platte. Sometimes they extend their journeyings in search of buffalo
along the foot of the Big Horn Mountains in the Crow country. The second
band call themselves Na-wuth-i-ni-hau, the meaning of which is obscure.
It implies a mixture of different kinds of people of different bands.
They number 200 lodges, and range along the Arkansas River and its
tributaries."--_Hayden._
In 1820 Morse estimated them at 10,000, and speaks of them as a warlike
people and often making predatory and murderous excursions on their
eastern and northern neighbors.
The Arapahos affiliate with the Cheyennes, with whom they have been on
friendly terms for many years. Lately, however, an antipathy seems to be
growing up between the two tribes in the Indian Territory, and the
Commissioner of Indian Affairs advises a separation. They are divided
into two principal divisions, known respectively as the Northern and
Southern Arapahos. Those of the north, numbering 1,562, affiliate with
the Cheyennes and Ogalallas at the Red Cloud agency. They have been
ordered to join their southern brethren, and at the present time the
necessary preparations are under way. The Southern Apaches, who number
1,664, with the Southern Cheyennes and a small band of Apaches, are
temporarily occupying a large reservation in the western portion of the
Territory. The new reservation assigned them lies along the northern
border of the Territory west of the Creek and Cherokee countries, and
was purchased from them. It comprises nearly 5,000,000 acres.
But little has been done by them looking toward civilization, beyond
signifying their willingness to have farms apportioned to them and in
sending their children to school.
21. YELLOW BEAR. NORTHERN ARAPAHOS.
LITTLE WOLF. NORTHERN ARAPAHOS.
22. POWDER FACE AND SQUAW. NORTHERN ARAPAHOS.
23. MEDICINE PIPE. NORTHERN ARAPAHOS.
FOOL DOG. NORTHERN ARAPAHOS.
24. CRAZY BULL. NORTHERN ARAPAHOS.
FRIDAY. NORTHERN ARAPAHOS.
25. PLENTY BEARS. NORTHERN ARAPAHOS.
OLD EAGLE. NORTHERN ARAPAHOS.
32-35. BI-NAN-SET. _Big Mouth._ SOUTHERN ARAPAHOS.
36-37. WHITE CROW. SOUTHERN ARAPAHOS.
38-39. BLACK CROW. SOUTHERN ARAPAHOS.
40-41. LEFT HAND. SOUTHERN ARAPAHOS.
42-43. YELLOW HORSE. SOUTHERN ARAPAHOS.
44-45. HEAP O' BEARS. SOUTHERN ARAPAHOS.
62-65. OHASTE. _Little Raven._ SOUTHERN ARAPAHOS.