from their neighbors' by rush fences. Corn is their principal
dependence, of which they raise considerable quantities. The work is
done entirely by the women, the primitive hoe being their only
implement. They generally have quite a surplus, which they trade to the
Dakotas and to the fur companies.
The Arickarees are quite expert in manufacturing a very serviceable kind
of pottery, neatly shaped, and well adapted for cooking purposes. They
are of clay, hand wrought, but not glazed.
At the present time they number 900, and are associated with 600 Gros
Ventres and 420 Mandans at the Fort Berthold agency on the Upper
Missouri, where 13,000 square miles has been set apart for them as their
reservation. They have 500 acres under cultivation, and are receiving
considerable assistance from the Government in the way of improved
implements. Many houses are being built, and the more progressive
Indians are abandoning the old mud-lodges for them.
_List of illustrations._
1042. KU-NUGH-NA-GIVE-NUK. _Rushing Bear._
Head chief; age, 56; height, 5.8-1/2; head, 22-3/4; chest, 39-1/2.
1044. E-GUS-PAH. _Bull Head._
Age, 57; height, 5.4-1/2; head, 23-1/4; chest, 42-1/2.
1043. CHE-WA-KOO-KA-TI. _Black Fox._
Son of Black Bear, a great chief of the tribe. Age, 23; height, 5.5;
head, 24; chest, 36-1/4.
717. BLACK BUFFALO.
718. LONG KNIFE.
2. KEECHIES.
The Keechies, of whom there are now only a small remnant of about 90 in
the Indian Territory, affiliated with the Wichitas, Wacos, and
Tawacanies; were originally from Texas, and are supposed to be the
Quitzies of the Spanish authorities of 1780. Even at that time they were
a small tribe, numbering about 100 warriors. After the admission of
Texas, were placed on a State reservation, where they remained
undisturbed until 1859, when their presence became so distasteful to the
settlers that it became necessary to remove them. Land was leased from
the Choctaws and Chickasaws, and the Keechies settled on it, building
their villages of grass houses along the Canadian River. The breaking
out of the civil war set them back, just as they were beginning to
prosper, compelling another remove for safety. In 1867 they were
restored to their lands again, and since then have progressed rapidly in
civilized pursuits. Like the Wichitas and Wacos, they are of the same
stock as the Pawnees.
_List of illustrations._
411. KNEE-WAR-WAR, (front.)
412. KNEE-WAR-WAR, (profile.)
3. PAWNEES.
There is but little definite knowledge of the early history of the
Pawnees, although they are among the longest known to the whites west of
the Mississippi. Marquette notes them in his map, 1673, as divided into
various bands. They are supposed to be the Panimaha of La Salle's
voyage in 1688. At the time of Lewis and Clarke's visit, in 1803, their
principal village was on the south side of the Platte. Pike, in 1806,
estimated the population of three of their villages at 6,233, with
nearly 2,000 warriors, engaged in fierce combats with neighboring
tribes. In 1820, three of the four bands into which they have been for a
long time divided resided on the banks of the Platte and its
tributaries, with a reservation on Loup Fork, on the ninety-eighth
meridian. Were then estimated at about 10,000 souls, living in
earth-covered lodges, and much devoted to the cultivation of the soil,
but engaging regularly every season in a grand buffalo-hunt. The
Delawares, in 1823, burnt the Great Pawnee village on the Republican,
and these Pawnees, becoming much reduced in numbers by small-pox soon
after, sold all their lands south of the Platte, and removed to the
reservation on Lou Fork. The means were provided, and many exertions
made to place them on the high road to prosperity; but their inveterate
foe, the Sioux, harassed them continually; drove them repeatedly off
their reservation, and despoiled their villages. This warfare and
disease soon reduced them to half their former number. In 1861, they
raised a company of scouts for service against the Sioux, and a much
larger force under the volunteer organization, incurring in consequence
an increased hostility from their enemies, who harassed them so
continuously, that in 1874 the chiefs in general council determined upon
removing to a new reservation in the Indian Territory, lying between the
forks of the Arkansas and Cimarron, east of the ninety-seventh meridian.
Their removal was almost entirely effected during the winter of
1874-'75.
The Pawnees now number in all 2,026, and yet retain the subdivision into
bands, as follows: The Skeedee (Pawnee Mahas, or Loups), Kit-ka-hoct, or
Republican Pawnees, Petahoweret, and the Chowee or Grand Pawnees. There
are also living on the Washita, a small band of affiliated Wacos and
Wichitas, sometimes called Pawnee Picts, who are undoubtedly an offshoot
of the Grand Pawnees. They are under the care of the Friends; have
well-organized day and industrial schools, and are well supplied with
implements and means to carry forward a systematic cultivation of the
soil.
_List of illustrations._
530-2. PETA-LA-SHA-RA. _Man and Chief._ CHOWEE.
Reputed head chief of the Pawnees, though really chief only of his
own band, the _Chowee_. His claim was based partly on the fact of
having been the first signer of their treaty of 1857. Being a good
Indian orator, and of dignified bearing, he was generally awarded
the first place in their councils, and led off in speech. In 1820,
it is said that he put a stop to the custom, then prevalent among
the Pawnees, of offering human sacrifices, but only by a display of
great courage. In 1825 he visited Washington with a delegation of
his tribe, and attracted much attention by his fine presence. Has
always been friendly to the whites and in favor of the advancement
of his tribe in civilized habits, although very slow himself to
adopt new ideas. He died in the summer of 1874 from an accidental
pistol-shot. Had but one wife, and she survives him.
533. LA-TA-CUTS-LA-SHAR. _Eagle Chief._ SKEEDEE.
At present the oldest, and consequently the head chief of the tribe.
534. LA-ROO-CHUK-A-LA-SHAR. _Sun Chief._ CHOWEE.
A son of Peta-la-sha-ra and head chief of the Chowee band; also a
leader in the councils. Height, 5.9; head, 22; chest, 36-1/2.
535. TUH-COD-IX-TE-CAH-WAH. _Brings Herds._ SKEEDEE.
Height, 5.10; head, 22; chest, 42.
543. TU-TUC-A-PICISH-TE-RUK. _Gives to the Poor._ SKEEDEE.
A soldier or policeman of the Skeedees. Height, 5.9; head, 22-1/2;
chest, 42.
545. SQUAW OF TU-TUC-A-PICISH-TE-RUK. SKEEDEE.
548. LA-HIC-TA-HA-LA-SHA. _Pipe Chief._ CHOWEE.
One of the signers of the treaty of 1858.
{ LA-ROO-CHUK-A-LA-SHAR. _Sun Chief._ See No. 534. CHOWEE.
{
{ ARU-SAW-LA-KIT-TOWY. _A Fine Horse._ SKEEDEE.
{
528. { SKI-AR-RA-RA-SHAR. _Lone Chief._ CHOWEE.
{
{ SE-TED-E-ROW-WEET. _One Aimed At._ SKEEDEE.
{
{ COT-TA-RA-TET-GOOTS. _Struck with a Tomahawk._ SKEEDEE.
{ TE-RAR-A-WEET. _Stopped with the Horses._ KIT-KA-HOCT.
{
{ Height, 5.7; head, 21-1/2; chest, 37. A soldier of his
{ band.
{
{ LA-SHARA-CHI-EKS. _Humane Chief._ KIT-KA-HOCT.
{
{ One of the four chiefs of his band, dresses well; is
{ pleasant in manner, and of progressive tendencies.
{ Height, 5.10; head, 22-1/2; chest, 36.
529. {
{ AS-SON-OO-COT-TUK. _As a Dog, but yet a High
{ Chief._ KIT-KA-HOCT.
{
{ One of the four chiefs of his band. Height, 5.8;
{ head, 22; chest, 35.
{
{ LA-SHARA-TU-RA-HA. _Good Chief._ KIT-KA-HOCT.
{
{ Head chief of the band. Height, 5.7; head, 22-1/2;
{ chest, 39.
{
{ LA-SHAROO-TOO-ROW-OO-TOWY. _Difficult Chief._ KIT-KA-HOCT.
{
{ One of the soldiers and head men of this band.
552-3. GROUP OF FOUR BROTHERS OF THE KIT-KA-HOCT BAND, viz:
LA-ROO-RUTK-A-HAW-LA-SHAR. _Night Chief._
LA-ROO-RA-SHAR-ROO-COSH. _A Man that left his Enemy lying in the Water._
A noted brave. Height, 5.10; head, 23; chest, 39.
TEC-TA-SHA-COD-DIC. _One who strikes the Chiefs first._
Second chief of his band, and one of four noted brothers (see No.
552), pre-eminent in their tribe for bravery in war and wisdom in
council. Height, 5.8; head, 23; chest, 39.
TE-LOW-A-LUT-LA-SHA. _Sky Chief._
A chief, and a brave leader of his band, taking the first place in
war or peace. Was killed by the Sioux in the massacre of the Pawnees
in 1873, while hunting buffalo in the valley of the Republican.
BAPTISTE BAYHYLLE, or LA-SHARA-SE-RE-TER-REK. _One whom the Great
Spirit smiles upon._
United States interpreter, French half-breed.
550-1. NIGHT CHIEF AND THE MAN THAT LEFT HIS ENEMY LYING IN THE WATER.
554-5. BAPTISTE BAYHYLLE.
560. TE-LOW-A-LUT-LA-SHA. _Sky Chief._
The same as in No. 552, No. 4.
{ COO-TOWY-GOOTS-OO-TER-A-OOS. _Blue Hawk._ PETAHOWERAT.
{
558-9.{ TUC-CA-RIX-TE-TA-RU-PE-ROW. _Coming around with
{ the Herd._ PETAHOWERAT.
{
556-7. PERRUS-KITTY-BUSK. _Small Boy._ SKEEDEE.
575. LOO-KIT-TOWY-HOO-RA. _On a fine Horse._ PETAHOWERAT.
576. LUH-SA-COO-RE-CULLA-HA. _Particular in the Time
of Day._ KIT-KA-HOCT.
577. LA-ROO-CHUK-A-RAR-OO. _The Sun Coming in._ CHOWEE.
578. SE-RAR-WOT-COWY. _Behind the one that strikes first._ SKEEDEE.
579, 585, 607. CAW-CAW-KITTY-BUSK. _Little Raven._ SKEEDEE.
580. AS-SAU-TAW-KA. _White Horse._ PETAHOWERAT.
581. LOOTS-TOW-OOTS. _Rattlesnake._ SKEEDEE.
582. KE-WUK. _Fox._ KIT-KA-HOCT.
583. KE-WUK-O-WE-TE-RAH-ROOK. _Acting a Fox._ SKEEDEE.
584. KIT-TOOX. _Beaver._ KIT-KA-HOCT.
586. AS-SOW-WEET.
592. AS-SOW-WEET AND SAWKA. _White._ CHOWEE.
589. TER-RA-RE-CAW-WAH. PETAHOWERAT.
Died in 1875; the oldest chief in the tribe. Very prominent in his
day as a brave warrior.
591. CAW-HEEK. _An Old Man._ KIT-KA-HOCT.
{ LOO-KIT-TOWY-HIS-SA. _On a Fine Horse._ SKEEDEE.
593.{
{ ARE-WAUKS. _A Male Calf._ CHOWEE.
594. LOOTS-TOW-OOS. _Rattlesnake_, and squaw. SKEEDEE.
595. E-RAH-COT-TA-HOT. _In the Front of Battle_, and squaw. SKEEDEE.
Alias Jim Curoux. A steady worker, and wearing citizens' dress.
596. A-RUS-SAW-E-ROOT-COWY. _A Nice Horse._ SKEEDEE.
597. CU-ROOX-TA-RI-HA. _Good Bear._ SKEEDEE.
598. TIT-TOWY-OOT-SE. _Beginning to go to War._ SKEEDEE.
Alias Johnson Wright. A civilized Indian.
599. KE-WUK-O-CAR-WAR-RY. _Fox on the War-path._ SKEEDEE.
Alias Fat George. Assistant carpenter at the agency.
600. CAW-CAW-KE-REEK. _Crow Eyes._ PETAHOWERAT.
601. KEE-WEEK-O-WAR-UXTY. _Medicine Bull._ SKEEDEE.
602. TEC-TA-SHA-COD-DIC. _One who strikes the Chiefs
first._ KIT-KA-HOCT.
603. LE-TA-CUTS-A-WAR-UXTY. _Medicine Eagle._ SKEEDEE.
604. TA-CAW-DEEX-TAW-SEE-UX. _Driving a Herd._ SKEEDEE.
605. US-CAW-DA-WAR-UXTY. _Medicine Antelope._ KIT-KA-HOCT.
606. TER-RA-HA-TU-RIHA. _Good Buffalo._ PETAHOWERAT.
608. SIT-TE-ROW-E-HOO-RA-REEK. _Seen by All._ SKEEDEE.
609. LOO-KIT-TOWY-HIS-SA. _On a Fine Horse._ SKEEDEE.
610. PAW-HOO-CUT-TAW-WAH. _Knee-mark on the Ground on
Stooping to Drink._ SKEEDEE.
611. SQUAW AND PAPPOOSE.
523, 567-8. THE VILLAGE OF THE PAWNEES.
Situated on the Loupe Fork of the Platte River, about 100 miles west
of Omaha. It was divided into two parts, the Skeedees occupying one
part by themselves, and the other three bands jointly in the other.
The entire village accommodated about 2,500 people. Each lodge was
capable of holding several families; they were formed by erecting
several stout posts in a circle, forked at the top, into which cross
beams were laid, and against these long poles were inclined from the
outside toward the centre; all was then covered with brush, and
finally with earth, leaving a hole at the apex for the escape of
smoke, and a long tunnel-like entrance at the base. This village is
now (1876) entirely destroyed, and the Indians removed to the Indian
Territory.
524, 569. A MUD LODGE.
In the Pawnee village, showing the tunnel-like entrance. (See No.
523.)
537-9. SCHOOL BUILDING on the Pawnee reserve, on the Loupe Fork,
Nebraska.
573-4. GROUPS OF THE HEAD MEN of the tribe.
525-7. GROUPS OF INDIAN CHILDREN (attending the boarding-school on the
reservation).
The first shows the younger children of the primary classes, and the
two latter numbers the older and more advanced scholars.
570-2. GROUPS OF CHILDREN in their every-day attire, which consists
principally of the covering with which nature first clothed
them.
536. A GROUP OF YOUNG SQUAWS in the village.
541-2. AGENCY BUILDINGS.
540. NATIVE PAINTING ON A BUFFALO-SKIN.
A biography, or narration of the principal events in the life of a
prominent chief, by the means of picture-writing.
547-9; 561-6; 587-90; 612. MISCELLANEOUS PORTRAITS OF PAWNEES without
information as to name or history.
4. WACOS.
742. LONG SOLDIER. (Front.)
743. LONG SOLDIER. (Profile.)
5. WICHITAS.
744. ASSADAWA. (Front.)
745. ASSADAWA. (Profile.)
746. ESQUITZCHEW. (Front.)
747. ESQUITZCHEW. (Profile.)
748. BLACK HORSE.
165, 167. BUFFALO GOAD. (Front.)
166, 168. BUFFALO GOAD. (Profile.)
Was one of the great delegation of chiefs from the Indian Territory
in 1872, among whom were Little Raven, Little Robe, Bird Chief, &c.
He impressed all as being a man of more than usual ability and
dignity.
V. SHOSHONES.
1. BANNACKS.
The Bannacks, Bonnacks, or Pannaques, a small, scattered tribe of
Shoshone stock, roaming over the desert plains of Idaho and portions of
the surrounding Territories, were first found about the Blue Mountains.
In 1833 Bonneville met them on the Snake River, near the mouth of the
Portneuf, "numbering about 120 lodges. They are brave and cunning
warriors, and deadly foes of the Blackfeet, whom they easily overcome in
battle when their forces are equal. They are not vengeful and
enterprising in warfare, however, seldom sending parties to attack the
Blackfeet towns, but contenting themselves with defending their own
territories and houses." They frequent the headwaters of the Snake and
Yellowstone countries to hunt and fish.
They have generally enjoyed a reputation for friendliness, although, in
1866, all but the Eastern Bannacks under Tahgee engaged in hostilities
against the whites.
At the present time there are 600 Bannacks associated with 900
Shoshonees at the Fort Hall reservation on Snake River, where the
attempt is being made to civilize them. There are 200 more at the Lemhi
reservation, where there are also 340 Sheep-eaters, a band of the
Bannacks living a retired life in the mountains dividing Idaho from
Montana, and 500 Shoshonees.
_List of illustrations._
46. GROUP of eight of the leading chiefs and braves; photographed
at the Snake River agency in 1872, among whom are PAQUITS, or
_Bannock Jim_, a prominent chief; TOTSE-CABE-NATSY, _The
White-faced Boy_, and _Major Jim_.
47. GROUP of a miscellaneous crowd at the agency.
48. FAMILY GROUP.
In 1871, while returning from the exploration of the Yellowstone
region, and while encamped near the head of the Medicine Lodge
Creek, the camp of a family of the Sheep-eater band of Bannacks was
accidentally discovered near by, almost completely hidden in a grove
of willows. Their tent or tepee is made of a few boughs of willow,
about which are thrown an old canvas picked up in some of the
settlements. The present of a handful of sugar and some coffee
reconciled them to having their photographs taken. In the group are
the father and mother and five children. The Sheep-eaters are a band
of the Bannacks, running in the mountains north of the Kamas
prairies, and are so shy and timid that they are but rarely seen.
51-61. GROUPS AND SCENES about the agency.
Eleven views, showing the various operations of the agency, some of
the idlers, and a few groups of squaws and pappooses.
2. COMANCHES.
A roving, warlike, and predatory tribe of Shoshone descent, roaming over
much of the great prairie country from the Platte to Mexico. Their
traditions and early history are vague, but they claim to have come from
the west. They call themselves _Naueni_ (live people), but the Spanish
called them Comanches or Camanches (_Les Serpents_), the name adopted by
the Americans. Procuring horses from the Spaniards at an early day they
became expert riders, which, united with their daring and
aggressiveness, made them noted and feared throughout the Southwest.
Engaged in long and bloody wars with the Spaniards, but were subdued by
them in 1783. Were estimated about that time at 5,000 warriors. In 1816
lost heavily by small-pox. Up to 1847 were variously estimated at from
9,000 to 12,000 in all. Were at one time on a reservation in Texas, but
were driven out of the State, and since then have been unrelenting
enemies of the people of that State. The General Government has set
apart a new reservation for them in the western part of the Indian
Territory and are gradually drawing them all on to it, though not
without much trouble. They now number 1,570 in all, and are divided into
eight bands. Have made a commencement in farming, and have been induced
to send a few of their children to an industrial school.
W. Blackmore, esq., in an article on the North American Indians, thus
describes the Comanche:
"These fierce, untamed savages roam over an immense region, eating the
raw flesh of the buffalo, drinking its warm blood, and plundering
Mexicans, Indians, and whites with judicial impartiality. Arabs and
Tartars of the desert, they remove their villages (pitching their
lodges in regular streets and squares) hundreds of miles at the shortest
notice. The men are short and stout, with bright copper faces and long
hair, which they ornament with glass beads and silver gewgaws."
Catlin says of them:
"In their movements they are heavy and ungraceful, and on their feet one
of the most unattractive and slovenly races I have ever seen; but the
moment they mount their horses they seem at once metamorphosed, and
surprise the spectator with the ease and grace of their movements. A
Comanche on his feet is out of his element, and comparatively almost as
awkward as a monkey on the ground without a limb or branch to cling to;
but the moment he lays his hand upon his horse his _face_ even becomes
handsome, and he gracefully flies away, a different being."
_List of illustrations._
128. ASA HAVIE. _The Milky Way._ (Front.) PENETATHKA.
129. ASA HAVIE. _The Milky Way._ (Profile.)
Is one of the head men of his band, dividing the office of chief
with Toshoway. (No. 134.) Has been one of the most noted raiders
into Texas, leading many bands of the restless young men of his
tribe, until about ten years since, when he was badly wounded in an
encounter and left for dead upon the field. Is now endeavoring to
live in the white man's ways, having had a comfortable log house
built for himself, and a few acres of ground enclosed, which he is
successfully cultivating. This portrait of _Asa havie_ was made in
1872, while on a visit to Washington with a delegation of his tribe.
Age, about 45; height, 5.9-1/2; head, 23-1/2; chest, 44-1/2; weight,
about 200 pounds.
130. WIFE OF ASA HAVIE. (Front.)
131. WIFE OF ASA HAVIE. (Profile.)
Age, about 40; height, 5.4; head, 23; chest, 38; weight, 170 pounds.
132. TIMBER BLUFF. (Front.)
133. TIMBER BLUFF. (Profile.)
134. TOSHOWAY. _Silver Knife._ (Front.) PENETATHKA.
135. TOSHOWAY. _Silver Knife._ (Profile.) PENETATHKA.
One of the chiefs of his band, sharing the position with _Asa
havie_. Is noted for good sense and fair dealing, and has long been
friendly to the whites. In youth, however, was not behind the other
adventurous spirits of his tribe in predatory exploits and raids
into Texas. Age, about 55; height, 5.6; head, 22-1/4; chest, 41;
weight, 168.
136. WIFE OF TOSHOWAY. (Front.)
137. WIFE OF TOSHOWAY. (Profile.)
Age, 55; height, 4.10; head, 21; chest, 34; weight, 120.
138-9, 140. ASA-TO-YET. _Gray Leggings._ (Front.) PENETATHKA.
One of the leading men of his tribe, taking an active interest in
their advancement. Lives in a house, cultivates the ground, and has
a good lot of stock. Speaks English fluently. Age, 45; height, 5.10;
head, 34; chest, 42.
141-2. CHEEVERS. _He Goat._ TAMPARETHKA.
A prominent and influential man in his tribe, and chief of his band.
143-4. WIFE OF CHEEVERS. TAMPARETHKA.
One of the three wives of Cheevers. She accompanied him to
Washington with the delegation in 1872. None of his wives have any
children.
145-6. MOTHER OF CHEEVERS. TAMPARETHKA.
147-8. QUIRTS-QUIP. _Chewing Elk._ TAMPARETHKA.
One of the chiefs of the tribe; a shrewd and able person, with
considerable executive and financial ability. Age, 45; height,
5.6-3/4; head, 23; chest, 39.
149, 150. HO-WE-OH. _Gap in the Salt._ TAMPARETHKA.
A chief who is doing his best to lead his tribe in civilized ways,
as well as to walk in that way himself. Age, --; height, 5.11-1/2;
head, 23; chest, 43.
151-2. DAUGHTER OF GAP IN THE SALT. TAMPARETHKA.
153-4. PARRY-WAH-SA-MEN. _Ten Bears._ TAMPARETHKA.
Formerly head chief of the Tamparethkas band of Comanches. He died
in November, 1872, just after his return from Washington with a
visiting delegation from his tribe. Was friendly to the whites, and
a man of influence among his people, maintaining this influence and
his chieftainship to the unusual age of 80 years.
155-6. BUFFALO HUMP. TAMPARETHKA.
157-8. JIM. TAMPARETHKA.
178-9. NATIVE DRAWINGS.
3. KIOWAS.
The Kiowas, or prairie men, are one of the tribes that compose the
Shoshone family. They are a wild and roving people, occupying the
country about the headwaters of the Arkansas, but also formerly ranging
over all of the country between the Platte and the Rio Grande. They had
the reputation of being the most rapacious, cruel, and treacherous of
all the Indians on the plains, and had a great deal of influence over
the Comanches and other neighboring Indians. Our first knowledge of them
was through Lewis and Clarke, who found them on the Paducah. They were
at war with many of the northern tribes, but carried on a large trade in
horses with some other tribes. Little intercourse was had with them
until 1853, when they made a treaty and agreed to go on a reservation,
but soon broke it and went raiding into Texas. The citizens of that
State drove them out, but in revenge for the stoppage of their
annuities, they retaliated upon the Texans, and until recently the
warfare was kept up between them. In 1869, were placed on a reservation
of over three and a half millions of acres with some Comanches and
Apaches, but were restive and unsettled. In 1871, under their great
chief Satanta, raided Texas again, but it resulted in the capture of
himself and Big Tree, and their imprisonment soon after. Were afterwards
pardoned by the governor of Texas, in whose custody they were, through
interposition from Washington, and restored to their tribe; but this did
not seem to lessen their hostility, and new disturbances arose, chiefly
in consequence of raiding parties of whites from Texas, that led finally
to the re-arrest of Satanta and his imprisonment in Texas.
_List of illustrations._
402. LONE WOLF. (Front.)
403. LONE WOLF. (Profile.)
404. SQUAW OF LONE WOLF. (Front.)
405. SQUAW OF LONE WOLF. (Profile.)
406. SQUAW OF LONE WOLF. (Standing.)
407. SLEEPING WOLF.
408. Son OF THE SUN. (Front.)
409. SON OF THE SUN. (Profile.)
410. NATIVE DRAWING.
4. SHOSHONES.