favorable connotation. Cf. "luck" = "good luck."--_Fureur_ expresses
aggressive madness (cf. _ira furor brevis est_), which the king assumes
could alone prompt such an attempt.
538 More indirect flattery for Louis XIV.
539 Foi. See l. 266, N.
541 trop = "passing." For superlative use of _si_, cf. 1021.
545 frappe = "impresses."
546 nous = "us" [kings]. See App. I, Hiatus.
547 de = "out of," "among."
548 faire valoir, lit. = "to make to have its full value;" hence, "to
set off." Tr. "to show off." _Nous_ is indirect obj.--_Intéressés_,
is the opposite of "disinterested."
549 Note that the French says: "there are none who _do_," instead of
"there is none who _does_," a plural due to the plural denotation of
_en_.
551 Et might well have preceded this second clause, which is parallel
to that in l. 550.
553 ["While they are only] too ready . . ."
553-554 Que l'injure échappe à ma vengeance plutôt qu'un si rare
bienfait [échappe] à ma reconnaissance.--L'injure = "wrong" here; often
= "insult."
555 Supply: "if this service went unrewarded." Cf. Verg. Aen. I, 48-49.
558 Que. See App. IV, ii. A.
563 Et = "Then."--_D'autant moins_ goes closely with following _que_.
569 Que. See App. IV, ii. C.
579 Conseils = "counsels," not "councils."
583-584 An instance of dramatic "irony," by which the poet makes words
to be spoken, of which the spectator already knows the untruth.
587 gage is the same word as "wage." Here = "reward." Cf. "the wages
of sin is death."
593 Note que, not _à quoi_.
596 This line explains _en vain_ of l. 595.--_Pour vous régler sur eux_
. . . = "that you should be guided by their practice."--_Près de_,
here "in comparison with," more usually "auprès de," in accordance with
the tendency to use compound forms for secondary meanings. Cf.
_mouvoir_ and _émouvoir_; _perdu_ and _éperdu_.
597 neveux, classical for "posterity." For _servir de_, see l. 259, N.
600-612 The construction is:
( _que ce mortel . . . fût mené_;
_j'e voudrais_ ( _que, pour comble . . ., un seigneur . . .
( guidât . . . et criât . . ._
603 orné refers to _coursier_.
604 dans has the force of "through the streets of."
605 comble from Latin _cumulus_, the "heap" that tops a full measure.
Hence its connotation is generally, though not always, favorable.
E.g., _Combler de faveurs.--Le comble de l'ingratitude est de haïr ses
bienfaiteurs.--Le voleur, poursuivi, se réfugia dans les combles du
château.--Au comble de la misère_.
607 enfin, see l. 160, N.
614 This line explains ingenuously enough the reason for the statement
in l. 613.
616 il refers to preceding _ce_.
619 prétends = "mean."
622 fais--"see."
625-628 The apodosis begins with _Plus j'assure_. . . .
630 en. See App. V, ii. C.
633 sans être attendue = "unsummoned."
635 Je me meurs. _Se mourir_ is either more elevated in style than
_mourir_, or = "to die slowly."
637 suis-je pas? The omission of _ne_, the one real negative particle,
is only possible as a poetical license, and is rightly very
rare.--_Frère_, a classical strong form for "friend."
644 encore un coup, = "once more." _Coup_ enters into many idioms.
Cf. Le coup de grâce.--Le coup de l'étrier.--La ville fut prise par un
coup de main.--Venez me donner un coup de main.--Il s'est engagé par
coup de tête.--Un coup d'essai, de maître, d'éclat.--Un coup de
pied.--Après coup.--Coup sur coup.--A coup sûr.--C'est un coup monté.
648 d'effroi depends on _combien_.
649 la foudre, because the king can strike as suddenly and irresistibly
as the thunderbolt.
653 étincelle, lit. "sparkles," but here: "flashes."
654 The Parsees, in Asia, worship fire to this day. The king here
invokes his gods, the sun and stars.
656 peine is never "physical pain."
661 se pouvoir is only used impersonally, = "to be possible."
676 en. See App. V, ii. C.--_Astres ennemis_ is in accordance with the
astrological superstitions of the time.
678 respectable, in its full etymological sense of "worthy of respect."
681 interêt, see l. 57, N.
686 veut = "bids."
690 entre, here "above."
692 grâce devant vos yeux = "favor in your sight."
693 fûtes, in the past definite, expresses that he may have been
favorable to her in the past, in a period of time _that has come to an
end_, implying "even though he be so no more." See App. II, ii. B. b.
701 qu'on lui fasse entendre = "give him to understand." For dat.
_lui_, see App. III, N.
708 clartés, properly "lights;" the plural being, as often is the case,
the concrete manifestation of that quality of which the singular is the
abstract name. Cf. "charity" and "charities."
713 Que vous semble. See App. IV, i. B.
714 devoir is here used as a pseudo-auxiliary; see l. 155,
N,--_L'emporter_, idiomatic for "to win the day." The substantive, for
which the fossilized pronoun _le_ stands, is uncertain. Cf.
_l'échapper belle_, idiomatic for "to have a narrow escape."
778 Note the force of the tense: "I never [once] admired." See App.
II, ii. B. b.
779 Note the difference between _avoir envie de_ and _porter envie a_.
799 errer is never, while "to err" is always used figuratively.
820 en. See App. V, ii. D.
825 rejoindre = "to join." This prefix _re_- is more freely used in
French than in English. Cf. _recopier_ = "to copy."
826 See Book of Esther, vi. 13-14, for the few lines on which Racine
has built the two strong scenes that follow. Also i. 6, for the
description of the grandeur of this "court of the garden of the king's
palace."
832 éclaircir is "to restore to its own brightness;" _éclairer_ is "to
throw a light from without upon." Cf. l. 177.
835 ressentir, from _re_ + _sentir_. Note the doubling of the "_s_,"
in order to preserve its sound as in _sentir_. Cf. _ressembler_,
_ressource_, _ressusciter_, etc.
aussi cette félicité, i.e., the joy of having been favored as mentioned
in l. 834, as well as the pain of the affront.
836 le mal is of course a reference to ll. 618-622; _le bienfait_, to
l. 702.
838-843 Racine had great experience of court. See Introd.
I.--_Dévorer_, figurative, "to endure in silence." Cf. _dévorer ses
larmes_ = "to restrain one's tears."
841 essuyer, fig. = "to put up with something disagreeable," the figure
being taken from wiping up spilt liquid, as the way to make the best of
a mishap. E.g., _Il essuya un refus--Ce vaisseau a essuyé une
tempête--Ce général avait essuyé plusieurs défaites.
842 un outrage endure. For this Latin construction, see l. 139, N.
868 exerçant, "wielding," correctly refers to the speaker, Haman, as
the king's minister.
872 ma vie exposée, another Latin construction.
874 Que sert. See App. IV, i. A.
881 le peuple. Cf. l. 56, N.
890 For the spelling _voi_ (which is etymologically correct, seeing
that no first person singular ends in "s" in Lat.), see App. I, Rhyme.
892 Cf. Claudian, _In Rufinum_, I. 22, 23.
. . . tolluntur in altum
Ut lapsu graviore ruant.
894 ces bords écartés, i.e., Macedonia. We have already referred to
Rest of the Book of Esther, xvi. 10, where Haman is described as a
Macedonian.
896-897. See l. 485, N.
898 For enfin, see l. 160, N.
910 Note the skillful way in which the poet shows Haman so possessed
with his grief that he can entertain no other thought.
911 ce chagrin, i.e., that betrayed by l. 910.
928 dès longtemps, in prose _depuis longtemps_. See l. 75 N.
934 en, see App. V, ii. C.
935 se resserre = "is wrung."
938 ne le connaître pas. This position of _pas_, after the infinitive,
is elegant and emphatic.
946 croître is transitive only in poetry.
955 Suspendez = "A truce to. . . ."
956 puissent is so frequently used to express an exclamative wish, that
it usually drops the _que_, which here however is retained.
962 encore, i.e., in addition to that fear.
992 riche is the subst.--_Sous la loi_ goes closely after _gémisse_.
1008 For servir de, see l. 259, N.
1012 camp = "host."
1021 For the virtual superlative _si sage_, cf. l. 541.
1024 Dussiez-vous, = _quand même vous devriez_. This elegant use of
the imperf. subj. with subject pronoun inverted (= _quand même_ and the
conditional) is generally confined to the auxiliaries, or
pseudo-auxiliaries, such as _savoir_, _pouvoir_, _falloir_, etc. In
the third person sing. however, where the verb-forms are less
unwieldly, other verbs may be so used: it is a matter of euphony.--For
the previous offer, see l. 660.
1039 aurait puise. Note this conditional past of hypothetical
statement. It always implies that the speaker is unwilling to indorse
the statement on his own responsibility.
Jour means: 1. "day;" 2. "day-light;" 3. any "light,"; physical (as in
_un abat-jour_) or figurative, e.g., l. 1136; 4. "birth," cf. l. 1277;
5. in plural, "life."
1047 contrée, always = "region."
1050 Here begins a magnificent passage where elevation of language
almost reaches inspiration.
1053 qu'on outrage--an adj., "oppressed."
1059 See 2 Kings, xvii. 5-23. Shalmaneser, in 718 B.C., took captive
the kingdom of Israel, and Nebuchadnezzar II., the kingdom of Juda in
606. The captivity of the Jews under the Assyrians lasted 70 years,
606-536 B.C., when they obtained leave from Cyrus to return to
Palestine. See Introd., section 4, Chron. Table.
1062-3 Isaiah xlv. 1-3: "Thus saith the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus,
whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him, and I
will loose the loins of kings; to open the doors before him, and the
gates will not be shut, I will go before thee, and make the rugged
places plain: I will break in pieces the doors of brass, and cut in
sunder the bars of iron; and I will give thee the treasures of
darkness, and hidden riches of secret places." For the Persian kings
of these times, see Introd. section 4. Cyrus reigned about 560-530 B.C.
1068 son temple détruit, another Latin construction.--Nebuchadnezzar
II. destroyed the temple of Jerusalem after his capture of the city in
587 B.C.
1073 sortait, a most instructive use of the imperfect; the narrative
pauses in the succession of _events_, to lay stress on the happy
_state_ now prevailing. See App. II, ii. A.
1075 son fils, Cambyses (reigned 529-522 B.C.).
1077 vous, on the assumption that Ahasuerus is Darius (reigned 521-485
B.C.).
1082 en. See App. V, ii. C.
1086 La Thrace, near enough to Macedonia for the queen's oratorical
purposes. Thracia (now N. E. Roumelia), like Scythia (l. 1096), was
then a remote and almost unknown region, whose inhabitants were all
"barbarians."
1096 sqq. Esther is supremely skillful in laying to the king's credit
all that can flatter his pride, and charging all she complains of
against this _Scythe impitoyable_: a name all the more hateful to the
king as Darius had led an army against the Scythians and lost it (513
B.C.), although Esther puts the expedition in a more flattering light
in l. 1116.
1104 Que. See App. IV, i. A.
1123 Saul, first king of the Israelites, was the son of Kish, a
Benjamite (I Sam. ix. 1-2), and Mordecai is also stated (Book of Esther
ii. 5) to be the son of Kish, a Benjamite.
1127 Impossible to anticipate more skillfully the retort that Mordecai
should have honored the king's favorite.
1135 convert de votre pourpre makes the offence almost personal to the
king.
1136 For jour, see l. 1039, N.
1141 achever = "to finish." Tr. "come down in thy fullness."
1146 crédit, see l. 171.
1151 vos ennemis aussitôt massacrés, another Lat. construction. These
lines are a very skillful revelation of Haman's character; he attempts
to bribe the queen by the offer of that which would seem most desirable
to himself.
1162 en. See App. V, ii. D.
1168 The king interprets Haman's attitude as an attempt at violence.
1175 repaisse. Cf. Verg. Aen. VIII, 265: nequeunt expleri corda tuendo.
1190 est expiré (on the analogy of _est mort_), for _a expiré_, which
would be impossible in classical French poetry. See App. I, Hiatus.
The result is more stress on the state, instead of on the action.
1193 Cf. Juvenal, x. 66.
_Seianus ducitur unco
Spectandus_.
1194 "O king, live forever!"
1196 entends, as very frequently, = "understand." Note a third use:
"to understand by one's own words," i.e., "to mean."
1213 Je n'ai fait que passer may be translated: "before I had passed
by;" lit. "I only passed by," I needed not to wait, in order to witness
the short-lived triumph of the wicked.
1214 surprendre = "to take unawares."
1231 couronnée = "on the throne."
1256 se plaît de, now rather _se plaît à_.
1264 Cf. Ps. xviii. 9; "he bowed the heavens also, and came down."
1267 Jeune peuple. Cf. l. 56, N. There is also an allusion to the
reconstitution of the Jews as a nation, promised by the king, ll.
1182-1189.
1280 Note that nous is dative. See App. III, N.
APPENDIX I.
FRENCH VERSE.
French verse, as found in the classical writers, consists of lines in
which the principal factor is the number of syllables (loosely called
_pieds_ in French, as well as _syllabes_), and not, as in English, the
number of accents.
METRE.
The "heroic verse," or _grand vers_ in French, is the _hexamètre_, or
_vers alexandrin_: the former name being due to the fact that this line
consists of two halves or _hémistiches_ of six syllables each; the
latter a name derived from the poet Alexandre de Bernay, who, in the
latter half of the twelfth century, first used this metre in his
celebrated epic of "_Alexandre_."
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
E.g., Esth. l. 2.: _Que béni soit le ciel || qui te rend à mes voeux_!
Lyric poetry may have lines of any number of syllables.
E.g., Esth. l. 1241: _Rompez vos fers_ 4 sylls.
l. 970: _Ses criminels attentats_ 7 "
l. 722: _En un moment s'est-il évanoui_ 10 "
All syllables, mute or otherwise, are counted except, (1) when a 'mute
e' is elided before a word beginning with a vowel or 'mute h,' e.g.,
1 2 3 4 5 6
l. 1: _Est-ce toi, chèr(e) Élis(e)?_ = 6 sylls.;
(2) at the end of a line, where the 'mute e' is reckoned with the
preceding sounded syllable, which is thus made a "feminine rhyme," e.g.;
1 2 3 4 5 6
l. 7 . . . || _est cher à ma mémoire!_ = 6 sylls.
It is for this reason that Racine avails himself (ll. 92, 436, 514,
1232) of the license to spell _encor_ instead of _encore_, thereby
reducing the word by one syllable:
1 2 3 4 5 6
l. 436 . . . || _le voit encor la nuit_;
and conversely he writes _jusques_ for _jusque_ before _au_, to prevent
the elision and keep the word dissyllabic, in
1 2 3 4 5 6
l. 136 _Sion, jusques au ciel_: || . . . .
Similarly in l. 426, for the simpler expression
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
_Tous révèrent à genoux_,
he writes,
1 2 3 4 5 6
_Tout révèr(e) à genoux_, ||
reducing the seven syllables of the former to a correct hemistich.
CAESURA.
Between the two hemistiches of an hexameter there must be a pause,
called _la césure_, or 'caesura.'
RHYME.
French poetry being less rhythmical than English, owing to the absence
of strong word-accents, makes up the deficiency by much greater stress
on rhyme. In French verse, rhyme not only is almost indispensable, but
must, in a measure, satisfy the eye as well as the ear. For instance,
words ending in 's' 'x' or 'z' can only rhyme with words also ending in
one of these three letters. Hence, the use of such obsolete forms as
_voi_ for _vois_ (ll. 890, 947); the latter could not rhyme with _moi_
or _roi_.
French rhymes are called "feminine" when they have a 'mute e' in or
after their last sounded syllable; e.g., _descendue_, _mémoire_,
_armées_, _coururent_, _cabales_, _assassinaient_ are feminine rhymes.
In all other cases they are called 'masculine' rhymes.
In heroic verse the masculine and feminine rhymes are generally found
in alternating pairs. In lyrics, however, they are freely crossed, but
with this restriction, that one rhyme of either kind is never found
next to a different one of the same kind, i.e., two _different_
masculines or feminines are never found in juxtaposition.
HIATUS.
Two sounded vowels coming together form a "hiatus." A hiatus between a
vowel at the end of a word and another at the beginning of the next, is
forbidden. Hence, l. 546, where the straightforward expression would
have been _lui échappe_, Racine wrote the equivalent _nous échappe_, in
order to avoid the hiatus.
Lastly, a sounded vowel, followed by an unelided 'mute e,' must be at
the end of the line. Thus the word _Mardochée_ must always be at the
end of the line, or else be followed by a word beginning with a vowel
or 'mute h,' so that its 'mute e' may be elided. Cf. ll. 44, 618, and
156, 459, etc. Such words as _armées_, _joies_, etc., whose 'mute e'
cannot be elided, can never occur in the body of the line. The only
exception is made in favor of the verb-endings in _-oient_ and
_-aient_. Cf. ll. 527, 1111.
In French poetry, as in French grammar, 'mute h' always = a vowel, and
'aspirate h' = a consonant.
The rules given above apply to classical French poetry only. The
modern poetical schools of the nineteenth century have been taking
liberties with them, especially with the caesura. The latest school of
French poets, the _symbolistes_ or _décadents_ as they style
themselves, are attempting to overthrow every one. At their hands the
caesura has finally disappeared, and the following form, called a
_ternaire_, has become possible:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
_Où je filai | pensivement | la blanche laine_. (Th. de Banville.)
Then the 'mute e's' are disregarded:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
_Avec les filles | du vieux seigneur | en robes blanches_.
(H. de Régnier.)
The number of syllables is of little account:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
_Des mortes douces | qui moururent là | quelque soir.
(H. de Régnier).
The hiatus is no longer tabooed, and lastly, not only the artificial
rules of rhyme, but rhyme itself, is being done away with: assonance
may take its place. If the constitution of the French language did not
make it unlikely that these reforms should prove permanent, the vehicle
of French poetic thought would become mere harmonious prose.
APPENDIX II.
_THE PAST TENSES IN FRENCH_.
The English praeterite being the equivalent of three tenses in French,
it is of the utmost importance that a clear idea of the shades of
meaning conveyed by the latter should be firmly possessed.
i.
_WHENEVER REPETITION OF THE ACTION IS IMPLIED_ the IMPARFAIT is used.
The force, in English, is "used to . . .," "kept . . . -ing," etc.
E.g., Esth. l. 6: _m'aidais à soupirer_ . . . "wast wont to sigh with
me."
l. 83: . . . _disais-je_, . . . = "I would say"
ii.
_WHEN NO REPETITION OF THE ACTION IS IMPLIED_.
A. IF THE ACTION IS CONSIDERED AS BEING SIMPLY IN PROGRESS, WITHOUT
REFERENCE EITHER TO ITS BEGINNING OR TO ITS END, again the IMPARFAIT is
used.
The force, in English, is "was . . . -ing."
E.g., l. 12: _je vivais séparée_ = "I was living apart."
l. 58: . . . _attendaient leur arrêt_ = "were awaiting their doom."
B. IF THE ACTION IS STATED WITH REFERENCE EITHER TO ITS BEGINNING, OR
TO ITS END, OR TO BOTH, the PASSÉ DÉFINI is used.
Thus _a. Simple occurrence_, which is the introduction of a new action
now beginning to take place, takes the _passé défini_.
E.g., l. 19: . . . _ajouta-t-il_, . . . = "he [then] added."
l. 26: . . . _qui sauva nos aïeux_ = "which [once before] saved our
forefathers."
l. 494.: _il trembla pour sa vie_ = "he began to tremble for his life."
_b. Continuous duration through a completed period of time_ which may
be expressed or implied, takes the _passé défini_.
E.g., l. 4: . . . _fus de mes premiers ans la compagne assidue_ =
"wast the constant companion of my earliest years."
l. 272: . . . _qui ne furent jamais_ = "who never [in all time] had
existence."
l. 477: . . . _il fut des Juifs_ = "there was once [but is no more] a
race of Jews."
NOTE that the action may be stated as recurring a given or indefinite
number of times, and yet the verb will not be in the imperfect.
E.g., l. 249: _Mon pere mille fois m'a dit_ . . .
l. 531: _Et j'ai pâli deux fois_. . . .
If the imperfect were used here, the meaning would be "My father used
to tell me a thousand times," i.e., he told me 1000 X n times, and in
the second sentence, "I grew pale 2 X n times."
The student is recommended to account to himself carefully for the
different tenses used in contrast to one another in the following
passages:
ll. 4 and 6; 72 and 73; 1058 sqq. and 1073; 1074 to 1082.
PASSÉ INDÉFINI.
With regard to the third tense, the PASSÉ INDÉFINI, there is no
difficulty. It is used:
_A_. Precisely like the English compound of the past.
E.g., l. 30: _le ciel a-t-il conduit_ . . . = "has heaven brought
about. . ."
l. 158: _a . . . conduit vos pas_ = "has guided your footsteps."
_B_. As a colloquial form of the passe defini in all its uses.
E.g., l. 24: _j'ai su trouver_ = "I succeeded in finding."
l. 399: . . . _que j'ai laissé plus calme_ = "whom I left . . ."
APPENDIX III.
_ACTIVE INFINITIVES WITH PASSIVE MEANING_.
_Faire_, _laisser_, and a very few verbs of physical perception, such
as _voir_, _entendre_, _sentir_, are idiomatically used before an
active infinitive which assumes a passive meaning. E.g., _J'ai fait
faire un habit_, "I have had a coat made."
These constructions are due to the dropping of the obvious subject of
the infinitive ("I made [the tailor] make a coat") which must be
supplied in order to account for the form.
E.g., Esth. l. 9: . . . _je te fais chercher_ = _que je fais [mes
esclaves] te chercher.
l. 146: _Quand verrai-je relever tes remparts_ = _quand verrai-je [tes
fils] relever tes remparts_.
l. 386: _Sa voix s'est fait entendre_ = _sa voix a fait [nous] entendre
elle-même_.
l. 731: _laissant de ses eaux partager le secours_ = _laissant [cette
main] partager le secours de ses eaux_.
For other instances of this construction, see ll. 110, 181, 394, 407,
523.
This construction is possible in English: . . . "for whose sake Artemis
let slay the boar" (Swinburne, Argument of "Atalanta in Calydon.")
NOTE. It should be borne in mind that, should the subject of the
infinitive be expressed, whenever the infinitive is _transitive_, that
subject may (and if the first verb is _faire_, must) be put in the
dative case, or in the oblique case with _par_. Thus in l. 52,
_Il me fit d'un empire accepter l'espérance_,
_me_ is dative and not accusative. Similarly in l. 1280,
_Il nous fait remporter une illustre victoire_,
_nous_ is dative.
APPENDIX IV.
QUE, _CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVERBIAL_.
The interrogative pronouns are _Qui?_ = "Who?" or "Whom?" and _quoi?_ =
"What?" the latter having the conjunctive form _que_, which, as is the
case with all conjunctives, must be used in preference to the
disjunctive form, if possible.
i.
The CONJUNCTIVE QUE is used:
_A_. Instead of accusative _quoi_:
Esth. l. 161: _Que nous annoncez-vous?_
l. 593: _Que penses-tu?_
Also ll. 637, 675, 762, 1078, 1104, etc.
In _Que sert?_ (ll. 874 and 333), the _que_ is probably the accus.
conjunctive, due to a confusion in the construction of _servir_. (See
N. to l. 259)
_B_. Instead of nominative _quoi_, when followed by the formal subject
_ce_ or _il_.
E.g., _Qu'est-ce? Qu'est-ce que c'est?_ etc.
Esth. l. 596: _Que sont-ils?_
l. 713: _Que vous semble?_ ( = _Que vous semble-t-il?_)
ii.
QUE is used ADVERBIALLY:
_A_. As an interrogative = "why," followed by _ne_ and no _pas_.
E.g. Esth. l. 558: _Que n'a-t-il plus tôt demandé son salaire?_
Also, but very rarely, in the affirmative.
E.g., l. 523: _Que tardez-vous?_
_B_. As an exclamative = "how!"
E.g., l. 465: _Que ce temps est long à mon impatience!_
Also ll. 691, 735, 946.
_C_. As a relative of time = "when."
E.g., l. 569: _Sur le point que la vie_, etc.
APPENDIX V.
EN.
Reference to the derivation of this word will do much to remove the
difficulty attending a clear understanding of its various functions.
i.
EN, _PREPOSITION_, from the Latin _in_, offers no stumbling-block save
in its second use = "as" or "like."
Eg., Esth. l. 1192: _on va donner en spectacle_ = "as a spectacle."
l. 174; _il nous croit en horreur_ = "he thinks us an object of
horror." Cf. also l. 246 and l. 1177.
In Corneille's "Le Cid" (l. 318) _vivre en infâme_ = "to live [as] an
infamous man."
ii.
EN, _CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUN_, from the Latin _inde_ ("hence," "from that,"
etc.) is used:
_A_. As an ordinary genitive = "of" or "from it, him," "her," "them,"
etc.
_B_. As a partitive accusative; as we might say in English: "I will
take of that."
These two uses are too frequent to require illustration.
_C_. With the force of "on account of that," "for that," when it is not
always to be translated in English.
E.g., Esth. l. 234: _Nous n'en verrons pas moins_, etc. = "none the
less [for that]." Cf. also l. 630.