Turkey, who tried to exercise a sovereignty, over the people, came to
grief when met by their determined opposition. In 1862 the inhabitants
of Herzegovina rebelled against the sovereignty of the Crescent,
and were supported in their revolt by the Montenegrins. The Turkish
Government thereupon recalled their best general, Omar Pasha, from
exile, and gave him the chief command of the forces sent against
Herzegovina and her ally.
Omar Pasha forced his way into Montenegro at the head of a powerful
Army. His forces were so superior to those of the Montenegrins that
the latter could not keep up their brave opposition for very long, but
the Turkish losses were so considerable, and their enemy so impossible
to get at, that the former were glad when the Montenegrins showed
themselves willing to treat for peace on easy conditions. Montenegro,
therefore, stands to this day a rocky fortress and a bulwark against
the advance of the Crescent.
Montenegro requires no law of universal conscription, for every
able-bodied man has, as a matter of course, been trained to arms from
his youth up. It has also no Standing Army, only a Body-Guard for
the Prince, composed of 300 men,[23] of whom 50 are mounted. It is,
however, stated that at least 35,000 men and a few mountain-guns could
be put in the field in case of war, in order to defend the country
against an invader from any quarter.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 22: Numbering 468 battalions Infantry, 432 squadrons Cavalry,
252 batteries Artillery, and 72 companies Engineers.—_Tr._]
[Footnote 23: “Peganicis.”]
APPENDIX.
SKETCH OF THE NAVIES OF EUROPE.
We have now finished with our bird-eye view of the Armies of Europe. A
country armed strength does not, however, consist exclusively of her
Army; her Navy has to be reckoned with as well. We will, therefore,
glance at the naval forces of the chief of the European States.
[Sidenote: +ENGLAND.+]
The first place amongst Naval Powers is undoubtedly still held by
Great Britain as queen of the seas, however much other nations may
try to overhaul her in ships and material. There have certainly been
voices heard lately in Parliament anent the alleged standstill—_i.e._,
backsliding, when the race with foreign nations is taken into
account—in the naval development of England. The late great Naval
Review, however, last August, appeared to disarm all hostile criticism
as to the strength and efficiency of the British Fleet. There were at
that time, off Portsmouth, several square miles of vessels, altogether
112 fighting-ships. Yet this was but a small portion of England Navy,
for the total English Fleet amounts to altogether 763 vessels, as
follows:—
Turreted and belted men-of-war 37
Ironclad corvettes and cruisers 80
Sloops and gun-vessels 40
Gunboats 102
Torpedo-boats 120
Torpedo-ships, mine-layers, etc. 43
Despatch-vessels and survey-ships 33
Transports, sailing-vessels,
and turret-ships 29
Various, for coast and harbour service 195
Auxiliary ocean steamers 23
---
Total 702
India 28
South Africa 2
Australia 31
---
Grand total 763
---
[Sidenote: +FRANCE.+]
France possesses now—
Men-of-war 25
Other ironclads 29
Cruisers 58
Gunboats and avisos 82
Gun-sloops (small) 54
Torpedo-vessels, etc. 16
Torpedo-boats 136
Transports and sailing-ships 72
Coast and harbour service, etc. 107
Auxiliary ocean steamers 14
---
Total 593
---
Besides over 200 small sailing-vessels and hulks.
[Sidenote: +RUSSIA.+]
Russia has of late years considerably increased her fleet, spending her
substance chiefly on large ironclads, which appear to be the fashion
nowadays. Her biggest ironclads are those in the Black Sea. The Russian
Navy should not be, all the same, considered as a very powerful one,
for a great many of her ironclads and torpedo-boats are out of date,
and not up to the requirements of modern naval warfare.
The Russian fleet numbers altogether—
Men-of-war 21
Monitors and cruisers 44
Torpedo-vessels and gunboats 21
Torpedo-boats (old and new) 140
Sailing-vessels, etc. 50
Transports, etc. 123
Coast and harbour service 50
Boat-flotilla 33
---
Total 482
---
[Sidenote: +ITALY.+]
The naval forces of Italy have increased
very rapidly during the last twelve years.
At present they number—
Men-of-war 19
Corvettes 19
Torpedo-vessels and avisos 26
Gunboats 10
Torpedo-boats 122
Transports and survey-ships 19
Harbour and coast service 92
Auxiliary ocean steamers 7
---
Total 314
---
[Sidenote: +AUSTRIA.+]
Austria also has considerably increased
her fleet. It now consists of—
Men-of-war and cruisers 15
Torpedo-vessels and gunboats 15
Corvettes, Transports, and avisos 21
Torpedo-boats 56
Harbour and coast service 19
---
Total 126
---
[Sidenote: +GERMANY.+]
The latest recruit to the Naval Powers is Germany, “last not least,” of
whose naval organisation we will give a few details.
The officers of the German Navy consist of 2 “Station-Chiefs” at
Kiel and Wilhelmshaven with 2 flag-lieutenants, 3 vice-admirals, 17
post-captains, 33 corvette-captains, 64 “captain-lieutenants,” 120
lieutenants, and 114 sub-lieutenants. Besides these, there are 100
naval cadets, and engineers, paymasters, and surgeons in proportion.
The men, when on shore, are formed into 2 Divisions of seamen and 2
Divisions of dockyard men, at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven. Besides these,
there is a Division of “ship-boys,” a Naval Police Corps, 2 battalions
of Marine Infantry at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven, and 2 companies of Marine
Artillery at Friedrichsort and Wilhelmshaven, and the Naval Medical
Department.
The Marine Reserve and “Seewehr” are formed similarly to the Army
Reserve and Landwehr.
The matériel consists of—
Men-of-war and other ironclads 26
Cruisers 26
Torpedo-vessels, gunboats, and avisos 18
Torpedo-boats 93
Various for harbour service 42
---
Total 205
---
The original plan for forming a fleet, started in 1872–73, has been
departed from in several details, gained from the experience of other
nations and from the knowledge of German requirements; economy had
also something to do with the matter. The building of huge ironclads
was not persevered in, and more attention was paid to increasing the
torpedo-flotilla for the defence of the coasts and ports.
Although the Imperial Navy is not yet strong enough to compete
successfully with those of other great naval powers on the open sea,
still one great object has been gained, _i.e._, the protection of
trade and the merchant service. Germany is also now enabled to enter
into commercial and political relations with distant countries, and
to make the German flag respected in all parts of the world in a way
which would not otherwise have been possible. The Navy will also be
able in the future to defend the German coast-line and make the foreign
invasion of her coasts an impossibility. It is difficult to forecast
the probable development of the German Navy, for the colonies which the
country has recently founded and is still founding will increase its
task and may lead to the formation of a much larger fleet.
The recognition which the German Navy has lately won on all sides,
especially on the part of England, allows of the hope that it will soon
be considered as fit to go hand in hand with the German Army. One thing
is certain, and that is, that its successes, whether in the hoisting
of the national flag in distant parts of the world, or in the more
peaceful task of cementing friendly relations with other Powers, are
followed with the greatest interest and appreciation by the whole of
the German Empire.
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