THE TREATY OF PEACE.
No better summary of the progress and achievements of the war has
been given than in the words of the President, addressed to a vast
assemblage at the Trans–Mississippi Exposition, in October, 1898:
“Our army had years ago been reduced to a peace footing. We had only
nineteen thousand available troops when the war was declared, but the
account which officers and men gave of themselves on the battlefields
has never been surpassed.
“The manhood was there and everywhere. American patriotism was there,
and its resources were limitless. The courageous and invincible spirit
of the people proved glorious, and those who a little more than a
third of a century ago were divided and at war with each other, were
again united under the holy standard of liberty. Patriotism banished
party feeling; fifty millions of dollars for the national defence was
appropriated without debate or division, as a matter of course, and as
only a mere indication of our mighty reserve power.
“But if this is true of the beginning of the war, what shall we
say of it now, with hostilities suspended and peace near at hand,
as we fervently hope? Matchless in its results! Unequalled in its
completeness and the quick succession with which victory followed
victory! Attained earlier than it was believed to be possible; so
comprehensive in its sweep that every thoughtful man feels the weight
of responsibility which has been so suddenly thrust upon us. And, above
all and beyond all, the valour of the American army, the bravery of the
American navy, and the majesty of the American name, stand forth in
unsullied glory, while the humanity of our purposes and the magnanimity
of our conduct have given to war, always horrible, touches of noble
generosity, Christian sympathy and charity, and examples of human
grandeur, which can never be lost to mankind. Passion and bitterness
formed no part of our impelling motive, and it is gratifying to feel
that humanity triumphed at every step of the war’s progress.
“The heroes of Manila and Santiago and Puerto Rico made immortal
history. They are worthy successors and descendants of Washington
and Greene, of Paul Jones, Decatur, and Hull, and of Grant, Sherman,
Sheridan, and Logan, of Farragut, Porter, and Cushing, and of Lee,
Jackson, and Longstreet.
“New names stand out on the honour roll of the nation’s great men,
and with them unnamed stand the heroes of the trenches and the
forecastle, invincible in battle and uncomplaining in death. The
intelligent, loyal, indomitable soldier and sailor and marine, regular
and volunteer, are entitled to equal praise as having done their whole
duty, whether at home or under the baptism of foreign fire. Who will
dim the splendour of their achievements? Who will withhold from them
their well–earned distinction?
“The faith of a Christian nation recognises the hand of Almighty God in
the ordeal through which we have passed. Divine favour seemed manifest
everywhere. In fighting for humanity’s sake we have been signally
blessed. We did not seek war. To avoid it, if this could be done in
justice and honour to the rights of our neighbours and ourselves, was
our constant prayer. The war was no more invited by us than were the
questions which are laid at our door by its results. Now, as then, we
will do our duty. The problems will not be solved in a day. Patience
will be required—patience combined with sincerity of purpose and
unshaken resolution to do right, seeking only the highest good of the
nation, and recognising no other obligation, pursuing no other path but
that of duty.”
With the signing of the protocol hostilities ceased, and by the middle
of August, 1898, the war had virtually ended. Each Government appointed
commissioners to arrange for the evacuation of Cuba and Puerto
Rico, and by the 18th of October the latter island was in exclusive
possession of the United States. Owing to the presence in Cuba of so
large a number of Spanish troops—more than one hundred thousand—and
the great extent of that island, the evacuation proceedings were more
slowly carried out, and it was not until the 1st of January, 1899, that
Havana, the capital, was delivered into the sole care of the Americans.
Meanwhile, peace commissioners had been appointed by each country, five
by Spain and five by the United States, who met in Paris the first week
in October. After long and deliberate sessions, and not without some
friction from their divergent views, a treaty of peace was concluded,
which was signed by all the commissioners on the 10th of December,
and presented to the Executive of the United States the day before
Christmas.
Although the United States occupied the position of conqueror, and
was in a situation where it could exact its own terms, still it did
not presume upon its advantages, and was exceedingly generous in its
treatment of the fallen foe. By the capture of Manila, the capital of
the Philippines, the Americans had practically acquired possession of
that vast group in Asiatic waters. Nevertheless, the United States
agreed to pay the Spaniards the sum of twenty million dollars, and to
repatriate all Spanish troops then on service there.
By the terms of the protocol, confirmed by the treaty, Puerto Rico and
its adjacent islands in the Atlantic were ceded to the victors without
reservation, and became American property. In the East the island of
Guam, in the Ladrones, was ceded as a coaling station, and the vast
archipelagos of the Philippines and Sulus. The island of Cuba, while
freed from Spanish tyranny, did not directly become a possession of
the United States, as that Government had distinctly disclaimed any
intention of assuming sovereignty over it except for its pacification
only. “Spanish rule,” declared President McKinley, in his message to
Congress of December 8, 1898, “must be replaced by a just, benevolent,
and humane government, created by the people of Cuba, capable of
performing all international obligations, and which shall encourage
thrift, industry, and prosperity, and promote peace and goodwill
among all the inhabitants, whatever may have been their relations in
the past. Neither revenge nor passion should have a place in the new
government. Until there is complete tranquility in the island, and a
stable government inaugurated, military occupation will be continued.”
The complete transfer of authority was not unaccompanied by
disturbance, either in the Philippines or in Cuba. In the former
islands the native insurgents, mistrusting the humane intentions of
their new masters, manifested a spirit of turbulence which indicated
that they would have to be pacified before intrusted with the full
measure of freedom. In truth, it would appear that the actual war was
a minor matter compared with the gigantic task the United States had
undertaken of preparing the diverse peoples to walk in the paths of
progress and higher civilization.
In Cuba, filling the places made vacant by the withdrawal of the
Spanish soldiery, the American army gradually possessed itself of
every strategic point, and by the 1st of January, 1899, the island
was practically held by the Americans. At noon of that day the
Spanish flag was hauled down and the Stars and Stripes hoisted in its
place, above the historic Morro Castle, where the banner of Spain had
floated (except for a brief intermission) for nearly three hundred
years. Captain–General Castellanos, who had succeeded General Blanco
in November, and was then in command of the Spanish forces, met the
American commissioners at the palace in Havana, and resigned his
authority over the island in the following words:
“According to the protocol of peace, signed August 12th, I, obeying the
orders of the government of her Catholic Majesty, the Queen–Regent of
Spain, and in the name of her son, his Majesty the King, deliver the
island of Cuba to the Government of the United States, represented by
your commission.”
General Wade, chief of the American commissioners, made an equally
brief reply, and then gave this important trust into the keeping of
General Brooke, the military governor.
As General Castellanos left the palace for the steamer on which he
was to take his departure, the American soldiers drawn up in the
plaza presented arms, the officers saluted with their swords, and the
American military band played the royal Spanish march.
This unfortunate Spanish official, to whom had been intrusted the
disagreeable duty of relinquishing into foreign hands the supreme
authority over Cuba, was profoundly moved, and, as he heard the salutes
being fired in honour of the American flag, which had now supplanted
the emblem of Spain, he said, brokenly: “This is the most bitter
moment of my life. I pray that none of you will ever suffer what I am
suffering now.”
Thus he departed, carrying with him the sympathy and esteem of those
who but recently had been his foes. The spirit of goodwill and
fraternal feeling was never more manifest than between the Spaniards
and Americans in Cuba; for with the cessation of strife disappeared all
animosities of whatever nature. Only the Cubans, who had been prevented
for important reasons from participating in the final demonstrations
attendant upon the occupation of Havana, and who allowed themselves to
distrust the motives of the conquerors, held aloof at first and seemed
to cherish revengeful feelings.
But when General Castellanos advanced to General Menocal, a Cuban high
in authority, and said, “I am sorry, sir, that we have been enemies,
having the same blood in our veins,” the latter answered generously:
“Sir, we fought for Cuba. Now that she is free, we are no longer
enemies!”
All animosities seemed then to be forgotten, and it would appear that
the United States had already succeeded in its pacific mission of
intervention, as the air was rent with the cries of “_Viva España!”
“Viva America!” “Viva Cuba Libre!_”
If a spirit of revenge had been cherished by the Americans, it must
needs have been appeased that afternoon, at the sight of American
soldiers marching through the capital city of Havana, with the former
Consul–General Fitzhugh Lee at their head, and in the harbour the Stars
and Stripes floating from a spar above the sunken war ship Maine.
There seems every reason to believe that the noble aspiration of the
great American Executive will be realized:
“As soon as we are in possession of Cuba, and have pacified the island,
it will be necessary to give aid and direction to its people to form a
government for themselves. This should be undertaken at the earliest
moment consistent with safety and assured success. It is important that
our relations with this people shall be of the most friendly character,
and our commercial relations close and reciprocal. It should be our
duty to assist in every proper way to build up the waste places of the
island, encourage the industry of the people, and assist them to form a
government which shall be free and independent; thus realizing the best
aspirations of the Cuban people.”
The city of Santiago is already a notable object–lesson of the benefits
of American rule, where soldiers from the Cuban army and impoverished
_pacificos_ have been generously paid by the military governor to
assist at the work of reform.
America has shown that her declaration of sympathy with suffering
humanity in the Spanish islands: in the Philippines as well as in Cuba,
were not idle words spoken for effect upon the outside world, but the
voicing of a principle which has been consistently adhered to, not only
through the din of battle but in the hush of peace. And not the least
of her victories is that over herself—second only to that which has
brought to her side (compelled by admiration of her deeds and inherent
love for valorous performances) the “motherland” of America: England,
home of the sea–kings, Drake and his colleagues who assisted at the
destruction of the armada; Nelson, who buried Spanish prestige in the
watery grave of Trafalgar. International comity advances to a higher
plane, international obligations acquire a new significance, when
nations are inspired by mutual respect and regard.
At the opening of the nineteenth century Spain’s sway extended over
nearly one half the total area of the three Americas, her possessions
in the western hemisphere being estimated at 6,750,000 square miles. At
its close she held no territory here, and her flag had disappeared from
the isles and continents discovered by Columbus and conquered by her
soldiers.
At the beginning of this century the United States controlled less
than a million square miles of territory; at its ending, more than
3,600,000! While it was once claimed by Spain that on her vast empire
the sun never set; of the American possessions, since the acquisition
of the Philippines, it is literally true.
This reversal of relative conditions at the close of the century must
be apparent even to the Spanish nation, now contracted within the
ancient confines of the Iberian Peninsula, shorn of prestige, glory,
and colonies.
Paradoxical as it may seem, yet Spain’s losses by war may eventually
become her gain; for her colonies had long been clogs upon her
progress, and had devoured her substance greedily. No longer compelled
to maintain a large standing army, or to send abroad the flower of her
young manhood, Spain can devote to agriculture and manufactures, to art
and literature, the forces that were worse than wasted in camp and on
the battlefield.
She has no worse enemies than those of her own household; but still on
her borders rises the fateful apparition of Don Carlos the pretender.
In time, perhaps, if the lessons of the war are heeded, the Spaniard
may be able to perceive the absurdity of that boastful Spanish proverb,
“Whoever says Spain, says everything!”
[Illustration]
INDEX.
A
Abbas, uncle of Mohammed, 46.
Abbasides, sect of the, 45.
Abdalasis, 43.
Abdelmummen, 67.
Abderrahman, Prince, 46, 47.
Abderrahman III, 49.
Abencerrages, the, 45.
Abu Bekr, 45.
Acapulco galleon, the, 173.
Aguilar, Alonzo de, 101.
Aix–la–Chapelle, Treaty of, 161, 171.
Alarcos, battle of, 67.
Alaric, 25, 26.
Alaric II, King, 28.
Albaicin, the, 93.
Alcala, university of, 131.
Alcantara, order of, 87.
Alcázar of Seville, 95.
Alfonso I and II, 57.
Alfonso the Victorious, 58.
Alfonso VI, 64, 66.
Alfonso VIII, 67, 73.
Alfonso IX, 74.
Alfonso X, 75.
Alfonso XI, 76.
Alfonso XII, 76, 207, 209.
Alfonso XIII, 76, 210, 212.
Algeciras, battle of, 77.
Alhama, fortress of, 98.
Alhamar, Ibn, King of Granada, 93, 94.
Alhambra, the, 94.
Ali Atar, Moorish warrior, 101.
Almansor, the Great, 52, 63.
Almeria, fall of, 104.
Almirante Oquendo, Spanish war ship, 252.
Almohades, sect of the, 66.
Almoravides, sect of the, 67.
Alva, Duke of, 146, 147.
Amadeo, Don, 205.
America, discovery of, 116.
Americus Vespucci, 125.
Americapan, aboriginal American word, 125.
Andalusia, province of, 28, 106.
Anne of Austria, 144.
Aranda, Count, 174.
Armada, the Great, 153.
Arians, the Gothic, 30.
Art and literature, 163.
Aryan Kelts, the, 4.
Asiatic squadron, the U. S., 241.
Asiento, the, 171.
Asturias, Prince of the, 182.
Asturias, Princess of the, 209.
Atawulf, 26.
Attila the Hun, 28.
Augsburg, Peace of, 139.
Austria, Don Juan of, 148.
Auto da fé, the, 90, 146.
Ayeshah, wife of Mohammed, 46.
B
Babieca, the Cid’s war–horse, 67.
Bagley, Ensign, U.S. Army, 245.
Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 127.
Barbara of Portugal, 72.
Barbarossa, pirate king, 138.
Basel, Treaty of, 178.
Baza, fall of, 104.
Berbers, the African, 62.
Bernardo del Carpio, 58.
Blanco, Captain–General, 262, 272.
Blockade, the Cuban, 239.
Bloody Mary, 143.
Blue, Lieutenant Victor, 246.
Boabdil, King of Granada, 100, 102, 110, 112.
Bobadilla, 124.
Bonaparte, Joseph, 184, 187, 189.
Bourbon, Constable of, 137.
Bourbon, Don Francisco de, 199.
Bourbon, the house of, 166, 169, 177, 180, 207.
Bridge of Pines, Granada, 115.
Brooke, General, U. S. Army, 272.
Brooklyn, the battleship, U. S. Navy, 251–253.
Burgos, Spanish statesman, 200.
C
Cabrera, Carlist general, 197.
Cadiz, city of, 78.
Cadiz, Marquis of, 97.
Cæsar, Julius, in Spain, 21, 22.
Calais and Queen Mary of England, 145.
Calatrava, military order of, 87.
Califas (or caliphs), 43.
Califate (or caliphate), the Western, 45.
Campos, General Martinez, 208, 214, 221.
Campostella (or Compostella), 52.
Carlists, the, 196, 198.
Carlos, Don, the pretender, 195, 198.
Carlos, Don, son of Philip II, 143.
Carthage, city of, 9.
Castelar, Emilio, 205.
Castellanos, Captain–General, 272.
Castile, kingdom of, 86.
Castillo, Canovas del, 208, 215.
Catherine, Queen, 129.
Catholic, Ferdinand the, 132.
Cato in Spain, 10.
Celtiberians, the, 5, 17.
Celts, or Kelts, 4.
Cervantes, author of Don Quixote, 163.
Cervera, Admiral of Spanish fleet, 239, 240, 245.
Cervera, Admiral, at Santiago de Cuba, 246, 251.
Cervera, Admiral, a prisoner, 256.
Cervera’s fleet, destruction of, 252.
Cespedes, Carlos de, 220.
Ceuta, coast of Africa, 37.
Charlemagne, Emperor, 48.
Charles Martel, 44.
Charles I (Emperor Charles V), 129, 133, 135, 136–140.
Charles II, King, 154–162.
Charles III, King, 173, 175.
Charles IV, King, 176–182.
Charles IX, King of France, 149.
Chico, el Rey (Boabdil), 111.
Child–kings of Spain, 209.
Christina of Naples, 199.
Christina, Queen–Regent, 209, 212.
Christinos, the, 197.
Cid Campeador, the, 68, 71.
Cimbri, invasion of the, 20.
Clement, Pope, 137.
Colonial policy of Spain, 218.
Colonial possessions, 216, 218.
Columbus, Christopher, in Spain, 112, 114, 123, 124.
Columbus, Diego, 126.
Complutensian Bible, the, 131.
Condé, the Great, 159.
Congress, United States, and Cuba, 235.
Congress, United States, resolutions in, 236, 237.
Constance, Princess, 80.
Constantius, 27.
Conquistadores, the, 125, 128.
Cordova, city of, 50, 51, 92.
Cordova, Gonsalvo de, 122, 131.
Cordova, Hernandez de, 126.
Cortes, the Spanish, 81.
Cortes and Constitution, 213.
Cortes, Hernando, in Mexico, 126.
Council of Blood, the, 147.
Cristobal Colon, Spanish warship, 252.
Cuba, island of, 218, 220.
Cuba, Indians of, discovered by Columbus, 219.
Cuba, revolts in, 220.
Cuba, insurgents of, 221, 222.
Cuba, reconcentrados of, 227.
Cuba, sufferings of natives of, 228–330.
Cuba, invasion of, by U. S. troops, 247, 248.
Cuba, evacuation of, by Spaniards, 269.
Cuban junta in the United States, 230.
D
Darien, Isthmus of, 127.
Dewey, Commodore, U. S. Navy, 241.
Dewey, Commodore, victory of, at Manila, 242.
Drake, Sir Francis, 152, 153.
Don Carlos, the pretender, 195, 198.
Dutch East India Company, 155.
E
Egica, Gothic King, 33.
Elizabeth, Queen, of England, 144, 150, 152, 155.
Enghein, Duke of, 180.
Enrique, Don, 76, 83.
Ervigius, King, 32.
Escorial, the (Escurial), 153.
Espartero, General, 197, 201, 205.
Euric, King, 28.
Exilona, Gothic Queen, 43.
F
Family Compact, the, 173.
Farther Spain, under the Romans, 18.
Ferdinand the Saint, 74.
Ferdinand IV., 76.
Ferdinand of Arragon, 80.
Ferdinand married to Isabella, 82.
Ferdinand besieges Malaga, 103.
Ferdinand besieges Granada, 108.
Ferdinand, attempted assassination of, 121.
Ferdinand, second marriage of, 130.
Ferdinand, death of, 131.
Ferdinand VI, 170, 172.
Ferdinand VII, 182, 183, 191–193.
Floridablanca, Count, 174.
Flying squadron, the U. S., 245.
Forum judicum, the, 75.
Francis, King, of France, 135, 137, 139.
Fueros, ancient privileges, 85, 196.
Furor, Spanish torpedo destroyer, 252.
G
Garcia, General, Cuban patriot, 223.
Garcia the Trembler, 61.
Genseric the Vandal, 28.
Germaine, Princess, 130.
Ghent, city of, 138.
Gibraltar, Rock of, 38, 77, 172.
Godoy, Manuel, Prince of Peace, 176.
Gomez, General, Cuban patriot, 223.
Gonzalez, Count Ferhan, 60.
Goths, a kingdom of the, 25, 40, 42.
Gloucester, U. S. gunboat, 252.
Gracchus, in Roman Spain, 18.
Granada, province of, 93, 96, 106.
Granada, siege of, 105.
Grand Alliance, the, 167.
Great Captain, the, 122.
Guadalete, river, 40.
Guadix, fall of, 104.
Guantanamo, Bay of, 247.
Guasimas, La, fight at (Cuba), 249.
H
Hacam II, Moorish king, 50.
Hamilcar Barca, 9, 10.
Hannibal, son of Hamilcar, 10, 12.
Hapsburg, house of, 154.
Haro, Luis de, 159.
Hasdrubal, the Carthaginian, 10, 15, 16.
Havana, Cuba, in American possession, 269, 272, 273.
Henry of Trastamare, 79, 80.
Henry II, of France, 145.
Henry III, 80.
Henry VIII, of England, 129, 131, 135.
Hercules, in Spain, 7.
Hercules, Pillars of, 8.
Hermandad, the, 88.
Hermenigild, Gothic king, 30.
Hesperides, Gardens of the, 8.
Hicham I, Moorish king, 49.
Hijra, el (Hegira), flight of Mohammed, 36.
Hispania, ancient Spain, 18.
Hither Spain, of the Romans, 18.
Holy Alliance, the, 191.
Holy League, the, 131.
Holy Office, the, 89, 146.
Huelva, mines of, 9.
Huguenots, massacre of the, 149.
I
Iberia, ancient, 1.
Iberians, the, 4, 6.
Ildefonso, Treaty of, 178.
Indians, the, first seen, 116.
Indians, persecution of the, 128.
Infanta Maria Teresa, war ship, 252.
Inquisition, the, 75, 89, 146.
Inquisition, victims of the, 120.
Insurgents of Cuba, 221, 222.
Insurgents of the Philippines, 259, 271.
Iowa, U. S. battle ship, 251, 252.
Isabella, Queen, early life of, 80.
Isabella, marriage of, to Ferdinand, 82.
Isabella, death of, 122.
Isabella, family of, 129.
Isabella of France, 144.
Isabella of Portugal, 137.
Isabella II, birth of, 195.
Isabella II, reign of, 195–200.
Isabella II, banishment of, 202.
Islamism, sway of, 42.
J
Jamaica, lost to Spain, 159.
James I, King of Aragon, 74.
Jesuits, expelled from Spain, 174.
Jews, edicts against the, 117, 119.
John of Gaunt, 79, 80.
John I, King, 80.
John II, King, 80.
Juan, Prince, 129.
Juana, Princess (Juana Loca), 129, 130.
Julian, Count, the traitor, 34.
Julius II, Pope, 131.
Junta, the Cuban, 230.
Junta, the Spanish, 201.
Juragua, Cuba, capture of, 249.
K
Kent, General, U. S. Army, 250.
L
Lawton, General, U. S. Army, 250.
Lee, F. H., U. S. Consul–General, 251.
Legitimists, the French, 198.
Lens, battle of, 159.
Leon and Castile, kingdoms of, 64.
Leon, Ponce de, 125.
Leopold, Emperor, 167.
Leopold, Prince, 204.
Leovigild, King, 30.
Lepanto, naval battle of, 148.
Lerma, the Duke of, 155, 157.
Linares, General, in Cuba, 251.
Long, Secretary, U. S. Navy, 242.
Lope de Vega, dramatist, 163.
Lopez, General, 220.
Louisiana, sale of, 179.
Louis XIV, of France, 160.
Louis XVIII, of France, 190.
Louis Philippe, of France, 199.
Loyola, the Jesuit, 138.
Lozena, Count, 68.
M
Maceo, General, of Cuba, 223, 225.
Madrid, Duke of, 198.
Magellan discovers the Philippines, 241, 245.
Maiden tribute, the, 59.
Maine, battle ship, sinking of the, 231.
Malplaquet, victory of, 168.
Manila, city of, Philippines, 241.
Manila, capture of, by Americans, 258.
Manila Bay, battle of, 248.
Marat, General, in Spain, 184.
Maracaibo, Gulf of, 125.
Maria Christina, Queen, 195.
Maria de Padilla, 80.
Maria Teresa, Princess, 160.
Maria Teresa, Queen, 166.
Marlborough, Duke of, 168.
Mary Tudor, of England, 143.
Massena, General, 188.
Maurice of Saxony, 139.
Maximilian, Emperor, 134.
McKinley, President of the United States, 232.
McKinley, President, proclamation of, 234.
McKinley, President, message of, 235.
McKinley, President, addresses of, on the war, 265, 266, 269, 274.
Medici, Catherine de, 149.
Medina Celi, Duke of, 114.
Mendizabel, Señor. 200.
Mercedes, Maria las, Princess, 208.
Merrimac, collier, sinking of, 247.
Merritt, General, U. S. Army, 259.
Mexico, discovery of, 126.
Mines, submarine, 231, 238.
Moderados, a political party, 206.
Mohammed (or Mahomet), flight of, 36.
Mohammed and his successors, 45.
Mohammed ben Abdullah, 66.
Montemolin, Duke de, 198.
Montpensier, Duke de, 199.
Moore, Sir John, death of, 185.
Moorish kingdom, the, 95.
Moors, expulsion of the, 147, 156.
Morro Castle, Santiago de Cuba, 246.
Moslem invasion, the, 36, 40, 44.
Muley ben Hassan, King of Granada, 96, 100.
Musa, the Arab conqueror, 37, 40, 42, 43.
N
Naples, Ferdinand, King of, 121.
Napoleon Bonaparte, invades Spain, 178, 181.
Narvaez, General, 201.
Naval victories of the United States, 242, 253.
Naval losses by Spain, 255.
Navas de Tolosa, battle of, 73.
Nelson, Lord, death of, at Trafalgar, 180.
Netherlands, the Spanish, 145.
New York, the U. S. battle ship, 253.
Nimeguen, Treaty of, 162.
Nuño Rastro, Count, 68.
O
O’Donnell, General, 201.
Olivarez, Duke of, 158.
Ommiades, the, 46.
Oppas, Bishop, 39.
Oran, captured by Ximenes, 130.
Orange, William of, 146, 149.
Oregon, U. S. battle ship, 246, 251, 253.
Oropessa, the Count of, 261.
P
Pacification of Ghent, the, 149.
Palos, the port of, 114.
Parma, Duchess of, 145.
Partition treaty, the, 162.
Passau, Peace of, 139.
Pavia, the battle of, 135.
Peace, Treaty of, with the United States, 266, 270.
Peace commissioners appointed, 269.
Pedro the Cruel, 78, 79.
Pelayo, the Cave King, 55.
Peninsular wars, the, 184.
Peru, the conquest of, 127.
Philip, Archduke, husband of Juana, 129.
Philip, Captain, U. S. Navy, 254.
Philip II, son of Charles I, birth, 137.
Philip II, accession to throne of, 142.
Philip II, character and marriages, 142, 143.
Philip II, cruelty, and final end, 151, 153.
Philip III, accession and reign, 154–157.
Philip IV, accession and reign, 157–160.
Philip V, accession and reign, 165–170.
Philippine Islands, the, 241.
Phillipine Islands, U. S. troops in the, 243.
Phillipine Islands, cession of, to United States, 270.
Phœnicians settle in Spain, 6, 8, 9.
Pinar del Rio, Cuba, 226.
Pi y Margall, Señor, 205.
Pizarro, Francisco, exploits of, 127.
Placida, Roman princess, 27.
Pluton, Spanish torpedo destroyer, 252.
Pompey subdues revolt in Spain, 20–22.
Prim, General, 201, 205, 206.
Prince of Peace, the, 178.
Prisoners, Spanish, taken and sent home, 256.
Progresistas, the, 206.
Pronunciamiento, the, 203.
Protestantism, rise of, 136, 139.
Protocol of peace with the United States, 257, 259.
Puerto Rico, island of, 126.
Puerto Rico, invasion of, by U. S. troops, 256.
Puerto Rico, cession of, to the United States, 270.
Pyrenees, Treaty of the, 160.
Q
Quadruple Alliance, the, 170, 200.
Quixote, Don, and Cervantes, 163.
R
Rabida, Convent de la, 114.
Ramiro, King, 59.
Ratisbon, Truce of, 162.
Recared, King of the Goths, 31.
Reconcentrados of Cuba, 227, 229, 262.
Richelieu, Cardinal, of France, 158.
Ribera, Spanish artist, 164.
Rio Tinto, 114.
Roderick, last of the Goths, 33, 34, 39.
Roland, the legend of, 48.
Roman civilization in Spain, 23, 24, 26.
Romans, famous, born in Spain, 24.
Roncesvalles, Pass of, 48.
Roosevelt, Colonel, U. S. Volunteers, 250.
Ryswick, the Peace of, 162.
S
Sagasta, Señor, Spanish statesman, 203, 214, 215.
Saguntum, siege of, 11.
Saint Bartholomew’s Night, 149.
Sampson, Admiral, U. S. Navy, 239, 245, 253.
Sancho the Fat, 61.
Sancho the Fourth, 76.
Sandoval, Duke of Lerma, 155.
San Juan, Puerto Rico, bombardment of, 245.
San Juan Hill, Cuba, battle of, 250.
Santa Fé, city of, 108.
Santiago, military order of, 87.
Santiago de Cuba, fall of, 247, 256, 275.
Saragossa, Maid of, 185.
Scipio, Cneius, 13.
Scipio, Publius Cornelius, 14.
Scipio Africanus, 16.
Scipio Africanus Minor, 19.
Serrano, Señor, 201, 206.
Sertorius, 20.
Seven Years’ War, the, 171.
Shafter, General, U. S. Army, 249, 251.
Sigric, King, 27.
Soldiers, bravery of United States and Spanish, 250.
Soleyman the Magnificent, 138.
Spanish minister demands passports, 237.
Spanish marriages, the, 199.
Stilicho, Roman general, 25.
Succession, Wars of the, 165.
Suevi, the barbarian, 25.
Sulla, Roman general, 20, 22.
T
Tarifa, town of, 37, 38.
Tarik el Tuerto, Moorish commander, 37, 38, 41, 42.
Tarshish, Phœnician, 6.
Tartessus, Phœnician, 6.
Texas, U. S. battleship, 251, 252.
Thirty Years’ War, the, 157.
Theodifred, Duke, 33.
Theodoric, King, 28.
Tolosa, battle of, 74.
Topete, Admiral, 201.
Torquemada, Tomas de, Inquisitor, 89, 118.
Torres Vedras, intrenchments of, 187.
Trafalgar, naval battle of, 180.
Triple Alliance, the, 161.
Trocha, military line of defence, 225.
Tromp, Admiral Van, 159.
Tupac Amaru, Inca of Peru, 174.
Twenty Years’ Truce, the, 162.
U
Ulfilas the Goth, 29.
Ultimo Suspiro del Moro, 111.
United Provinces, 155.
United States, war with the, 234.
United States, possessions of the, 276.
Utrecht, Peace of, 168.
Utrecht, Union of, 150.
V
Vandals invade Spain, 26.
Vara, Don Juan de, 96.
Vargas, Don Pedro de, 100.
Vega, Garcilasso de la, 110, 163.
Vegetation of Spain, the, 2.
Vela, Tower of the, Granada, 113.
Velasquez, Spanish painter, 164.
Venezuela, discovery of, 125.
Vespucci, Americus, voyages of, 124.
Versailles, Peace of, 174.
Victims of Cuban war, 244.
Victories, American naval, 242, 253.
Viriathus, 19.
Viscaya, Spanish war ship, 252.
Visigoths, invasion of the, 28.
Vittoria, battle of, 190.
W
Wade, General, U. S. Volunteers, in Cuba, 272.
Walia, King, 27.
Wamba, King of the Goths, 32.
War with the United States begun, 234.
War appropriations, bonds, etc., 232.
War, duration of the, with the United States, 260.
War, summary of gains and losses, 260.
War, ending of the, 269.
Waterloo, battle field of, 190.
Wellington, Duke of, in Spain, 185, 187, 189.
Westphalia, Peace of, 160.
Weyler, Spanish general, in Cuba, 224–227, etc.
Wheeler, General, U. S. Volunteers, 249.
William the Silent, 150.
Witica, King, 33.
Worms, the Diet of, 136.
X
Ximena, wife of the Cid, 69, 70.
Ximenes, Cardinal, 122, 130, 131, 134.
Y
Yacoub, Moorish prince, 67.
Yarfe the Moor, 108.
Yussef, African Emir, 45.
Yussef, Moorish King, 64, 65.
Yussef, Cid, 67.
Z
Zagal, el, Moorish warrior, 101, 104.
Zahara, fortified town, 97.
Zallaca, battle of, 65.
Zanjon, Treaty of, 221.
Zegris, the, African warriors, 107.
Zubia, crosses of, near Granada, 110.
Zumalacarregui, Carlist general, 197.
THE END.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Encyclopædia Britannica.
[2] This was the order cabled to Commodore Dewey from the Navy
Department:
“WASHINGTON, _April 24, 1898_.
“DEWEY, Hong Kong: War has commenced between the United States and
Spain. Proceed at once to the Philippine Islands. Commence operations
at once, particularly against the Spanish fleet. You must capture
vessels or destroy. Use utmost endeavours.
“LONG” (_Secretary of the Navy_).
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE:
—Obvious print and punctuation errors were corrected.