SECOND HALF—CONTINUED.
Besides stealing articles that were on the way to the Mission, the
natives gave considerable annoyance by pilfering at the station itself.
Before becoming accustomed to the heat of the country, we preferred to
sleep with the windows open. At Quilimane our landlord would not permit
this, but bolted all the window shutters “to prevent the blacks from
coming in”. But at Blantyre we ventured for some time to keep a window
open at night, and, strange to tell, no one came in. Becoming more used
to the climate, we shut our windows; but one night thieves broke into our
house, and took everything that was of value to them. Most of our goods
they carried outside and spread before the window. Then they selected
everything that was made of cloth. Many things that we could hardly have
done without, such as waterproofs, &c., they fortunately left. Books
also escaped, while they carefully placed some silver articles off the
table, in order that they might carry off the tablecloth. Anything that
has the appearance of “calico” at once appeals to the natives’ cupidity.
When we were honoured by the visit of a great chief, our royal guest
carefully felt first the tablecloth, then the window-blinds, and after
that the paper on the walls! It was not our neighbours that had committed
the theft, for they had long seen the windows kept open all night, and
had not entered. All who had been in the Mission during the previous
thefts blamed the Anyasa people. After this, two night watchmen were
employed, and bamboo shutters were fixed on the windows. But for many
months the station was beset with thieves, who had been encouraged by
this success. It was chiefly by windows that they tried to enter, though
occasionally they pushed the doors till the rafters of our little houses
cracked. Each night before retiring to rest we piled empty tins behind
every window, so that they might fall and frighten the robbers. But to
our great annoyance, the rats frequently knocked these down. We had no
ambition to catch a thief in the act, for in that case we should have
likely felt the sharpness of his assagai. For a long time we were in
a miserable condition. While we had the hardest work during the day,
we could never enjoy a night of undisturbed repose. On one occasion
nearly all the cloth windows in two of the houses were cut by thieves.
It almost seemed that a band of housebreakers had encamped near us, for
the express purpose of besieging the station. They carried on their
operations with great coolness, for when they laid hold of a tin of
split peas, they opened it and left it beside the house. They were too
knowing to trouble themselves with the carriage of anything that was
unsuitable. They would at times plait a ladder to reach a store window,
and go off leaving the ladder beside the wall. The watchmen were of no
service; they sometimes became plunderers themselves, and disappeared
before morning. The first parties that were employed as watchmen came
from the same chief as the thieves, and were probably glad of their
position in order to assist their friends. As the natives wear no boots
and hardly any clothing, they can break into houses without making much
noise. Still the Europeans became very expert in attending to everything
that betokened the presence of a thief. Our houses were full of rats,
which are here better equipped for making a disturbance than rats are
in England. It was Livingstone, I think, that first complained of the
laughing rats of the Zambeze! These inmates of our dwellings not content
with biting our fingers, knocking down tins, and dancing at large over
everything that was capable of giving out a noise, aspired to divert us
by going into fits of loud laughter! All this performance, it will be
thought, made the task of the housebreaker more easy. Yet it sometimes
produced the very opposite effect. When the rats discontinued their
dance, the European was at once all ear. “My rats are quiet. What _can_
be the matter? There must either be a snake on the verandah, or a robber
at the window.” This reasoning, strange as it may seem, led, at least, on
one occasion, to very important results. But the thieves gave indications
of their presence in various other ways. As I lay one night in bed,
the moon which seems always to shine brightly here, cast the shadow of
a native on the calico window. The man’s movements were suspicious:
although he would not contemplate anything more serious than theft; yet
so small was our room that a native could have easily given us the full
benefit of his assagai as we lay in bed. I thought that this chance of
scaring a thief was too good to be lost, and I fired a revolver bullet
through the calico. From the man’s shadow I could easily see where he
stood, and so avoid the risk of striking him. It need scarcely be said
that he disappeared at once. As we were all expected to get up on any
nocturnal disturbance, the other members of the Mission were over in a
few minutes, but could find no trace of the person, and it was not likely
that the same individual would return that night. Several nights after
this, a noise was heard at midnight in our larger room. I got up and
stood before one of the windows for a long time, till I began to shiver
with cold. But everything was quiet except that I could hear our two
watchmen snoring very loudly under a large tree not far from our door.
Becoming tired with waiting, and wishing also to rouse the watchmen, I
fired the revolver through the calico as before, when to my surprise,
I heard a great scamper. A thief had really been at the window. In his
rapid retreat he threw away his bow. The calico in the window was cut in
the usual way, but so quietly had he been working, that even although I
had been sitting awake in the dark room, he might have ultimately entered
without my hearing him! Afterwards we kept a lamp burning all night,
and I had only to carry it to the window where a thief was, in order to
secure his instant departure. We often wondered why negroes who were so
lazy at work, put themselves to so much trouble in order to steal. But
their thieving propensities are everywhere recognised. When we were at
Quilimane, I remember that after the custom-house was closed for the
night, Dr. Macklin was asked by the Portuguese authorities to send a
watch in order to protect the goods that he was taking out. Blantyre men
were accordingly armed with guns and cautioned against falling asleep.
Up at the Mission, Makukani was believed to be the instigator of all the
pilfering. The other Magololo said that if the English would visit him
on a beer-drinking, they would see all their stolen clothes and dresses.
After a great “take,” this chief would send up requesting the present of
a box to hold his clothes! When spoken to by Dr. Macklin on the subject,
he was quite pleasant, but of course, declared that he knew nothing of
the thefts. To put a stop if possible to this annoyance we determined
to surround the station with a hedge of thorn, and take various other
precautions.
But before these improvements could be carried out, we were made still
more alive to the dangers of our position. In the beginning of June,
I wrote to the Committee to the following effect:—“On looking at the
journal of last month, I see that the greater part of the time has passed
without anything noteworthy. Happy, it has been said, are the people that
have no history; still there are a few items that we could have ‘spared’.
On 21st May an attempt was made at fire-raising, which would have been
serious if successful. Our own house was chosen, as being to windward of
the others, and at midnight we were visited by a man who carried a few
embers in a clay-pot, and set fire to the roof. Our roofs are merely
grass, tied down with bamboo. But for an ever-watchful Providence, the
whole house would soon have been in flames. The incendiary had waited
for a windy night, his plan being to burn all the houses in the same
row. If this house had been set fairly ablaze, one half of the station
would have been demolished. But one of the artisans on the opposite side
of the square being sleepless on account of ill-health, observed the
glare through his calico window, and at once gave the alarm. The bugle
was sounded, and all the natives turned out, as well as ourselves. By
means of a good supply of water and wet blankets, we soon extinguished
the flames. We have since taken several steps with a view to additional
security. We are giving every attention to the watch at night. We have
not swords, as you suggest; and a native would be of more service with
his assagai on an emergency. Hitherto the watch has been armed with
guns. You are anxious that natives should not form an acquaintance with
fire-arms, but the country is already full of them. One can hardly take a
walk to Ndilande without meeting half-a-dozen men with guns. In a single
day’s march here, a person sees more guns than he would see in Scotland
in a six days’ journey. Another precaution has been the cutting down of
the bush for several hundred yards round the station. Hitherto, a native
had to run but a few yards in order to make his capture impossible. To
prevent fire we have had our houses covered with a coating of clay, thin
on the top, and thicker on the veranda. The rainy season will probably
wash off this; but it will serve its purpose, as roofs are not so easily
set on fire during the rains.
“The best way of securing the goodwill of the natives is to mingle much
with them. Those in our neighbourhood are all most friendly, but they
are impulsive. I must explain that I have thought it my duty to stick
closely to school work, so that my time for visiting in the country is
not much. But Dr. Macklin and I have begun to spend Saturday forenoons
in going about among the people. The other week we were at the back of
Sochi where there is a good view of the Mlanje range. I had been reading,
for the first time, Mr. Rowley’s book on the Universities’ Mission, and
it gave a new interest to the prospect that lay before us. As we stood
gazing on the very valley that our predecessors must have passed through
to Magomero, we felt that we were amidst hallowed associations. We cannot
help thinking that the dealings of Providence were very mysterious with
regard to a Mission so well equipped.
“Our new villages show much improvement. Instead of the original little
round hut the Blantyre natives are beginning to erect square houses
with verandahs and calico windows. It would be desirable to spread our
energies over a larger field. When we succeed in planting one or two
stations this end will be gained. We cannot predict what course our work
will take in the future. After we have a few stations besides Blantyre,
we may be able to subdivide the district thus occupied into twenty
parishes. Were we at this stage, we could secure for the native pastors
an endowment in the form of a small freehold. Such an organisation as
this would, with the blessing of God, tell strongly on the heathenism
of the country; but the attainment of such an end, whether it be near
or distant, will not be secured without many a prayer, and many a
persevering effort both of the Church at home and of its representatives
in this distant land.”
After the Mission Directors recommended extension, we turned our thoughts
to Mlanje and to Zomba. Dr. Macklin went to the former district, but
found the country very unsettled. At one place he underwent considerable
anxiety, and his men kept awake all night, but he was relieved by
discovering that his interpreter was acquainted with one of the chiefs.
The Doctor wrote, “This was a very pleasant discovery, and quite set
my mind at rest. The chief said he knew the English were friends; he
knew them long ago when he lived on the coast; how that the English had
saved his people from being enslaved by the Portuguese; and how the
English ships of war used to capture dhows and set the slaves free. He
was glad to have a visit from us, and expressed himself pleased at the
prospect of the English coming to stay amongst his people to teach their
children, as he knew learning was good. Next morning I received a present
of a fine goat, a large quantity of rice and native beer. I had another
interview with him. I told him I wished to explore the district and visit
Matapwiri. He thereupon earnestly recommended me not to go to the other
side of Mlanje, or go up the hills, or visit Matapwiri at present, but to
come back again, and then he himself or his brother would be my guide.
He said I was likely to get into trouble if I went on now. He asked me
to stay a few days among his people, to let them get acquainted with me.
He said he was sorry he must go away that day, but he was desirous his
people should learn more of me. He also expressed his regret that the
people in the first village had given me trouble, and he was angry with
them. Indeed, he went that way to take away the present from the headman.”
Then the chief departed to carry on his wars. We kept up communication
with him to the last. Various presents were exchanged, and on one
occasion he sent over his young son on a visit to Blantyre.
Meanwhile the Mission was steadily advancing in every department. Details
may be gathered from the following extracts:—
“By this time many natives are more decently clothed. Saturday is the
great washing-day, so that on Sunday we have quite a respectable (not to
say a gaudy) congregation.
“The dresses with bright and variegated colours have been highly
prized, especially by the school children and the females. Some of the
men, however, are not so much influenced by colour in selecting their
garments. They are so utilitarian that they form an opinion of a dress
only after giving it a few good ‘tugs’.
“Our pupils make marked progress. We have two boys that did not know a
single letter last year, who can now read the 37th Psalm. I have set one
class to read the metrical version of the psalms, as the rhyme pleases
them. They also gain insight into our language, by reading the poetical
version along with the prose one.”
We had long felt the necessity of building larger houses, and had
thought of various plans. Turf houses were suggested, but none of us
had ever seen turf in this country. Bricks were next spoken of. But Dr.
Macklin, learning that the earth of the ant-hills could be used for
mortar, proposed to build with stone, and Mr. Buchanan in a very short
time reared the walls of the first stone house that had been seen in
this region. Its erection gave the mission a new standing altogether.
The natives had been of opinion that in a short time we should become
tired of them and go away like our predecessors. But when they saw that
we no longer built _masakasa_, as they said the “Magomero Mission had
also done,” they reasoned that we gave more promise of a permanent stay.
Besides, the white people had children on whom many hopes were placed.
Kapeni’s sister paid Mrs. Macdonald a visit of compliment on the birth of
her son, and asked to see the white baby. She brought with her a little
girl of about six years, and made some hints to the effect that she would
like a marriage with the white people! She said the young Scotchman was
a Yao child, and I replied that I had little doubt he would soon speak
Yao. When asked whether she would leave the little girl for school, she
said she would attend school with “_him_”! The natives, although afraid
that their own children would not learn to read, never admitted the same
doubts regarding the white child, who had the medicine of its fathers.
By the end of this half-year I was able to converse with the natives
sufficiently well to profit by their instructions in the language. From
morning till noon and from noon till night, I kept noting down native
words wherever I heard them, and I hired special teachers besides. Having
realised from the beginning that the first work of a Missionary was to
acquire the language of his people, I was daily discovering that the best
way of mastering an unwritten tongue was to note down native tales. By
this time I could write as follows:—
“I am glad that I have advanced so far in the language as to have
overcome the mere drudgery part. I now pay special attention to the
idioms. From twelve noon till two every day I have a man engaged to give
me stories, for which I pay him in handkerchiefs, needles, or soap. I
write down these tales to dictation, and occasionally in shorthand. I
believe that in a little I shall be able to utilise phonography in this
language for private use, and thus save much time. The tense-sequence is
more simple than I at first thought; the natives have a device like what
Hebrew grammar has called the Waw consecutive. Thus, when they speak of
the past, they put the first verb in the past indicative, while the rest
of the verbs in the series are infinitives.
“These people are not destitute of a traditional literature: they have
a great many riddles, which I am trying to collect. They have also many
tales. At the head of these there is an account of the first man; this
is followed up by genealogies of all the tribes in their neighbourhood;
then there comes a long catalogue of wars and consequent famines,
interspersed at intervals with times of peace and prosperity. I have
also accounts of their important ceremonies, some of which are very
objectionable, and much resemble practices that were associated with the
idolatry of ancient Israel. Some particulars my informant communicated
in a whisper; others were ‘hidden,’ and if he revealed them he would
die. The man that has been my chief instructor is anxious to get ‘our
stories,’ by which he means the stories in the Bible. After coming to
Africa and seeing the effect of Scripture narratives on the native mind,
my appreciation of the Old Testament history has been much deepened. To
take one instance. The natives were greatly impressed with the incident
in the history of David, where he had Saul in his power and spared
him—they considered David’s action a most admirable one.
“Congregations at home are anxious to get truth in a more abstract form,
and would consider time wasted if the sermon were taken up with these
simple stories; but these natives like to ruminate on every particular,
and to conceive the whole narrative as vividly as possible. Though we,
from familiarity, look on these narratives as simple, people hearing them
for the first time may recognise in them not only a divine sublimity, but
a supernatural intellectual power.”
When we reached the Mission last year, the natives used to bring large
numbers of fowls for sale: at first they brought more than could be used.
They were equally ready to sell eggs. Moreover, when there was a rumour
of war in the district, they fetched in fowls from every quarter, for
when they had to run to the hills they could carry their “money” more
easily than their fowls. The effect of all this was that the native
villagers in the neighbourhood soon sold off their stock, and as a
consequence the Missionaries had no meat. On fowls we depended almost
entirely, for though the Magololo had a few sheep and goats, they did not
care to sell them. Various means were tried in order to keep the wolf
from the door. In the early days of the Mission, before there was much
to do, and when most of the staff were unwell, it had been possible to
tell off an invalid to look after the fowls, but all of us were too busy
now. We adopted the plan of giving fowls over to villagers, and we soon
found that if they could not take better care of them than the white
man they could always _account for_ them better, for every now and then
they were able to report that a dozen had been killed by a leopard! But
the matter became serious—we often found ourselves without food. On one
occasion we had to live chiefly on beans for nearly five weeks. The only
good solution of this difficulty was found when we planted a new Mission.
To it we looked for a supply till the Blantyre district recovered itself.
Many a time the petition for daily bread had a significance for us here
that it never had in Britain. It might be supposed that a Missionary is
in danger of becoming less spiritually-minded when surrounded by the
heathen. But on the contrary, not to mention the solemn call which he
feels when he is face to face with heathendom, he is apt to realize his
dependence on God much more vividly than in a civilized land. Each night
he knows that a drunk native might easily burn him in his hut before he
awakes.
_Trading._ In a short time the African Lakes Company began to exert an
influence in the country. Its agents brought out a steamer to ply between
Mazaro and the Mission settlements. The intention was to aid the Missions
and encourage the natives in commerce. The negroes, it was felt, might
easily wonder what could be the object of the Missionary, but they could
all understand the object of the Trader. Hitherto the great trade of
the country had been in slaves, nor could a native chief be expected
to lay aside this traffic all at once, seeing, as he did, no harm in
dealing in human flesh and blood. He pleaded, and that truly, that he
had nothing to sell but slaves. Some legitimate trade required therefore
to be introduced. In dealing with the natives, Trading Companies would
evidently have to face great difficulties. Unfortunately these negroes
had learned to look to all traders for rum and powder. Besides, as time
is of no value to the native, he demands for his goods the same price in
the interior that he would get at the coast. Like the Missionary, the
Trader in such lands has to educate the people gradually. But the Trading
Company soon conferred a great boon on the Mission Stations. At first
we had always great difficulty in getting ordinary stores from England.
For a long time while we had plenty of tea we had no sugar, on other
occasions while we had plenty of sugar we had no tea! But the superior
means of communication put an end to these difficulties.
This company is desirous of opening up the country by making a road
as far as Lake Tanganyika. This is certainly a very good programme.
When operations are extended over such a large field, no doubt, many
difficulties may be expected. On one occasion a chief robbed and murdered
no fewer than fourteen natives that were employed by the company, and
when a party went back to remonstrate, another man lost his life in the
scuffle. But the making of roads is a work that the natives much like,
and which soon advances the civilization of a district.
_Field for Emigration._ Livingstone as he passed through this region
often thought of the poor in his native land. He knew how human beings
were crowded together in large cities, where they seldom saw a green
field or enjoyed the pure air. There they lived, cast aside into some
filthy street to be hidden as it were from the more respectable citizens.
Might not this hard fate be modified? The vast unpeopled plains and
mountains of Africa impressed us with the lesson that Great Britain is
but a little part of God’s vast world.
The state of the lake region of Africa just now, points back to what
Britain must have been many centuries before Christianity reached it. If
we had then sailed up the Thames or the Clyde in some canoe, we should
have seen only an occasional savage clad perhaps in skins, who would
quickly rush in terror into the dense jungle. Could the man of those
primitive days now revisit his old haunts, he would not recognise them. A
greater contrast could scarcely be imagined. What in his time was a swamp
is now a railway station, places then quite impassable by reason of bush
and branches are now busy streets, spots which were then a barren waste
are now fertile farms. For every person that could subsist in the country
then, there are thousands now. With reference to Africa, many Englishmen
say that if Britain instead of Portugal had held the coast, the country
would have been already opened up. The remark looks invidious, but in
any case it cannot change the past, and those who have at heart the sad
condition of the African must seek to improve the present. I have no
doubt that settlers willing to endure the hardships common in uncivilised
countries, would by steady perseverance soon make themselves comfortable
homes. Sugar grows well in the district. The natives have the cane,
though they know nothing of the manufactured article. Tobacco also grows
everywhere. The same may be said of India-rubber. Cotton is indigenous,
and flax thrives well. Coffee has succeeded, and it is almost certain
that tea would. Oil seeds (like the castor-oil bean, ground nuts and
sesamum) are abundant. Native labour is cheap. The rate of wages at one
time was a foot of calico per day for each man, and nine inches for a
woman; and as the Mission had always more applicants for work than could
be received, even this small wage was reduced. Still, parties settling
far inland would not gain by exporting, as for a long time the expense of
carriage must be high.
One thing much to be regretted in connection with the opening up of the
country for commerce is the wholesale destruction of the elephant. At
every port along the East coast the mail steamers receive tons of ivory.
It is a pity that the African elephant cannot be utilised in some other
way. Unless the noble animals have some mercy shown them, they will
speedily become extinct.