Marcus Antoninus--not only a powerful em_Aristotle（#45851）

gentle and amiable man of his day--talks of active beneficence both

as a duty and a satisfaction. But in the creed of the Stoics

generally, active beneficence did not occupy a prominent place. They

adopted the four Cardinal Virtues--Wisdom, or the Knowledge of Good

and Evil, Justice, Fortitude, Temperance--as part of their plan of

the virtuous life, the life according to Nature. Justice, as the

social virtue, was placed above all the rest. But the Stoics were not

strenuous in requiring more than Justice, for the benefit of others

beside the agent. They even reckoned compassion for the sufferings of

others as a weakness, analogous to envy for the good fortune of

others.

The Stoic recognised the gods (or Universal Nature, equivalent

expressions in his creed) as managing the affairs of the world, with

a view to producing as much happiness as was attainable on the whole.

Towards this end the gods did not want any positive assistance from

him; but it was his duty and his strongest interest, to resign

himself to their plans, and to abstain from all conduct tending to

frustrate them. Such refractory tendencies were perpetually suggested

to him by the unreasonable appetites, emotions, fears, antipathies,

&c., of daily life; all claiming satisfaction at the expense of

future mischief to himself and others. To countervail these

misleading forces by means of a fixed rational character built up

through meditation and philosophical teaching, was the grand purpose

of the Stoic ethical creed. The emotional or appetitive self was to

be starved or curbed, and retained only as an appendage to the

rational self; an idea proclaimed before in general terms by Plato,

but carried out into a system by the Stoics, though to a great extent

also by the Epikureans.

The Stoic was taught to reflect how much that appears to be

desirable, terror-striking, provocative, &c., is not really so, but

is made to appear so by false and curable associations. And, while he

thus discouraged those self-regarding emotions that placed him in

hostility with others, he learnt to respect the self of another man

as well as his own. Epictetus advises to deal mildly with a man that

hurts us either by word or deed; and advises it upon the following

very remarkable ground:--"Recollect that in what he says or does, he

follows his own sense of propriety, not yours. He must do what

appears to him right, not what appears to you: if he judges wrongly,

it is he that is hurt, for he is the person deceived. Always repeat

to yourself, in such a case: The man has acted on his own opinion."

The reason here given by Epictetus is an instance, memorable in

ethical theory, of respect for individual dissenting conviction, even

in an extreme case; and it must be taken in conjunction with his

other doctrine, that damage thus done to us unjustly is really little

or no damage, except so far as we ourselves give pungency to it by

our irrational susceptibilities and associations. We see that the

Stoic submerges, as much as he can, the pre-eminence of his own

individual self, and contemplates himself from the point of view of

another, as only one among many. But he does not erect the happiness

of others into a direct object of his own positive pursuit, beyond

the reciprocities of family, citizenship, and common humanity. The

Stoic theorists agreed with Epikurus in inculcating the reciprocities

of Justice between all fellow-citizens; and they even went farther

than he did, by extending the sphere of such duties beyond the limits

of city, so as to comprehend all mankind. But as to the reciprocities

of individual Friendship, Epikurus went beyond the Stoics in the

amount of self-sacrifice and devotion that he enjoined for the

benefit of a friend.

INDEX.

Abduction (_Apagoge_), 202.

Abstract, and Concrete, appellatives not used by Aristotle, 64.

Abstraction, belongs to the Noëtic function, 486, 487, 492.

_Absurdum_, _Reductio ad_, _see_ _Reductio_.

Accentuation, Fallacy of 385; rare, 408.

_Accidens_, Ens _per_ &c., _see_ Accident, Ens.

_Accidentis Fallacia_, 386; not understood among Aristotle's

scientific contemporaries, 390; how to solve, 410.

Accident, Ens by, 60, 424, 561, 593; modern definition of 62; an

individual, allowed by Aristotle, 63; no science of, 98; one of the

Predicables, 276; thesis of, easiest to defend, hardest to upset,

284, 353; thirty-seven dialectical _Loci_ bearing on, 285 seq.; why

no science of, 425, 593, 594; one, cannot be accident of another,

586; opposed to the constant and the usual, 594; Chance, principle or

cause of, 594; _see_ Concomitants.

Action (_Agere_), Category, 65, 73.

Actuality, as opposed to Potentiality, 128, 456, 615 seq.

_Adoxa_, opposed to _Endoxa_, 269.

Æon, of the Heaven, 636.

Æther, derivation of the name, 632.

Affirmation, conjunction of predicate with subject, 111; constituents

of, 118; [Greek: e)k metathe/seôs] (Theophrastus), 122, 169.

Akroamatic books, opposed to Exoteric, 50.

Alcuin, followed Aristotle on Universals, 563.

Alexander of Macedon, taught by Aristotle from boyhood, 5; came to

the throne, and went on his first Persian expedition, 6; his action

towards Athens, 8; correspondent, protector, patron, of Aristotle at

Athens, 7, 8; later change in his character and alienation from

Aristotle, 9; his order for the recall of exiles throughout Greece,

10; his death, 7, 12.

Alexandrine, _literati_, their knowledge of Aristotle, 34, 38, 40,

42.

_Aliquid_, _Ad_, _see_ Relation; _Hoc_, or the definite individual,

_see_ Essence.

Alkmæon, his view of the soul, 449.

Ammonius, put Relation above all the Categories, 84; his opinion on

last paragraph of De Interpretatione, 134.

Amphiboly, Fallacy of, 385; how to solve, 407.

Amyntas, king of Macedon, 2.

Analytica, referred to in Topica, 56; presuppose contents of

Categoriæ and De Interpretatione, 56; terminology of, differs from

that of De Interpretatione, 141; purpose of, 141.

Analytica Priora, different sections of Book I., 157, 163; relation

of the two books of, 171.

Analytica Posteriora, applies Syllogism to Demonstration, 142, 207;

relation of, to the Metaphysica, 422.

Anaxagoras, doctrine of, inconsistent with Maxim of Contradiction,

429, 592; disregarded data of experience, 436; his view of the soul,

449; Maxim of Excluded Middle defended by Aristotle specially

against, 581; made intelligence dependent on sense, 588; doctrine of,

makes all propositions false, 592; must yet admit an infinite number

of true propositions, 592; meant by his Unum--Ens Potentiâ, and thus

got partial hold of the idea of Matter, 620; in his doctrine of the

Noûs, makes Actuality prior to Potentiality, 623; declares Good to be

the principle as Movent, 628; called fire Æther, 632; his reason for

the stationariness of the Earth, 649.

Anaximander, his reason for stationariness of the Earth, 650.

Anaximenes, his reason for stationariness of the Earth, 649.

Andronikus of Rhodes, source of our Aristotle, 35; sorted and

corrected the Aristotelian MSS. at Rome, 37, 39; Peripatetic

Scholarch, 39; difficulties of his task--the result appreciated, 43;

placed theological treatises first, 55; put Relation above all the

Categories, 84.

Animâ, Treatise de, referred to in the De Interpretatione, 109.

Anonymus, his catalogue of Aristotle's works, compared with that of

Diogenes and with the extant works, 29 seq.

Antipater, friend and correspondent of Aristotle, 7, 8; victor in the

Lamian war, occupied Athens, 12; letter to, from Aristotle at

Chalkis, 16; letter of, in praise of Aristotle, 16; executor under

Aristotle's Will, 17.

_Antiphasis_, pair of contradictory opposites, 111; rule of, as

regards truth and falsity, 112, 113; made up of one affirmation and

one negation corresponding, 113; does not hold for events particular

and future, because of irregularity in the Kosmos, 113 seq.;

quaternions exhibiting each two related cases of, 118 seq., 170;

forms of, in Modals, 127; involves determination of quantity, 135;

not understood before Aristotle, 136; the two members of, can neither

be both true nor both false, argued at length by Aristotle in

Metaph**. [Greek: G]., ii. 586-92.

Antisthenes, declared contradiction impossible, 136, 137; allowed

definition only of compounds, 611.

Antonius, Marcus, authority for Stoical creed, 654; on active

beneficence, 662.

_Apagoge_ (Abduction), 202.

Apellikon, of Teos, a Peripatetic, bought Aristotle's MSS., &c., from

heirs of Neleus, 36; exposed them at Athens and had copies taken, 36;

wrote a biography of Aristotle, 37; library of, composite, 43.

_Aplanês_, exterior sphere of the Kosmos, 114, 623.

[Greek: A)po/phansis], Enunciation, name for Proposition in De

Interpretatione, 141.

Appetite, the direct producing cause of movement in animals, 492.

Archytas, made _Habere_ fifth Category, 80.

Arguments, how to find, for different theses, 157.

Arimnestus, brother of Aristotle, 19.

Aristippus, anticipated Epikurus, 654.

Aristomenes, friend of Aristotle, 17.

Aristophanes, of Byzantium, arranged dialogues of Plato, 34; on the

style of Epikurus, 658.

'_Aristoteles Pseudepigraphus_,' work by V. Rose, 32.

Aristotle, birth and parentage, 1, 2; opportunities for physiological

study, 2; an orphan in youth, became ward of Proxenus, 8; discrepant

accounts as to his early life, 3; medical practice, 3; under Plato at

Athens, 4; went to Atarneus, on Plato's death, 4; married Pythias, 5;

driven out to Mitylene, 5; invited by Philip of Macedon to become

tutor to Alexander, 5; life in Macedon, 5; re-founded Stageira, 6;

taught in the Nymphæum of Mieza, 6; returned to Athens, and set up

his school in the Lykeium, 7; lecturing and writing, 7, 25;

correspondence, 7; relation to Athenian polities, 8; protected and

patronized at Athens by Alexander and Antipater, 8; in spite of

estrangement between him and Alexander, regarded always as unfriendly

to Athenian liberty, 9, 10; his relation to Nikanor, bearer of

Alexander's rescript to the Greek cities, 11; indicted for impiety in

his doctrines and his commemoration of the eunuch Hermeias, 12, 13;

retired to Chalkis, 14; died there, before he could return to Athens,

15; wrote a defence against the charge of impiety, 15; his judgment

on Athens and Athenians, 16; his person, habits, manners, &c., 16;

his second wife, son, and daughter, 17; last testament, 17-19; his

character as therein exhibited, 19; reproaches against, 20; his

opposition to Plato misrepresented by **Platonists, 20, 21; a student

and teacher of rhetoric, 22; attacked Isokrates, 24; assailed by

three sets of enemies, 26; difficulty in determining the Canon of his

works as compared with Plato's, 27; extant works ascribed to, 27;

ancient authorities for his works, 28; catalogue and extent of his

works, according to Diogenes, 29; according to Anonymus, 29; the

catalogues compared with each other, and with list of his extant

works, 29, 30; ancient encomiums on his style, 30; his principal

works unknown to Cicero and others, 31, 40; dialogues and other works

of, lost to us, 31; works in the catalogue are declared by V. Rose

not to belong to, 32; different opinion of E. Heitz, 32; allowance to

be made for diversity of style, subject, &c., in the works of, 33;

works in the catalogue to be held as really composed by, 34; extant

works of, whence derived, 35; fate of his library and MSS. on his

death, till brought to Rome and cared for by Andronikus, 35 seq.;

through Andronikus, became known as we know him, 40; not thus known

to the Alexandrine librarians, 42; so-called Exoteric works of, 44;

his own use of the phrase "exoteric discourses," 46 seq.; had not two

doctrines--the Exoteric and Esoteric, 52; the order of his extant

works uncertain, 54; his merit in noting equivocation of terms, 57;

not free from fascination by particular numbers, 74; first made

logical analysis of Ens, 97; first to treat Logic scientifically,

130; what he did for theory of Proposition, 136, 139; claimed the

theory of Syllogism as his own work, 140, 153, 259, 420; his

expository manner, novel and peculiar, 141; specialized the meaning

of Syllogism, 143; first to ask if a proposition could be converted,

144; first used letters as symbols in exposition, 148; proceeded

upon, but modified, Platonic antithesis of Science and Opinion, 207,

264; specially claimed to be original in his theory of Dialectic,

262, 418; attended to current opinion, drew up list of proverbs, 272,

440; started in his philosophy from the common habit of speech, 434,

440; continued the work of Sokrates, 439, 441; devised a First

Philosophy conformable to the habits of common speech, starting from

the definite individual or _Hoc Aliquid_, 445; psychology of, must be

compared with that of his predecessors, 446; rejected all previous

theories on Soul, 452; advance made in the Ontology of, 561; his view

of pleasure, 660; ethical purpose of, 662.

Arithmetic, _præcognita_ required in, 212; abstracted from material

conditions, 234; simpler, and therefore more accurate, than geometry,

234.

Art, Generation from, 598, 620.

Asklepiads, traditional training of, 2.

Association of Ideas, principles of, 477; Aristotle's account of,

perplexed by his sharp distinction of Memory and Reminiscence, 478.

Astronomy, the mathematical science most akin to First Philosophy,

626.

Atarneus, Aristotle there, 4.

Attalid kings of Pergamus, Aristotle's library at Skepsis buried, to

be kept hidden from, 36.

Axioms, assumed in Demonstration, 212, 215, 220; a part of

Demonstration, 219; not always formally enunciated, 221; those common

to all sciences, scrutinized by Dialectic, 221, 575; and by First

Philosophy, 221, 425, 575, 584; the common, not alone sufficient for

Demonstration in the special sciences, 236; use of the word before,

and by, Aristotle, 566, 575, 584.

Bees, partake in Noûs, 483, 576.

Belief, at variance with Knowledge, 182; founded on evidence either

syllogistic or inductive, 187.

Berlin edition of Aristotle, 27, 30.

Bernays, his view of "exoteric discourses," 49, 52.

Body, animate and inanimate, 456; Matter with Aristotle may be, but

is not necessarily, 456; thorough-going implication of Soul with, in

animated subject, 458 seq.; has three and only three dimensions, 630;

no infinite, 633.

Boëthius, translated Aristotle's Categoriæ and defended its position,

563.

Boêthus the Sidonian, student of Aristotle, 38; his recommendation as

to order of studying the works, 55.

Bonitz, his view of the canon of the Metaphysica, 583.

Brain, specially connected with the olfactory organ, 470; function of

the, 480.

Brandis, refers catalogue of Diogenes to Alexandrine _literati_, 34,

40; his view of the canon of the Metaphysica, 583.

Bryson, his quadrature of the circle, 381.

Canon, Aristotelian, _see_ Aristotle.

Categoriæ, the treatise, not mentioned in Analytica or Topica, 56;

subject of, how related to that of De Interpretatione, 57, 59, 108,

109; deals with Ens in a sense that blends Logic and Ontology, 62,

108; difference of Aristotle's procedure in, compared with Physica

and Metaphysica, 65, 103; probably an early composition, 80; remained

known, when other works of Aristotle were unknown or neglected, 563.

Categories, Ten, assumed in Analytica and Topica, 56; led up to by a

distinction of Entia (Enunciata), 59; blending together Logic and

Ontology, 62; Ens according to the, 61, 425, 594 seq. (Metaph. Z.,

[Greek: Ê].); enumerated, 65; all embodied in First or Complete Ens,

66, 595; each a Summum Genus, and some wider still, 66; not all

mutually exclusive, 66, 73, 81, 89; may be exemplified, not defined,

66; how arrived at, 66, 76 seq.; joined by later logicians with the

Predicables, 73; stress laid by Aristotle upon the first four, 74;

why Ten in number--might have been more, 74 seq.; obtained by logical,

not metaphysical, analysis, 76; heads of information or answers

respecting an individual, 77; inference **as to true character

of, from case of _Habere_ and _Jacere_, 79; all, even **the first,

involve Relativity, 80 seq.; Mr. J. S. Mill on, 90 n.; capital

distinction between the first and all the rest, 91 seq., 563, 594;

Trendelenburg's view of their origin, 99, likely and plausible, 99;

compared with Categories of the Stoics, 100, 563, of Plotinus, 102,

563, of Galen, 103.

Cause, Knowledge of, distinguished from knowledge of Fact, 223;

knowledge of, the perfection of cognition, 224, 235; one of the four

heads of Investigation, 238; nature of the question as to, 239, 608;

substantially the same enquiry with _Cur_, _Quid_, and the Middle

Term, 240, 246; four varieties of, 245, 611, 621; relation among the

varieties of, 246; how far reciprocal with the _causatum_, 247, 254;

has an effect only one? 254; the General Notion viewed by Aristotle

as a, 422.

Chance, source of irregularity in the Kosmos, 114, 206; affects the

rule of Antiphasis, 115; Aristotle's doctrine of, challenged, 116;

objective correlate to the Problematical Proposition, 133, 205;

principle or cause of Accidents, 594; Generations and Constructions

proceeding from, 598, 620.

Change, four varieties of, 609.

Chrysippus, on the determination of will by motives, 661; his

reverence for divination, &c., 662; a foreigner at Athens, without a

sphere of political action, 662.

Cicero, his encomium on Aristotle's style, 30, 41; how far he knew

Aristotle's works, 30, 31, 33, 40, 50; his use of the word

"exoteric," 44, 51.

Claudian, referred to, 13.

Coelo, Treatise de, connected with what

other works, 54, 653.

Colour, object of vision, action of, 466; varieties of, proceeding

all from white and black, 467.

Common Sense, or Opinion, opposed to Science in Plato and Aristotle,

207; Sir W. Hamilton on, 565; legitimate meaning of, 567;

authoritative character of, in one place allowed by Aristotle, 569;

Aristotle's conception of, as devoid of scientific authority, 573,

574.

Compound, The ([Greek: to\ su/nolon]), of Form and Matter, or the

Individual, 445, 456, 599 seq.

Concealment, how to be practised by dialectical questioner, 356.

Conclusion, of Syllogism, indicates Figure, 152, 164, 167; when more

than one, 171; true, from false premisses, 172 use to demonstrate

premisses, 173; reversed to refute premisses, 174; kinds of, in

Demonstration, compared, 231.

Concomitants, non-essential, no demonstration of, 219; no definition

of, 220; near to Non-Entia, 561; little more than a name, 593; _see_

Accident.

Concrete, and Abstract, appellatives not used by Aristotle, 65; the,

as compound of Form and Matter, 456 seq.; _see_ Compound.

Conjunction, Fallacy of, 385; how to solve, 408.

_Consequentis Fallacia_, 388; not understood before Aristotle, 390;

how to solve, 412.

Construction, kind of Generation, 598.

Contradiction, Maxim or Axiom of, depends upon knowledge of quantity

and quality of propositions, 137, 441; not self-evident, 144; among

the _præcognita_ of Demonstration, 212, 427; not formally enunciated

in any special science, 221; discussion of, belongs to First

Philosophy, 422, 425, why, 426, 579; enunciated, as highest and

firmest of all principles, 425, 585; controverted by Aristotle's

predecessors, Herakleitus, Anaxagoras, &c., 427, 429, 441;

Aristotle's indirect proof of, 427 seq., 585 seq.; applied in the

Sokratic Elenchus, 441; remarks on Aristotle's defence of, 442; can

be supported only by an induction of particular instances, 443;

enunciated both as a logical and as an ontological formula, 579;

defended by Aristotle specially against Herakleitus, 579.

Contradictory Opposites, pair of, make Antiphasis, 111; distinguished

from Contrary Opposites, 111, 124, 134; rule of, as to truth and

falsity, 112; related pairs of, set forth in quaternions, 118 seq.,

170; distinction of from Contrary, fundamental in Logic, 137; _see_

_Antiphasis_.

_Contrariorum_, _Petitio_, in Dialectic, 372.

Contrary Opposites (terms), 104; Opposites (propositions),

distinguished from Contradictory, 111, 124, 134; rule of as to truth

and falsity, 112.

Conversion (1) of Propositions, import of, 144; rules for, with

Aristotle's defective proof thereof, 144 seq.; can be proved only by

Induction, 146, 147; (2) of Syllogism, 174.

Copula, _Est_ as, 127, 591.

Courage, definition of, 525.

Debate, four species of, 377.

Definition, among the _præcognita_ assumed in Demonstration, 212,

214, 220, 221; propositions declaring, attained only in First figure,

224; of Essence that depends on extraneous cause, 240-44; of Essence

without such middle Term, 245; three varieties of, 245; how to frame

a, 249; as sought through logical Division, 250; to exclude

equivocation, 251; one of the Predicates, according to Aristotle,

276; thesis of, easiest to attack, hardest to defend, 285, 353;

dialectical Loci bearing on, 329 seq.; how open to attack or defence,

330; defects in the setting out of, 330; faults in the substance of,

332-48; the genuine and perfect, 333; general rule for dialectically

testing, 349; is primarily of Essences, of the other Categories not

directly, 597; none, of particular Concretes, 602, 606; is of the

Universal or Form, 603; whence the unity of the, 604, 612; none, of

eternal Essences, 607; analogy of, to Number, 611.

Delboeuf, Prof., on indemonstrable truths, 229 n.

Demades, with Phokion at the head of the Athenian administration

under Alexander, 12.

Demochares, nephew of Demosthenes, accuser of Aristotle, 14.

Demokritus, disregarded experience, 436; his view of the soul, 449;

made intelligence dependent on sense, which is ever varying, 588;

recognized one primordial body with three differences--figure,

position, arrangement, 609; got partial hold of the idea of Ens

Potentiâ or Matter, 620; atomic doctrine of, 634; his reason for the

stationariness of the Earth, 649; how followed by Epikurus, 656-58.

Demonstrative Science, _see_ Demonstration.

Demonstration, ultimately reducible to two first modes of First

figure, 155; circular, 173, 215; subject of Analyt. Post. 207; how

opposed to Dialectic, 209, 573; is teaching from _præcognita_

assumed, 211, 214; undemonstrable principles of, 215; two doctrines

of, opposed by Aristotle, 215, 228; necessary premisses of, 216;

conclusion of, must be necessary, 218; none, of nonessential

concomitants, 219; the parts of, 219; premisses of, must be essential

and appropriate, 220; requires admission of universal predicates,

221; premisses for, obtained only from Induction, 226, 258, 260, 576;

implies some truths primary or ultimate, 227, 230; the unit in, 231;

of the Universal better than of the Particular, 231; Affirmative

better than Negative, 233; Direct better than Indirect, 234; is of

the necessary or customary, not of the fortuitous, 235, 606; none,

through sensible perception, 235; in default of direct observation,

230; relation of, to Definition, 240; _principia_ of, not innate,

256; _principia_ of, how developed upon sensible perception, 256,

575.

Demophilus, joined in indicting Aristotle for impiety, 12.

Demosthenes, reproached for conversing with the bearer of Alexander's

rescript to the Greek cities, 11; suicide of, 12.

Desire, _see_ Appetite.

Dexippus, vindicated Aristotle's Categories,103, 563.

Dialectic, how related to Science or Philosophy, 47, 210, 272, 273;

form of putting questions in, 125, 275; theses in, variously liable

to attack and defence, 156, 285, 352; as conceived by Plato, 208,

263; by Aristotle placed with Rhetoric in the region of Opinion, 208,

266, 573; opposed to Demonstrative Science and Necessary Truth, 209,

573; concerned about the Common Axioms of all Science, 221, 272, 574,

584; Aristotle claims to be specially original in his theory of, 262,

418; as conceived and practised by Sokrates, 263, 436; opposed by

Aristotle to Didactic, 264, 377; province of, 266, 573; essentially

contentious, 266, 378, 397; uses of, 271, 574; propositions, how

classified in, 276; procedure of, in contrast with that of

Philosophy, 353, 584; conditions and aims of the practice of, 354,

361, 378; to be practised as a partnership for common intellectual

profit, 355, 367; part of the questioner in, 355 seq.; part of the

respondent in, 361 seq.; respondent at fault in, 366; questioner at

fault in, 367; four kinds of false argument in, 370; outfit for

practice of, 372; one of four species of debate, 377; when and why

called eristic or sophistic by Aristotle, 379; Aristotle's

distinction of Sophistic from, contested, 382, 393 seq.

Dialogues of Aristotle lost, 30, 32, 49.

Diaphanous, action of the, in vision, 466.

_Dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter_,_Fallacia a_, 386; how to

solve, 412.

Didactic, confounded by Plato with Dialectic, 264; distinguished from

Dialectic by Aristotle, 264, 377; species of Debate, 377; scope and

conditions. Of, 377; _see_ also Demonstration.

Differences, study of, an organon of debate, 280.

Differentia, not _in_, but _predicated of_, a Subject, 68; ranked

with Genus in Aristotle's list of Predicables, 276; discriminated

from Genus, 313; definition of Species through Genus and, 333, 601;

is Form in the definition, 604; logically prior to the Species, 607.

Diogenes of Apollonia, his view of the soul, 449.

Diogenes Laertius, his catalogue of Aristotle's works, 28, compared

with that of Anonymus, 29; ignorant of the principal works of

Aristotle known to us, 31; catalogue of, probably of Alexandrine

origin, 34, 41.

Dionysius, younger of Syracuse, visited by Plato, 4; corresponded

with Plato, 7.

Dionysodorus, the Sophist, 383.

Dioteles, friend of Aristotle, 17.

[Greek: Dio/ti, To/], the _Why_, knowledge of, 223, one of the four

heads of Investigation, 238; in search for a middle term, 239;

relation of, to the question _Quid_, 239; _see_ Cause.

Disjunction, Fallacy of, 385; how to solve, 408.

Division Logical, weakness of, 163, 242; use of, to obtain a

definition, 250.

Ear, structure of the, 468.

Earth, opinions as to positions of, 648; opinions as to its state of

motion or rest, figure, &c., 649 seq.; at rest in the centre of the

Kosmos, 652; necessarily spherical, 652. 653; size of, 653.

Eclipse, lunar, illustration of Causation from, 254, 611.

Education of the citizen, 543.

Efficient Cause, 245.

Elenchus, of Sokrates, 263, 437; in general, 376; the Sophistical,

376, 404 directions for solving the Sophistical, 404.

Emotions, not systematically treated by Aristotle as part of

Psychology, but in Ethics and Rhetoric, 492.

Empedokles, his disregard of experience, 436; his view of the soul,

449; criticized by Aristotle, 451; made intelligence dependent on

sense, 588; got partial hold of the idea of Ens Potentiâ or Matter,

620; his principle of Friendship, 623, 628; held the Kosmos to be

generated and destroyed alternately, 637; held the Heaven to be kept

in its place by extreme velocity of rotation, 639, 650.

End, _see_ Final Cause.

_Endoxa_, premisses of Dialectic, 269; not equivalent to the

Probable, 270; collections to be made of, 275, as an _organon_ of

debate, 278.

Energy, _see_ Entelechy.

Ens, four kinds of, viewed with reference to Proposition, and as

introductory to the Categories, 59; _quatenus_ Ens, subject of First

Philosophy, 59, 422, 583; a homonymous, equivocal, or multivocal

word, 60, 424, 594; not a _Summum Genus_, but a _Summum Analogon_,

60, 584; four main aspects of, in Ontology, 60, 424; (1) _Per

Accidens_, 593; (2) in the sense of Truth, 108, 594, 618; (3)

Potential and Actual, 614-18 (Metaph. [Greek: Th]); (4) according to

the Categories, 594 seq. (Metaph. Z, [Greek: Ê]; relation among the

various aspects of, 61, 424; aspects (1) and (2) lightly treated in

Metaphysica, belonging more to Logic, 61; in aspect (4) Logic and

Ontology blended, 62; in the fullest sense, 66, 67, 96; first

analyzed in its logical aspect by Aristotle, 97; as conceived in

earliest Greek thought, 97, 436; Plato's doctrine of, 552 seq.;

Aristotle's doctrine of, 561.

_Enstasis_ (Objection), 202.

Entelechy, Soul the first, of a natural organized body, 458; _see_

Actuality.

Enthymeme, The, 202.

Enunciative speech, 109; _see_ Proposition.

Epictetus, authority for Stoical creed, 654; his distinction of

things in, and not in, our power, 661; his respect for dissenting

conviction, 663.

Epikurus, doctrine of, imperfectly reported, 654; his standard of

Virtue and Vice, 654; ethical theory of, anticipated, 654;

subordinated bodily pain and pleasure to mental, 654; fragment of his

last letter, 654; his views on Death and the Gods, 655, 657; founded

Justice and Friendship upon Reciprocity, 655; specially inculcated

Friendship, 656; duration and character of his sect, 656; his theory

misnamed, and hence misunderstood, 656; modified atomic theory of

Demokritus with an ethical purpose, 657; his writings, 657, 658;

provided by atomic deflection (not for Freedom of Will but) for the

unpredictable phenomena of nature, 658; his view of the nature of

Truth, 658; disregarded logical theory, 658.

Equivocation, of terms, 57; detection of, an organon of debate, 279;

Fallacy of, 385; how to solve Fallacy of, 407; perhaps most frequent

of all fallacies, 414.

Eric, of Auxerre, followed Aristotle on Universals, 563.

Eristic, given as one of the four Species of Debate, 377; really a

variety or aspect of Dialectic, 377, 379.

Error, liabilities to, in (the form of) Syllogism, 176; in the matter

of premisses, 181; particular, within knowledge of the universal,

183; three modes of, 184, modes of, in regard to propositions as

Immediate or Mediate, 225.

Esoteric doctrine, as opposed to Exoteric, 52.

Essence (Substance), degrees of, 63, 561; first and fundamental

Category, 65, 67; First, or Hoc Aliquid, subject, never predicate,

67, 18, 561; Second, _predicated of_, not _in_, First, 68; Third, 68;

has itself no contrary, but receives alternately contrary accidents,

69, 83; relativity of, as a subject for predicates, 83, 91 seq.;

First, shades through Second into quality, 91; priority of, as

subject over predicate, logical, not real, 93; treated in Metaphys.

Z, 595 seq.

Essence (Quiddity), propositions declaring, attained only in First

figure of Syllogism, 224; one of the four _quæsita_ in Science, 238;

nature of the question as to, 239; how related to the question _Cur_,

240; in all cases undemonstrable, but declared through syllogism,

where it has an extraneous cause, 244; variously given in the

Definition, 245; a variety of Cause (Formal) 245, 611; treated in

Metaphys. Z, 595 seq.

Essential predication, how distinguished by Aristotle from

Non-Essential, 65.

_Est_, double meaning of, 126.

Ethics, Aristotle's treatise on, analyzed, 495 seq.; uncertainty and

obscurity of the subject, 497; Ethical science the supreme good of

the individual citizen, 500; fundamental defect in Aristotle's

theory, 514, 519; first principles how acquired in, 578.

Eubulides, wrote in reproach of Aristotle, 20.

'Eudêmus,' Dialogue of Aristotle's, 52.

Eudêmus, disciple of Aristotle, knew logical works of his now lost,

56; wrote on logic, 56; followed Aristotle in treating Modals, 144;

his proof of the convertibility of Universal Negative, 146; on the

negative function of Dialectic, 284.

Eudoxus, anticipated ethical theory of Epikurus, 654.

Eumêlus, asserted that Aristotle took poison, 15.

Eurymedon, the Hierophant, indicted Aristotle for impiety, 12.

Euthydemus, the Sophist, 383.

Example, the Syllogism from, 191; Induction an exaltation of, 197;

results in Experience, 198.

Excluded Middle, Maxim of, not self-evident, 144; among the

_præcognita_ of Demonstration, 212; supplement or correlative of

Maxim of Contradiction, 426; enunciated both as a logical, and as an

ontological, formula, 579; vindicated by Aristotle specially against

Anaxagoras, 581, 590 seq.

Existence, one of the four heads of Investigation, 238.

Exoteric, the works so called, how understood by Cicero, 44; how by

the critics, 45; "discourse," meaning of in Aristotle himself, 46

seq.; opposed to Akroamatic, 50; doctrine, as opposed to Esoteric,

52.

[Greek: E)xôterikoi\ lo/goi], allusions to, in Aristotle, 46 seq.

Experience, inference from Example results in, 198; place of, in Mr.

J. S. Mill's theory of Ratiocination, 199; basis of science, 199; is

of particular facts, 576.

_Expetenda_, dialectical _Loci_ bearing on, 296 seq.

Eye, structure of the, 466.

Fact, knowledge of, distinguished from knowledge of Cause, 223, 235;

one of the four heads of Investigation, 238; nature of question as

to, 239; assumed in question as to Cause, 239, 608.

Fallacies, subject of Sophistici Elenchi, 377; incidental to the

human **intellect, often hard to detect, not mere traps, 383, 395,

404; operated through language, 384; classified, 385; (1)

_Dictionis_ or _In Dictione_, 385; (2) _Extra Dictionem_ 385 seq.;

may all be brought to _Ignoratio Elenchi_, 390; current among

Aristotle's contemporaries, 391; _In Dictione_, how to solve, 409

seq. _Extra Dictionem_, how to solve, 410 seq.

Falsehood, Non-Ens in the sense of, 60; &c.; _see_ Truth and Ens.

Favorinus, 35.

_Figura Dictionis_, Fallacy of, 385; how to solve, 408.

Figure of Syllogism, 148; First, 148; alternative ways of

enunciating, 148; Modes of, 149; valid modes of First, 149; invalid

modes of First, how set forth by Aristotle, 150; Second and its

modes, 151; Third and its modes, 152; superiority of First, 152, 153,

224; indicated by the Conclusion, 153, 164, 167; all Demonstration

ultimately reducible to two first modes of First, 154; Reduction of

Second and Third, 168; in Second and Third, conclusion possible from

contradictory premisses, 175; knowledge of Cause, also propositions

declaring Essence and Definition, attained in the first, 224.

Final Cause, 246, 611.

Forchhammer, his view of "exoteric discourse," 49.

Form, joint-factor with Matter, a variety of Cause, 245, 611; in the

intellectual generation of the Individual, 445, 598 seq.; and Matter,

distinction of, a capital feature in Aristotle's First Philosophy,

454, 594 seq. (from Metaph. Book Z onwards); relation of, to Matter,

455; as the Actual, 455, 616; the Soul is, 457, 460; the Celestial

Body, the region of, 480.

_Fugienda_, dialectical _Loci_ bearing on, 296 seq.

Galen, his list of Categories, 103.

Gellius, A., his distinction of Exoteric and Akroamatic books, 50.

Generable, the senses of, 637.

Generation, the doctrine of, 598 seq., 620.

Generatione et Corruptione, Treatise de, connected with what other

works, 54, 653 n.

Genus, is Second Essence, 63; or more strictly Third Essence, 67; in

a Demonstration, 219; division of a, 250; one of the Predicables,

276, 284; dialectical _Loci_ bearing on, 302 seq.; not often made

subject of debate, but important for Definition, 302; distinguished

from Differentia, 312; perfect definition through, and Differentiæ,

333; easier to attack than to defend, 352; is Matter in a definition,

604; logically prior to the Species, 607.

Geometry, use of diagrams in, 167, 618; _præcognita_ required in,

212.

Gorgias, style of, 22.

Gryllion, sculptor named in Aristotle's will, 19.

Gymnastics, as part of education, 544.

_Habere_, Category, 66, 73; sometimes dropt by Aristotle, 74, 80;

entitled with the others to a place, 78; refers primarily to a Man,

79; is also understood more widely by Aristotle, 79, 103; exclusively

so by some Aristotelians, 80; ranked fifth by Archytas, 80.

_Habitus_ and _Privatio_, case of _Opposita_, 104, 105.

Hamilton, Sir W., on Modals in Logic, 130, 200; wavers in his use of

the term Common Sense, 565; points on which he misrepresents

Aristotle, 565, 566; real question between, and the Inductive School,

567; the passages upon the strength of which he numbers Aristotle

among the champions of authoritative Common Sense, examined

_seriatim_, 568 seq.

Happiness, Aristotle's definition of, examined, 501 seq.; happiness

of the individual and of society distinct, 517.

Hearing, operated through a medium, 167.

Heart, organ of Sensation generally, 464, 472, 474, specially of

Touch, 472.

Heaven (Kosmos), always in action, 617; uppermost place in, assigned

to the Gods, 632; revolving in a circle, cannot be infinite, 633; no

body outside of, 634, 636; there cannot be more than one, 634;

different senses of, 636; ungenerated and indestructible, 637-39;

directions in the, 640; whence the number of revolutions in, 641;

necessarily spherical, 611, 645; motion of, uniform, 642.

Heavy, distinguished from Light, 631.

Heitz, Emil, takes ground against V. Rose on the catalogue of

Diogenes, 32; refers it to Alexandrine _literati_, 34, 40.

Herakleitus, philosophy of, inconsistent with the Maxim of

Contradiction, 427, 429, 592; disregarded data of experience, 436,

444; position of, inexpugnable by general argument, 443; his view of

the soul, 449; his view of the world of sense and particulars, 551;

not a dialectician, 551; Maxim of Contradiction defended by Aristotle

specially against, 579; the doctrine of, makes all propositions true,

592; must yet admit an infinite number of false propositions, 592;

held the Kosmos to be generated and destroyed alternately, 636.

Hermeias, despot of Atarneus and Assos, friend of Aristotle, 4;

commemorated after death by Aristotle in a hymn and epigram, 5, 12,

13.

Hermippus, drew up catalogue of pupils of Isokrates, 21; probable

author of the catalogue in Diogenes, 34, 35.

Herpyllis, second wife of Aristotle, 17, 18.

Hipparchus, friend of Aristotle, 17.

Hippokrates, his quadrature of the circle, 381.

Hobbes, his definition of Accident, 62.

Homer, made intelligence dependent on sense, 588.

_Homo Mensura_, doctrine of Protagoras, held by Aristotle to be at

variance with Maxim of Contradiction, 430 seq., 580, 587 seq.

Homonymous things, 57.

Homonymy (Equivocation), Fallacy of, 385; how to solve, 407.

Hypereides, executed, 12.

Hypothesis, Syllogisms from, 160, 168; as a principle of

Demonstration, 215, 221.

Iamblichus, defended Aristotle's Categories, 563.

Ideas, Platonic Theory of, not required for Demonstration, 221; as

set forth by Plato himself, 553; psychological ground for, 554;

objections urged against, in Sophistes and Parmenides, 556 seq.;

objections urged by Aristotle against, 558; allusions to in books of

the Metaphysica, 595, 598, 600, 603, 606, 607, 612, 617, 619, 620.

_Idem_, three senses of, 277, 350; a topic in First Philosophy, 584.

Identity, Maxim of, among the _præcognita_ of Demonstration, 212.

Idomeneus, letter to, from Epikurus, 654.

_Ignoratio Elenchi_, Fallacy of, 387; all fallacies may be brought

to, 390; how to solve, 412.

Immortality, not of the individual, 462, 489, 490.

Immoveable, essence, subject of Ontology, also of Mathematics, 423,

593, 619; Prime Movent, 624.

_Impossibile_, _Reductio ad_, _see_ _Reductio_.

Impossible, The, senses of, 638; differs from the False, 638.

Induction, sole proof of the rules for converting propositions, 146,

147; everything believed through Syllogism or upon, 187, 194, 226;

the Syllogism from or out of, 187 seq.; the opposite of genuine

Syllogism, 190; plainer and clearer to us, than Syllogism, 191;

Aristotle's attempt to reduce, to syllogistic form, 192, 193; wanting

in the first requisite of Syllogism--necessity of sequence, 193, 197;

presupposed in Syllogism, 194; the antithesis of, to Syllogism,

obscured by Aristotle's treatment, 198, 199; as part of the whole

process of Scientific Inference, 199, 201; true character of,

apprehended by Aristotle, but not followed out, 199, 200; Logic of,

neglected by the expositors after Aristotle till modern times, 200;

requisites to a Logic of, 201; supplies the premisses of

Demonstration, starting from particulars of sense, 226, 258, 259,

562, 576; repeated and uncontradicted, gives maximum of certainty,

260; process of, culminates in the infallible Noûs, 259-61; procedure

by way of, in Dialectic, 358; most suitable to a young beginner in

Dialectic, 374.

Inductive School, exact question between the, and Sir W. Hamilton,

567.

Infinite, the, exists only potentially, not actually except in a

certain way for our cognition, 615; no body is, 632 seq.

Intellect, _see_ Noûs.

_Intellectus Agens_, relation of, to the _Patiens_, 488, 489; eternal

and immortal, but not in the individual, 488, 489.

_Intellectus Patiens_, relation to the _Agens_, 488, 489; belongs to

and perishes with the individual, 488, 489.

Interpretatione, Treatise de, not named, but its contents

presupposed, in Analytica and Topica, 56; subject of, how related to

subject of Categoriæ, 57, 59, 108, 109; last section of, out of

connection, 134; contains first positive theory of Proposition, 136;

summary of, 139.

Interrogation in Dialectic and in Science, 222.

Irregularity, principle of, in the Kosmos, _see_ Chance.

Isokrates, corresponded with Nikokles, 7, 23; his rhetorical school,

21; his style of composition and teaching, 22; attacked by Aristotle,

24; defended by Kephisodorus, 24.

_Jacere_, Category, 66, 73; sometimes dropt by Aristotle, 74, 80;

entitled with the others to a place, 78; refers primarily to a Man,

79.

Justice, definition of, 531; view of the Pythagoreans respecting,

533.

Kallimachus of Alexandria, drew up tables of authors and their works,

34.

Kallisthenes, recommended by Aristotle to Alexander, 9.

Kallistratus, his skolion on Harmodius and Aristogeiton, 13.

Kassander, pupil of Aristotle, 9.

Kephisodorus, defended Isokrates against Aristotle, 24, 272 n.

Knowledge, of the Universal with error in particulars, 182; three

modes of, 184; two grades of--Absolute, Qualified, 212; of Fact, of

Cause, 223; proper, is of the Universal, 235; versus Opinion, 236,

573.

Kosmos, principles of regularity and irregularity in, 114; _see_

Heaven.

Kratylus refrained from predication, and pointed only with the

finger, 429 n., 580, 590.

La Mennais, on Common Sense, 567.

Lamian War, 12.

Language, significant by convention only, 109; as subservient to the

growth of intellect, 484, 576.

Leukippus, affirmed motion to be eternal, 623; atomic doctrine of,

634.

Life, defined, 453; _see_ Soul.

Light, distinguished from Heavy, 631.

Light, takes no time to travel, 466.

_Loci_, in Dialectic, nature of, 283; distribution of, according to

the four Predicables, 284; bearing on Accident, 285 seq.; bearing on

_Expetenda_ and _Fugienda_ as cases of Accident, 296 seq.; bearing on

Genus, 302 seq.; bearing on Proprium, 313 seq.; bearing on

Definition, 329 seq.; belonging to Sophistic, 382, 403.

Locomotion, Animal, produced by Noûs and Appetite, 493.

Logic, importance of Aristotle's distinction of the Equivocal in, 57;

deals with Ens in what senses, 61; blended with Ontology in the

Categories, 62; connection of, with Psychology, 110; deals with

speech as Enunciative, 111; first presented scientifically by

Aristotle, 130; properly includes discussion of Modals, 130 seq.;

distinction of Contradictory and Contrary fundamental in, 136; use of

examples in, 167; Aristotle's one-sided treatment of, in

subordinating Induction, 200; as combining Induction and Deduction,

201; Mr. J. S. Mill's system of, in relation to Aristotle's, 201;

Aristotle's claim to originality in respect of, 420; line between,

and Ontology, not clearly marked by Aristotle, 422; Sokrates first

broke ground for, 426; subjective point of view chiefly taken by

Aristotle in, 578.

Lucian, uses word "esoteric," 52.

Lucretius, only extant Epikurean writer, 654.

Madvig, his view of "exoteric discourse," 49.

Mathematics, theoretical science, subject of, 423, 593.

Matter, a variety of Cause, 246, 611; joint-factor with Form in the

intellectual generation of the Individual, 445, 598 seq.; and Form,

distinction, of, a capital feature in Aristotle's First Philosophy,

454, 595 seq. (from Metaph. Book Z onwards); relation of, to Form,

455, 456; as the Potential, 455, 615 seq.; various grades of, 456.

Mechanics, place of, in Aristotle's philosophy, 54.

Megarics, allowed no power not in actual exercise, 614.

Memory, Tract on, and Reminiscence, 475; nature of, as distinguished

from Phantasy, 475; distinguished from Reminiscence, 476; phenomena

of, 477.

Menedêmus, disallowed negative propositions, 136.

Meno, Platonic, question as to possibility of learning in, 212.

Menoekeus, letter to, from Epikurus, 654.

Mentor, Persian general, drove Aristotle from Mitylene, 5.

Metaphysics, in modern sense, covers Aristotle's Physica and

Metaphysica, 422.

Metaphysica, name not used by Aristotle, 54, 59; relation of the, to

the Physica, 54, 422; characteristic distinction of the, 422.

Meteorologica, connected with what other works, 54.

Metrodorus, third husband of Aristotle's daughter, 20.

Middle term in Syllogism, literal signification of, 148; how to find

a, 157 seq.; the _Why_ of the conclusion in Demonstration, 219; power

of swiftly divining a, 237; fourfold question as to, in Science, 239;

as Cause, 246.

Mieza, school of Aristotle there, 6.

Mill, Mr. J. S., on the Ten Categories, 90 n.; his system of Logic,

in relation to Aristotle's, 198-201; on indemonstrable truths, 229 n.

Milton, his description of Realism, 552.

Mitylene, Aristotle spent some time there, 4.

Modal Propositions, form of Antiphasis in, 127; excluded by Hamilton

and others from Logic, 130; place of, in Formal Logic vindicated,

131; Aristotle's treatment of, not satisfactory, 133, 138; doctrine

of, related to Aristotle's Ontology and Physics, 133;

disadvantageously mixed up with the Assertory, 138, 143, 154; in

Syllogism, 204.

Modes of Figure, 149; _see_ Figure.

Moon, spherical, 646; motions of, 647.

Motion, Zeno's argument against, paradoxical, 365; the kinds of

local, 593.

_Motus_, under _Opposita_, 104.

Movent, The Immovable Prime, 624 seq.

Music, necessary part of education, 545.

Myrmex, slave or pupil of Aristotle, 19.

Nature, sum of the constant tendencies and sequences within the

Kosmos, 114, 117; objective correlate to the Necessary Proposition in

Logic, 133; Generation from, 598.

Naturalia Parva, complementary to the De Animâ, 54.

Necessary, The, as a mode affecting Antiphasis, 126 seq.; relation

of, to the Possible, 127, 205; a formal mode of Proposition, 131; why

it may be given up as a Mode, 206.

Necessity, in what sense Aristotle denies that all events happen by,

116.

Negation, disjunction of subject and predicate, 111; through what

collocations of the negative particle obtained strictly, 118 seq.,

169; real and apparent, 122; _see_ Contradictory, _Antiphasis_.

Neleus, inherited library of Theophrastus, and carried it away to

Skêpsis, 36; heirs of, buried his library for safety, 36.

Nikanor, son of Proxenus, ward and friend of Aristotle, bore

Alexander's rescript to the Greek cities, 11; executor, and chief

beneficiary, under Aristotle's will, 17-20; married Aristotle's

daughter, 20.

Nikokles, correspondent of Isokrates, 7.

Nikomachus, father of Aristotle, medical author and physician to

Amyntas, 2; son of Aristotle, 17, 18.

Nominalism, main position of, clearly enunciated by Aristotle, 481

n.; scholastic formula of, 555.

_Non Causa pro Causâ_, 388; how to solve, 413.

_Non-Ens_, in the sense of Falsehood, 60, 108; Accident borders on,

98, 593.

_Non per Hoc_, the argument so called, 179; Fallacy of, 388.

Notion, the general, as a cause and creative force, 422.

_Notiora, nobis_ v. _naturâ_, 197, 215, 239, 332.

Noun, function of the, 109, 110, 130; the indefinite, 118, 124.

Noûs, the unit of Demonstration or Science, 231; the _principium_ of

Science or scientific Cognition, 236, 259; unerring, more so even

than Science, 259, 491, 577; stands with Aristotle as terminus and

correlate to the process of Induction, 260, 578; (Noëtic soul)

distinct from, but implying, the lower mental functions, 461, 479;

independent of special bodily organs, 479, 481, 487; how related to

the Celestial Body, 481, 487; the form or correlate of all

cogitables--Form of Forms, 482, 486; limited in its function, as

joined with sentient and nutritive souls, 482, 484; differently

partaken of by man and animals, 483; growth of, 484; not clearly

separated by Aristotle from Phantasy, with which it is in its

exercise bound up, 485; distinguished from Sense, 486; of the Soul,

an unlimited cogitative potentiality, like a tablet not yet written

on, 487, 491; function of, in apprehending the Abstract, 488, 490;

has a formal aspect (_Intellectus Agens_) and a material (_Patiens_),

489; in what sense immortal, 489; in what sense the _principia_ of

Science belong to, 491; analysis, selection, and concentration of

attention, the real characteristics of, 492; Theoretical, Practical,

493; cogitation and _cogitatum_ are identical in, 627.

Number, analogy of Definition to, 611.

Nutritive soul, functions of, 461; origin of, 480.

Objection (_Enstasis_), 202; response to false, in Dialectic, 366.

Ontology, starts from classification of Entia, 59, 61; Science of Ens

_quatenus_ Ens, how named by Aristotle, 59; opposed as the universal

science to particular sciences, not to Phenomenology, 59; blended

with Logic in the Categories, 62; logical aspect of, as set forth by

Aristotle, 127; of Aristotle's predecessors, 97, 108, 551 seq.; has

Dialectic as a tentative companion, 273; not clearly distinguished

from Logic and Physics by Aristotle, 422; highest of Theoretical

Sciences, subject of, 423, 593; treats of Ens in two senses

specially, 424, 425; also critically examines highest generalities of

Demonstration, 425, 579; Aristotle's advance in, upon Plato, 445,

561; an objective science, 579.

Opinion, opposed to Science, in Plato, 207; in Aristotle, 207, 236,

573; wanting to animals, 475.

_Opposita_, four modes of, 104; included under, rather than

including, _Relativa_, 104; should be called _Opposite-Relativa_,

105.

Opposition, Contradictory and Contrary, 111; squares of, Scholastic

and Aristotelian, 137 n.

Oppositis, Treatise de, by Aristotle, lost, 134.

Organon, The, meaning of, as applied to Aristotle's logical

treatises, 55; what it includes, 56; not so specified by Aristotle,

56; Aristotle's point of view throughout, 578.

_Organa_, or Helps to command of syllogisms in dialectical debate,

278; use of the, 282; relation of the, to the _Loci_, 283.

[Greek: O(/ros], Term, applied both to subject and to Predicate in

Analytica, 141.

[Greek: O(/ti, To/], _see_ Fact.

[Greek: Ou)si/a], 67, _see_ Essence.

Paradeigmatic inference, 198; _see_ Example.

_Paradoxa_, a variety of _Adoxa_, 269.

Paralogisms, Scientific, 267, 380; _see_ Fallacies.

Parmenides, eliminated Non-Ens, 136; uses equivocal names as

univocal, 414; his doctrine of Absolute Ens, 436, 551; not a

dialectician, 551; made intelligence vary with sense, 588.

Paronymous things, 57.

Part, relation of, to Whole, with a view to Definition, 601.

Particular, The, _notius nobis_ compared with the Universal, 196;

inferiority of, to the Universal, 231.

Passion, _Pati_, Category, 65, 73.

Peirastic, given as one of the four species of debate, 377; really a

variety or aspect of Dialectic, 377, 379.

'Peplus,' work of Aristotle's, 32.

Perception, sensible, _see_ Sensation.

Pergamus, kings of, their library, 36.

Peripatetics, origin of the title, 7.

Phæstis, mother of Aristotle, 2; directions for a bust to, in

Aristotle's will, 19.

Phanias, disciple of Aristotle, knew logical works of his now lost,

56; wrote on Logic, 56.

Phantasy, nature of, 475; distinguished from Memory, 475;

indispensable to, and passes by insensible degrees into, Cogitation,

479, 484, 485.

Philip of Macedon, chose Aristotle as tutor to Alexander, 5;

destroyed Stageira, 6.

Philosopher, The, distinguished from the Dialectician, 354, 584; also

from the Sophist, 584.

Philosophy, First, usual name for Science of Ens _quatenus_ Ens, 59,

422, 584; _see_ Ontology.

Phokion, at the head of the Athenian administration under Alexander,

12; ineffectually opposed anti-Macedonian sentiment after Alexander's

death, 12.

Physica, relation of the, to the Metaphysica, 54, 422.

Physics, theoretical science, subject of, 423, 593, 630.

Pindar, subject of his Odes, 13.

Place, in Dialectic, 283; none outside of the Heaven, 636.

Planets, number of the spheres of, 626; do not twinkle, why, 645;

_see_ Stars.

Plato, much absent from Athens, between 367-60 B.C., 4; died, 347

B.C., 4; corresponded with Dionysius, 7; Aristotle charged with

ingratitude to, 20; attacked with Aristotle by Kephisodorus, 24;

ancients nearly unanimous as to the list of his works, 27, 42; his

exposure of equivocal phraseology, 58; fascinated by particular

numbers, 74; on Relativity, 84; his theory of Proposition and

Negation, 135, 427; called for, but did not supply, definitions, 141;

his use of the word Syllogism, 143; relied upon logical Division for

science, 162; opposed Science (Dialectic) to Opinion (Rhetoric), 208,

263; explained learning from Reminiscence, 212; his view of Noûs as

infallible, 260; character of his dialogues, 264; recognized

Didactic, but as absorbed into Dialectic, 264; his use of the word

Sophist, 376; his psychology (in the Timæus), 446-9, 451, 461; first

affirmed Realism, 552; his Ontology and theory of Ideas, 553 seq.,

_see_ Ideas; held Sophistic to be busied about Non-Ens, 593; his

scale of Essences, 595, 620; his assumption of a self-movent as

_principium_, 623; held that the non-generable may be destroyed, 637,

639; on the position of the Earth, 649; in his Protagoras anticipated

Epikurus, 654; admitted an invincible erratic necessity in Nature,

657; ethical purpose of, 662.

'Plato and the other Companions of Sokrates,' subject of the work, 1;

referred to, on subject of the Platonic Canon, 27.

Platonists, their view of Essences as Numbers, 611; _see_ Ideas.

Plotinus, censured Categories of the Stoics, 100, 563; his list of

Categories, 102, 563.

_Plurium Interrogationum ut Unius_, _Fallacia_, 389; how to solve,

413.

Plutarch does not appear to have known the chief Aristotelian works,

31; authority for story of the fate of Aristotle's library, 35.

Poetic, place of, in Aristotle's philosophy, 54; modes of speech

entering into, 111, 130.

[Greek: Poio/n], _see_ Quality.

Political Science, the Supreme Science, 449.

Politics, place of in Aristotle's philosophy, 54; Aristotle's

Treatise on, 539; founded on the Republic of Plato, 539; his

conception of a republic, 539.

Porphyry, disposed works of Plotinus in Enneads, 44; his Eisagoge,

73, 101, 552; rejected last paragraph of De Interpretatione, 134; his

statement of the question as to Universals, 552, 564; defended

Aristotle's Categories against Plotinus, 563.

[Greek: Poso/n], _see_ Quantity.

Possible, The, as a Mode affecting Antiphasis, 127; relation of, to

the Necessary, 127, 205; three meanings of, given by Aristotle, 128;

effective sense of, 129, 133, 205, 617, 638; truly a Formal Mode of

Proposition, 131; gradations in, 205.

Poste, Mr., upon Aristotle's proof that Demonstration implies

indemonstrable truths, 229; on the Theory of Fallacies, 383.

_Posterius_, different senses of, 105; as between parts and whole,

601-603.

Post-prædicamenta, 79, 80, 104.

Postulate, as a principle of Demonstration, 220.

Potentiality (Power) as opposed to Actuality, 128, 456, 615 seq.;

varieties of, 613.

Prædicament, _see_ Categories.

Predicables, four in Aristotle, five in later logicians, 276;

quadruple classification of, how exhaustive, 276; come each under one

or other of the Categories, 277.

Predicate, in a proposition, 109; to be One, 120; called Term in

Analytica, 141.

Predication, essential and non-essential, Aristotle's mode of

distinguishing, 63, 64.

Premisses of Syllogism, 148; how to disengage for Reduction, 164;

involving qualification, 166; false, yielding true conclusion, 172;

contradictory, yielding a conclusion in Second and Third figures, 175;

necessary character of, in Demonstration, 215; in Dialectic, 227.

Principles of Science, furnished only by Experience, 162, 257;

knowable in themselves, but not therefore innate, 178, 256; what,

common to all, 212, 215; maintained by Aristotle to be

indemonstrable, 215, 228; general and special, 236, 578; development

of, 256; known by Noûs upon Induction from particulars, 259, 562,

577; discussed by First Philosopher, and by Dialectician, 575.

_Principii Petitio_, Fallacy of, 156, 176; in Dialectic, 367, 371; in

Sophistic, 388; how to solve, 412.

_Prius_, different senses of, in Post-præedicamenta, 105; in

Metaphysica [Greek: D], 106; Aristotle often confounds the meanings

of, 106; as between parts and whole, 601-603.

_Privatio_ and _Habitus_, case of _Opposita_, 104, 105.

[Greek: Proai/resis], definition of, 526.

Probabilities, Syllogism from, 202.

Probable, The, true meaning of, in Aristotle, 269.

Problematical proposition, The, a truly formal mode, 131.

Problems, for scientific investigation, 238; identical, 253; in

Dialectic, 273.

Prokles, second husband of Aristotle's daughter, 20.

Proof ([Greek: tekmê/rion]) distinguished from Sign, 203.

Propositions, subject of De Interpretatione, 57, 109; Terms treated

by Aristotle with reference to, 59; Ens divided with reference to,

59; defined, 109; distinguished in signification from Terms, 109,

110, also from other modes of significant speech, 111, 130; Simple,

Complex, 111; Affirmative, Negative, 111, 122; Contradictory (pair

of, making Antiphasis), Contrary, 111, 124, 134; Universal, Singular,

111; about matters particular and future, 113; in quaternions

illustrative of real Antiphasis, 118 seq.; subject of, and predicate

of, to be each One, 125; function of copula in, 126; Simple

Assertory, Modal (Possible or Problematical and Necessary), 127 seq.;

subjective and objective aspects of, 131; Aristotle's theory of,

compared with views of Plato and others, 135; summarized, 139; how

named in Analytica, 141; named either as declaring, or as generating,

truth, 141; formally classified according to Quantity in Analytica,

142; Universal, double account of, 142; Conversion of, taken singly,

144; rules for Conversion of Universal Negative, Affirmative, &c.,

144 seq.; comparison of, as subjects of attack and defence, 156;

Indivisible or Immediate, and Mediate--modes of error with regard to,

224 seq.; as subject-matter of Dialectic, 273; classified for

purposes of Dialectic, 276.

Proprium, one of the Predicables, 276; thesis of, hardest, after

Definition, to defend, 285, 353; dialectical _Loci_ bearing on, 313

seq.; ten different modes of, 321.

[Greek: Pro/s ti], _see_ Relation.

Protagoras, his doctrine, "Homo Mensura" impugned by Aristotle as

adverse to the Maxim of Contradiction, 430 seq., 587 seq.; true force

of his doctrine, 431; misapprehended by Aristotle and Plato, 432.

[Greek: Pro/tasis], name for Proposition in Analytica, 141.

Proxenus, of Atarneus, guardian of Aristotle at Stageira, 3;

mentioned in Aristotle's will, 19.

Pseudographeme or Scientific Paralogism, 267; or pseudographic

syllogism, 380.

Psychology, relation of, to Logic, 110; summary of Aristotle's, 493.

Pythagoras, disregarded experience, 436; _see_ Pythagoreans.

Pythagoreans had a two-fold doctrine--exoteric and esoteric, 52;

fascinated by particular numbers, 74; their view of the soul, 449;

went astray in defining from numbers, 603; ascribed perfection and

beauty to results, not to their originating principles, 625; said the

Universe and all things are determined by Three, 630; recognized

Right and Left in the Heaven, 610; erred in calling ours the upper

hemisphere and to the right, 640; affirmed harmony of the spheres,

646; placed Fire, not Earth, at the centre of the Kosmos, 648; made

the Earth and Antichthon revolve each in a circle, 648.

Pythias, wife of Aristotle, 5, 17, 20; daughter of Aristotle, 17-19.

_Quæsita_, in science, four heads of, 238; order of, 239; the four,

compared, 240.

Quality (_Quale_)**, third Category, treated fourth, 65, 72;

varieties of, 72; admits in some cases, contrariety and graduation,

72; foundation of Similarity and Dissimilarity, 73; illustrated from

_Relata_, 73; First Essence shades through Second into, 91; to

Aristotle a mere predicate, highest of substances to Plato, 503; is

hardly Ens at all, 593.

Quantity (_Quantum_), second. Category, 65; Continual, Discrete, 70;

has no contrary, 70; a mere appendage to Essence, 595, 596.

Quiddity, _see_ Essence.

Realism, first affirmed by Plato, 552, 555; problems of, as set out

by Porphyry, and discussed before and after, 552; scholastic formula

of, 555; objections, urged against, by Plato himself in Sophistes and

Parmenides, 550 seq.; peculiarity in Plato's doctrine of, 557;

impugned by Aristotle, 558 seq.; character of Aristotle's objections

to, 500; counter-theory to, set up by Aristotle, 500, 501; standard

against, raised by Aristotle in his First **Category, 502;

of Plotinus, 563; of J. Scotus Erigena, 564; of Remigius, 564.

Reciprocation, among Terms of Syllogism, 185.

Reduction, in Syllogism, 153; object and process of, 164 seq.

_Reductio ad Impossibile_ or _Absurdum_, used in proving modes of

Second figure, 152; nature of, 155, 160, 168; a case of Reversal of

Conclusion for refutation, 175; abuse of, guarded against by the

argument _Non per Hoc_, 179.

Regularity, principle of, in the Kosmos, _see_ Nature.

_Relata_, defined, 70.

Relation, fourth Category, treated third, 65, 70; admits, in some

cases, contrariety and graduation, 71; too narrowly conceived by

Aristotle, 80; covers all predicates, 82; covers even Essence as

Subject, 83; an Universal comprehending and pervading all the

Categories, rather than a Category itself, 84; understood at the

widest by some of the ancients, 84; comprehensiveness of, conceded by

Aristotle himself, 84, 88.

_Relative-Opposita_, should rather stand _Opposite-Relativa_, 104,

105.

Relativity, or Relation, _see_ Relation; of knowledge, universal (in

the sense of Protagoras), impugned by Aristotle, 430 seq., 589 seq.;

allowed by Aristotle to pervade all mind, 493.

Remigius of Auxerre, went as far as Plato in Realism, 564.

Reminiscence, Plato's doctrine of, 212, 554; Aristotle's Tract on

Memory and, 475; nature of, as distinguished from Memory, 470;

phenomena of, 476.

Resemblances, study of, an organon of debate, 280.

Respiration, organ and function of, 408.

Reversal of Conclusion, 174.

Rhabanus Maurus, followed Aristotle on Universals, 503.

Rhetoric, place of, in Aristotle's philosophy, 54; modes of speech

dealt with in, 111, 131; opposed by Plato to Dialectic, 208, 203;

opposed with Dialectic to Science by Aristotle, 208, 265, 266;

developed before Aristotle, 419.

Rose, Valentine, his view of the catalogue of Diogenes, 32.

Sagacity, in divining Middle Term, 237.

Sameness, three senses of, 277, 349.

Scholarchs, Peripatetic, their limited knowledge of Aristotle before

Andronikus, 30, 38.

Science, _see_ Knowledge.

Sciences, some prior and more accurate than others, 210, 234, 578;

classified as Theoretical, Practical, Constructive, 423, 593;

Theoretical subdivided, 423, 593.

Seneca, authority for Stoical creed, 654; a Stoic engaged in active

politics, 662.

Sensation, knowledge begins from the natural process of, 256, 483,

492; consciousness of, explained, 473.

Senses, the five, 465 seq.; cannot be more than five, 472.

Sentient soul, involves functions of the Nutritive with sensible

perception besides, 461; distinguishes animals from plants, 462;

receives the form of the _perceptum_ without the matter, as wax an

impression from the signet; 462; communicated by male in generation,

and is complete from birth, 463: differs from the Noëtic, in

communing with particulars and being dependent on stimulus from

without, 463 seq., 486; grades of, 463; has a faculty of

discrimination and comparison, 464, 483; heart, the organ of, 464;

cannot perceive two distinct sensations at once, 473; at the lowest,

subject to pleasure and pain, appetite and aversion, 473; Phantasy

belongs to the, 475; Memory belongs to the, 475.

Sepulveda, his use of "exoteric," 45.

Signs, Syllogism from, 202; distinguished from Proof ([Greek:

tekmê/rion]), 203; in Physiognomy, 204.

Simplikius, defended Aristotle's Categories, 563.

_Simul_, meaning of, 105; as between parts and whole, 602.

Skêpsis, Aristotle's books and manuscripts long kept buried there,

36.

Smell, operated through a medium, 467; stands below sight and

hearing, 468; action of, 469; organ of, 470.

Sokrates, reference to his fate by Aristotle, 16; his exposure of

equivocal phraseology, 58; called for, but did not supply,

definitions, 141; his conception and practice of Dialectic, to the

neglect of Didactic, 263; Elenchus of, 263, 437, 441; did nothing but

question, 418; Greek philosophy before, 426; first broke ground for

Logic, 426; his part in the development of Greek Philosophy, 436

seq.; peculiarities of, according to Aristotle, 437; first inquired

into the meaning of universal terms, 551, 552.

Sokrates, the younger, false analogy of, in defining animal, 604.

Solecism, sophistic charge of, 385; how to repel, 413.

Sophist, the, as understood by Aristotle, 376, 377, 381; as

understood by Plato, 376; five ends ascribed to, 384; not really

distinguished by Aristotle from the Dialectician, 382, 393 seq.

Sophistes of Plato, theory of Proposition in, 135.

Sophistic, busied about accidents, 98, 593; as understood by

Aristotle, 376, 382; given as one of four species of debate, 377;

Aristotle's conception of, both as to purpose and subject matter,

disallowed, 382, 393 seq.; _Loci_ bearing on, 408; debate,

difficulties in, 416; borders on Dialectic, 417.

Sophistici Elenchi, last book of Topica, 56, 262; subject of, 376;

last chapter of, 417 seq.

Sorites, what was afterwards so called, 156.

Soul, according to Plato, 446, 449, 451, 461; Alkmæon, 449;

Herakleitus, 449; Diogenes of Apollonia, 449; Anaxagoras, 449;

Empedokles, 449; Pythagoreans, 450; Xenokrates, criticized by

Aristotle, 450; theory of Empedokles criticized, 451; theory of, as

pervading the whole Kosmos, 451; all the foregoing theories of,

rejected by Aristotle, 452; requisites of a good theory of, 452;

Aristotle's point of view with regard to, 453; the problem of, stated

to cover all forms of Life, 453; resolved by metaphysical distinction

of Form and Matter, 454-7; defined accordingly, 458; not a separate

entity in itself, 458; not really, but only logically, separable from

body, 458; thoroughgoing implication of, with Matter, 459, 478; is

Form, Movent, and Final Cause, of the body as Matter, 460, 480; makes

with body the Living or Animated Body, 460, 480; varieties of, in an

ascending scale, 460, 481; the lowest or Nutritive, 461; the Sentient

(also nutritive), 462-74, _see_ Sentient; higher functions of,

conditioned by lower, 474; Phantastic department of, 474; the Noëtic

or Cogitant, 478, _see_ Noûs, Noëtic; all varieties of, proceed from

the region of Form or the Celestial Body, 480; Noûs of the, 487; not

immortal, even the Noëtic, in the individual, 489; is, in a certain

way, all existent things, 493; two parts of, the rational and the

irrational, 521.

Sound, cause of, 467.

Species, is Second Essence, 63, 68; one of the Predicables in

Porphyry's, not in Aristotle's, list, 276; logically posterior to

Genus and to Differentiæ, 607.

Speech, significant by convention only, 109, 111; Enunciative, and

other modes of, 111.

Speusippus, succeeded Plato in the Academy, 7, 21; books of, at his

death, bought by Aristotle, 35; held it impossible to define anything

without knowing everything, 249; his enumeration of Essences, 595,

629; ascribed beauty and perfection to results, not to their

originating principles, 625.

Spinoza, his definition of Substance contrasted with Aristotle's, 93.

Spontaneity, source of irregularity in the Kosmos, 115, 205; affects

the rule of Antiphasis, 115; objective correlate to the Problematical

Proposition, 133, 205; Generations and Constructions from, 598, 620.

Stageira, birthplace of Aristotle, 2; destroyed by Philip, restored

by Aristotle, 6.

Stars, in their nature eternal Essences, 626; whence the heat and

light of, 644; themselves at rest, are carried round in their

circles, 644; spherical in figure, 645, 646; (not planets) twinkle,

why, 645; rates of motion of (planets), as determined by their

position, 646; irregular sequence of (planets), in respect of

complexity of motions, 646; partakers of life and action, 647; why so

many, in the one single First Current, 648.

Stilpon, merely disputed on Proposition, 136.

Stoics, Categories of the, 100, 563; their doctrine copiously

reported, 654; points in which they agreed with the Epikureans, 655,

663; fatalism of, 657; held Self-preservation to be the first

principle of Nature, 660; inculcated as primary _officium_, to keep

in the State of Nature, 660; their idea of the Good, 660; their

distinction of things in our power, and not in our power, 661; held

the will to be always determined by motives, 661; their view of a

free mind, 661; allowed an interposing Providence, 661; ethical

purpose of,662; urged to active life, 662; subordinated beneficence,

put justice highest, 662, 663; their respect for individual

conviction, 663.

Strabo, authority for story of the fate of

Aristotle's library, 35, 38.

Subject, to be _predicated of_ a, distinguished from to be _in_ a,

59, 62, 64; which is never employed as predicate, 63, 68, 157; which

may also be predicate, 63, 157; called Term in Analytica, 141.

Substance, _see_ Essence.

Substratum, 67, 595; _see_ Essence.

Sun, ever at work, 617; whence the heat and light of, 644; why seen

to move at rising and setting, 644; motions of, 646.

Sylla, carried library of Apellikon to Rome, 37.

Syllogism, principle of, indicated in Categoriæ, 65; theory of,

claimed by Aristotle as his own work, 140, 153; defined, 143, 426;

Perfect and Imperfect, 143; meaning of, in Plato, specialized in

Aristotle, 143; conditions of valid, 148, 155; Premisses, Terms,

Figures, &c., of, 148 seq.; Reduction of, 153; mediaeval abuse of,

153; Direct or Ostensive, and Indirect, 155; has two (even number of)

propositions, and three (odd number of) terms, 156; how to construct

a, 157; method of, superior to logical Division, 162; from an

Hypothesis, 168; plurality of conclusions from, 171; inversion of,

173; conversion of, 174; liabilities to error in the use of, 176;

cases of Reciprocation among terms of, 185; antithesis among terms

of, 185 seq.; canons of, common to Demonstration, Dialectic,

Rhetoric, 186, 210, 265; the, from Induction, 187; prior and more

effective as to cognition, than Induction, 191; the, from Example,

191; relation of, to Induction, 192 seq.; varieties of Abduction,

Objection, Enthymeme, &c., 202 seq.; Modal, 204; theory of,

applicable both to Demonstration and Dialectic, 207, 265; the

Demonstrative or Scientific, 215, 219, 265; of [Greek: o(/ti], and of

[Greek: dio/ti], 223; the unit in, 231; scope and matter of the

Dialectical, 265, 267; the Eristic, 268, 380; the Elenchus, or

Refutative, 376; the Pseudographic, 380; inquiry into Axioms of,

falls to First Philosophy, 426.

Synonymous things, 57.

Taste, operates through contact, 469; a variety of Touch, 471; organ

of, 471.

Tautology, sophistic charge of, 385; how to repel, 413.

Temperance, definition of, 531.

[Greek: Tekmê/rion] (Proof), distinguished from Sign, 203.

Terms, as such, subject of Categoriæ, 57; things denoted by,

distinguished as Homonymous (Equivocal), Synonymous (Univocal),

Paronymous--importance of the distinction, 57; viewed by Aristotle,

as constituents of a Proposition, 59; distinguished from Proposition

in signification, 109, 110; the word, used instead of Noun and Verb

in Analytica, 141; Major, Middle, and Minor, in Syllogism, 148; in

Syllogism, are often masked, 165; reciprocation of, in Syllogism,

185; equivocation of, to be attended to in Dialectic, 278.

Thales, character of his philosophy, 435; supposed the Earth to float

at rest on water, 649.

Themison, correspondent of Aristotle, 7.

Themistius, speaks of an "army of assailants" of Aristotle, 26; on

the order of the _Quæsita_ in science, 238.

Theodoras, developed Rhetoric, 419.

Theology, alternative name for First Philosophy or Ontology, 59, 423.

Theophrastus, left in charge of Aristotle's school and library, 15,

35; directions to, in Aristotle's will, 17, 18; bought as well as

composed books, 35; disposition of his library, 35, 42; wrote on

Logic, 56; distinguished Affirmation [Greek: e)k metathe/seôs], 122,

169; followed Aristotle in treating of Modals, 144; assumed

convertibility of Universal Negative, 146.

Theses, how to find arguments for, 157; art of impugning and

defending, 180; in Dialectic, how open to be impugned, 284; chiefly

Universal Affirmative, 281; comparison of, as subjects of attack and

defence, 285, 352, 300.

Thrasyllus, canon of, 27, 41; tetralogies of, 44.

Thrasymachus, developed Rhetoric, 419.

Thomas Aquinas, his use of "exoteric," 45.

[Greek: Ti/ ê)=n ei)=nai, To/], _see_ Essence (Quiddity).

Timæus, Platonic, summary of the psychological doctrine in the,

446-9.

Timarchus, friend of Aristotle, 17.

Time, none, outside of the Heaven, 277.

Tisias, first writer on Rhetoric, 419.

Topica, referred to in Analytica, 56; presupposes contents of

Categoriæ and De Interpretatione, 56; part of one scheme with

Analytica, 142; design of, specially claimed by Aristotle as

original, 262; subject of, 262, 265; First Book of, preliminary to

the _Loci_, 283; distribution of, 284.

Torstrick, his view of "exoteric discourse," 49.

Touch, most wisely diffused sense, 464; operated through contact,

468; _i.e._, apparently, 472; most developed in man, 471; an

aggregate of several senses, 471; organ of, 471.

Trans-Olfacient, action of the, in Smell, 467.

Trans-Sonant, action of the, in Hearing, 467.

Trendelenburg, brings the Categories into relation with parts of

speech, 99.

Truth, Ens in the sense of, 60, &c., _see_ Ens; a mental conjunction

or disjunction of terms in conformity with fact, 60, 111, 591, 594,

618; embodied in the Proposition or Enunciative Speech, 109, 130.

Tyrannion studied Aristotle's MSS. At Rome, 37-39, 43.

Universal, The, knowledge of, with error as to particulars, 183;

knowledge of, better than of the Particular, 231; not perceivable by

sense, 235; but cf. 258; reveals the Cause, 235; generated by a

process of Induction from particulars, 260; controversy about, began

with Sokrates and Plato, 551; questions as to, set out by Porphyry,

552; Plato's statements as to, collected, 553 seq.; scholastic

formulae of the different theories of, 555; Aristotle's objection to

Plato's Realistic theory of, 558 seq.; Aristotle's counter-theory as

to, 560; is to Aristotle a predicate in or along with the Particular,

561, 605; later history of the question of, till launched in the

schools of the Middle Age, 562-4; given as one of the varieties of

Essence, 595; arguments against its being Essence, 605.

_Universalia Prima_, as premisses in Demonstrative Science, 216.

Universe, extends every way, 630.

Univocal terms, 57.

Vacuum, exists potentially only, 615; none, outside of the Heaven,

636.

Verb, function of the, 109, 110, 130; the indefinite, 118, 124.

Virtue, Aristotle's definition of, examined, 521 seq.; intellectual

and ethical, 521; is a medium between two extremes. 524.

Vision, most perfect sense, 465; colours, the object of, 465;

effected through media having diaphanous agency, 466.

Voice, The, 468.

Voluntary and Involuntary actions, 525.

Waitz, prints Sophistici Elenchi as last Book of Topica, 56.

When, _Quando_, Category, 65, 73.

Where, _Ubi_, Category, 65, 73.

Words, subjective and objective aspects of, 109.

Works of Aristotle, dates of, uncertain, 54; in what order to be

studied, 55; cross-references in the logical, 56.

Wyttenbach, started doubts as to Platonic Canon, 27.

Xenokrates, fellow-pupil of Aristotle, accompanied him to Atarneus,

4; head of the Academy, 7; attached to Athenian democracy, 10;

character of, 25; his view of the soul, 450.

Xenophanes, improved on by Parmenides, 551; his reason for the

stationariness of the Earth, 649.

Zeller, his view of "exoteric discourse," 49.

Zeno, the Eleatic, argument of, against Motion, paradoxical, 365;

uses equivocal names as univocal, 414; defended the Parmenidean

theory dialectically, 551.

Zeno, the Stoic, a foreigner at Athens, without a sphere of political

action, 662.

Zoological Treatises, place of the, among the other works of

Aristotle, 54.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS,

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*************************************

Transcriber's Note

There are several references in this text to Grote's previous book on

Plato, 'Plato and the Other companions of Sokrates'. The 4-volume

version of this book is available in Project Gutenberg:

Vol. 1 - https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/40435

Vol. 2 - https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/40436

Vol. 3 - https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/40437

Vol. 4 - https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/40438.

Unfortunately references in this text are to the 3-volume edition, so

page numbers differ and in almost all cases chapter numbers are 2 less

than in the 4-volume version--as the advertisement says "In the present

Edition, with a view to the distribution into four volumes, there is a

slight transposition of the author's arrangement. His concluding

chapters (XXXVIII., XXXIX.), entitled "Other Companions of Sokrates,"

and "Xenophon," are placed in the First Volume, as chapters III. and IV."

The text is based on versions made available by the Internet Archive.

For the Greek transcriptions the following conventions have been used:

) is for smooth breathing; ( for hard; + for diaeresis; / for acute

accent; \ for grave; = for circumflex; | for iota subscript.

ch is used for chi, ph for phi, ps for psi, th for theta;

ê for eta and ô for omega; u is used for upsilon in all cases.

Corrections to the text, indicated in text with **:

Location Text of scan of 2nd edition Correction

Preface, after fn. 4 dialetical dialectical

Ch. 1 fn 5 ad. ad

Ch. 1 fn 10 mge/an me/gan

Ch. 1 fn 46 a)lla) a)lla\

Ch. 1 fn 61 Quintillian Quintilian

Ch. 2 fn 15 Art Ar.

Ch. 2 before fn. 22 Theopharstus Theophrastus

Ch. 2 fn 40 a)utô=n au)tôn

Ch. 2 fn 40 dia lektikô=s dialektikô=s

Ch. 2 fn 40 tô=n. tô=n

Ch. 2 fn 41 la\r ga\r

Ch. 3 after fn 49 e(te/rô/n e(te/rôn

Ch. 3 fn 54 e)pistê\mê e)pistê/mê

Ch. 3 fn 101 tê=n tê\n

Ch. 3 before fn 111 Subiect Subject

Ch. 3 fn 112 ou où

Ch. 3 fn 112 déja déjà

Ch. 3 fn 112 Voila dont Voilà donc

Ch. 3 fn 121 ad. ad

Ch. 3 fn 131 le/nos ge/nos

Ch. 3 fn 131 Stoic Stoics

Ch. 3 fn 132 deu/te/ron deu/teron

Ch. 3 fn 132 . ,

Ch. 3 fn 142 a)ntikei/me/na a)ntikei/mena

Ch. 3 fn 142 o(\then o(/then

Ch. 3 after fn 146 if of

Ch. 4 fn 9 Scholian Scholion

Ch. 4 after fn 25 justis justus

Ch. 4 fn 28 . ,

Ch. 4 before fn 38 Nons-Ens Non-Ens

Ch. 4 fn 48 lxii-lxviii. lxii.-lxviii.

Ch. 4 fn 52 no superscript

Ch. 5 fn 37 ad. ad

Ch. 5 fn 60 completély completely

Ch. 5 fn 63-65 ; :

Ch. 5 before fn 81 faciliate facilitate

Ch. 6 before fn 4 the the the

Ch. 6 fn 14, 24 no superscript

Ch. 6 after fn 39 suscessively successively

Ch. 6 fn 42 ad. ad

Ch. 6 fn 55 xxxiii. xxiii.

Ch. 6 fn 55 Sir. Sir

Ch. 6 fn 58 .

Ch. 6 fn 59 Lokik Logik

Ch. 6 fn 60 e)pogôlê=s e)pagôgê=s

Ch. 6 fn 60 e)/st e)/sti

Ch. 6 fn 61 . ,

Ch. 6 fn 65 Sir. Sir

Ch. 6 fn 67 (twice) , .

Ch. 6 fn 67 : ;

Ch. 6 fn 71 seq seq.

Ch. 6 fn 74 Induction "Induction

Ch. 7 fn 13 maximum maxim

Ch. 7 fn 19 tro\pon tro/pon

Ch. 7 fn 35 . ,

Ch. 7 fn 39 . ,

Ch. 7 before fn 71 dialetical dialectical

Ch. 7 fn 75 . ,

ch. 7 fn 80 . ,

Ch. 8 fn 2 Schl. Schol.

Ch. 8 fn 2 attibute attribute

Ch. 8 fn 12 jusqu' à jusqu'à

Ch. 8 fn 18 ou)de ou)de\

Ch. 8 fn 34 a a.

Ch. 8 fn 49 lanthanousi lantha/nousi

Ch. 8 fn 52 . ,

Ch. 8 fn 56 . ,

Ch. 8 fn 62 de de\

Ch. 8 fn 70 primilibri primi libri

Ch. 9 fn 27 plei/on' plei/on

Ch. 9 fn 39 vii.. viii.

Ch. 9 before fn 44 analgous analogous

Ch. 9 fn 71 to to\

Ch. 9 before fn 113 usuage usage

Ch. 9 before fn 158 is respecting is) respecting

Ch. 9 before fn 161 more more more

Ch. 9 fn 210 la\r ga\r

Ch. 9 fn 211 la\r ga\r

Ch. 9 fn 211 dto\ to\

Ch. 9 fn 229 ei)rêmenon ei)rême/non

Ch. 9 before fn 283 impunging impugning

Ch. 9 before fn 298 defininition definition

Ch. 9 fn 367 poi=oume/nois poioume/nois

Ch. 9 fn 367 diê\rthrôtai/ diê/rthrôtai/

Ch. 9 fn 408 sugkrisin su/gkrisin

Ch. 9 before fn 436 revelant relevant

Ch. 9 before fn 444 you you you

Ch. 9 fn 464 gar ga\r

Ch. 9 fn 464 proteinomenôn proteinome/nôn

Ch. 10 before fn 9 predominence predominance

Ch. 10 fn 85 Topic, Topica,

Ch. 10 fn 98 xxii. xvii.

Ch. 10 fn 98 Firman Firmin

Ch. 10 fn 112 b. 17; b. 17);

Ch. 10 fn 112 a. 10,. a. 10).

Ch. 10 before fn 129 philosphers philosophers

Ch. 10 before fn 138 tell tells

Ch. 11 after fn 9 confides confines

Ch. 11 after fn 28 that that,

Ch. 12 after fn 5 sperical spherical

Ch. 12 after fn 27 most most most

Ch. 12 fn 36 ad. ad

Ch. 12 fn 69 . ,

Ch. 12 before fn 75 accept except

Ch. 12 fn 129 and ad

Ch. 12 fn 139 tên tê\n

Ch. 12 after fn 144 thoraic thoracic

Ch. 12 fn 156 88 18

Ch. 13 endæmonise eudæmonise

Ch. 13 perforance performance

Ch. 13 (5 times) ii. iii.

Ch. 14 commonweath commonwealth

Ch. 14 indulgencies indulgences

App. I preceptions perceptions

App. I fn 8 370-395 320-395

App. II fn 6 ê| ê(=|

App. III ). .).

App. III .) ).

App. III ). .)

App. III . .)

App. III According (According

App. III ). .)

App. III ). .).

App. III tni/as e)ni/as

App. III parts parts parts

App. III du/na/mis du/namis

App. III duna/neis duna/meis

App. III .) .).

App. III 2-025 20-25

App. III ). .).

App. III ga\r ga/r

App. IV [stop omitted] .

App. IV from from from

App. Iv contrifugal centrifugal

App. IV their there

App. IV a)ei= a)ei\

App. IV ; :

App. IV them-themselves themselves

App. IV ). .)

App. V the fears of those gods those fears of

the gods

App. VI medita-tations meditations

Index Metaph Metaph.

Index Platonist Platonists

Index as as as

Index the the the

Index inteltellect intellect

Index ) ),

Index Categorie Category

Marcus Antoninus--not only a powerful emperor, but also the most