CALOTYPE, kal'[=o]-t[=i]p, _n._ a kind of photography.--_n._ CAL'OTYPIST,
one who makes calotypes. [Gr. _kalos_, beautiful, _typos_, an image. Name
given in 1840 by W. H. Fox Talbot (1800-77) to his method of photographing
by the action of light on nitrate of silver.]
CALOYER, ka-loi'[.e]r, _n._ a Greek monk, esp. of the order of St Basil.
[Fr.,--It.--Late Gr. _kalog[=e]ros_, _kalos_, beautiful, _g[=e]ros_, aged.]
CALP, kalp, _n._ the name applied in Ireland to beds of shale, sandstone,
&c. containing thin seams of coal.
CALPAC, CALPACK, kal'pak, _n._ a triangular felt cap, worn by Turks and
Tartars. [Turk.]
CALQUE. See CALK (3).
CALTROP, kal'trop, _n._ an instrument armed with four spikes, so arranged
that one always stands upright, used to obstruct the progress of an enemy's
cavalry, or of besiegers of a fortification.--Also CAL'TRAP. [A.S.
_coltetræppe_, _calcatrippe_--L. _calc-em_, heel, _trappa_, a trap.]
CALUMBA, ka-lum'ba, _n._ the root of an East African plant, extensively
used in medicine as a stomachic and tonic. [From _Colombo_ in Ceylon.]
CALUMET, kal'[=u]-met, _n._ the 'peace pipe' of the North American Indians,
a tobacco-pipe having a stem of reed or painted wood about 2½ feet long,
decorated with feathers, with a large bowl, usually of soap-stone.
[_Calumet_ is a Norman name for a shepherd's pipe (Fr. _chalumeau_--L.
_calamellus_, _calamus_), given by the early French settlers from its
resemblance.]
CALUMNY, kal'um-ni, _n._ false accusation: slander.--_v.t._ CALUM'NI[=A]TE,
to accuse falsely: to slander.--_v.i._ to spread evil reports.--_ns._
CALUM'NI[=A]TION; CALUM'NI[=A]TOR.--_adjs._ CALUM'NI[=A]TORY, CALUM'NIOUS,
of the nature of calumny: slanderous.--_adv._ CALUM'NIOUSLY.--OATH OF
CALUMNY, a method in the law of Scotland for the prevention of calumnious
and unnecessary suits, by which both parties at the beginning of a cause
swear, either by themselves or their counsel, that the facts set forth by
them are true--usual only in actions of divorce, &c. [L. _calumnia_, prob.
for _calvomnia_, from _calvi_, _calv[)e]re_, to deceive.]
CALVARY, kal'va-ri, _n._ the name of the place where Jesus was crucified:
(_R.C._) a series of representations of the various scenes of Christ's
crucifixion: an eminence crowned with one or three crosses bearing
life-size figures of Jesus and the two thieves. [The Anglicised form of the
Vulgate _calvaria_, which was the L. rendering of the Gr. _kranion_, as
that again of the Aramaic _gogulth[=o]_ or _gogolth[=a]_ (Heb.
_gulg[=o]leth_--Græcised form _golgotha_), all three words meaning skull.]