ANFRACTUOUS, an-fract-[=u]'us, _adj._ winding, involved, circuitous.--_n._
ANFRACTUOS'ITY. [L. _anfractuösus_, _anfract-us_.]
ANGEL, [=a]n'jel, _n._ a divine messenger: a ministering spirit: an
attendant or guardian spirit: a person possessing the qualities attributed
to such--gentleness, purity, &c.: one supposed to have a special
commission, as the head of the Church in Rev. ii. and iii., or the _angel_
of the Catholic and Apostolic Church, who corresponds in a limited sense to
the bishop of other Christian denominations: (_poet._) a messenger
generally: in art, the conventional figure attributed to the angel--a
figure of great beauty, youthful, clothed in flowing garments, with wings:
an old Eng. coin = 10s., bearing the figure of an angel.--_n._ AN'GEL-FISH,
a voracious fish, allied to the shark, from six to eight feet long, with
large, wing-like pectoral fins.--_adjs._ ANGEL'IC (an-),
ANGEL'ICAL.--_adv._ ANGEL'ICALLY.--_ns._ ANGELOL'ATRY ([=a]n-),
angel-worship; ANGELOL'OGY, the doctrine regarding angels; ANGELOPH'ANY,
the manifestation of an angel to man. [Gr. _angelos_, a messenger.]
ANGELICA, an-jel'i-ka, _n._ a genus of umbelliferous plants, the roots and
seeds of some species of which are used in making gin, bitters, &c.--the
tender stalks and midribs of the leaves are candied and used as a
confection: confections.--_n._ AN'GEL-WAT'ER, a perfumed liquid, at first
made largely from angelica, then from ambergris, rose-water, orange-flower
water, &c. [From their supposed magical properties.]
ANGELUS, an'je-lus, _n._ the 'Hail, Mary,' or prayer to the Virgin,
containing the angelic salutation: the bell rung in Roman Catholic
countries at morning, noon, and sunset, to invite the faithful to recite
the Angelic Salutation. [From its first words, _'Angelus_ domini nuntiavit
Mariæ.']
ANGER, ang'ger, _n._ a strong emotion excited by a real or fancied injury,
and involving a desire for retaliation.--_v.t._ to make angry: to
irritate.--_adj._ AN'GERLESS.--_advs._ AN'GERLY, a 17th-cent. form (still
used in an archaic sense) for ANGRILY; ANG'RILY.--_n._ ANG'RINESS.--_adj._
ANG'RY, excited with anger: inflamed: lowering. [Ice. _angr_; allied to
ANGUISH.]
ANGEVIN, an'je-vin, _adj._ pertaining to Anjou: relating to the Plantagenet
house that reigned in England from 1154 to 1485, its first king, Henry II.,
being son of Geoffrey V., Count of Anjou, and Matilda, daughter of Henry I.
of England. By some the term Angevin is only allowed until the loss of
Anjou under John (1204); by others, till the deposition of Richard II. in
1399.
ANGINA, an-j[=i]'na, _n._ any inflammatory affection of the throat, as
quinsy, croup, &c.: usually in medical phraseology with adjective, as
_Angina rheumatica_ = rheumatic sore throat.--ANGINA PECTORIS, a disease of
the heart marked by paroxysms of intense pain, beginning at the breastbone
and radiating thence mainly towards the left shoulder and arm. [L.
_ang[)i]na_. See ANGUISH.]
ANGIOCARPOUS, an-ji-[=o]-kar'pus, _adj._ having the fruit in an envelope
distinct from the calyx. [Gr. _angeion_, a case, _karpos_, fruit.]
ANGIOSPERM, an'ji-o-sperm, _n._ a plant whose ovules or future seeds are
enclosed in a closed ovary, and fertilised through the medium of a stigma,
while in _Gymnosperms_ the ovule is naked, and the pollen is applied
directly to its surface.--_adjs._ ANGIOSPERM'OUS, ANGIOSPERM'AL,
ANGIOSPER'MATOUS.
[Illustration]
ANGLE, ang'gl, _n._ a corner: the point where two lines meet: (_geom._) the
inclination of two straight lines which meet, but are not in the same
straight line: any outlying corner or nook.--_adj._ ANG'ULAR, having an
angle or corner: (_fig._) stiff in manner: the opposite of easy or
graceful: bony and lean in figure.--_n._ ANGULAR'ITY.--_adj._ ANG'ULATED,
formed with angles. [Fr.--L. _angulus_; cog. with Gr. _angkylos_; both from
root _ank_, to bend, seen also in ANCHOR, ANKLE.]
ANGLE, ang'gl, _n._ a hook or bend: a fishing-rod with line and
hook.--_v.i._ to fish with an angle.--_v.t._ to entice: to try to gain by
some artifice.--_ns._ ANG'LER, one who fishes with an angle: a voracious
fish about three feet long, not uncommon on British shores, and called also
the _Fishing-frog_, the _Sea-devil_, and by the Scotch, _Wide-gab_;
ANG'LING, the art or practice of fishing with a rod and line. [A.S.
_angel_, a hook, allied to ANCHOR.]
ANGLES, ang'glz, _n.pl._ the Low German stock that settled in Northumbria,
Mercia, and East Anglia.
ANGLICAN, ang'glik-an, _adj._ English: belonging to, or characteristic of,
the Church of England.--_n._ ANG'LICANISM, attachment to English
institutions, esp. the English Church: the principles of the English
Church.--_v.t._ ANG'LICISE, to express in English idiom.--_n._ ANG'LICISM,
an English idiom or peculiarity of language.--_v.t._ ANG'LIFY, to make
English.
ANGLO-, ang'glo, _pfx._ English--used in composition, as _Anglo_-Saxon,
&c.--_ns._ ANG'LO-CATH'OLIC, one who calls himself a Catholic of the
Anglican pattern, refusing the name of 'Protestant;' used adjectively, as
in 'Anglo-Catholic Library;' ANG'LO-CATHO'LICISM.--_adj._ and _n._
ANG'LO-SAX'ON, applied to the earliest form of the English language--the
term Old English is now preferred. Properly it should have referred only to
the Saxons of Wessex, Essex, Middlesex, and Sussex, as distinct from the
Angles.--_ns._ ANG'LO-SAX'ONDOM; ANGLO-SAX'ONISM.--ANGLO-ISRAELITE THEORY,
an opinion held by not a few well-meaning persons, innocent of scientific
ethnology, that the English are descended from the Israelites who were
carried into captivity by the Assyrians under Sargon in 721 B.C.
ANGLOMANIA, ang'glo-m[=a]n'i-a, _n._ a mania for what is English: an
indiscriminate admiration of English institutions.--_ns._ ANG'LOMAN
(_rare_), ANG'LOM[=A]N'IAC.
ANGLOPHOBIA, ang-gl[=o]-f[=o]'bi-a, _n._ fear and dislike of
England.--_ns._ AN'GLOPHOBE, ANGLOPH[=O]'BIST.--_adj._ ANGLOPH[=O]'BIC.
[Fr. _Anglophobe_--L. _Anglo-_, English, Gr. _phobein_, to fear.]
ANGORA, ang-g[=o]'ra, _n._ cloth made from the wool of the Angora
goat.--ANGORA WOOL, the long white silky hair of the Angora goat, highly
valued in manufactures. [_Angora_, a city of Asia Minor, famous for its
breed of goats.]
ANGOSTURA, ang-gos-t[=oo]'ra, _n._ a town of Venezuela, on the Orinoco
(renamed Ciudad Bolivar in 1819), giving its name to an aromatic bitter
bark, valuable as a febrifuge and tonic.--ANGOSTURA BITTERS is an essence
containing angostura, canella, cinchona, lemon peel, and other aromatics,
but much of what is sold under that name contains no angostura, but
consists mainly of cheretta or other simple tonic.
ANGRY. See ANGER.
ANGUINE, ang'gw[=i]n, _adj._ of or like a snake. [L. _anguis_, _anguin-is_,
a snake.]
ANGUISH, ang'gwish, _n._ excessive pain of body or mind: agony.--_n._
ANG'UISHMENT. [O. Fr. _angoisse_--L. _angustia_, a strait,
straitness--_ang-u-[)e]re_, to press tightly: to strangle. See ANGER.]
ANHARMONIC, an-har-mon'ik, _adj._ not harmonic: in geometry, a term applied
to the section of a line by four points, A, B, C, D, when their mutual
distances are such that AB divided by CB is unequal to AD divided by CD;
the ratio between these two quotients being called the _anharmonic_ ratio
of AC.
ANHELATION, an-he-l[=a]'shun, _n._ difficult respiration: shortness of
breath. [L. _anhelatio_--_anhel[=a]re_, from _an_, for _amb_, around, and
_hal-[=a]re_, to breathe.]
ANHUNGERED. See AHUNGERED.
ANHYDROUS, an-h[=i]'drus, _adj._ a term applied to a chemical substance
free from water.--_n.pl._ ANHY'DRIDES, a term now commonly given to the
compounds formerly known as anhydrous acids--in some cases the result of
the dehydration of acids, and in all cases representing in their
composition the acid _minus_ water.--_n._ ANHY'DRITE, a mineral consisting
of anhydrous sulphate of lime, with some slight addition of sea-salt,
appearing in several varieties--granular, fibrous, radiated and
translucent, compact and of various shades--white, blue, gray, red. [Gr.
_a_, _an_, neg., _hyd[=o]r_, water.]