I have dwelt on the Lityerses song at length because it affords so many

points of comparison with European and savage folk-custom. The other

harvest songs of Western Asia and Egypt, to which attention has been

called above,(1306) may now be dismissed much more briefly. The similarity

of the Bithynian Bormus(1307) to the Phrygian Lityerses helps to bear out

the interpretation which has been given of the latter. Bormus, whose death

or rather disappearance was annually mourned by the reapers in a plaintive

song, was, like Lityerses, a king’s son or at least the son of a wealthy

and distinguished man. The reapers whom he watched were at work on his own

fields, and he disappeared in going to fetch water for them; according to

one version of the story he was carried off by the (water) nymphs.(1308)

Viewed in the light of the Lityerses story and of European folk-custom,

this disappearance of Bormus is probably a reminiscence of the custom of

binding the farmer himself in a corn-sheaf and throwing him into the

water. The mournful strain which the reapers sang was probably a

lamentation over the death of the corn-spirit, slain either in the cut

corn or in the person of a human representative; and the call which they

addressed to him may have been a prayer that the corn-spirit might return

in fresh vigour next year.

The Phoenician Linus song was sung at the vintage, at least in the west of

Asia Minor, as we learn from Homer; and this, combined with the legend of

Syleus, suggests that in ancient times passing strangers were handled by

vintagers and vine-diggers in much the same way as they are said to have

been handled by the reaper Lityerses. The Lydian Syleus, so ran the

legend, compelled passers-by to dig for him in his vineyard, till Hercules

came and killed him and dug up his vines by the roots.(1309) This seems to

be the outline of a legend like that of Lityerses; but neither ancient

writers nor modern folk-custom enable us to fill in the details.(1310)

But, further, the Linus song was probably sung also by Phoenician reapers,

for Herodotus compares it to the Maneros song, which, as we have seen, was

a lament raised by Egyptian reapers over the cut corn. Further, Linus was

identified with Adonis, and Adonis has some claims to be regarded as

especially a corn-deity.(1311) Thus the Linus lament, as sung at harvest,

would be identical with the Adonis lament; each would be the lamentation

raised by reapers over the dead corn-spirit. But whereas Adonis, like

Attis, grew into a stately figure of mythology, adored and mourned in

splendid cities far beyond the limits of his Phoenician home, Linus

appears to have remained a simple ditty sung by reapers and vintagers

among the corn-sheaves and the vines. The analogy of Lityerses and of

folk-custom, both European and savage, suggests that in Phoenicia the

slain corn-spirit—the dead Adonis—may formerly have been represented by a

human victim; and this suggestion is possibly supported by the Harrân

legend that Thammuz (Adonis) was slain by his cruel lord, who ground his

bones in a mill and scattered them to the wind.(1312) For in Mexico, as we

have seen, the human victim at harvest was crushed between two stones; and

both in India and Africa the ashes of the victim were scattered over the

fields.(1313) But the Harrân legend may be only a mythical way of

expressing the grinding of corn in the mill and the scattering of the

seed. It seems worth suggesting that the mock king who was annually killed

at the Babylonian festival of the Sacaea on the 16th of the month Lous may

have represented Thammuz himself. For the historian Berosus, who records

the festival and its date, probably used the Macedonian calendar, since he

dedicated his history to Antiochus Soter; and in his day the Macedonian

month Lous appears to have corresponded to the Babylonian month

Thammuz.(1314) If this conjecture is right, the view that the mock king at

the Sacaea was slain in the character of a god would be established.

There is a good deal more evidence that in Egypt the slain corn-spirit—the

dead Osiris—was represented by a human victim, whom the reapers slew on

the harvest-field, mourning his death in a dirge, to which the Greeks,

through a verbal misunderstanding, gave the name of Maneros.(1315) For the

legend of Busiris seems to preserve a reminiscence of human sacrifices

once offered by the Egyptians in connection with the worship of Osiris.

Busiris was said to have been an Egyptian king who sacrificed all

strangers on the altar of Zeus. The origin of the custom was traced to a

barrenness which afflicted the land of Egypt for nine years. A Cyprian

seer informed Busiris that the barrenness would cease if a man were

annually sacrificed to Zeus. So Busiris instituted the sacrifice. But when

Hercules came to Egypt, and was being dragged to the altar to be

sacrificed, he burst his bonds and slew Busiris and his son.(1316) Here

then is a legend that in Egypt a human victim was annually sacrificed to

prevent the failure of the crops, and a belief is implied that an omission

of the sacrifice would have entailed a recurrence of that infertility

which it was the object of the sacrifice to prevent. So the Pawnees, as we

have seen, believed that an omission of the human sacrifice at planting

would have been followed by a total failure of their crops. The name

Busiris was in reality the name of a city, _pe-Asar_, “the house of

Osiris”(1317) the city being so called because it contained the grave of

Osiris. The human sacrifices were said to have been offered at his grave,

and the victims were red-haired men, whose ashes were scattered abroad by

means of winnowing-fans.(1318) In the light of the foregoing discussion,

this Egyptian tradition admits of a consistent and fairly probable

explanation. Osiris, the corn-spirit, was annually represented at harvest

by a stranger, whose red hair made him a suitable representative of the

ripe corn. This man, in his representative character, was slain on the

harvest-field, and mourned by the reapers, who prayed at the same time

that the corn-spirit might revive and return (_mââ-ne-rha_, Maneros) with

renewed vigour in the following year. Finally, the victim, or some part of

him, was burned, and the ashes scattered by winnowing-fans over the fields

to fertilise them. Here the choice of the representative on the ground of

his resemblance to the corn which he was to represent agrees with the

Mexican and African customs already described.(1319) Similarly the Romans

sacrificed red-haired puppies in spring, in the belief that the crops

would thus grow ripe and ruddy;(1320) and to this day in sowing wheat a

Bavarian sower will sometimes wear a golden ring, that the corn may grow

yellow.(1321) Again, the scattering of the Egyptian victim’s ashes is

identical with the Marimo and Khond custom.(1322) His identification with

the corn comes out again in the fact that his ashes were winnowed; just as

in Vendée a pretence is made of threshing and winnowing the farmer’s wife,

regarded as an embodiment of the corn-spirit; or as in Mexico the victim

was ground between stones; or as in Africa he was slain with spades and

hoes.(1323) The story that the fragments of Osiris’s body were scattered

up and down the land, and buried by Isis on the spots where they

lay,(1324) may very well be a reminiscence of a custom, like that observed

by the Khonds, of dividing the human victim in pieces and burying the

pieces, often at intervals of many miles from each other, in the fields.

However, it is possible that the story of the dismemberment of Osiris,

like the similar story told of Thammuz, may have been simply a mythical

expression for the scattering of the seed. Once more, the story that the

body of Osiris enclosed in a coffer was thrown by Typhon into the Nile

perhaps points to a custom of throwing the body of the victim, or at least

a portion of it, into the Nile as a rain-charm, or rather to make the Nile

rise. For a similar purpose Phrygian reapers seem to have thrown the

headless bodies of their victims, wrapt in corn-sheaves, into a river, and

the Khonds poured water on the buried flesh of the human victim. Probably

when Osiris ceased to be represented by a human victim, an effigy of him

was annually thrown into the Nile, just as the effigy of his Syrian

counterpart, Adonis, used to be thrown into the sea at Alexandria. Or

water may have been simply poured over it, as on the monument already

mentioned a priest is seen pouring water over the body of Osiris, from

which corn stalks are sprouting. The accompanying inscription, “This is

Osiris of the mysteries, who springs from the returning waters,” bears out

the view that at the mysteries of Osiris a water-charm or irrigation-charm

was regularly performed by pouring water on his effigy, or by throwing it

into the Nile.

It may be objected that the red-haired victims were slain as

representatives not of Osiris, but of his enemy Typhon; for the victims

were called Typhonian, and red was the colour of Typhon, black the colour

of Osiris.(1325) The answer to this objection must be reserved for the

present. Meantime it may be pointed out that if Osiris is often

represented on the monuments as black, he is still more commonly depicted

as green,(1326) appropriately enough for a corn-god, who may be conceived

as black while the seed is under ground, but as green after it has

sprouted. So the Greeks recognised both a green and a black Demeter,(1327)

and sacrificed to the green Demeter in spring with mirth and

gladness.(1328)

Thus, if I am right, the key to the mysteries of Osiris is furnished by

the melancholy cry of the Egyptian reapers, which down to Roman times

could be heard year after year sounding across the fields, announcing the

death of the corn-spirit, the rustic prototype of Osiris. Similar cries,

as we have seen, were also heard on all the harvest-fields of Western

Asia. By the ancients they are spoken of as songs; but to judge from the

analysis of the names Linus and Maneros, they probably consisted only of a

few words uttered in a prolonged musical note which could be heard for a

great distance. Such sonorous and long-drawn cries, raised by a number of

strong voices in concert, must have had a striking effect, and could

hardly fail to arrest the attention of any traveller who happened to be

within hearing. The sounds, repeated again and again, could probably be

distinguished with tolerable ease even at a distance; but to a Greek

traveller in Asia or Egypt the foreign words would commonly convey no

meaning, and he might take them, not unnaturally, for the name of some one

(Maneros, Linos, Lityerses, Bormus), upon whom the reapers were calling.

And if his journey led him through more countries than one, as Bithynia

and Phrygia, or Phoenicia and Egypt, while the corn was being reaped, he

would have an opportunity of comparing the various harvest cries of the

different peoples. Thus we can readily account for the fact that these

harvest cries were so often noted and compared with each other by the

Greeks. Whereas, if they had been regular songs, they could not have been

heard at such distances, and therefore could not have attracted the

attention of so many travellers; and, moreover, even if the traveller were

within hearing of them, he could not so easily have picked out the words.

To this day Devonshire reapers utter cries of the same sort, and perform

on the field a ceremony exactly analogous to that in which, if I am not

mistaken, the rites of Osiris originated. The cry and the ceremony are

thus described by an observer who wrote in the first half of this century.

“After the wheat is all cut, on most farms in the north of Devon, the

harvest people have a custom of ‘crying the neck.’ I believe that this

practice is seldom omitted on any large farm in that part of the country.

It is done in this way. An old man, or some one else well acquainted with

the ceremonies used on the occasion (when the labourers are reaping the

last field of wheat), goes round to the shocks and sheaves, and picks out

a little bundle of all the best ears he can find; this bundle he ties up

very neat and trim, and plats and arranges the straws very tastefully.

This is called ‘the neck’ of wheat, or wheaten-ears. After the field is

cut out, and the pitcher once more circulated, the reapers, binders, and

the women, stand round in a circle. The person with ‘the neck’ stands in

the centre, grasping it with both his hands. He first stoops and holds it

near the ground, and all the men forming the ring take off their hats,

stooping and holding them with both hands towards the ground. They then

all begin at once in a very prolonged and harmonious tone to cry ‘the

neck!’ at the same time slowly raising themselves upright, and elevating

their arms and hats above their heads; the person with ‘the neck’ also

raising it on high. This is done three times. They then change their cry

to ‘wee yen!’—‘way yen!’—which they sound in the same prolonged and slow

manner as before, with singular harmony and effect, three times. This last

cry is accompanied by the same movements of the body and arms as in crying

‘the neck.’... After having thus repeated ‘the neck’ three times, and ‘wee

yen,’ or ‘way yen,’ as often, they all burst out into a kind of loud and

joyous laugh, flinging up their hats and caps into the air, capering about

and perhaps kissing the girls. One of them then gets ‘the neck’ and runs

as hard as he can down to the farmhouse, where the dairymaid or one of the

young female domestics stands at the door prepared with a pail of water.

If he who holds ‘the neck’ can manage to get into the house, in any way

unseen, or openly, by any other way than the door at which the girl stands

with the pail of water, then he may lawfully kiss her; but, if otherwise,

he is regularly soused with the contents of the bucket. On a fine still

autumn evening, the ‘crying of the neck’ has a wonderful effect at a

distance, far finer than that of the Turkish muezzin, which Lord Byron

eulogises so much, and which he says is preferable to all the bells in

Christendom. I have once or twice heard upwards of twenty men cry it, and

sometimes joined by an equal number of female voices. About three years

back, on some high grounds, where our people were harvesting, I heard six

or seven ‘necks’ cried in one night, although I know that some of them

were four miles off. They are heard through the quiet evening air, at a

considerable distance sometimes.”(1329) Again, Mrs. Bray tells how,

travelling in Devonshire, “she saw a party of reapers standing in a circle

on a rising ground, holding their sickles aloft. One in the middle held up

some ears of corn tied together with flowers, and the party shouted three

times (what she writes as) ‘Arnack, arnack, arnack, we _haven_, we

_haven_, we _haven_.’ They went home, accompanied by women and children

carrying boughs of flowers, shouting and singing. The man-servant who

attended Mrs. Bray, said, ‘it was only the people making their games, as

they always did, _to the spirit of harvest_.’ ”(1330) Here, as Miss Burne

remarks, “ ‘arnack, we haven!’ is obviously in the Devon dialect, ‘a neck

(or nack)! we have un!’ ” “The neck” is generally hung up in the

farmhouse, where it sometimes remains for two or three years.(1331) A

similar custom is still observed in some parts of Cornwall, as I am

informed by my friend Professor J. H. Middleton. “The last sheaf is decked

with ribbons. Two strong-voiced men are chosen and placed (one with the

sheaf) on opposite sides of a valley. One shouts, ‘I’ve gotten it.’ The

other shouts, ‘What hast gotten?’ The first answers, ‘I’se gotten the

neck.’ ”

In these Devonshire and Cornish customs a particular bunch of ears,

generally the last left standing,(1332) is conceived as the neck of the

corn-spirit, who is consequently beheaded when the bunch is cut down.

Similarly in Shropshire the name “neck,” or “the gander’s neck,” used to

be commonly given to the last handful of ears left standing in the middle

of the field, when all the rest of the corn was cut. It was plaited

together, and the reapers, standing ten or twenty paces off, threw their

sickles at it. Whoever cut it through was said to have cut off the

gander’s neck. The “neck” was taken to the farmer’s wife, who was supposed

to keep it in the house “for good luck” till the next harvest came

round.(1333) Near Trèves, the man who reaps the last standing corn “cuts

the goat’s neck off.”(1334) At Faslane, on the Gareloch (Dumbartonshire),

the last handful of standing corn was sometimes called the “head.”(1335)

At Aurich, in East Friesland, the man who reaps the last corn “cuts the

hare’s tail off.”(1336) In mowing down the last corner of a field French

reapers sometimes call out, “We have the cat by the tail.”(1337) In Bresse

(Bourgogne) the last sheaf represented the fox. Beside it a score of ears

were left standing to form the tail, and each reaper, going back some

paces, threw his sickle at it. He who succeeded in severing it “cut off

the fox’s tail,” and a cry of “_You cou cou!_” was raised in his

honour.(1338) These examples leave no room to doubt the meaning of the

Devonshire and Cornish expression “the neck,” as applied to the last

sheaf. The corn-spirit is conceived in human or animal form, and the last

standing corn is part of its body—its neck, its head, or its tail.

Sometimes, as we have seen, it is regarded as the navel-string.(1339)

Lastly, the Devonshire custom of drenching with water the person who

brings in “the neck” is a rain-charm, such as we have had many examples

of. Its parallel in the mysteries of Osiris was the custom of pouring

water on the image of Osiris or on the person who represented him.

In Germany cries of _Waul!_ or _Wol!_ or _Wôld!_ are sometimes raised by

the reapers at cutting the last corn. Thus in some places the last patch

of standing corn was called the _Waul_-rye; a stick decked with flowers

was inserted in it, and the ears were fastened to the stick. Then all the

reapers took off their hats and cried thrice, _Waul! Waul! Waul!_

Sometimes they accompany the cry by clashing with their whetstones on

their scythes.(1340)

FOOTNOTES

1 For the sake of brevity I have sometimes, in the notes, referred to

Mannhardt’s works respectively as _Roggenwolf_ (the references are

to the pages of the first edition), _Korndämonen_, _B. K._, _A. W.

F._, and _M. F._

2 The site was excavated in 1885 by Sir John Savile Lumley, English

ambassador at Rome. For a general description of the site and

excavations, see the _Athenaeum_, 10th October 1885. For details of

the finds see _Bulletino dell’ Instituto di Corrispondenza

Archeologica_, 1885, pp. 149 _sqq._, 225 _sqq._

3 Ovid, _Fasti_, vi. 756; Cato quoted by Priscian, see Peter’s

_Historic. Roman. Fragmenta_, p. 52 (lat. ed.); Statius, _Sylv._

iii. 1, 56.

4 ξιφήρης οὖν ἐστιν ἀεί, περισκοπῶν τὰς ἐπιθέσεις, ἕτοιμος ἀμύνεσθαι,

is Strabo’s description (v. 3, 12), who may have seen him “pacing

there alone.”

5 Virgil, _Aen._ vi. 136 _sqq._; Servius, _ad l._; Strabo, v. 3, 12;

Pausanias, ii. 27; Solinus, ii. 11; Suetonius, _Caligula_, 35. For

the title “King of the Wood,” see Suetonius, _l.c._; and compare

Statius, _Sylv._ iii. 1, 55 _sq._—

“_Jamque dies aderat, profugis cum regibus aptum_

_ Fumat Aricinum Triviae nemus;_”

Ovid, _Fasti_, iii. 271, “_Regna tenent fortesque manu, pedibusque

fugaces_;” _id. Ars am._ i. 259 _sq._—

“_Ecce suburbanae templum nemorale Dianae,_

_ Partaque per gladios regna nocente manu._”

_ 6 Bulletino dell’ Instituto_, 1885, p. 153 _sq._; _Athenaeum_, 10th

October 1885; Preller, _Römische Mythologie_,3 i. 317. Of these

votive offerings some represent women with children in their arms;

one represents a delivery, etc.

7 Statius, _Sylv._ iii. 1, 52 _sqq._ From Martial, xii. 67, it has

been inferred that the Arician festival fell on the 13th of August.

The inference, however, does not seem conclusive. Statius’s

expression is:—

“_Tempus erat, caeli cum ardentissimus axis_

_ Incumbit terris, ictusque Hyperione multo_

_ Acer anhelantes incendit Sirius agros._”

8 Ovid, _Fasti_, iii. 269; Propertius, iii. 24 (30), 9 _sq._ ed.

Paley.

_ 9 Inscript. Lat._ ed. Orelli, No. 1455.

10 Statius, _l.c._; Gratius Faliscus, v. 483 sqq.

_ 11 Athenaeum_, 10th October 1885. The water was diverted a few years

ago to supply Albano. For Egeria, compare Strabo, v. 3, 12; Ovid,

_Fasti_, iii. 273 _sqq._; _id. Met._ xv. 487 _sqq._

12 Festus, p. 145, ed. Müller; Schol. on Persius, vi. 56 _ap._ Jahn on

Macrobius, i. 7, 35.

13 Virgil, _Aen._ vii. 761 _sqq._; Servius, _ad l._; Ovid, _Fasti_,

iii. 265 _sq._; _id. Met._ xv. 497 _sqq._; Pausanias, ii. 27.

14 Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ vii. 776.

_ 15 Inscript. Lat._ ed. Orelli, Nos. 2212, 4022. The inscription No.

1457 (Orelli) is said to be spurious.

16 See above, p. 4, note 1.

17 Marquardt, _Römische Staatsverwaltung_, iii.2 321 _sqq._

18 G. Gilbert, _Handbuch der griechischen Staatsalterthümer_, i. 241

_sq._

19 Gilbert, _op. cit._ ii. 323 _sq._

20 Livy, ii. 2, 1; Dionysius Halic. iv. 74, 4.

21 Demosthenes, _contra Neacr._ § 74, p. 1370. Plutarch, _Quaest. Rom._

63.

22 Xenophon, _Repub. Lac._ c. 15, cp. _id._ 13; Aristotle, _Pol._ iii.

14, 3.

23 Strabo, xii. 3, 37. 5, 3; cp. xi. 4, 7. xii. 2, 3. 2, 6. 3, 31 _sq._

3, 34. 8, 9. 8, 14. But see _Encyc. Brit._, art. “Priest,” xix. 729.

24 Grimm, _Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer_, p. 243.

25 See the _Lî-Kî_ (Legge’s translation), _passim_.

26 A. Leared, _Morocco and the Moors_, p. 272.

27 J. W. Thomas, “De jacht op het eiland Nias,” in _Tijdschrift voor

Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvi. 277.

28 E. Aymonier, “Notes sur les coutumes et croyances superstitieuses

des Cambodgiens,” in _Cochinchine Française, Excursions et

Reconnaissances_, No. 16, p. 157.

29 Witzschel, _Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen_, p. 218, No.

36.

30 Van Hasselt, _Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra_, p. 323.

31 J. C. E. Tromp, “De Rambai en Sebroeang Dajaks,” _Tijdschrift voor

Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxv. 118.

32 E. Aymonier, _Notes sur le Laos_, p. 25 _sq._

33 J. Campbell, _Travels in South Africa_ (second journey), ii. 206;

Barnabas Shaw, _Memorials of South Africa_, p. 66.

34 Casalis, _The Basutos_, p. 271 _sq._

35 Casalis, _The Basutos_, p. 272.

36 W. Mannhardt, _Antike Wald- und Feldkulte_, p. 342, _note_.

37 C. F. H. Campen “De Godsdienstbegrippen der Halmaherasche Alfoeren,”

in _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvii.

447.

38 Riedel, _De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_,

p. 114.

39 R. Parkinson, _Im Bismarck Archipel_, p. 143.

40 J. Owen Dorsey, “Omaha Sociology,” in _Third Annual Report of the

Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington), p. 347. Cp. Charlevoix, _Voyage

dans l’Amérique septentrionale_, ii. 187.

_ 41 Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xvi. 35. Cp. Dawson,

_Australian Aborigines_, p. 98.

42 Labat, _Relation historique de l’Ethiopie occidentale_, ii. 180.

43 Turner, _Samoa_, p. 145.

_ 44 Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ xiv. 362.

_ 45 Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ _l.c._ Cp. Curr, _The Australian Race_, ii.

377.

46 Rhys, _Celtic Heathendom_, p. 184; Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_4 i.

494. Cp. San-Marte, _Die Arthur Sage_, pp. 105 sq., 153 sqq.

_ 47 The American Antiquarian_, viii. 339.

48 Rhys, _Celtic Heathendom_, p. 185 sq.

_ 49 Ib._ p. 187. So at the fountain of Sainte Anne, near Gevezé, in

Brittany. Sébillot, _Traditions et Superstitions de la Haute

Bretagne_, i. 72.

50 Lamberti, “Relation de la Colchide ou Mingrélie,” _Voyages au Nord_,

vii. 174 (Amsterdam, 1725).

51 Le Brun, _Histoire critique des pratiques superstitieuses_

(Amsterdam, 1733), i. 245 sq.

52 Turner, _Samoa_, p. 345 _sq._

53 Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 329 _sqq._; Grimm, D. M.4 i. 493 _sq._;

W. Schmidt, _Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der

Romänen Siebenbürgens_, p. 17; E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the

Forest_, ii. 13.

54 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 331.

55 J. G. F. Riedel, “De Minahasa in 1825,” _Tijdschrift v. Indische

Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xviii. 524.

56 J. Reinegg, _Beschreibung des Kaukasus_, ii. 114.

57 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 553; Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_, ii.

40.

_ 58 Panjab Notes and Queries_, iii. Nos. 173, 513.

59 Acosta, _History of the Indies_, bk. v. ch. 28.

60 A. L. van Hasselt, _Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra_, p. 320

_sq._

_ 61 South African Folk-lore Journal_, i. 34.

62 J. S. G. Gramberg, “Eene maand in de binnenlanden van Timor,” in

_Verhandelingen van het Bataviansch Genootschap van Kunsten en

Wetenschappen_, xxxvi. 209.

63 Dalton, _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 88.

64 Huc, _L’empire chinois_, i. 241.

65 Bérenger-Féraud, _Les peuplades de la Sénégambie_, p. 291.

_ 66 Colombia, being a geographical etc. account of that country_, i.

642 _sq._; A. Bastian, _Die Culturlander des alten Amerika_, ii.

216.

67 A. Kuhn, _Sagen, Gebräuche und Märchen aus Westfalen_, ii. p. 80;

Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_, ii. 13.

68 Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, i. 520.

69 Brien, “Aperçu sur la province de Battambang,” in _Cochinchine

française, Excursions et Reconnaissances_, No. 25, p. 6 _sq._

70 Biddulph, _Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh_, p. 95.

71 Gervasius von Tilburg, ed. Liebrecht, p. 41 _sq._

72 Giraldus Cambrensis, _Topography of Ireland_, ch. 7. Cp. Mannhardt,

_A. W. F._ p. 341 _note_.

73 Callaway, _Religious System of the Amazulu_, p. 407 _sq._

74 Reclus, _Nouvelle Géographie Universelle_, xii. 100.

75 Rasmussen, _Additamenta ad historiam Arabum ante Islamismum_, p. 67

_sq._

_ 76 Reste arabischen Heidentumes_, p. 157.

77 Labat, _Relation historique de l’Ethiopie occidentale_, ii. 180.

78 S. Gason, “The Dieyerie tribe,” in _Native Tribes of S. Australia_,

p. 276 _sqq._

79 W. Stanbridge, “On the Aborigines of Victoria,” in _Trans. Ethnol.

Soc. of London_, i. 300.

80 Marcus Antoninus, v. 7; Petronius, 44; Tertullian, _Apolog._ 40; cp.

_id._ 22 and 23.

81 Pausanias, viii. 38, 4.

82 Antigonus, _Histor. Mirab._ 15 (_Script. mirab. Graeci_, ed.

Westermann, p. 65).

83 Apollodorus, _Bibl._ i. 9, 7; Virgil, _Aen._ vi. 585 _sqq._; Servius

on Virgil, _l.c._

84 Festus, _svv._ _aquaelicium and manalem lapidem_, pp. 2, 128, ed.

Müller; Nonius Marcellus, _sv._ _trullum_, p. 637, ed. Quicherat;

Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ iii. 175; Fulgentius, _Expos. serm.

antiq._, _sv._ _manales lapides, Mythogr. Lat._ ed. Staveren, p. 769

_sq._

85 Nonius Marcellus, _sv._ _aquilex_, p. 69, ed. Quicherat. In favour

of taking _aquilex_ as rain-maker is the use of _aquaelicium_ in the

sense of rain-making. Cp. K. O. Müller, _Die Etrusker_, ed. W.

Deecke, ii. 318 _sq._

86 Diodorus, v. 55.

87 Peter Jones, _History of the Ojebway Indians_, p. 84.

88 Gumilla, _Histoire de l’Orénoque_, iii. 243 _sq._

89 Glaumont, “Usages, mœurs et coutumes des Néo-Calédoniens,” in _Revue

d’ Ethnographie_, vi. 116.

90 Arbousset et Daumas, _Voyage d’exploration au Nord-est de la Colonie

du Cap de Bonne-Espérance_, p. 350 _sq._ For the kinship with the

sacred object (tchem) from which the clan takes its name, see _ib._

pp. 350, 422, 424. Other people have claimed kindred with the sun,

as the Natchez of North America (_Voyages au Nord_, v. 24) and the

Incas of Peru.

91 Codrington, in _Journ. Anthrop. Instit._ x. 278.

92 Above, p. 18.

93 Turner, _Samoa_, p. 346. See above, p. 16.

94 Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, iv. 174. The name of the

place is Andahuayllas.

95 Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_, i. 250.

96 Schoolcraft, _The American Indians_, p. 97 _sqq._; Gill, _Myths and

Songs of the South Pacific_, p. 61 _sq._; Turner, _Samoa_, p. 200

_sq._

97 Aeneas Sylvius, _Opera_ (Bâle, 1571), p. 418.

98 Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, ii. 334; Curr, _The

Australian Race_, i. 50.

99 Fancourt, _History of Yucatan_, p. 118.

_ 100 South African Folk-lore Journal_, i. 34.

101 E. J. Eyre, _Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central

Australia_, ii. 365.

102 Curr, _The Australian Race_, iii. 145.

103 Gmelin, _Reise durch Sibirien_, ii. 510.

_ 104 Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington), p.

241.

105 G. M. Dawson, “On the Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands,”

_Geological Survey of Canada, Report of progress for 1878-1879_, p.

124 B.

106 W. Powell, _Wanderings in a Wild Country_, p. 169.

107 Miss C. F. Gordon Cumming, _In the Hebrides_, p. 166 _sq._; Martin,

“Description of the Western Islands of Scotland,” in Pinkerton’s

_Voyages and Travels_, iii. 627.

108 Olaus Magnus, _Gentium Septentr. Hist._ iii. 15.

109 Scheffer, _Lapponia_, p. 144; Gordon Cumming, _In the Hebrides_, p.

254 _sq._; Train, _Account of the Isle of Man_, ii. 166.

110 C. Leemius, _De Lapponibus Finmarchiae etc. commentatio_, p. 454.

_ 111 Odyssey_, x. 19 _sqq._

112 E. Veckenstedt, _Die Mythen, Sagen, und Legenden der Zamaiten

(Litauer)_, i. 153.

113 J. Chalmers, _Pioneering in New Guinea_, p. 177.

114 Rogers, _Social Life in Scotland_, iii. 220; Sir W. Scott, _Pirate_,

note to ch. vii.; Shaks. _Macbeth_, Act i. Sc. 3, l. 11.

115 Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_ (Amsterdam, 1686), p. 389.

116 A. Peter, _Volksthümliches aus Oesterreichisch Schlesien_, ii. 259.

_ 117 Arctic Papers for the Expedition of 1875_ (R. Geogr. Soc.), p. 274.

118 Azara, _Voyages dans l’Amérique Méridionale_, ii. 137.

119 Charlevoix, _Histoire du Paraguay_, i. 74.

120 W. A. Henry, “Bijdrage tot de Kennis der Bataklanden,” in

_Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xvii. 23 sq.

121 Herodotus, iv. 173; Aulus Gellius, xvi. 11.

122 Harris, _Highlands of Ethiopia_, i. 352.

123 Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, i. 457 _sq._; cp. _id._ ii.

270; _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ xiii. p. 194 _note_.

124 Denzil C. J. Ibbetson, _Settlement Report of the Panipat Tahsil and

Karnal Parganah of the Karnal District_, p. 154.

125 Stephen Powers, _Tribes of California_, p. 328.

126 Sébillot, _Coutumes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne_, p. 302 sq.

127 Mannhardt, _A. W. F._ p. 85.

128 Gill, _Myths and Songs of the South Pacific_, p. 35.

129 See for examples E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_,2 ii. 131 _sqq._

130 Pausanias, ii. 24, 1. κάτοχος ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ γίνεται is the expression.

131 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxviii. 147. Pausanias (vii. 25, 13) mentions

the draught of bull’s blood as an ordeal to test the chastity of the

priestess. Doubtless it was thought to serve both purposes.

132 Caldwell, “On demonolatry in Southern India,” _Journal of the

Anthropological Society of Bombay_, i. 101 _sq._

133 J. G. F. Riedel, “De Minahasa in 1825,” _Tijdschrift v. Indische

Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xviii. 517 _sq._ Cp. N. Graafland, _De

Minahassa_, i. 122; Dumont D’Urville, _Voyage autour du Monde et à

la recherche de La Perouse_, v. 443.

134 F. J. Mone, _Geschichte des Heidenthums im nördlichen Europa_, i.

188.

135 Biddulph, _Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh_, p. 96. For other instances

of priests or representatives of the deity drinking the warm blood

of the victim, cp. _Tijdschrift v. Nederlandsch Indië_, 1849, p.

395; Oldfield, _Sketches from Nipal_, ii. 296 _sq._; _Asiatic

Researches_, iv. 40, 41, 50, 52 (8vo. ed.); Paul Soleillet,

_L’Afrique Occidentale_, p. 123 _sq._ To snuff up the savour of the

sacrifice was similarly supposed to produce inspiration. Tertullian,

_Apologet._ 23.

136 Biddulph, _Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh_, p. 97.

137 Lucian, _Bis accus._, I; Tzetzes, _Schol. ad Lycophr._, 6.

138 Vambery, _Das Türkenvolk_, p. 158.

139 Plutarch, _De defect. oracul._ 46, 49.

140 D. Chwolsohn, _Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus_, ii. 37; _Lettres

édifiantes et curieuses_, xvi. 230 _sq._; _Panjab Notes and

Queries_, iii. No. 721; _Journal of the Anthropological Society of

Bombay_, i. 103; S. Mateer, _The Land of Charity_, 216; _id._,

_Native Life in Travancore_, p. 94; A. C. Lyall, _Asiatic Studies_,

p. 14; Biddulph, _Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh_, p. 131; Pallas,

_Reisen in verschiedenen Provinzen des russischen Reiches_, i. 91;

Vambery, _Das Türkenvolk_, p. 485; Erman, _Archiv für

wissenschaftliche Kunde von Russland_, i. 377. When the Rao of Kachh

sacrifices a buffalo, water is sprinkled between its horns; if it

shakes its head, it is unsuitable; if it nods its head, it is

sacrificed. _Panjab Notes and Queries_, i. No. 911. This is probably

a modern misinterpretation of the old custom.

141 Moura, _Le Royaume du Cambodge_, i. 177 _sq._

142 Pausanias, x. 32, 6.

143 Vincendon-Dumoulin et Desgraz, _Iles Marquises_, pp. 226, 240 _sq._

144 Moerenhout, _Voyages aux Iles du Grand Océan_, i. 479; Ellis,

_Polynesian Researches_, iii. 94.

145 Tyerman and Bennet, _Journal of Voyages and Travels in the South Sea

Islands, China, India, etc._, i. 524; cp. p. 529 _sq._

146 Tyerman and Bennet, _op. cit._ i. 529 _sq._

147 Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, iii. 108.

148 Turner, _Samoa_, pp. 37, 48, 57, 58, 59, 73.

149 Hazlewood in Erskine’s _Cruise among the Islands of the Western

Pacific_, p. 246 _sq._ Cp. Wilkes’s _Narrative of the U. S.

Exploring Expedition_, iii. 87.

150 Kubary, “Die Religion der Pelauer,” in Bastian’s _Allerlei aus

Volks- und Menschenkunde_, i. 30 _sqq._

151 F. Valentyn, _Oud en nieuw Oost-Indiën_, iii. 7 _sq._

152 Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, iv. 383.

153 Monier Williams, _Religious Life and Thought in India_, p. 259.

_ 154 The Laws of Manu_, vii. 8, trans. by G. Bühler.

155 Monier Williams, _op. cit._ p. 259 _sq._

156 Marshall, _Travels among the Todas_, pp. 136, 137; cp. pp. 141, 142;

Metz, _Tribes of the Neilgherry Hills_, p. 19 _sqq._

157 Allen and Thomson, _Narrative of the Expedition to the River Niger

in 1841_, i. 288.

158 G. Massaja, _I miei trentacinque anni di missione nell’ alta

Etiopia_ (Rome and Milan, 1888), v. 53 _sq._

159 E. Aymonier, _Notes sur le Laos_, p. 141 _sq._

160 Robinson, _Descriptive Account of Assam_, p. 342 _sq._; _Asiatic

Researches_, xv. 146.

161 Huc, _Souvenirs d’un Voyage dans la Tartarie et le Thibet_, i. 279

_sqq._ ed. 12mo.

162 Huc, _op. cit._ ii. 279, 347 _sq._; Meiners, _Geschichte der

Religionen_, i. 335 _sq._; Georgi, _Beschreibung aller Nationen des

Russischen Reichs_, p. 415; A. Erman, _Travels in Siberia_, ii. 303

_sqq._; _Journal of the Roy. Geogr. Soc._, xxxviii. (1868), 168,

169; _Proceedings of the Roy. Geogr. Soc._ N.S. vii. (1885) 67. In

the _Journal Roy. Geogr. Soc._, _l.c._, the Lama in question is

called the Lama Gûrû; but the context shows that he is the great

Lama of Lhasa.

163 Alex. von. Humboldt, _Researches concerning the Institutions and

Monuments of the Ancient Inhabitants of America_, ii. 106 _sqq._;

Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, iv. 352 _sqq._; J. G.

Müller, _Geschichte der Amerikanischen Urreligionen_, p. 430 _sq._;

Martius, _Zur Ethnographie Amerikas_, p. 455; Bastian, _Die

Culturländer des alten Amerika_, ii. 204 _sq._

164 R. W. Felkin, “Notes on the Waganda Tribe of Central Africa,” in

_Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh_, xiii. 762; C. T.

Wilson and R. W. Felkin, _Uganda and the Egyptian Soudan_, i. 206.

165 “The Strange Adventures of Andrew Battel,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages

and Travels_, xvi. 330; Proyart, “History of Loango, Kakongo, and

other Kingdoms in Africa,” in Pinkerton, xvi. 577; Dapper,

_Description de l’Afrique_, p. 335.

166 Ogilby, _Africa_, p. 615; Dapper, _op. cit._ p. 400.

167 Dos Santos, “History of Eastern Ethiopia,” in Pinkerton, _Voyages

and Travels_, xvi. 682, 687 _sq._

168 F. S. Arnot, _Garenganze; or, Seven Years’ Pioneer Mission Work in

Central Africa_, London, N.D. (preface dated March 1889), p. 78.

169 MS. notes by E. Beardmore.

170 Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, ii. 439.

171 Labat, _Relation historique de l’Ethiopie Occidentale_, ii. 172-176.

172 Schol. on Apollonius Rhod. ii. 1248. καὶ Ἡρόδωρος ξένως περὶ τῶν

δεσμῶν τοῦ Προμηθέως ταῦτα. Εἴναι γὰρ αὐτὸν Σκυθῶν βασιλέα φησί; καὶ

μὴ δυνάμενον παρέχειν τοῖς ὑπηκόοις τὰ ἐπιτήδεια, διὰ τὸν καλούμενον

Ἀετὸν ποταμὸν ἐπικλύζειν τὰ πεδία, δεθῆναι ὑπὸ τῶν Σκυθῶν.

173 H. Hecquard, _Reise an der Küste und in das Innere von West Afrika_,

p. 78.

174 Bastian, _Die Deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, i. 354, ii.

230.

175 J. Leighton Wilson, _West Afrika_, p. 93 (German translation).

176 Ammianus Marcellinus, xxviii. 5, 14.

177 Snorro Starleson, _Chronicle of the Kings of Norway_ (trans, by S.

Laing), saga i. chs. 18, 47. Cp. Liebrecht, _Zur Volkskunde_, p. 7;

Scheffer, _Upsalia_, p. 137.

178 C. Russwurm, “Aberglaube in Russland,” in _Zeitschrift für Deutsche

Mythologie und Sittenkunde_, iv. 162; Liebrecht, _op. cit._, p. 15.

179 Turner, _Samoa_, p. 304 _sq._

180 Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 73.

181 Garcilasso de la Vega, _First Part of the Royal Commentaries of the

Yncas_, bk. ii. chs. 8 and 15 (vol. i. pp. 131, 155, Markham’s

Trans.)

182 Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, ii. 146.

183 Dennys, _Folk-lore of China_, p. 125.

184 Ammianus Marcellinus, xxiii. 6, § 5 and 6.

185 C. P. Tiele, _History of the Egyptian Religion_, p. 103 _sq._ On the

worship of the kings see also E. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_,

i. § 52; A. Erman, _Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum_, p.

91 _sqq._; V. von Strauss und Carnen, _Die altägyptischen Götter und

Göttersagen_, p. 467 _sqq._

186 Ammianus Marcellinus, xxviii. 5, 14; Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 73.

187 V. von Strauss und Carnen, _op. cit._ p. 470.

188 Tiele, _History of the Egyptian Religion_, p. 105. The Babylonian

and Assyrian kings seem also to have been regarded as gods; at least

the oldest names of the kings on the monuments are preceded by a

star, the mark for “god.” But there is no trace in Babylon and

Assyria of temples and priests for the worship of the kings. See

Tiele, _Babylonisch-Assyrische Geschichte_, p. 492 _sq._

189 Bastian, _Die Deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, ii. 230.

190 “Excursion de M. Brun-Rollet dans la région supérieure du Nil,”

_Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_, Paris, 1852, pt. ii. p. 421

_sqq._

191 W. Munzinger, _Ostafrikanische Studien_, p. 474 (Schaffhausen,

1864).

192 J. Moura, _Le Royaume du Cambodge_, i. 432-436; Aymonier, “Notes sur

les coutumes et croyances superstitieuses des Cambodgìens,” in

_Cochinchine Française, Excursions et Reconnaissances_, No. 16, p.

172 _sq._; _id._, _Notes sur le Laos_, p. 60.

193 Caesar, _Bell. Gall._ vi. 25.

194 Elton, _Origins of English History_, pp. 3, 106 _sq._, 224.

195 W. Helbig, _Die Italiker in der Poebene_, p. 25 _sq._

196 H. Nissen, _Italische Landeskunde_, p. 431 _sqq._

197 Neumann und Partsch, _Physikalische Geographie von Griechenland_, p.

357 _sqq._

198 Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 i. 53 _sqq._

199 The _locus classicus_ is Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xvi. § 249 _sqq._

200 Grimm, _D. M._ i. 56 _sqq._

201 Adam of Bremen, _Descriptio Insul. Aquil._ p. 27.

202 “Prisca antiquorum Prutenorum religio,” in _Respublica sive Status

Regni Poloniae, Lituaniae, Prussiae, Livoniae_, etc. (Elzevir,

1627), p. 321 _sq._; Dusburg, _Chronicon Prussiae_, ed. Hartknoch,

p. 79; Hartknoch, _Alt- und Neues Preussen_, p. 116 _sqq._

203 Mathias Michov, “De Sarmatia Asiana atque Europea,” in _Novus Orbis

regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum_ (Paris, 1532), pp. 455

_sq._ 456 [wrongly numbered 445, 446]; Martin Cromer, _De origine et

rebus gestis Polonorum_ (Basel, 1568), p. 241.

204 See Bötticher, _Der Baumkultus der Hellenen_.

205 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xv. § 77; Tacitus, _Ann._ xiii. 58.

206 Plutarch, _Romulus_, 20.

207 J. L. Krapf, _Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours during an

Eighteen Years’ Residence in Eastern Africa_, p. 198.

208 Loubere, _Historical Relation of the Kingdom of Siam_, p. 126.

209 Hupe “Over de godsdienst, zeden, enz. der Dajakker’s” in

_Tijdschrift voor Neêrland’s Indië_, 1846, dl. iii. 158.

210 Merolla, “Voyage to Congo,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_,

xvi. 236.

211 Monier Williams, _Religious Life and Thought in India_, p. 334 _sq._

212 Sir Henry M. Elliot and J. Beames, _Memoirs on the History etc. of

the Races of the North Western Provinces of India_, i. 233.

_ 213 Die gestriegelte Rockenphilosophie_ (Chemnitz, 1759), p. 239 _sq._;

U. Jahn, _Die deutsche Opfergebräuche bei Ackerbau und Viehzucht_,

p. 214 _sqq._

214 Van Schmid, “Aanteekeningen, nopens de zeden, gewoonten en

gebruiken, etc., der bevolking van de eilanden Saparoea, etc.” in

_Tijdschrift v. Neêrland’s Indië_, 1843, dl. ii. 605; Bastian,

_Indonesien_, i. 156.

215 Van Hoëvell, _Ambon en meer bepaaldelijk de Oeliasers_, p. 62.

_ 216 The Indian Antiquary_, i. 170.

217 J. Aubrey, _Remaines of Gentilisme_, p. 247.

218 Peter Jones’s _History of the Ojebway Indians_, p. 104.

219 A. Peter, _Volksthümliches aus Österreichisch-Schlesien_, ii. 30.

220 Bastian, _Indonesien_, i. 154; cp. _id._, _Die Völker des estlichen

Asien_, ii. 457 _sq._, iii. 251 _sq._, iv. 42 _sq._

221 Loubere, _Siam_, p. 126.

222 Turner, _Samoa_, p. 63.

223 Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 35 _sq._

_ 224 Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 280.

225 Blumentritt, “Der Ahnencultus und die religiösen Anschauungen der

Malaien des Philippinen-Archipels,” in _Mittheilungen der Wiener

Geogr. Gesellschaft_, 1882, p. 165 _sq._

226 Landes, “Contes et légendes annamites,” No. 9, in _Cochinchine

Française, Excursions et Reconnaissances_, No. 20, p. 310.

227 Kubary in Bastian’s _Allerlei aus Mensch-und Volkenkunde_, i. 52.

228 Dalton, _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 25; Bastian, _Volkerstämme am

Brahmaputra_, p. 37.

_ 229 Journal R. Asiatic Society_, vii. (1843) 29.

230 Bastian, _Indonesien_, i. 17.

231 Dalton, _Ethnology of Bengal_, pp. 186, 188; cp. Bastian,

_Volkerstämme am Brahmaputra_, p. 9.

232 Dalton, _op. cit._ p. 33; Bastian, _op. cit._ p. 16. Cp. W.

Robertson Smith, _The Religion of the Semites_, i. 125.

233 Van Hasselt, _Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra_, p. 156.

_ 234 Handbook of Folk-lore_, p. 19 (proof).

235 Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 83.

236 Erasmus Stella, “De Borussiae antiquitatibus,” in _Novus Orbis

regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum_, p. 510; Lasiczki

(Lasicius), “De diis Samagitarum caeterorumque Sarmatarum,” in

_Respublica sive Status Regni Poloniae, Lituaniae, Prussiae,

Livoniae_, etc. (Elzevir, 1627), p. 299 _sq._ There is a good and

cheap reprint of Lasiczki’s work by W. Mannhardt in _Magazin

herausgegeben von der Lettisch-Literarischen Gesellschaft_, xiv. 82

_sqq._ (Mitau, 1868).

237 Simon Grünau, _Preussische Chronik_, ed. Perlbach (Leipzig 1876), p.

89; “Prisca antiquorum Prutenorum religio,” in _Respublica sive

Status Regni Poloniae_ etc., p. 321.

238 B. Hagen, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Battareligion,” in

_Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxviii. 530

_note_.

239 Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, i. 134.

240 Matthias Michov, in _Novus Orbis regionum ac insularum veteribus

incognitarum_, p. 457.

241 Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4, i. 497; cp. ii. 540, 541.

242 Max Buch, _Die Wotjaken_, p. 124.

243 Biddulph, _Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh_, p. 116.

244 Cato, _De agri cultura_, 139.

245 Henzen, _Acta fratrum arvalium_ (Berlin, 1874), p. 138.

246 On the representations of Silvanus, the Roman wood-god, see Jordan

in Preller’s _Römische Mythologie_,3 i. 393 _note_; Baumeister,

_Denkmäler des classischen Altertums_, iii. 1665 _sq._ A good

representation of Silvanus bearing a pine branch is given in the

Sale Catalogue of H. Hoffmann, Paris, 1888, pt. ii.

247 Aeneas Sylvius, _Opera_ (Bâle, 1571), p. 418 [wrongly numbered 420];

cp. Erasmus Stella, “De Borussiae antiquitatibus,” in _Novus Orbis

regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum_, p. 510.

248 Dalton, _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 186.

249 Aymonier in _Excursions et Reconnaissances_, No. 16, p. 175 _sq._

250 See above, pp. 13, 21.

251 Above, p. 16.

252 Mannhardt, _B. K._ pp. 158, 159, 170, 197, 214, 351, 514.

253 Dalton, _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 188.

254 Labat, _Voyage du Chevalier des Marchais en Guinée, Isles voisines,

et à Cayenne_ (Paris, 1730), i. 338.

255 L. Lloyd, _Peasant Life in Sweden_, p. 266.

256 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 190 _sqq._

257 Mannhardt, _A. W. F._ p. 212 _sqq._

258 H. Low, _Sarawak_, p. 274.

259 T. H. Lewin, _Wild Races of South-eastern India_, p. 270.

260 J. Mackenzie, _Ten years north of the Orange River_, p. 385.

261 Rev. J. Macdonald, MS. notes.

262 Biddulph, _Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh_, p. 103 _sq._

263 Biddulph, _op. cit._ p. 106 _sq._

264 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 161; E. Meier, _Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und

Gebräuche aus Schwaben_, p. 397.; A. Peter, _Volksthümliches aus

Österreichisch-Schlesien_, ii. 286; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld,

_Fest-Kalendar aus Böhmen_, p. 210.

265 Quoted by Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, i. 227, Bohn’s ed.

266 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 174.

267 Holzmayer, “Osiliana,” _Verhandlungen der Estnischen Gesell. zu

Dorpat_, vii. 10 _sq._; Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 407 _sq._

268 Potocki, _Voyage dans les steps d’Astrakhan et du Caucase_ (Paris,

1829), i. 309.

269 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 163 _sqq._ To his authorities add, for

Sardinia, R. Tennant, _Sardinia and its Resources_ (Rome and London,

1885), p. 185 _sq._

270 Radloff, _Proben der Volkslitteratur der nördlichen Türkischen

Stämme_, v. 2.

271 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 51 _sq._

272 Merolla, “Voyage to Congo,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_,

xvi. 236 _sq._

273 Bötticher, _Der Baumkultus der Hellenen_, p. 30 _sq._

274 Quoted by Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, i. 246 (ed. Bohn).

275 Dyer, _British Popular Customs_, p. 254.

276 Borlase, cited by Brand, _op. cit._ i. 222.

277 Brand, _op. cit._ i. 212 _sq._

278 Dyer, _Popular British Customs_, p. 233.

279 Chambers, _Book of Days_, i. 578; Dyer, _op. cit._ p. 237 _sq._

280 Dyer, _op. cit._ p. 243.

281 E. Cortet, _Fêtes religieuses_, p. 167 _sqq._

_ 282 Revue des Traditions populaires_, ii. 200.

283 Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 234 _sq._

284 A. Kuhn, _Märkische Sagen und Märchen_, p. 315.

285 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 162.

286 L. Lloyd, _Peasant Life in Sweden_, p. 235.

287 L. Lloyd, _op. cit._ p. 257 _sqq._

288 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalendar aus Böhmen_, p. 308 _sq._

289 Hone, _Every-day Book_, i. 547 _sqq._; Chambers, _Book of Days_, i.

571.

290 Quoted by Brand, _op. cit._ i. 237.

_ 291 Id._, _op. cit._ i. 235.

292 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 169 _sq._ _note_.

293 Hone, _Every-day Book_, ii. 597 _sq._

294 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalendar aus Böhmen_, p. 217;

Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 566.

295 Birlinger, _Volksthümliches aus Schwaben_, ii. 74 _sq._; Mannhardt,

_B. K._ p. 566.

296 Aristophanes, _Plutus_, 1054; Mannhardt, _A. W. F._ p. 222 _sq._

297 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalendar aus Böhmen_, p. 86 _sqq._;

Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 156.

298 Chambers, _Book of Days_, i. 573.

299 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 312.

300 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 313.

_ 301 Ib._ p. 314.

_ 302 Bavaria, Landes-und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern_, iii. 357;

Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 312 _sq._

303 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 313 _sq._

304 Dalton, _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 261.

305 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 315 _sq._

306 Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 234.

307 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 318.

308 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 318; Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 ii. 657.

309 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 320; Witzschel, _Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche

aus Thüringen_, p. 211.

310 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 322; Hone, _Every-day Book_, i. 583 _sqq._;

Dyer, _British Popular Customs_, p. 230 _sq._

311 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 323.

_ 312 Ib._

313 Birlinger, _Volksthümliches aus Schwaben_, ii. 114 _sq._; Mannhardt,

_B. K._ p. 325.

314 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 341 _sq._

315 Kuhn und Schwartz, _Norddeutsche Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche_, p.

380.

316 Kuhn und Schwartz, _op. cit._ p. 384; Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 342.

317 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalendar aus Böhmen_, p. 260 _sq._;

Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 342 _sq._

318 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 347 _sq._; Witzschel, _Sagen, Sitten und

Gebräuche aus Thüringen_, p. 203.

319 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalendar aus Böhmen_, p. 253 _sqq._

320 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalendar aus Böhmen_, p. 262;

Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 353 _sq._

_ 321 B. K._ p. 355.

322 Above, p. 18.

323 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalendar aus Böhmen_, p. 93; Mannhardt,

_B. K._ p. 344.

324 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 343 _sq._

325 Dyer, _British Popular Customs_, p. 270 _sq._

326 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 344 _sq._; Cortet, _Fêtes religieuses_, p. 160

_sqq._; Monnier, _Traditions populaires comparées_, p. 282 _sqq._;

Bérenger-Féraud, _Réminiscences populaires de la Provence_, p. 1

_sqq._

327 Above, p. 60.

328 Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalendar aus Böhmen_, p. 265 _sq._;

Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 422.

329 Monnier, _Traditions populaires comparées_, p. 304; Mannhardt, _B.

K._ p. 423.

330 Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, i. 233 _sq._ Bohn’s ed.; Mannhardt,

_B. K._ p. 424.

331 E. Sommer, _Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche aus Sachsen und Thüringen_,

p. 151 _sq._; Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 431 _sq._

332 This custom was told to Mannhardt by a French prisoner in the war of

1870-71, _B. K._ p. 434.

333 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 434 _sq._

_ 334 Ib._ p. 435.

335 Martin, “Description of the Western Islands of Scotland,” in

Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, iii. 613; Mannhardt, _B. K._ p.

436.

_ 336 Scotland and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century_, from the MSS. of

John Ramsay of Ochtertyre. Edited by Alex. Allardyce (Edinburgh,

1888), ii. 447.

337 Kuhn, _Märkische Sagen und Märchen_, p. 318 _sqq._; Mannhardt, _B.

K._ p. 437.

338 Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 438.

339 Monnier, _Traditions populaires comparées_, p. 283 _sq._; Cortet,

_Fêtes religieuses_, p. 162 _sq._; Mannhardt, _B. K._ p. 439 _sq._

340 Above, pp. 69 _sqq._, 85.

341 See especially his _Antike Wald- und Feldkulte_.

342 Pausanias, ix. 3; Plutarch, _ap._ Eusebius, _Praepar. Evang._ iii. 1

_sq._

343 Above, p. 76 _sq._

344 Above, p. 79.

_ 345 B. K._ p. 177.

_ 346 B. K._ p. 177 _sq._

347 Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, i. 318, Bohn’s ed.; _B. K._ p. 178.

348 Hone, _Every-day Book_, ii. 595 _sq._; _B. K._ p. 178.

349 Pausanias, viii. 42.

350 Once upon a time the Wotjaks of Russia, being distressed by a series

of bad harvests, ascribed the calamity to the wrath of one of their

gods, _Keremet_, at being unmarried. So they went in procession to

the sacred grove, riding on gaily-decked waggons, as they do when

they are fetching home a bride. At the sacred grove they feasted all

night, and next morning they cut in the grove a square piece of turf

which they took home with them. “What they meant by this marriage

ceremony,” says the writer who reports it, “it is not easy to

imagine. Perhaps, as Bechterew thinks, they meant to marry _Keremet_

to the kindly and fruitful _mukyl’c in_, the earth-wife, in order

that she might influence him for good.”—Max Buch, _Die Wotjäken,

eine ethnologische Studie_ (Stuttgart, 1882), p. 137.

351 At Cnossus in Crete, Diodorus, v. 72; at Samos, Lactantius,

_Instit._ i. 17; at Athens, Photius, _sv._ ἱερὸν γάμον; _Etymolog.

Magn._ _sv._ ἱερομνήμονες, p. 468. 52.

_ 352 Iliad_, xiv. 347 _sqq._

353 Demosthenes, _Neaer._ § 73 _sqq._ p. 1369 _sq._; Hesychius, _svv._

Διονύσου γάμος and γεραραί; _Etymol. Magn._ _sv._ γεραῖραι; Pollux,

viii. 108; Aug. Mommsen, _Heortologie_, p. 357 _sqq._; Hermann,

_Gottesdienstliche Alterthümer_,2 § 32. 15, § 58. 11 _sqq._

354 Above, p. 7.

355 Above, p. 94.

356 Above, p. 95 _sq._

357 Preller, _Griech. Mythol._3 i. 559.

358 Hyginus, _Astronomica_, i. 5.

359 Servius on Virgil, _Georg._ iii. 332, _nam, ut diximus, et omnis

quercus Jovi est consecrata, et omnis lucus Dianae_.

360 Roscher’s _Lexikon d. Griech. u. Röm. Mythologie_, c. 1005.

361 See above, p. 4. For Diana in this character, see Roscher, _op.

cit._ c. 1007.

362 Roscher, c. 1006 _sq._

363 Castren, _Finnische Mythologie_, p. 97.

364 Mathias Michov, “De Sarmatia Asiana atque Europea,” in _Novus Orbis

regionum ac insularum veteribus incognitarum_, p. 457.

365 Livy, i. 45; Plutarch, _Quaest. Rom._ 4.

366 Virgil, _Aen._ viii. 600 _sq._, with Servius’s note.

367 Castren, _op. cit._ p. 97 _sq._

368 Above, p. 4 _sq._

369 Above, p. 66 _sq._

370 Above, p. 6.

371 Above, p. 71.

372 Castren, _Finnische Mythologie_, pp. 92, 95.

_ 373 Historic. Roman. Fragm._ ed. Peter, p. 52 (first ed.)

_ 374 Manners and Customs of the Japanese in the Nineteenth Century. From

recent Dutch Visitors to Japan, and the German of Dr. Ph. Fr. von

Siebold_ (London, 1841), p. 141 _sqq._

375 Kaempfer, “History of Japan,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_,

vii. 716 _sq._

376 Caron, “Account of Japan,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_,

vii. 613. Compare Varenius, _Descriptio regni Japoniae_, p. 11,

_Nunquam attingebant (quemadmodum et hodie id observat) pedes ipsius

terram: radiis Solis caput nunquam illustrabatur: in apertum aërem

non procedebat_, etc.

377 A. Bastian, _Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, i. 287

_sq._; cp. _id._, p. 353 _sq._

378 Labat, _Relation historique de l’Ethiopie Occidentale_, i. 254

_sqq._

379 Above, pp. 44, 49.

380 Brasseur de Bourbourg, _Hist. des nations civilisées du Mexique et

de l’Amérique-centrale_, iii. 29 _sq._; Bancroft, _Native Races of

the Pacific States_, ii. 142 _sq._

381 Bastian, _Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, i. 355.

382 Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_, p. 336.

383 P. 49 _sq._

_ 384 Bibl. Hist._ i. 70.

385 P. 6.

386 Aulus Gellius, x. 15; Plutarch, _Quaest. Rom._ 109-112; Pliny, _Nat.

Hist._ xxviii. 146; Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ i. _vv._ 179, 448, iv.

518; Macrobius, _Saturn._ i. 16, 8 _sq._; Festus, p. 161 A, ed.

Müller. For more details see Marquardt, _Römische Staatsverwaltung_,

iii.2 326 _sqq._

387 P. 54.

388 P. 48.

389 Bastian, _Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, i. 354

_sq._; ii. 9, 11.

_ 390 Manners and Customs of the Japanese_, pp. 199 _sqq._ 355 _sqq._

391 Richard, “History of Tonquin,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_,

ix. 744 _sqq._

392 Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, iii. 99 _sqq._ ed. 1836.

393 Gill, _Myths and Songs of the South Pacific_, p. 293 _sqq._

394 Pp. 44, 113.

_ 395 Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, vii. 282.

_ 396 Relations des Jesuites_, 1634, p. 17; _id._, 1636, p. 104; _id._,

1639, p. 43 (Canadian reprint).

397 H. Rink, _Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo_, p. 36.

398 Gill, _Myths and Songs of the South Pacific_, p. 171.

399 H. Sundermann, “Die Insel Nias und die Mission daselbst,” in

_Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift_, bd. xi. October 1884, p. 453.

400 B. F. Matthes, _Over de Bissoes of heidensche priesters en

priesteressen der Boeginezen_, p. 24.

401 G. M. Dawson, “On the Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands,”

in _Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for 1878-1879_,

pp. 123 B, 139 B.

402 Waitz, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, vi. 397 _sq._

_ 403 Panjab Notes and Queries_, ii. No. 665.

404 D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, ii. 241; _Transact. Ethnol. Soc. of

London_, iii. 322 _sq._; Bastian, _Culturländer des alten Amerika_,

i. 476.

405 B. F. Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_, p.

54.

406 Zimmermann, _Die Inseln des Indischen und Stillen Meeres_, ii. 386

_sq._

407 Cp. the Greek ποτάομαι, ἀναπτερόω, etc.

408 G. A. Wilken, “Het animisme bij de volken van den Indischen

Archipel,” in _De Indische Gids_, June 1884, p. 944.

409 Wilken, _l.c._

410 B. F. Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_, p.

33; _id._, _Over de Bissoes of heidensche priesters en priesteressen

der Boeginezen_, p. 9 _sq._; _id._, _Makassaarsch-Hollandsch

Woordenboek_, _svv._ _Koêrróe_ and _soemāñgá_, pp. 41, 569. Of these

two words, the former means the sound made in calling fowls, and the

latter means the soul. The expression for the ceremonies described

in the text is _ápakoêrróe soemāñgá_.

411 Shway Yoe, _The Burman, his Life and Notions_, ii. 100.

412 J. L. Wilson, _West Afrika_, p. 162 _sq._ (German translation).

413 J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en

Papua_, p. 267. For detention of sleeper’s soul by spirits and

consequent illness, see also Mason, quoted in Bastian’s _Die Völker

des östlichen Asien_, ii. 387 _note_.

_ 414 Indian Antiquary_, 1878, vii. 273; Bastian, _Völkerstämme am

Brahmaputra_, p. 127. Similar story (lizard form of soul not

mentioned) told by Hindus, _Panjab Notes and Queries_, iii. No. 679.

415 E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_, ii. 27 _sq._ A similar

story is told in Holland, J. W. Wolf, _Nederlandsche Sagen_, No.

251, p. 344 _sq._ The stories of Hermotimus and King Gunthram belong

to the same class. In the latter the king’s soul comes out of his

mouth as a small reptile. The soul of Aristeas issued from his mouth

in the form of a raven. Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ vii. § 174; Lucian,

_Muse. Encom._ 7; Paulus, _Hist. Langobardorum_, iii. 34. In an East

Indian story of the same type the sleeper’s soul issues from his

nose in the form of a cricket. Wilken in _De Indische Gids_, June

1884, p. 940. In a Swabian story a girl’s soul creeps out of her

mouth in the form of a white mouse. Birlinger, _Volksthümliches aus

Schwaben_, i. 303.

416 Shway Yoe, _The Burman_, ii. 103; Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen

Asien_, ii. 389; Blumentritt, “Der Ahnencultus und die religiösen

Anschauungen der Malaien des Philippinen-Archipels,” in

_Mittheilungen d. Wiener Geogr. Gesellschaft_, 1882, p. 209; Riedel,

_De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_, p. 440;

id., “Die Landschaft Dawan oder West-Timor,” in _Deutsche

Geographische Blätter_, x. 280.

_ 417 Panjab Notes and Queries_, iii. No. 530.

418 Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 117 _sq._

419 Bastian, _Die Seele und ihre Erscheinungwesen in der Ethnographie_,

p. 36.

_ 420 Pantschatantra_, Benfey, p. 124 _sqq._

_ 421 Katha Sarit Ságara_, trans. Tawney, i. 21 _sq._

422 E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” in _Journal of the American Oriental

Society_, iv. 311.

423 A. R. M’Mahon, _The Karens of the Golden Chersonese_, p. 318.

424 F. Mason, “Physical Character of the Karens,” in _Journal of the

Asiatic Society of Bengal_, 1866, pt. ii. p. 28 _sq._

425 C. J. S. F. Forbes, _British Burma_, p. 99 _sq._; Shway Yoe, _The

Burman_, ii. 102; Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, ii.

389.

426 Riedel, _De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_,

p. 414.

427 Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 221 _sq._

428 N. Ph. Wilken en J. A. Schwarz, “Het heidendom en de Islam in

Bolaang Mongondou,” in _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche

Zendelinggenootschap_, 1867, xi. 263 _sq._

429 James Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 57 _sq._

430 W. W. Gill, _Myths and Songs of the South Pacific_, p. 171 _sq._

431 G. A. Wilken, “Het animisme,” in _De Indische Gids_, June 1884, p.

937.

432 Landes, “Contes et légendes annamites,” No. 76 in _Cochinchine

Française, Excursions et Reconnaissances_, No. 23, p. 80.

433 Perelaer, _Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dajaks_, p. 26 _sq._

434 Fr. Valentyn, _Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien_, iii. 13 _sq._

435 Van Schmidt, “Aanteekeningen, nopens de zeden, gewoonten en

gebruiken, benevens de vooroordeelen en bijgelovigheden der

bevolking van de eilanden Saparoea, Haroekoe, Noessa Laut, en van

een gedeelte van de zuidkust van Ceram,” in _Tijdschrift voor

Neêrland’s Indie_, 1843, dl. ii. 511 _sqq._

436 Bastian, _Die Seele_, p. 36 _sq._; J. G. Gmelin, _Reise durch

Sibirien_, ii. 359 _sq._

437 P. N. Wilken, “Bijdragen tot de kennis van de zeden en gewoonten der

Alfoeren in de Minahassa,” in _Mededeelingen van wege het

Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, 1863, vii. 146 _sq._ Why the

priest, after restoring the soul, tells it to go away again, is not

clear.

438 Riedel, “De Minahassa in 1825,” in _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-

Land- en Volkenkunde_, xviii. 523.

439 N. Graafland, _De Minahassa_, i. 327 _sq._

440 G. Turner, _Samoa_, p. 142 _sq._

441 J. B. Neumann, “Het Pane en Bila-stroomgebied op het eiland

Sumatra,” in _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig

Genootschap_, ii. de Serie, dl. iii., Afdeeling: meer uitgebreide

artikelen, No. 2 (1886), p. 302.

442 Codrington, “Religious Beliefs and Practices in Melanesia,” in

_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, x. 281.

443 Horatio Hale, _U.S. Exploring Expedition, Ethnography and

Philology_, p. 208 _sq._ Cp. Wilkes, _Narrative of the U.S.

Exploring Expedition_ (London, 1845), iv. 448 _sq._

444 Riedel, _De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_,

p. 77 _sq._

_ 445 Ib._ p. 356 _sq._

446 Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 376.

447 Spenser St. John, _Life in the Forests of the Far East_, i. 189.

Sometimes the souls resemble cotton seeds (_ib._) Cp. _id._ i. 183.

448 Nieuwenhuisen en Rosenberg, “Verslag omtrent het Eiland Nias,” in

_Verhandel. van het Batav. Genootsch. van Kunsten en Wetenschappen_,

xxx. 116; Rosenberg, _Der Malayische Archipel_, p. 174.

449 Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_, i. 250.

450 Gill, _Myths and Songs of the South Pacific_, p. 171; _id._, _Life

in the Southern Isles_, p. 181 _sqq._

451 L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, _Les Peuplades de la Sénégambie_ (Paris,

1879), p. 277.

452 W. H. Bentley, _Life on the Congo_ (London, 1887), p. 71.

453 Bastian, _Allerlei aus Volks-und Menschenkunde_ (Berlin, 1888), i.

119.

_ 454 Relations des Jésuites_, 1637, p. 50.

455 Riedel, _De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_,

p. 78 _sq._

456 E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” in _Journal of the American Oriental

Society_, iv. 307.

457 J. B. McCullagh in _The Church Missionary Gleaner_, xiv. No. 164

(August 1887), p. 91. The same account is copied from the “North

Star” (Sitka, Alaska, December 1888), in _Journal of American

Folk-lore_, ii. 74 _sq._ Mr. McCullagh’s account (which is closely

followed in the text) of the latter part of the custom is not quite

clear. It would seem that failing to find the soul in the

head-doctor’s box it occurs to them that he may have swallowed it,

as the other doctors were at first supposed to have done. With a

view of testing this hypothesis they hold him up by the heels to

empty out the soul; and as the water with which his head is washed

may possibly contain the missing soul, it is poured on the patient’s

head to restore the soul to him. We have already seen that the

recovered soul is often conveyed into the sick person’s head.

458 Riedel, _De Topantunuasu of oorspronkelijke volksstammen van Central

Selebes_ (overgedrukt uit de _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en

Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, 5e volgr. i.), p. 17; Neumann,

“Het Pane en Bila-stroomgebied,” in _Tijdschrift van het

Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, ii. de Serie, dl. iii.,

Afdeeling: meer uitgebreide artikelen, No. 2 (1886), p. 300 _sq._;

Priklonski, “Die Jakuten,” in Bastian’s _Allerlei aus Volks-und

Menschenkunde_, ii. 218 _sq._; Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen

Asien_, ii. 388, iii. 236; _id._, _Völkerstämme am Brahmaputra_, p.

23; _id._, “Hügelstämme Assam’s,” in _Verhandlungen d. Berlin.

Gesell. f. Anthropol. Ethnol. und Urgeschichte_, 1881, p. 156; Shway

Yoe, _The Burman_, i. 283 _sq._, ii. 101 _sq._; Sproat, _Scenes and

Studies of Savage Life_, p. 214; Doolittle, _Social Life of the

Chinese_, p. 110 _sq._ (ed. Paxton Hood); T. Williams, _Fiji and the

Fijians_, i. 242; E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” in _Journal of the

American Oriental Society_, iv. 309 _sq._; A. W. Howitt, “On some

Australian Beliefs,” in _Journ. Anthrop. Instit._ xiii. 187 _sq._;

_id._, “On Australian Medicine Men,” in _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ xvi.

41; E. P. Houghton, “On the Land Dayaks of Upper Sarawak,” in

_Memoirs of the Anthropological Society of London_, iii. 196 _sq._;

L. Dahle, “Sikidy and Vintana,” in _Antananarivo Annual and

Madagascar Annual_, xi. (1887) p. 320 _sq._; C. Leemius, _De

Lapponibus Finmarchiae eorumque lingua, vita et religione pristina

commentatio_ (Copenhagen, 1767), p. 416 _sq._ Some time ago my

friend Professor W. Robertson Smith suggested to me that the

practice of hunting souls, which is denounced in Ezekiel xiii. 17

_sqq._ must have been akin to those described in the text.

459 Riedel, _De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_,

p. 440.

460 Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, v. 455.

461 Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 340.

462 Codrington, “Religious Beliefs and Practices in Melanesia,” in

_Journ. Anthrop. Instit._ x. 281.

463 Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 61.

464 Gill, _Myths and Songs of the South Pacific_, p. 284 _sqq._

465 Bernard Schmidt, _Das Volksleben der Neugriechen_, pp. 94 _sqq._,

119 _sq._; Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 ii. 972; Rochholz,

_Deutscher Glaube und Brauch_, i. 62 _sqq._; E. Gerard, _The Land

beyond the Forest_, i. 331.

466 Schol. on Aristophanes, _Ran._ 293.

467 [Aristotle] _Mirab. Auscult._ 145 (157); _Geoponica_, xv. 1. In the

latter passage, for κατάγει ἑαυτήν we must read κ. αὐτόν, an

emendation necessitated by the context, and confirmed by the passage

of Damīrī quoted and translated by Bochart, _Hierozoicon_, i. c.

833, “_cum ad lunam calcat umbram canis, qui supra tectura est,

canis ad eam [scil. hyaenam] decidit, et ea illum devorat_.” Cp. W.

Robertson Smith, _The Religion of the Semites_, i. 122.

468 Pausanias, viii. 38, 6; Polybius, xvi. 12, 7; Plutarch, _Quaest.

Graec._ 39.

469 B. Schmidt, _Das Volksleben der Neugriechen_, p. 196 _sq._

470 Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 127.

471 W. Schmidt, _Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der

Romänen Siebenbürgens_, p. 27; E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the

Forest_, ii. 17 _sq._

472 E. H. Mann, _Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands_, p. 94.

473 Williams, _Fiji_, i. 241.

474 James Chalmers, _Pioneering in New Guinea_ (London, 1887), p. 170.

475 Sahagun, _Histoire générale des choses de la Nouvelle-Espagne_

(Paris, 1880), p. 314. The Chinese hang brass mirrors over the idols

in their houses, because it is thought that evil spirits entering

the house and seeing themselves in the mirrors will be scared away

(_China Review_, ii. 164).

476 Callaway, _Nursery Tales, Traditions, and Histories of the Zulus_,

p. 342.

477 Arbousset et Daumas, _Voyage d’exploration au Nord-est de la Colonie

du Cap de Bonne-Espérance_, p. 12.

478 Codrington, “Religious Beliefs and Practices in Melanesia,” in

_Journ. Anthrop. Instit._ x. 313.

_ 479 Fragmenta Philosoph. Graec._ ed. Mullach, i. 510; Artemidorus,

_Onirocr._ ii. 7; _Laws of Manu_, iv. 38.

480 See above, p. 125 _sq._

481 Wattke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_,2 § 726.

_ 482 Ib._

_ 483 Folk-lore Journal_, iii. 281; Dyer, _English Folk-lore_, p. 109; J.

Napier, _Folk-lore, or Superstitious Beliefs in the West of

Scotland_, p. 60; Ellis, _History of Madagascar_, i. 238; _Revue

d’Ethnographie_, v. 215.

_ 484 Punjab Notes and Queries_, ii. 906.

_ 485 Folk-lore Journal_, vi. 145 _sq._; _Panjab Notes and Queries_, ii.,

No. 378.

_ 486 Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ xv. 82 _sqq._

487 Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 117. The objection,

however, may be merely Puritanical. Professor W. Robertson Smith

informs me that the peculiarities of the Raskolniks are largely due

to exaggerated Puritanism.

488 A. Simson, “Notes on the Jivaros and Canelos Indians,” in _Journ.

Anthrop. Inst._ ix. 392.

489 J. Thomson, _Through Masai Land_, p. 86.

490 Maximilian Prinz zu Wied, _Reise in das Innere Nord-Amerika_, i.

417.

_ 491 Ib._ ii. 166.

492 “A far-off Greek Island,” _Blackwood’s Magazine_, February 1886, p.

235.

493 Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 117.

494 James Napier, _Folk-lore: or, Superstitious Beliefs in the West of

Scotland_, p. 142. For more examples of the same sort, see R.

Andree, _Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche_, Neue Folge

(Leipzig, 1889), p. 18 _sqq._

495 Turner, _Samoa_, p. 291 _sq._

496 Charles New, _Life, Wanderings, and Labours in Eastern Africa_, p.

432. Cp. _ib._ pp. 400, 402. For the demons on Mt. Kilimanjaro, see

also Krapf, _Travels, Researches etc. in Eastern Africa_, p. 192.

497 Pierre Bouche, _La Côte des Esclaves et le Dahomey_, p. 133.

498 C. A. L. M. Schwaner, _Borneo_, ii. 77.

_ 499 Ib._ ii. 167.

500 E. Aymonier, _Notes sur le Laos_, p. 196.

501 Rosenberg, _Der Malayische Archipel_, p. 198.

502 Capt. John Moresby, _Discoveries and Surveys in New Guinea_, p. 102

_sq._

503 R. I. Dodge, _Our Wild Indians_ (Hartford, Conn.; 1886), p. 119.

504 J. Crevaux, _Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud_, p. 300.

505 Riedel, _De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_,

p. 78.

506 Perelaer, _Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dajaks_, pp. 44, 54,

252; Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_, p. 49.

507 H. Grützner, “Ueber die Gebräuche der Basutho,” in _Verhandl. d.

Berlin. Gesell. f. Anthropologie_, etc. 1877, p. 84 _sq._

508 Nieuwenhuisen en Rosenberg, “Verslag omtrent het eiland Nias,” in

_Verhandel. v. h. Batav. Genootsch. v. Kunsten en Wetenschappen_,

xxx. 26.

_ 509 Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay_, i. 35.

510 E. O’Donovan, _The Merv Oasis_ (London, 1882), ii. 58.

_ 511 Emin Pasha in Central Africa, being a Collection of his Letters and

Journals_ (London, 1888), p. 107.

_ 512 Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition made by Charles F. Hall._

Edited by Prof. J. G. Nourse, U.S.N. (Washington, 1879), p. 269

_note_.

513 J. A. Grant, _A Walk across Africa_, p. 104 _sq._

514 E. Shortland, _Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders_,

p. 103.

515 N. von Miklucho-Maclay, “Ethnologische Bemerkungen über die Papuas

der Maclay-Küste in Neu-Guinea,” in _Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor

Nederlandsch Indie_, xxxvi. 317 _sq._

516 Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, i. 134.

517 Scholiast on Euripides, _Phoeniss._ 1377. These men were sacred to

the war-god (Ares), and were always spared in battle.

518 John Campbell, _Travels in South Africa, being a Narrative of a

Second Journey in the Interior of that Country_, ii. 205.

519 Ladislaus Magyar, _Reisen in Süd-Afrika_, p. 203.

_ 520 Asiatick Researches_, vi. 535 _sq._ ed. 4to (p. 537 _sq._ ed. 8vo).

521 C. J. Andersson, _Lake Ngami_, p. 223.

522 François Valentyn, _Oud en nieuw Oost-Indiën_, iii. 16.

523 Turner, _Samoa_, p. 305 _sq._

524 De Plano Carpini, _Historia Mongolorum quos nos Tartaros

appellamus_, ed. D’Avezac (Paris, 1838), cap. iii. § iii. p. 627,

cap. ult. § i. x. p. 744, and Appendix, p. 775; “Travels of William

de Rubriquis into Tartary and China,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and

Travels_, vii. 82 _sq._

525 Paul Pogge, “Bericht über die Station Mukenge,” in _Mittheilungen

der Afrikanischen Gesellschaft in Deutschland_, iv. (1883-1885) 182

_sq._

526 J. L. Krapf, _Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours during an

Eighteen Years’ Residence in Eastern Africa_, p. 252 _sq._

527 Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_, p. 391.

528 Proyart, “History of Loango, Kakongo,” etc., in Pinkerton’s _Voyages

and Travels_, xvi. 583; Dapper, _op. cit._ p. 340; J. Ogilby,

_Africa_ (London, 1670), p. 521. Cp. Bastian, _Die deutsche

Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, i. 288.

529 Bastian, _op. cit._ i. 268 _sq._

530 J. B. Neumann, “Het Pane-en Bila-Stroomgebied op het eiland

Sumatra,” in _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig

Genootschap_, ii. de Serie, dl. iii., Afdeeling: meer uitgebreide

artikelen, No. 2, p. 300.

531 Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_, i. 249.

532 J. Richardson, “Tanala Customs, Superstitions and Beliefs,” in _The

Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine_, No. ii. p. 219.

533 Lieut. Cameron, _Across Africa_, ii. 71 (ed. 1877); _id._, in

_Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ vi. 173.

534 “Adventures of Andrew Battel,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_,

xvi. 330; Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_, p. 330; Bastian, _Die

deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, i. 262 _sq._; R. F.

Burton, _Abeokuta and the Cameroons Mountains_, i. 147.

535 Proyart’s “History of Loango, Kakongo,” etc., in Pinkerton’s

_Voyages and Travels_, xvi. 584.

536 J. L. Wilson, _West Afrika_, p. 148 (German trans.); John Duncan,

_Travels in Western Africa_, i. 222. Cp. W. W. Reade, _Savage

Africa_, p. 543.

537 Paul Pogge, _Im Reiche des Muato Jamwo_ (Berlin, 1880), p. 231.

538 Capt. James Cook, _Voyages_, v. 374 (ed. 1809).

539 Heraclides Cumanus in Athenaeus, iv. 145 B-D.

540 Mohammed Ibn-Omar el Tounsy, _Voyage au Darfour_ (Paris, 1845), p.

203; _Travels of an Arab Merchant_ [Mohammed Ibn-Omar el Tounsy] _in

Soudan_, abridged from the French (of Perron) by Bayle St. John, p.

91 _sq._

541 Mohammed Ibn-Omar el Tounsy, _Voyage au Ouadây_ (Paris, 1851), p.

375.

542 H. Duveyrier, _Exploration du Sahara_. _Les Touareg du Nord_, p. 391

_sq._; Reclus, _Nouvelle Géographie Universelle_, xi. 838 _sq._;

James Richardson, _Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara_, ii. 208.

Amongst the Arabs men sometimes veiled their faces. Wellhausen,

_Reste Arabischen Heidentumes_, p. 146.

543 Turner, _Samoa_, p. 67 _sq._

544 Riedel, “Die Landschaft Dawan oder West-Timor,” in _Deutsche

Geographische Blatter_, x. 230.

545 A. W. Howitt, “On some Australian Ceremonies of Initiation,” in

_Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ xiii. 456.

546 Compare μόνον οὐκ ἐπὶ τοῖς χείλεσι τὰς ψυχὰς ἔχοντας Dio

Chrysostomus, _Orat._ xxxii. i. 417, ed. Dindorf; _mihi anima in

naso esse, stabam tanquam mortuus_, Petronius, _Sat._ 62; _in primis

labris animam habere_, Seneca, _Natur Quaest_. iii. praef. 16.

547 See above, p. 112.

548 Bastian, _Die Loango-Küste_, i. 263. However, a case is recorded in

which he marched out to war (_ib._ i. 268 _sq._)

549 S. Crowther and J. C. Taylor, _The Gospel on the Banks of the

Niger_, p. 433. On p. 379 mention is made of the king’s “annual

appearance to the public,” but this may have taken place within “the

precincts of his premises.”

550 Strabo, xvii. 2, 2, σέβονται δ᾽ ὠς θεούς τοὺς βασιλέας,

κατακλείστους ὄντας καὶ οἰκουροὺς τὸ πλέον.

551 Strabo, xvi. 4, 19; Diodorus Siculus, iii. 47.

552 Heraclides Cumanus in Athenaeus, 517 B.C.

553 Ch. Dallet, _Histoire de l’Église de Corée_ (Paris, 1874), i.

xxiv-xxvi. The king sometimes, though rarely, leaves his palace.

When he does so, notice is given beforehand to the people. All doors

must be shut and each householder must kneel before his threshold

with a broom and a dust-pan in his hand. All windows, especially the

upper ones, must be sealed with slips of paper, lest some one should

look down upon the king. W. E. Griffis, _Corea, the Hermit Nation_,

p. 222.

554 Richard, “History of Tonquin,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_,

ix. 746.

555 Shway Yoe, _The Burman_, i. 308 _sq._

_ 556 Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 63; Taplin, “Notes on the

mixed races of Australia,” in _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ iv. 53.

557 Turner, _Samoa_, p. 320 _sq._

558 Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_, p. 330.

559 Bosman’s “Guinea,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, xvi. 487.

560 P. N. Wilken, “Bijdragen tot de kennis van de zeden en gewoonten der

Alfoeren in de Minahassa,” in _Mededeelingen van wege het

Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xi. (1863) 126.

561 Kaempfer’s “History of Japan,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_,

vii. 717.

_ 562 Old New Zealand_, by a Pakeha Maori (London, 1884), p. 96 _sq._

563 W. Brown, _New Zealand and its Aborigines_ (London, 1845), p. 76.

For more examples of the same kind see _ib._ p. 77 _sq._

564 E. Tregear, “The Maoris of New Zealand,” in _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._

xix. 100.

_ 565 R. Taylor, Te Ika a Maui: or, New Zealand and its Inhabitants_,2 p.

164.

566 A. S. Thomson, _The Story of New Zealand_, i. 101 _sqq._; _Old New

Zealand_, by a Pakeha Maori, pp. 94, 104 _sqq._

_ 567 Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ ix. 458.

568 W. Ridley, “Report on Australian Languages and Traditions,” in

_Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ ii. 268.

569 Alexander Mackenzie, _Voyages from Montreal through the Continent of

North America_, cxxiii.

_ 570 Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow,

Alaska_ (Washington, 1885), p. 46.

571 “Customs of the New Caledonian Women,” in _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._

vii. 206.

572 S. Hearne, _A Journey from Prince of Wales’s Fort in Hudson’s Bay to

the Northern Ocean_, p. 204 _sqq._

573 L. Alberti, _De Kaffers_ (Amsterdam, 1810), p. 76 _sq._; H.

Lichtenstein, _Reisen im südlichen Afrika_, i. 427.

_ 574 Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner_ (London,

1830), p. 122.

575 On the nature of taboo, see especially W. Robertson Smith, _Religion

of the Semites_, i. 142 _sqq._ 427 _sqq._

576 Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, iii. 102.

577 J. Moura, _Le Royaume du Cambodge_, i. 226.

578 Ch. Dallet, _Histoire de l’Église de Corée_, i. xxiv. _sq._;

Griffis, _Corea, the Hermit Nation_, p. 219.

579 Macrobius, _Sat._ v. 19, 13; Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ i. 448;

Joannes Lydus, _De mens._ i. 31.

_ 580 Acta Fratrum Arvalium_, ed. Henzen, pp. 128-135; Marquardt,

_Römische Staatsverwaltung_, iii.2 (_Das Sacralwesen_), p. 459 _sq._

581 Callimachus, referred to by the Old Scholiast on Ovid, _Ibis._ See

Callimachus, ed. Blomfield, p. 216; Lobeck, _Aglaophamus_, p. 686.

582 Plutarch, _Aristides_, 21. This passage I owe to Mr. W. Wyse.

583 Theophilus Hahn, _Tsuni-Goam, the Supreme Being of the Khoi-Khoi_,

p. 22.

584 J. G. Bourke, _The Snake Dance of the Moquis of Arizona_, p. 178

_sq._

585 C. F. Gordon Cumming, _In the Hebrides_ (ed. 1883), p. 195.

586 James Logan, _The Scottish Gael_ (ed. Alex. Stewart), ii. 68 _sq._

587 C. F. Gordon Cumming, _In the Hebrides_, p. 226; E. J. Guthrie, _Old

Scottish Customs_, p. 223.

588 1 Kings vi. 7; Exodus xx. 25.

589 Dionysius Halicarn. _Antiquit. Roman_, iii. 45, v. 24; Plutarch,

_Numa_, 9; Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxxvi. § 100.

_ 590 Acta Fratrum Arvalium_, ed. Henzen, p. 132; _Corpus Inscriptionum

Latinarum_, i. No. 603.

591 Pliny, _l.c._

_ 592 Indian Antiquary_, x. (1881) 364.

593 Frank Hatton, _North Borneo_ (1886), p. 233.

594 Alexand. Guagninus, “De ducatu Samogitiae,” in _Respublica sive

Status Regni Poloniae, Lituaniae, Prussiae, Livoniae_ etc. (Elzevir,

1627), p. 276; Johan. Lasicius, “De diis Samogitarum caeterorumque

Sarmatum,” in _Respublica_, etc. (_ut supra_), p. 294 (p. 84 ed.

Mannhardt, in _Magazin herausgeg. von der Lettisch-Literär.

Gesellsch._ bd. xiv.)

595 E. J. Guthrie, _Old Scottish Customs_, p. 149; Ch. Rogers, _Social

Life in Scotland_ (London, 1886), iii. 218.

596 A. Leared, _Morocco and the Moors_, p. 273.

597 The reader may observe how closely the taboos laid upon mourners

resemble those laid upon kings. From what has gone before the reason

of the resemblance is obvious.

_ 598 Panjab Notes and Queries_, iii. No. 282.

599 Walter Gregor, _The Folk-lore of the North-East of Scotland_, p.

206.

600 This is expressly said in _Panjab Notes and Queries_, iii. No. 846.

On iron as a protective charm see also Liebrecht, _Gervasius von

Tilbury_, p. 99 _sqq._; _id._, _Zur Volkskunde_, p. 311; L.

Strackerjan, _Aberglaube und Sagen aus dem Herzogthum Oldenburg_, §

233; Wattke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_2, § 414 _sq._; Tylor,

_Primitive Culture_, i. 140; Mannhardt, _Der Baumkultus_, 132

_note_.

601 Bastian, _Die Völker des ostlichen Asien_, i. 136.

602 E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_, i. 312; W. Schmidt, _Das

Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen

Siebenbürgens_, p. 40.

603 J. H. Gray, _China_, i. 288.

604 W. H. Dall, _Alaska and its Resources_, p. 146; _id._ in _American

Naturalist_, xii. 7.

605 Jo. Meletius, “De religione et sacrificiis veterum Borussorum,” in

_De Russorum Muscovitarum et Tartarorum religione, sacrificiis,

nuptiarum, funerum ritu_ (Spires, 1582), p. 263; Hartknoch, _Alt und

neues Preussen_ (Frankfort and Leipzig, 1684), p. 187 _sq._

606 B. F. Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_, p.

136.

607 Tettau und Temme, _Die Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und

Westpreussens_, p. 285; Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 iii. 454; cp.

_id._ pp. 441, 469; Grohmann, _Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen

und Mähren_, p. 198.

608 Plutarch, _Quaest. Rom._ 110; Aulus Gellius, x. 15, 12.

609 J. Kubary, _Die socialen Einrichtungen der Pelauer_ (Berlin, 1885),

p. 126 _sq._

610 F. J. Wiedemann, _Aus dem inneren und äussern Leben der Ehsten_ (St.

Petersburg, 1876), pp. 448, 478.

611 James Adair, _History of the American Indians_, pp. 134, 117.

612 E. Petitot, _Monographie des Dènè-Dindjié_, p. 76.

613 Leviticus xvii. 10-14. The Hebrew word translated “life” in the

English version of verse 11 means also “soul” (marginal note in the

Revised Version). Cp. Deuteronomy xii. 23-25.

614 Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ v. 79; cp. _id._ on _Aen._ iii. 67.

615 J. Wellhausen, _Reste Arabischen Heidentumes_, p. 217.

616 A. Goudswaard, _De Papoewa’s van de Geelvinksbaai_ (Schiedam, 1863),

p. 77.

617 Hamilton’s “Account of the East Indies,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and

Travels_, viii. 469. Cp. W. Robertson Smith, _Religion of the

Semites_, i. 349, _note_ 2.

618 De la Loubere, _A New Historical Account of the Kingdom of Siam_

(London, 1693), p. 104 _sq._

619 Pallegoix, _Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam_, i. 271, 365 _sq._

620 Marco Polo, trans. by Col. H. Yule (2d ed. 1875), i. 335.

621 Col. H. Yule on Marco Polo, _l.c._

622 Baron’s “Description of the Kingdom of Tonqueen,” in Pinkerton’s

_Voyages and Travels_, ix. 691.

623 T. E. Bowdich, _Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee_ (London,

1873), p. 207.

624 Sibree, _Madagascar and its People_, p. 430.

625 C. T. Wilson and R. W. Felkin, _Uganda and the Egyptian Soudan_, i.

200.

626 Marco Polo, i. 399, Yule’s translation, 2d ed.

627 Sir Walter Scott, note 2 to _Peveril of the Peak_, ch. v.

_ 628 Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 230; E. J. Eyre, _Journals of

Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia_, ii. 335; Brough

Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, i. 75 _note_.

629 Collins, _Account of the English Colony of New South Wales_ (London,

1798), p. 580.

_ 630 Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 224 _sq._; Angas, _Savage

Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand_, i. 110 _sq._

631 Above, p. 20.

632 B. F. Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_, p.

53.

633 Lieut. Emery, in _Journal of the R. Geogr. Soc._ iii. 282.

634 Ch. Andersson, _Lake Ngami_, p. 224.

635 Ch. New, _Life, Wanderings, and Labours in Eastern Africa_, p. 124;

Francis Galton, “Domestication of Animals,” in _Transactions of the

Ethnolog. Soc. of London_, iii. 135. On the original sanctity of

domestic animals, see above all W. Robertson Smith, _The Religion of

the Semites_, i. 263 _sqq._, 277 _sqq._

636 L. Linton Palmer, “A Visit to Easter Island,” in _Journ. R. Geogr.

Soc._ xl. (1870) 171.

637 R. Taylor, _Te Ika a Maui; or, New Zealand and its Inhabitants_,2 p.

164 _sq._

638 Plutarch, _Quaest. Rom._ 112; Aulus Gellius, x. 15, 13.

639 Above, p. 61 _sq._

640 Cp. W. Robertson Smith, _op. cit._ p. 213 _sq._

_ 641 Dialis cotidie feriatus est_, Aulus Gellius, x. 15, 16.

642 Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, c. 6. A myth apparently akin to this has

been preserved in some native Egyptian writings. See Ad. Erman,

_Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum_, p. 364.

643 Bernardino de Sahagun, _Histoire générale des choses de la

Nouvelle-Espagne_, traduite par Jourdanet et Siméon (Paris, 1880),

p. 46 _sq._

644 See above, p. 34 _sq._

645 P. 35.

646 E. M. Curr, _The Australian Race_ (Melbourne and London, 1887), iii.

179.

647 H. B. Guppy, _The Solomon Islands and their Natives_ (London, 1887),

p. 41.

648 E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” in _Journal of the American Oriental

Society_, iv. (1854) 312.

649 Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, iii. 230.

650 For the reason see Shortland, _Traditions and Superstitions of the

New Zealanders_, pp. 112 _sq._, 292.

_ 651 Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 186.

652 Mrs. James Smith, _The Booandik Tribe_, p. 5.

653 Riedel, _De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_,

p. 450.

654 Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 139; cp. _id._ p. 209.

655 E. Dannert, “Customs of the Ovaherero at the Birth of a Child.” in

(South African) _Folk-lore Journal_, ii. 63.