| | | | Port of | |
| | | President of | Embarka-| Date of |
| Ship. | Captain. | Company. | tion. | Sailing. |
+--------------+-------------+---------------+---------+-------------+
|Wyoming |-- Brooks |Chas. Harman |Liverpool|July 18, 1857|
|Wm. Tapscott |J. B. Bell |Robt. F. Neslen|Liverpool|Apr. 11, 1859|
|Antarctic |.... |Jas. Chaplow |Liverpool|July 10, 1859|
|Emerald Isle | -- Cornish |Henry Hugg |Liverpool|Aug. 20, 1859|
|Underwriter |J. W. Roberts|Jas. D. Ross |Liverpool|Mar. 30, 1860|
|Wm. Tapscott |J. B. Bell |Asa Calkin |Liverpool|May 11, 1860 |
|Miscellaneous}|.... |.... |.... |.... |
|Ships }| | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
+--------------+-------------+---------------+---------+-------------+
+--------------+------------+-----+----------+-----+-------+------+
| | | | | | | |
| Ship. |Port of Dis-|P. E.|Hand-cart.|Team.|States.|Total.|
| |embarkation.|Fund.| | | | |
+--------------+------------+-----+----------+-----+-------+------+
|Wyoming |Philadel. | | | | 36 | 36 |
|Wm. Tapscott |N. York | 54 | 196 | 149 | 326 | 725 |
|Antarctic |N. York | | | | 30 | 30 |
|Emerald Isle |N. York | | | | 54 | 54 |
|Underwriter |N. York | 1 | 140 | 106 | 347 | 594 |
|Wm. Tapscott |N. York | 17 | 128 | 246 | 340 | 731 |
|Miscellaneous}|.... | | | 263 | 263 | |
|Ships }| | | | | | |
| | +-----+----------+-----+-------+------+
| | | 72 | 464 | 501 | 1396 | 2433 |
+--------------+------------+-----+----------+-----+-------+------+
Of this number, as the table shows, 1037 purposed going through to
Utah under P. E. Fund, hand-cart, and team arrangements. But we have
good cause to presume that a large number of those who left here
with the intention of settling for a short time in the States (and
are included in the table under that head) have also gone through to
Utah, without settling on the way.
The number of natives of the various countries may be classified
as follows: From the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland--English, 1074; Scotch, 126; Welsh, 173; Irish, 12. The total
number from the Scandinavian Mission is 762, of which there are 528
Danes, 193 Swedes, and 41 Norwegians. The total number from the Swiss
and Italian Mission is 211, of which 209 are from the Swiss Cantons,
and 2 from Italy. There are also 2 French, 3 Germans, and 70 elders
returning home from missions, making a grand total, as per table, of
2433 souls.
_Countries._--The number of natives of the various countries may be
classified as follows:
England 2611
(Principal counties--Lancashire,
Yorkshire, and Staffordshire.)
Scotland 367
Wales 667
-----3645
Ireland 54
America 19
French Mission (Channel Islands) 9
Denmark } { 505
Sweden } Scandinavian { 67
Norway } { 46
Swiss Cantons 19
Piedmont, Italy 31
East India Mission 2
Germany 1
----- 750
----
Total 4395 souls.
The emigration in 1861 is progressing satisfactorily, as the
following extract proves:
“A party of Mormonites, consisting of 17 men, 25 women, and 11
children, left London lately by the Northwestern Railway for
Liverpool, _en route_ for the Salt Lake settlement. The emigration
of Mormonites from Great Britain, particularly from the southern
district of Wales, has during the past ten weeks been on a large
scale. Their number embraces all classes; one gentleman, an
inhabitant of Merthyr, Glamorganshire, having contributed £1000, and
joined the ‘brethren,’ 200 of whom, including an old woman upward of
eighty years of age, have just left Wales.”
No. III.--_Latter-Day Saints’ Emigration, Spring of 1861._
42 Islington, Liverpool, June 29th, 1861.
Per Ship Manchester, Captain Frask.
Males. Females.
English 132 124
Scotch 3 2
Irish 2 0
Welsh 54 57
Danes 5 0
Americans 1 0
--- ---
197 183
Per Ship Underwriter, Captain Roberts.
Males. Females.
English 234 278
Scotch 32 43
Irish 3 0
Welsh 16 14
Norwegian 1 0
Americans 3 0
--- ---
289 335
Per Ship Monarch of the Sea, Captain Gardner.
Males. Females.
English 97 105
Scotch 25 27
Irish 2 1
Welsh 17 17
German 1 0
Swiss 40 48
Italian 1 3
French 1 2
Danish 175 210
Norwegian 24 43
Swedish 61 68
--- ---
Total 444 524
_Summary._
Males. Females. Total.
English 463 507 970
Scotch 60 72 132
Irish 7 1 8
Welsh 87 88 175
------1285
German 1 0 1
Swiss 40 48 88
Italian 1 3 4
French 1 2 3
Danes 180 210 390
Swedes 61 68 129
Norwegians 25 43 68
Americans 4 0 4 687
--- ---- -----------
930 1042 1972 = 1972
[MEETING ROOMS.]
The London Conference has seventeen places of worship, and numbers a
little over 2000 men, scattered throughout Great Britain. In these
isles there is a general Presidency of the Church, assisted by a
counselor: these preside over the pastors or presidents of districts,
ten in number, who also, assisted by counselors in their turn, direct
and counsel the presidents of the twenty-four Conferences, while these
superintend the presidents of the 400 branches. The total of members
in the whole European mission is not less than 40,000. I subjoin a
list of the various places--kindly furnished to me by an influential
Saint--which the Mormons have selected for worship in London.[168]
[168]
_Latter-Day Saints’ Meeting Rooms in London and vicinity_:
_Somers Town_--Euston Hall, 8 George Street, Hampstead Road.
_Holborn_--148 Holborn, near Gray’s Inn Lane.
_Goswell Hall_--46 Goswell Street.
_Holloway_--1 Cornwall Place, Holloway Road.
_Whitechapel_--Pisgah Chapel, North Street, Sydney Street, Mile End.
_Poplar_--28 Penny Fields.
_Barking_--Latter-Day Saints’ Chapel, North Street.
_Paddington_--Hope Hall, Bell Street.
_Chelsea_--Lloyd’s Assembly Rooms, 1 George Street, Sloane Square.
_Shepherd’s Bush_--Latter-Day Saint’s Chapel, Shepherd’s Bush Green.
_Camden Town_--Beulah Cottage, King’s Road, Camden Town.
_On the Surrey Side of the Thames._
_Walworth Common_--Latter-Day Saints’ Meeting Room, 2 King Street,
Old Kent Road.
_Lambeth_--St. George’s Hall, St. George’s Road, near the Elephant
and Castle.
_Deptford_--Latter-Day Saints’ Meeting Room, Tanner’s Hill.
_Woolwich_--Latter-Day Saints’ Chapel, Prospect Row.
_Welling_--Latter-Day Saints’ Meeting Room, Wickham Lane, near
Welling.
_Eltham_--Latter-Day Saints’ Meeting Room, at Mr. J. Baily’s, Pound
Place.
Two points in this subject are truly remarkable. The first is the
difference between Utah Territory and all other Anglo-Scandinavian
colonies, in which males are usually far more numerous than females.
The latter, at Utah, by the census of 1856, are 1781 in excess of the
former; almost as great a disproportion as the extra three quarters of
a million in England. The second is the rapid growth of the New Faith,
and the deep hold which it has taken upon Great Britain. Few Englishmen
are aware that their metropolis contains seventeen places of Mormon
worship, and their fatherland an army of 4000 volunteer missionaries.
In the United States it is also the fashion to ignore the Mormons. The
subject, however, will grow in importance, and it is easy to predict
that before two decades shall have elapsed, Deserét, unless sent once
more upon her travels, will have forced herself into the position of an
independent state.
[MORMON POLITY.]
The Mormon polity is, in my humble opinion--based upon the fact that
liberty is to mankind in mass a burden far heavier than slavery--the
perfection of government. It is the universal suffrage of the American
States, tempered by the despotism of France and Russia: in moderate
England men have nothing of it but that Tory-Radicalism to which the
few of extremest opinions belong. At the semi-annual Conferences,
which take place on the 6th of April and the 6th of October, and last
for four days, all officers, from the President to the constable,
are voted in by direction and counsel--_i. e._, of the Lord through
his Prophet; consequently, re-election is the rule, unless the chief
dictator determine otherwise. Every adult male has a vote, and all
live under an iron sway. His poor single vote--from which even the
sting of ballot has been drawn--gratifies the dignity of the man, and
satisfies him with the autocracy which directs him in the way he should
go. He has thus all the harmless pleasure of voting, without the danger
of injuring himself by his vote. The reverse, duly carried out, frees
mankind from king and kaiser, and subjects them to snobs and mobs.
Mormon society is modeled upon a civilized regiment: the Prophet is
the colonel commanding, and the grades are nicely graduated down to
the last neophyte or recruit. I know no form of rule superior to that
of Great Salt Lake City; it might supply the author of “Happy Years
at Hand” with new ideas for the “Outlines of the Coming Theocracy.”
It exerts its beneficial effects equally upon the turbulent and
independent American; the sensible and self-sufficient Englishman; the
Frenchman, ever lusting after new things; the Switzer, with his rude
love of a most problematic liberty; the outwardly cold, inwardly fiery
Scandinavian; the Italian, ready to bow down before any practice, with
the one proviso that it must be successful; and the German, who demands
to be governed by theories and Utopianisms, “worked” by professors “out
of the depths of their self-consciousness.”
The following description of a Conference is extracted at length from
the “Daily Missouri Republican” of May 4, 1861:
_Great Salt Lake City, April 12, 1861._
On the 6th of April, 1830, in a small room about fifteen feet square,
in the town of Fayette, Seneca County, New York, a young country
lad--Joseph Smith--and five other persons organized that movement
now known throughout Christendom as “The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-Day Saints,” or Mormonism. How the units have each increased
to tens of thousands, and where those disciples have been found,
and how they have been converted, is not the task I assign myself.
I _assisted_, as the Frenchmen say, at the thirty-first anniversary
Conference of that obscure movement, and propose to give the readers
of the “Republican” its picture, and “nothing extenuate nor set down
aught in malice.”
[THE MORMON CONFERENCE.]
Twice a year the Mormons assemble in Conference, on the 6th of
April and on the 6th of October, for the purpose of re-electing
their presiding authorities, or making such changes among them as
are deemed “wisdom” or “necessary”--the chiefs, also, making these
periods seasonable for general instruction to the “body”--and in
April electing and sending out missionaries to the nations of the
earth, where Mormonism is flourishing, or where the New Faith has yet
to be introduced.
As the settlements in the Territory are widely scattered, and
communication between them rare--except where business or family
purposes invite--the Conferences are looked forward to with peculiar
interest by the people generally as a time of renewing acquaintance
and friendship with those they have known and been associated with
in the Old World. To this add the curiosity to see and hear again
the “Prophet” and his associates, and the influences that draw the
multitude to Conference is comprehended.
Up to within a few years this country has, I am told,[169] been
rarely visited by showers of rain, the husbandmen depending almost
entirely upon the melting snows of the mountains for irrigating
fields and gardens. Very recently the snow and rain had fallen in
great abundance, and the muddy roads were rendered almost impassable.
Notwithstanding this obstacle, the faithful screwed up courage and
traveled in droves from every part of the Territory, and filled the
streets of the city during Conference like a county fair.
[169] The article is probably written by a Mormon elder. It is the
fashion, however, in newspaper correspondence--as the columns of the
“New York Herald” prove--to assume Gentilism for the nonce.
Early on Saturday morning the carriages and wagons, equestrians and
pedestrians, thronged into the city, and long before the opening of
the Tabernacle doors the people were gathering in groups, eager for
admission to obtain a good seat, fearing the general rush. On the
Sunday preceding, Brigham had requested the citizens here to stay at
home, and afford their country brethren and sisters an opportunity of
getting within the Tabernacle; otherwise there would have been a poor
show for the strangers, and as it was they were themselves vastly too
many for the dimensions of the building.
THE CONFERENCE--FIRST DAY--MORNING SESSION.
At 10 o’clock there were on the stand, according to technical rank and
authority:
Of the First Presidency--Presidents Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball,
and Daniel H. Wells.
Of the Twelve Apostles--Orson Hyde, Willford Woodruff, John Taylor,
George A. Smith, Ezra T. Benson, Lorenzo Snow, and Franklin D. Richards.
Of the First Presidency of the Seventies--Joseph Young, Levi W.
Hancock, Henry Herriman, Zera Pulsipher, Albert P. Rockwood, and Horace
S. Eldredge.
Of the Presidency of the High Priests--Edwin D. Woolley and Samuel W.
Richards.
Of the Presidency of the Stake--Daniel Spencer, David Fullmer, and
George B. Wallace.
Of the Presidency of the Bishopric--Edward Hunter, Leonard W. Hardy,
and Jesse C. Little.
Of the Patriarchs--John Smith and Isaac Morley.
Apostle Hyde called the meeting to order, and in a moment all talking
was hushed, and a choir of about a dozen persons, accompanied by a
fine-toned organ in the centre of the building, sung:
The morning breaks, the shadows flee,
Lo! Zion’s standard is unfurled!
The dawning of a brighter day
Majestic rises on the world.
The clouds of error disappear
Before the rays of truth divine;
The glory bursting from afar,
Wide o’er the nations soon will shine.
The Gentile fullness now comes in,
And Israel’s blessings are at hand;
Lo! Judah’s remnant, cleansed from sin,
Shall in their promised Canaan stand.
Jehovah speaks! let earth give ear,
And Gentile nations turn and live;
His mighty arm is making bare,
His cov’nant people to receive.
Angels from heaven and truth from earth
Have met, and both have record borne;
Thus Zion’s light is bursting forth,
To bring her ransomed children home.
Apostle Lorenzo Snow offered prayer, and the choir sung, “Praise ye the
Lord; ’tis good to praise.”
Apostle Benson was first invited to address the Conference. “Brother
Ezra” is generally called a son of thunder--great preacher, I suppose.
On this occasion he aimed at being modest, and after expressing his
gratitude for the privilege of being permitted to attend Conference, to
come and see the Prophet, his counselors, and the twelve apostles, and
the good brothers and sisters, he was prepared to bear his testimony.
He knew that Joseph Smith was a prophet; that his predictions had been
fulfilled, and were daily fulfilling, to the joy of all the Saints. He
would not stop there in his testimony; he would bear testimony to the
teachings of President Brigham Young. His counselors--Heber C. Kimball
and Daniel H. Wells--were also true as the revelations of Joseph, and
he rejoiced in them. Oh, what a joy it was to know that they had such
men to lead them! What would be the condemnation of those who rejected
their testimony? Ezra was quite serious--yea, serious to shuddering.
The fearfulness of apostasy was eloquently portrayed. False spirits
attending it, and false revelations bestowed on the backslider, and
every other ugly, disagreeable business was the certain lot of the
apostate, and from which the brethren were decently warned.
President Daniel H. Wells was much pleased with the Latter-Day work; it
was a great blessing to live in the light of the Gospel. It had been
but a few years proclaimed to the world. The channel of communication
between heaven and earth was again open to the children of men. Brother
Wells referred to the state of the nation. The present trouble was
the result of bad treatment to the Saints. The people of God had
been driven into the wilderness--thousands might have perished, and
the government was indifferent. It was a political axiom, that when
governments ceased to protect, the people were released from their
obligations. The government had never protected the Saints as other
citizens. They had been driven from place to place, and the murderers
of Joseph Smith had gone unpunished. Fault had been found with the
Mormons because they had asked the government to appoint good men as
federal officers--men in whom they had confidence. They were for this
called rebels; but they were probably the only people that would yet
stand by the Constitution and uphold it.
The government had fallen in the eyes of the civilized world; it
had become corrupt and debased. Nowadays nobody expected any thing
from public servants but corruption. These things were well known to
every body. The Saints had been molested and could get no redress.
The Prophet Joseph, moved by the Spirit of the Most High, told their
enemies there that they would see mobbing to their heart’s content, for
the measure that they meted to the Saints should be meted to them back
again.
The Saints could now see the distracted state of the nations, and the
confusion of all governments. If they were wise men and women, they
would appreciate the blessed inheritance that the Lord had brought
them to. He had but one request to make, and that was, that the people
should not only believe in the counselings of President Young, but be
diligent, and see that his counseling prospered.
President Heber C. Kimball got up with the invocation of “God bless the
Saints, and peace be multiplied unto them.” He respected and loved good
men and women who were striving to do the will of Heaven. The Mormons
were united, and he wanted them to continue so, and be of one heart
and of one mind, and to do as they were told. The South had seceded
from the North, but the Mormons would never secede from either. He had
sometimes a kind of notion that North and South would secede from them,
and if they did so the Mormons couldn’t help it, and the Lord would yet
make a great people of them, just as fast as they were able to bear it.
Heber had a fling at “the miserable creatures who had been sent here
one time and another to rule and judge them.” The yoke was off their
neck; they were away out from the confusion, and the yoke was on the
neck of their enemies, and the bow-key was in. Many were engaged in
trying to have the Mormons associate with them in a national capacity;
but they would have nothing to do with them. “No, gentlemen and ladies,
we are free from them, and will keep free.” Heber was satisfied with
their position in the mountains. Brigham was their governor; had always
been so, and would always be so. He went around about with his hands
in his pocket, and governed the people. They had the Lord for ruler,
and the men whom he delegated could govern the people. He had no fear,
for he lived above the law; he transgressed no law, and had nothing to
apprehend. With an exhortation to go to and make themselves happy and
independent by their own industry, Heber’s racy discourse terminated
with a hearty _amen_ from the congregation.
President Brigham Young was much pleased to meet with the Saints. The
Church was that day thirty-one years old--it seemed but a short time,
yet a great work had been done. He remembered when he had a great
anxiety to see some person of foreign birth embrace the faith. For the
first few years it was only Americans who received it, but he could
now gaze upon tens of thousands from the nations of the Old World. He
discarded miracles as being any evidence of the divinity of any man’s
mission: men might be astonished by them, but the spirit only could
convince and satisfy the mind. Referred to Aaron’s operations: turning
his stick into a serpent, filling the air with life, and turning the
rivers into blood, did not satisfy. He alluded to the troubles in the
States, and warned the people against too great anxiety; thought the
nation was breaking up quite fast enough. All he was anxious about was
the Saints being prepared for every event in the providence of the
Lord. He sometimes wondered if the great men of the nation ever asked
themselves the question, “How can a republican government stand?” There
was but one way in which it could endure--as the government of heaven
endures upon the basis of eternal truth and virtue. Had Martin Van
Buren redressed the wrongs committed against the Saints--had he ordered
the State of Missouri to restore them to their property, the nation
would be stronger to-day than it is. He mourned to see the corruption,
and he sometimes felt a blush for being an American. He had been reared
by the green mountains of Vermont, and could look down upon the nation
and mourn that he had no power to save it. Although he had no reason
to doubt that President Lincoln was as good a man as ever sat in the
chair of state, he had little hope of his accomplishing much. He was
powerless, because of the corruptions that had been introduced and
fostered by the chief men of the nation. “Abraham’s” authority and
power was like a rope of sand: he was weak as water. The governments
that had been had put aside the innocent, justified thieving and every
species of debauchery, and had fostered every one that plundered the
coffers of the people, and said let it be so.
The choir sung, “Arise, oh glorious Zion,” and with a benediction from
President Joseph Young we got home for dinner.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
At 2 P.M. the choir sung,
“Great God attend while Zion sings,”
and Bishop Lorenzo D. Young prayed.
The choir sung,
“All hail the glorious day, by prophets long foretold.”
Attention was requested from the congregation, and Apostle John
Taylor was to put all the presiding authorities before the people for
re-election. Twice a year, in April and October, all the presidents
are presented and voted on separately, and such dismissals or changes
made that are deemed proper. On this occasion there were some additions
made, but not a dissentient voice heard. The present presiding
authorities in Mormondom are:
Brigham Young as President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints; Heber C. Kimball, his first, and Daniel H. Wells, his second
counselors.
Orson Hyde as President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles; and Orson
Pratt, sen., Willford Woodruff, John Taylor, George A. Smith, Amasa
Lyman, Ezra T. Benson, Charles C. Rich, Lorenzo Snow, Erastus Snow,
Franklin D. Richards, and George Q. Cannon, as members of the said
Quorum.
John Smith, Patriarch of the whole Church.
Daniel Spencer as President of this Stake of Zion; and David Fullmer
and George B. Wallace, his counselors.
William Eddington, James A. Little, John V. Long, John L. Blythe,
George Nebeker, John T. Caine, Joseph W. Young, Gilbert Clements,
Brigham Young, jun., Franklin B. Woolley, Orson Pratt, jun., and Howard
Spencer, as members of the High Council.
John Young as President of the High Priests’ Quorum; Edwin D. Woolley
and Samuel W. Richards, his counselors.
Joseph Young, President of the first seven Presidents of the Seventies;
and Levi W. Hancock, Henry Herriman, Zera Pulsipher, Albert P.
Rockwood, Horace S. Eldredge, and Jacob Gates, as members of the first
seven Presidents of the Seventies.
John Nebeker as President of the Elders’ Quorum; and Elnathan Eldredge
and Joseph Felt, his counselors.
Edward Hunter as Presiding Bishop; Leonard W. Hardy and Jesse C.
Little, his counselors.
Lewis Wight as President of the Priests’ Quorum; William Whiting and
Samuel Moore, his counselors.
M‘Gee Harris as President of the Teachers’ Quorum; Adam Speirs and
David Bowman, his counselors.
John S. Carpenter as President of the Deacon’s Quorum; William F. Cook
and Warren Hardy, his counselors.
Brigham Young was presented as Trustee in Trust for the Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-Day Saints.
Daniel H. Wells as Superintendent of Public Works.
Truman O. Angell, Architect for the Church.
Brigham Young, President of the Perpetual Emigrating Fund to gather the
poor.
Heber C. Kimball, Daniel H. Wells, and Edward Hunter, his assistants
and agents for said fund.
George A. Smith, Historian and general Church Recorder; and Willford
Woodruff, his assistant.
Besides the time consumed in putting every name separately for the
action of the assembly, there was a good deal of instruction given
about the severities, which is of no outside interest.
Apostles John Taylor and George A. Smith, and Patriarch Assac Morley,
addressed the audience.
The apostle Taylor thought the Mormons the freest people on the earth.
They could, if they would, reject their rulers twice a year: they had
the opportunity. The unity of the Saints pleased them. He questioned
_Vox populi, vox Dei_. He got facetious, and wondered how they would
get along, both North and South, with that doctrine. If the voice of
the people in the North was the voice of God, and the voice of the
people in the South was the voice of God, he was a little interested to
know with which of them he would really be. [_A Voice in the stand_:
“Not either of them.”]
With the Saints it was _Vox Dei, vox populi_; the voice of God first,
and the voice of the people afterward. The Spirit dictated and the
Saints sustained it. But what were they after? Did they seek to subdue
and put their feet on the necks of men? to rule and dictate nations?
No. It was only the “little stone cut out of the mountains,” growing
into the kingdom that the prophets foresaw that would be established
in the last days. The Mormons had never troubled their neighbors, but
their neighbors kept meddling with them. They had sent an army here,
but the Mormons did not seek to harm them when they had the chance.
They came here with the intention to kill the Mormons if they could;
but they couldn’t, for the Lord wouldn’t let them. Their enemies
had hunted them like wolves; but the Lord had said, “Touch not mine
anointed, and do my prophets no harm.” They had kept the army out
at Ham’s Fork shaking and shivering till they cooled down. “Brother
Taylor” was real well pleased with things in general, and concluded
with Hallelujah.
Apostle George A. Smith was exceedingly humorous over the democracy.
There was no head to it; the centre of its intelligence was the belly,
and the principal portion of the body was in the boots. Several
plundering operations were alluded to, and Uncle Sam had been sadly
victimized by his boys. The government had been a miserable goose for
politicians to pluck. Abe Lincoln had now the honor of presiding over
a portion of what was once the United States; he had been elected by
the religious portion of the States. “George A.” remembered when the
folks of New York sold her slaves to Virginia. Their conscience would
not allow them to retain their fellow-beings in bondage--oh, they were
mighty squeamish! They could take the money from Virginia, and as they
got more religion and more conscience they were exceedingly anxious for
Virginia to set them loose!
That religious fanaticism that had been mixed up with politics would
lead to bloodshed. They were more to be dreaded than infidels. They
were cruel in their fanaticism. The Republicans first whipped old
Buck[170] into the Utah war, and they whipped him for getting into
it, and whipped him awfully for getting out of it--he got out of it
too soon. Politicians were in confusion, and the Lord would keep them
there. He labored to show the folly of men worshiping a God without
body, parts, or passions, for such being, if being he might be called,
must be destitute of principles and power. He argued that the God
worshiped by sectarians could not be the being that wrestled with
Jacob, that conversed with Moses, and wrote with his finger upon tables
of stone. He said that Joseph Smith had prophesied when the Saints were
driven from Jackson County, Missouri, that if the government did not
redress our wrongs, they should have mob upon mob until mob power, and
that alone, should govern the whole land.
[170] Mr. Buchanan.
He bore testimony to the truth of the work in which he was engaged,
and said if the Latter-Day Saints would listen to President Young’s
instructions as they ought to do, they would soon be the wealthiest
people upon the face of the earth.
The choir sung “The Standard of Zion.”
Air--“_Star Spangled Banner._”
Oh see! on the tops of the mountains unfurled,
The ensign of promise, of hope, and salvation,
From their summits how nobly it waves to the world,
And spreads its broad folds o’er the good of each nation;
A signal of light for the lovers of right,
To rally where truth will soon triumph in might.
’Tis the ensign of Israel streaming abroad,
And ever shall wave o’er the people of God.
By an angel’s strong hand to the earth it was brought
From the regions of glory, where long it lay folded;
And holy ones here, for the arduous work taught
By the priesthood unflinching and faithful uphold it;
Its crown pierces heav’n, and ’twill never be riv’n,
’Till the rule of the earth will to Jesus be given.
For the ensign of Israel’s streaming abroad,
And ever shall wave o’er the people of God.
’Tis the emblem of peace and good-will to mankind,
That prophets have sung of when freed by the spirit,
And a token which God has for Israel designed,
That their seed may the land of their fathers inherit;
Many nations will say, when they see its bright ray,
To the mountains of God let us hasten away;
For the ensign of Israel’s streaming abroad,
And ever shall wave o’er the people of God.
Its guardians are sending their ministers forth,
To tell when the Latter-Day kingdom is founded,
And invite all the lovers of truth on the earth,
Jew, Christian, and Gentile, to gather around it;
The cause will prevail, though all else may assail,
For God has decreed that his works shall not fail;
Oh! the ensign of Israel’s streaming abroad,
And ever shall wave o’er the people of God.
Patriarch Morley pronounced the benediction, and the first day’s
conference terminated.
SECOND DAY.
The crowd on the Sunday far exceeded that of the preceding day. The
streets around the Temple Block were literally filled with people and
carriages. The Tabernacle could not hold a third of those who were
anxious to hear. Every seat and standing-place was occupied long before
the opening of proceedings. As soon as Brigham reached the inside
vestry, he sent out some of the apostles and elders to preach to the
outsiders, sufficiently distant from the Tabernacle as not to disturb
each other with their preaching.
I have already filled so much paper that I fear trespassing too much
upon your columns with the details of the second day at the present
time, as Brigham was very explicit on the subject of plurality of
wives, and it was the only time I ever heard him on the “peculiar
institution.”
Altogether it was a great conference, and, as the foregoing exhibits,
the apostles enjoyed a particular free and easy time of it.
In its territorial status an anomaly has been forced upon the Mormon
population. It must receive officers appointed and salaried by the
federal government, viz.:
A governor, with a salary of $2500 (£500) per annum, payable
quarterly.
A secretary to government, $1000.
A chief justice to the Supreme Court, $2500.
An associate do. do. $1000.
Do. do. do. $1000.
A district attorney, $400.
A marshal, $400 (not including perquisites).
A superintendent of Indian affairs, $2500.
A surveyor general, $2500.[171]
[171] The delegate to Washington receives “$8 per diem, not including
‘mileage.’”
The governor, who is also commander-in-chief of the militia, holds
office for four years, unless sooner removed by the President of the
United States, or until appointment of a successor. He has the usual
right of pardoning territorial offenses, and of reprieving offenders
against the federal government. He approves all laws passed by the
Legislative Assembly before they can take effect; he commissions all
officers appointed under the laws, and takes care that the laws are
faithfully executed.
The secretary holds office for the same time: his duty is to record,
preserve, and transmit copies of all laws and proceedings of the
Legislative Assembly, and all acts and proceedings of the governor
in his executive department. In case of death, removal, resignation,
or necessary absence of the governor from the Territory, he acts
temporarily until the vacancy is filled up; and practically he looks
forward to being a member of Congress in the House of Representatives
of the United States.
The marshal holds office for a similar term: his duty is to execute
all processes issued by the courts when exercising their functions
as Circuit and District Courts of the United States. In disturbed
countries, as California of the olden time, the marshal’s principal
office seems to have been that of being shot at.
The executive arm would, in any other Territory, be found to work
easily and well: it is, in fact, derived, with certain modifications,
from that original Constitution which has ever remained to new states
the great old model. Among the Mormons, however, there is necessarily
a division and a clashing of the two principles: one, the federal,
republican, and laical; the other, the theocratic, despotic, and
spiritual. The former is the State, under which is the Church. The
latter is the Church, under which is the State, and hence complications
which call for a cutting solution. As long as the Prophet and President
was also the temporal governor, so long the Mormons were contented: now
they must look forward to a change.
The Legislative Assembly consists of an “Upper House,” a President
and Council of thirteen, and a House of Representatives, or Lower
House, of twenty-six members, whose term of office is one year. An
appointment of the representation based upon a census is made in the
ratio of population: the candidates, however, must be _bonâ fide_
residents of the counties or districts for which they stand. No member
of the Legislative Assembly is allowed to hold any appointment created
while he was in office, “or for one year thereafter,” and the United
States officials--post-masters alone excepted--can not become either
senators or representatives. The legislative power extends to the
usual rightful and constitutional limits. “No law shall be passed
interfering with the primary disposal of the soil; no tax shall be
imposed upon the property of the United States, nor shall the lands or
other property of non-residents be taxed higher than the lands or other
property of residents. All the laws passed by the Legislative Assembly
and government shall be submitted to the Congress of the United States,
and, if disapproved, shall be null and of no effect.”
[VOTERS AND VOTING.--LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.]
Every free male (white) inhabitant[172] above the age of twenty-one,
who has resided in the county for sixty days before the election, is
entitled to vote, and is eligible for office; the right is limited to
citizens of the United States, including those recognized by treaty
with the Mexican Republic (2d of Feb., 1848), and excluding, as usual,
the military servants of the federal government. Great fault was found
by anti-Mormons with the following permissions in the act regulating
elections (Jan., 1853), because they artistically enough abolish the
ballot while they retain the vote.[173]
[172] When the vexed passage, “We hold these truths to be
self-evident, that all men are created equal,” written in 1776, is
interpreted in 1860, it must be read, “all (free white) men” to be
consistent and intelligible. Similarly “persons bound to labor”
must be considered a euphuism for slaves. The “American Mirabeau,”
Jefferson, who framed the celebrated Declaration, certainly did not
consider, as the context of his life proves, slaves to be his equals.
What he intended the Mormons have expressed.
Again, what can be clearer than that the Constitution contemplated
secession? If an adult citizen is allowed to throw off his
allegiance, surely the body of citizens called a state have, _à
majori_, a right to withdraw from a “federal union.”
[173] The first Legislative Assembly was elected in the summer of
1851, and held a session in the following autumn and winter. An
historian’s office was established, courts were organized, cities
incorporated, and a small body of Territorial laws were passed. The
second Legislative Assembly met on the 15th of January, 1852, at the
Council House, and after the organization of the two houses, they
came together to receive the message of the governor, Mr. Brigham
Young. The archon, when notified of the hour, entered, sat down in
the speaker’s chair, and on being asked if he had any communication
to make, handed his message to the President of the Council, who
passed it for reading to the Clerk of the House. The message was
a lengthy and creditable document; of course, it was severely
criticised, but the gravamen of the charges was the invidious phrase
used by the Prophet to his lieges, “for your guidance.”
Sec. 5. Each elector shall provide himself with a vote, containing
the names of the persons he wishes elected, and the offices he would
have them to fill, and present it neatly folded (!) to the judge of
the elections, who shall number and deposit it in the ballot-box; the
clerk shall then write the name of the elector, and opposite it the
number of his vote.
Sec. 6. At the close of the election the judge shall seal up the
ballot-box, and the list of the names of the electors, and transmit
the same without delay to the county clerks.
“In a Territory so governed,” remarks Mr. Secretary Ferris, “it will
not excite surprise that cases of extortion, robbery, murder, and other
crimes should occur, and defy all legal redress, or that the law should
be made the instrument of crime.”
The deduction is unfair. The real cause why crime goes unpunished must,
as will presently appear, be sought in an unfriendly and conflicting
judiciary. The act itself can produce nothing but good; it enables the
wise few to superintend the actions of the unwise many, and it subjects
the “tyrant majority,” as ever should be the case, to the will of the
favored minority. As the Conqueror of Sindh often said, “When noses are
counted, the many are those without brains.”
The bad working of a divided executive is as nothing compared with
the troubles occasioned by the opposition judiciaries, federal and
territorial.
An act (19th of Jan., 1855) provides that a Supreme Court of the United
States be held annually on the first Monday in January, at Fillmore
City; each session to be kept open at least one day, and no session to
be legal except on adjournment in the regular term. Another act (4th
of Feb., 1852) directed that the District Courts, now three in number,
shall exercise original jurisdiction both in civil and criminal cases
when not otherwise provided by law, and also have a general supervision
over all inferior courts, to prevent and correct abuses where no other
remedy is provided. The above are officered by the federal government.
Section 23d of the same act provides for a Judge of Probate--of course
a Mormon--_elected by the joint vote of the Legislative Assembly and
commissioned by the governor_. His tenure of office is four years,
and he holds regular sessions on the second Mondays of March, June,
September, and December of each year. The Probate Court, besides the
duties which its name suggests, has the administration of estates, and
the guardianship of minors, idiots, and insane persons; with these
its proper offices, however, it combines power to _exercise original
jurisdiction, both civil and criminal_, regulated only by appeal under
certain conditions to the District Courts. Of late the anomaly has
been acknowledged by the Supreme Court.[174] Inferior to the Probate
Court, and subject to its revision, are the Justices of the Peace,
the Municipal Court, and the three selectmen in each organized
county. Besides the Probate Courts, the Mormons have instituted, as
will presently appear, Ecclesiastical High Council under the Church
authorities and the President, provided with ample powers of civil and
criminal jurisdiction, and fully capable of judging between Saint and
Saint.
[174] The Court held, First. That the 9th section of the Organic
Act vested all judicial power in the Supreme, District, and Probate
Courts, and in Justices of the Peace.
Second. That the only restriction placed upon these courts was as to
Justices of the Peace, refusing them jurisdiction to try any case
involving the title or boundary to land, or any suit where the claim
or demand exceeded one hundred dollars.
Third. That by virtue of that clause of the Organic Act which
provides that “the jurisdiction of the several courts therein
provided for,” including the Probate Courts, “_shall be as limited by
law_,” that the Legislature had the right to provide by law for the
exercise by the Probate Courts of jurisdiction in civil and criminal
cases.
Fourth. That as the Organic Act conferred common law and chancery
jurisdiction upon the Supreme and District Courts respectively, that
this jurisdiction belonged to these courts exclusively, and that
the Probate Courts were confined to the jurisdiction conferred by
statute, and such jurisdiction might be exercised concurrently with
the District Courts to the extent provided by statute.
Fifth. That as the Legislature had passed a law conferring upon the
Probate Courts concurrent jurisdiction with the District Courts to
hear and determine civil as well as criminal cases within their
respective counties, and had provided the manner in which this
jurisdiction should be exercised, that the trial, conviction, and
sentence of the prisoner were valid and binding in law until reversed
by an appellate court.
Although Judge Shaver, one of the best of jurists, tacitly
acknowledged the jurisdiction of Probate Courts, Judge Kinney is the
first who has dared assert his decision judicially.
[CONFLICTING JUDICIARIES.]
In describing the operations of the two conflicting judiciaries, I
shall borrow the words of both parties.
According to the Mormons, the increased chicanery of the federal
government has arrived at full development in their Territory.[175] The
phrase has been, “Any thing is good enough for Utah.” The salary is too
inconsiderable to satisfy any but the worst kind of jack-in-office, and
the object of those appointed is to secure notoriety in the Eastern
States by obstructing justice, and by fomenting disturbances in the
West. The three judges first appointed from Washington in June, 1851,
became so unpopular, that in the autumn of the same year they were
obliged to leave Utah Territory--one of them with a “flea in his ear”
duly inserted by Mr. Brigham Young. I shall not quote names, nor will
the reader require them. Another attempted to break the amnesty in
1858, and when asked for suggestions by the Legislative Assembly,
proposed an act for the prevention and punishment of polygamy, and
urged the Senate to divide the land between the proposed Territories;
finally, this excellent Christian hung a Gentile brother on the Lord’s
day. Another killed himself with opium; another was a notorious
drunkard; and another was addicted to gambling in his cellar. A judge
disgraced himself with an Indian squaw, who entered his court, and,
_coram publico_, demanded her honorarium, and another seated on the
bench his mistress--_la maîgre Ada_, as she is termed by M. Remy, the
Gentile traveler--and the Mormons have not yet learned to endure Alice
Peirce, or to worship the Goddess of Reason in that shape. Another
attempted to convict Mr. Brigham Young of forgery. The marshal was, in
one case, a _ci-devant_ teamster, who could hardly write his own name.
Besides the vileness of their characters, their cliqueism and violent
hostility have led to prostitution of justice; a Mormon _accusé_ was
invariably found guilty by them, a Gentile was invariably acquitted.
Thus the Probate Courts, properly jurisdictors of the dead, were made
judges of the living in all civil and criminal cases, because justice
was not obtainable from the Supreme District and the Circuit judges
appointed by the federal government. To the envenomed reports of these
officials the Saints attribute all the disturbances in 1857-58, and
sundry high-handed violations of the constitutional liberties and
the dearest rights of American citizenship. For instance, the Indian
war of 1852 cost them $200,000; they repeatedly memorialized Congress
to defray, strictly according to precedent, these expenditures, and
yet, from 1850 to 1855, they have received, in payment of expenses and
treaties, grants and presents, only the sum of $95,940. Though Utah
Territory has practiced far more economy than Oregon or California,
the drafts forwarded by the Superintendent of Indian Affairs to the
Treasury at Washington are totally neglected, or are subjected to
delays and frivolous annoyances. The usual treaties with the Indians
have not been held by the federal government. The Mormons’ requisition
for becoming a state is systematically ignored, and this ignoble
minorhood is prolonged, although they can show five head of souls for
three possessed by California at the time of her admittance--another
instance of a “rancorous persecuting spirit, excited by false and
malicious representations.” He who lifteth up an ensign on the
mountains is now “about to destroy a certain nation under the name of
the sour grape (Catawba?);” and the Mormons see in the present civil
war at once retribution for their injuries, and the fulfillment of the
denunciations of Joseph the Seer against the “Gentile land of strife
and wickedness.” Assuredly Fate has played marvelously into their hands.
[175] The Utah correspondent of the “New York Herald,” writing from
Salt Lake under date of April 26th, states that the fall of Fort
Sumter and the secession of Virginia had created intense interest
among the “Saints.” The news was read in the Tabernacle by Brigham
Young, and the disciples were asked to believe that this was merely
the prediction of Mr. Joseph Smith about the breaking up of the
American Union.
The federal officials retort with a counter charge against the Saints
of systematically obstructing the course of justice. A Mormon must be
tried by his peers; however guilty, he will be surely acquitted, as
a murdering fugitive slave in the North, or a thievish filibuster in
the South; that it is vain to attempt jurisdiction over a people who
have an ecclesiastical Star-Chamber and Vigilance Committee working
out in darkness a sectarian law; that no civilized government could or
would admit into a community of Christian states a power founded on
prophethood and polygamy, a theodemocracy, with a Grand Lama presiding
over universal suffragators; that all accusations of private immorality
proceed from a systematic attack upon the federal Union through its
officers; and, finally, that, so thin-skinned is Mormon sensibility, a
torrent of vituperation follows the least delay made with respect to
their “ridiculous pretensions.”
The author speaks. Of course there are faults on both sides, and each
party has nothing better to do than to spy out the other’s sins of
omission and commission. The Americans (_i. e._, anti-Mormons), never
very genial or unprejudiced, are not conciliatory; they rage violently
when called Gentiles, and their “respectability,” a master-passion in
Columbian lands, is outraged, maiden-modesty-like, by the bare mention
of polygamy. On the other hand, the Latter-Day Saints, who now flourish
in the Mountain Territory, and who expect eventually to flourish over
the whole earth, “are naturally prepared to hate and denigrate all
beyond the pale of their own faith.” If the newly-arrived judge fails,
within the first week, to wait upon Mr. President, he or his may expect
to be the subject of an offensive newspaper article. If another live
among his co-religionists at Camp Floyd, he is convicted of cliqueism,
and is forthwith condemned as a foe. Whatever proceeds from the federal
government is and must be distasteful to them; to every address they
reply, “To your tents, O Israel!” “Their nobles shall be of themselves,
and their governor shall proceed from the midst of them,” is the
shaft which they level against the other party, and which recoils
upon themselves. The result is that if the territorial judiciary
sentences a criminal, he appeals to the federals, and at once obtains
cassation--and _vice versâ_. The usual procedure in criminal cases is
to make oath before a magistrate, who thereupon commands the marshal
to take the accused into custody, and “them safely keep,” so that
he may produce their bodies before the first sessions of the United
States District Courts; if the magistrate be a Mormon, he naturally
refuses to prosecute and persecute a brother Saint--and _vice versâ_.
Thus many notorious offenders, whom the Mormons would, for their own
sakes, willingly see cut off from the congregation--in simple words,
hung--escape with impunity after the first excitement has settled down:
the most terrible crimes are soon forgotten in the party fight, and in
the race to “go ahead;” after five years they become pabulum for the
local antiquary.
I have thus attempted, with feeble hand, to divide the blame between
both the great contending parties, and may fairly, I hope, expect to be
unanimously rejected by both.
[CORPORATION OF GREAT SALT LAKE CITY.]
The ordinance to incorporate Great Salt Lake City was approved by the
General Assembly of the State of Deserét on the 19th of January, 1851,
and the body municipal was constituted, like Fillmore, Ogden, and other
cities in the Territory. The City Council consists of a mayor, four
aldermen, and one common councilor per ward--formerly there were but
nine; they are elected by votes, with the usual qualifications; are
sworn or affianced to support the federal and territorial Constitution,
and retain office for two years. They collect the taxes, which,
however, must not exceed 1·50 per cent. per annum upon the assessed
value of all taxable property, real and personal.[176] They appoint
their recorder, treasurer, assessor, collector, marshal, and supervisor
of streets, and have sole charge of the police. They establish and
support schools and hospitals, regulate “hacking,” “tippling houses,”
and gambling and billiard-tables; inspect lumber, hay, bread and
provisions, and provide against fires--which here, contrary to the
rule throughout England and the Eastern States, are rare and little to
be feared; direct night-lighting and the storage of combustibles, and
regulate streets, bridges, and fences. They have power to enforce their
ordinances by fines and penalties. Appeals from the decisions of the
mayor and aldermen are made to the Municipal Court, composed of the
mayor as chief justice, and the aldermen as associate justices, and
from the Municipal Court to the Probate Court of Great Salt Lake City.
[176] The property-tax, like tithes, forming the Church funds and the
revenue of the civil government, are general; the octroi ($20 for 100
lbs. of every thing entering the Territory from the east, and $25
from the west) and water-tax are local, and confined to towns. I can
not find any other recognized imposts. The anti-Mormons declare that
the Saints are overburdened with taxation. The Saints assert that
their burden is light, especially when compared with the Mormons’
taxation of the Atlantic cities, which averages from double to treble
that of London and Paris--a little drawback to Liberty when she must
be bought for her weight in gold.
In the Auditor’s report accompanying the Governor’s Message of 1860,
there are some items of general interest to people outside, as well
as to those in the Territory. The report states that “the total
valuation of property assessed in the Territory for the year 1860
(Green River and Carson counties excepted) amounts to $4,673,900.”
Assessors in Utah are, I presume, like assessors every where, not
likely to obtain an exaggerated estimate of the value of property,
as on that estimate assessments are made. Property, therefore, may
be set down at a much larger figure than that given in the above
extract. The Territorial tax at one half of one per cent. is .3,369
50. As an evidence of the increase of population and of improvement
in property, the excess of Territorial tax is over that of last year
$13,278 33--five sixths of which is collected in Great Salt Lake
County, and that chiefly in this city. Of the other counties, the
report states, “The counties of Weber, Box-Elder, and Juab each show
a decrease in the valuation of property, compared with the assessment
for 1859, of 16 per cent., and Iron County a decrease of 33 per
cent., while the counties of Beaver, San Pete, and Cache show a more
than corresponding increase in the following ratio, viz.: Beaver,
36; San Pete, 50; and Cache, 900 per cent. The increase in the three
last-named counties, especially Cache, may account in some measure
for the decrease in the other counties named, from the fact that,
during the fall of 1859 and the spring of 1860, very many wealthy
families moved with their stock and effects to form new settlements
in Cache and San Pete counties, and probably the same may be said of
Beaver.”
The tax of all the counties amounts to .3,369 50; the totals of
auditor’s awards issued $19,184 88, which, together with $5450 95
payable on appropriations heretofore made, shows that the Mormons
have the good sense to keep clear of a Territorial debt.
[INDUSTRY OF GREAT SALT LAKE CITY.]
In the young settlements of the Far West there is a regular
self-enforced programme of manufacturing progress. The first step is to
establish flouring or grist mills, and lumber or saw mills, to provide
for food and shelter. After these _sine quâ nons_ come the comforts
of cotton-spinning, wool-carding, cloth-weaving, tailoring, and
shoemaking. Lastly arise the luxuries of life, which penetrate slowly
into this Territory on account of the delay and expense of transporting
heavy machinery across the “wild desert plains.” The minor mechanical
contrivances, the remarkable inventions of the Eastern States--results
of a necessity which removes every limit to human ingenuity--such as
sewing-machines, cataract washing-machines, stump-extracting machines,
and others, which, but for want of hands, would never have been dreamed
of, are not unknown at Great Salt Lake City.
The subjoined extract from the list of premiums of the Deserét
Agricultural Society[177] will explain the industry at Great Salt Lake
City in 1860--will prove that the infant colony has supplied all its
actual wants, and will show what energy and perseverance can effect
against time and all manner of obstructions. Besides the industries
mentioned below, there are stores, cutlery shops, watch-makers and
jewelers, painters and glaziers, brush-makers, cabinet-makers, and
skillful turners--for the most part English. Iron and brass founderies
are in contemplation, and a paper-mill is coming across the prairies.
The cutlery is good, the swords, spears, and Congress knives, the
pruning-hooks, saws, and locks are yearly improving, and the imitations
of Colt’s revolvers can hardly be distinguished from the originals.
The distilleries, of course, can not expect prizes. The whisky of Utah
Territory, unlike the Monongahela or rye of Pennsylvania, and the
Bourbon, or maize brandy of Kentucky, is distilled from wheat only;
it is, in fact, the korn schnapps of the trans-Rhenine region. This
“Valley Tan,” being generally pure, is better than the alcohol one
part and water one part, colored with burnt sugar and flavored with
green tea, which is sold under the name of Cognac. Ale and cakes are in
higher flavor than the “villainous distillation:” there are two large
and eight small breweries in which a palatable Lager-bier is made. The
hop grows wild and luxuriant in every kanyon; and there is no reason
why in time the John Barleycorn of the Saints should not rival that of
the sinners in lands where no unfriendly legislation tries, or will, it
is hoped, ever try,
“To rob a poor man of his beer.”
[177] The act incorporating the society, which was established
“with a view of promoting the arts of domestic industry, and to
encourage the production of articles from the native elements in this
Territory,” was approved on January 17, 1856. The Board consists of a
President, six Directors, a Treasurer, and a Secretary--the latter,
my friend Mr. Thomas Bullock.
CLASS E.--FARMING IMPLEMENTS MADE IN THE TERRITORY.
Awarding Committee--Ira Eldredge, Daniel Carter, Levi E. Ritter.
Best plow $5 00
2d do. 3 00
3d do. dip.
Best subsoil plow 5 00
2d do. 3 00
3d do. dip.
Best harrow 5 00
2d do. 3 00
3d do. dip.
Best field-roller 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best drill and irrigator 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best corn-planter 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best 1 horse corn cultivator 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best grain-cradle 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best horse-rake 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best garden-rake 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best hay-rake 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best hay-fork 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best manure-fork 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best scythe-snath 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best set of garden tools 3 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best shovel 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best spade 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best hoe 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best wheel-barrow 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best cheese-press 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best churn 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best butter tub and firkin 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best washing machine 3 00
2d do. 2 00
3d do. dip.
Best spinning-wheel 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best 6 corn brooms 2 00
2d do. dip.
AGRICULTURAL MACHINES.
Best reaping machine $10 00
2d do. 5 00
3d do. dip.
Best threshing machine 10 00
2d do. 5 00
3d do. dip.
Best fanning-mill 3 00
2d do. 2 00
3d do. dip.
Best corn-sheller 3 00
2d do. 2 00
3d do. dip.
Best corn and cob mill 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best hemp and flax dressing machine 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best hay and straw cutter 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best vegetable root-cutter 5 00
2d do. dip.
CLASS F.--MACHINERY.
Awarding Committee--Frederick Kesler, John Kay, William J. Silver.
Best steam-engine $10 00
2d do. dip.
Best fire-engine 10 00
2d do. dip.
Best garden-engine 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best balance 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best lath machine 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best stave machine 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best stone-dressing machine 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best stone-sawing machine 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best pump for a well 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best water-wheel for raising
water for irrigation 5 00
2d do. 3 00
3d do. dip.
CLASS G.--LEATHER.
Awarding Committee--Seth Taft, John Lowe, Francis Platte.
Best side sole leather $3 00
2d do. dip.
Best side upper cowhide 3 00
2d do. dip.
Best kip-skin 3 00
2d do. dip.
Best calf-skin 3 00
2d do. dip.
Best Morocco-skin 3 00
2d do. dip.
Best side harness 3 00
2d do. dip.
Best side skirting 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best saddle 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best light harness 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best heavy harness 5 00
2d do. dip.
Best bridle 3 00
2d do. dip.
Best pair gentlemen’s fine boots 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best pair gentlemen’s stoga boots 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best pair gentlemen’s fine shoes 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best pair ladies’ bootees 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best pair ladies’ shoes 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best blacking or polish 1 00
2d do. dip.
CLASS H.--CLOTHES, DRY-GOODS, AND DYE-STUFFS.
Awarding Committee--E. R. Young, John Needham, N. H. Felt.
Best made suit of clothes $5 00
2d do. 3 00
3d do. dip.
Best made suit of buckskin 5 00
2d do. 3 00
3d do. dip.
Best 5 yards of colored flannel 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best 5 yards of white flannel 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best 5 yards of white jeans 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best 5 yards of colored jeans 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best 5 yards of white Linsey 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best 5 yards of colored Linsey 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best 5 yards of kersey 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best 5 yards of woolen cloth 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best pair of woolen blankets 3 00
2d do. dip.
Best piece of woolen carpet 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best piece of rag carpet 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best coverlet 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best hearth-rug 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best woolen shawl 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best 5 yards of linen 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best 1 lb. of linen thread 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best fur hat 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best fur cap 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best cloth cap 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best fur muff 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best fur cape 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best 1 lb. indigo 10 00
2d do. 5 00
3d do. 3 00
4th do. dip.
Best 1 lb. madder 10 00
2d do. 5 00
3d do. 3 00
4th do. dip.
Best colored cloth from any
materials produced in this
Territory, aside from indigo
or madder 10 00
2d do. 5 00
3d do. 3 00
4th do. dip.
CLASS I.--FURNITURE, COOPER-WARE, ETC.
Awarding Committee--Miles Romney, Archibald N. Hill, Thomas Allman.
Best bureau $3 00
2d do. dip.
Best sofa 3 00
2d do. dip.
Best bedstead 3 00
2d do. dip.
Best six chairs 3 00
2d do. dip.
Best centre-table 3 00
2d do. dip.
Best dining-table 3 00
2d do. dip.
Best ladies’ work-stand 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best office-desk 3 00
2d do. dip.
Best rocking-chair 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best specimen of wood carving 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best specimen French polish 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best specimen cooper’s ware 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best specimen of glue 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best gallon of varnish 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best gallon of castor-oil 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best gallon of linseed-oil 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best gallon of turpentine 3 00
2d do. 2 00
3d do. dip.
Best 5 lbs. of rosin 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best 5 lbs. of lampblack 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
CLASS J.--PAINTING, ENGRAVING, ETC.
Awarding Committee--James M. Barlow, James Beck, John H. Rumell.
Best specimen of sign-painting $3 00
2d do. 2 00
3d do. dip.
Best specimen of graining 3 00
2d do. 2 00
3d do. dip.
Best specimen of printing 3 00
2d do. 2 00
3d do. dip.
Best specimen of book-binding 3 00
2d do. 2 00
3d do. dip.
Best specimen of paper 3 00
2d do. 2 00
3d do. dip.
Best landscape of Great Salt Lake
Valley 3 00
2d do. dip.
Best bird’s-eye view of Salt Lake
City 3 00
2d do. dip.
Best oil painting 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best transparent window-blinds 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best piece of sculpture 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best specimen of turning 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best specimen of engraving 2 00
2d do. dip.
Best specimen of penmanship 3 00
2d do. 2 00
3d do. dip.
Best specimen of penmanship in
Deserét character 3 00
2d do. 2 00
3d do. dip.
CLASS K.--CUTLERY, HARDWARE, ETC.
Awarding Committee--Levi Richards, Zechariah B. Derrick, Jonathan
Pugmire.
Best specimen of cutlery on a card $3 00
2d do. 2 00
3d do. dip.
Best pruning shears 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best rifle 5 00
2d do. 2 00
3d do. dip.
Best revolving pistol 5 00
2d do. 3 00
3d do. dip.
Best 5 lbs. gunpowder sil. med.
2d do. dip.
Best axe 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best door-lock 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best shovel and tongs 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best andirons 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best 5 lbs. of cut nails 3 00
2d do. 2 00
3d do. dip.
Best 5 lbs. of wrought nails 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best 50 yards of rope 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best specimen of twine and cord 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best specimen of whips 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best specimen of baskets 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best specimen of combs made of horn,
bone, and mountain mahogany 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best specimen of glass sil. med.
2d do. dip.
Best specimen of earthenware 3 00
2d do. 2 00
3d do. dip.
Best sand-paper 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
CLASS L.--WOMEN’S WORK.
Awarding Committee--Mrs. Fanny Little, ---- Taft, Marion Beatie,
Sarah Brown.
Best ornamental needlework $1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best specimen of Ayrshire needlework 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best ottoman cover 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best table cover 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best worked shawl 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best worked collar and handkerchief 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best worked cushion 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best lace cap 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best group of flowers 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best specimen of wax flowers 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best ornamental shell-work 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best pair worked slippers 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best pair woolen hose 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best pair cotton hose 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best embroidered shawl 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best variety of crochet-work 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best worked quilt 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best patch-work quilt 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best specimen of knitting 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
Best straw hat 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best straw bonnet 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best specimen of braid straw or grass 1 00
2d do. 0 50
3d do. dip.
CLASS M.--PRODUCE.
Awarding Committee--Richard Golightly, George Goddard, Eli B. Kelsey.
Best 5 lbs. of butter $2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best cheese 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best ham 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best 10 lbs. of sugar 10 00
2d do. 5 00
3d do. dip.
Best gallon of molasses 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
Best home-made wine 3 00
2d do. 2 00
3d do. dip.
Best preserves, pumpkins 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best preserves, tomatoes 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best preserves of any kind 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best pickles, cucumbers 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best pickles, tomatoes 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best pickles, cabbages 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best pickles, onions 1 00
2d do. dip.
Best 5 lbs. of soap 3 00
2d do. 2 00
3d do. dip.
Best 3 lbs. of starch 2 00
2d do. 1 00
3d do. dip.
CLASS N.--ESSAYS.
Awarding Committee--President and Board of Directors.
Best essay on agriculture $10 00
2d do. sil. med.
Best essay on horticulture 10 00
2d do. sil. med.
Best essay on home manufactures 10 00
2d do. sil. med.
By order of the Board of the Deserét Agricultural and Manufacturing
Society.
EDWARD HUNTER, President.
THOMAS BULLOCK, Secretary.
Great Salt Lake City, May 13, 1860.
Hand-labor obtains $2 per diem, consequently much work is done at home.
The fair sex still cards, spins, and weaves, as in Cornwall and Wales,
and the plurality system supplies them with leisure for the exercise
of the needle. Excellent blankets, the finest linens, and embroidered
buckskin garments, varying in prices from $75 to $500--a splendid
specimen was, at the time of my stay, being worked for that “Champion
of oppressed nationalities,” M. Louis Kossuth--are the results.
[PRICES AT GREAT SALT LAKE CITY.]
As in India, the mere necessaries of life at Great Salt Lake City are
cheap: the foreign luxuries, and even comforts, are exorbitantly dear.
A family may live almost for nothing upon vegetables grown in their
own garden, milk from their own cows, wheaten bread, and butter which
derives a peculiar sweetness from the bunch-grass. For some reason,
which no one can explain, there is not, and there never has been, a
market at Great Salt Lake City; consequently, even meat is expensive.
Freight upon every article, from a bar of soap to a bar of iron, must
be reckoned at 14 cents (7_d._) per lb. coming from the East, and
25-30 cents from the West. Groceries and clothing are inordinately
high-priced. Sugar, worth 6 cents in the United States, here fetches
from 37¹⁄₂ to 45 cents per lb. Tea is seldom drunk, and as coffee of
10 cents per lb. in the States here costs 40-50 cents, burnt beans
or toasted corn, a caricature of chicory, is the usual succedaneum.
Counterblasters will be pleased to hear that tobacco fetches $1 per
lb., and cigars from 5 to 6 cents each--a London price. Servants’ wages
vary from $30 to $40 per mensem--nearly £100 per annum; consequently,
master has a strong inducement to marry the “missus’s” Abigail. Thus
the expense of living in Utah Territory is higher than in the Eastern
States, where again it exceeds that of England. In Great Salt Lake
City $10,000 (= £2000) per annum would be equal to about £500 in
London. Fortunately for the poor, the excessive purity of the air, as
in the Arabian Desert, enables them to dispense with, and not to miss,
many articles, such as stimulants, which are elsewhere considered
necessaries. The subjoined “nerrick” of prices current at the General
Tithing Office in Great Salt Lake City will best explain the state of
things in 1860. A remarkable feature, it will be observed, is the price
of wheat--$1 50 per bushel--more than double its current value in the
Mississippian States.[178]
[178] General Tithing Office Prices Current, Great Salt Lake City:
Wheat, extra produce tithing $1 50 ⅌ bush.
Wheat, labor and produce tithing 2 00 „
Barley 1 50 „
Corn 1 50 „
Rye 1 50 „
Oats 1 00 „
Buckwheat 1 25 „
Peas and beans 2 00 „
Potatoes 0 75 „
Beets 0 50 „
Carrots 0 50 „
Parsnips 0 50 „
Onions 2 00 „
Turnips 0 25 „
Tomatoes 1 00 „
Cabbages $0 02 @0 10 each.
Pumpkins and squash 0 02 @0 08 „
Melons 0 02 @0 10 „
Cucumbers 0 01 „
Pigs, four weeks old 3 00 „
Chickens 0 10 @0 25 „
Ducks 0 15 @0 25 „
Beef, 6¹⁄₂ average.
Hind quarter 0 07 ⅌ ℔
Fore quarter 0 06 „
Tallow 0 10 @0 20 „
Pork 0 12¹⁄₂ @0 20 „
Lard 0 15 @0 20 „
Mutton 0 08 @0 12¹⁄₂ ℔.
Veal 0 03 @0 05 „
Bear 0 08 @0 12¹⁄₂ „
Tea 1 50 @3 50 „
Coffee 0 40 @0 60 „
Sugar 0 35 @0 60 „
Milk 0 10 ⅌ qt.
Eggs 0 18 ⅌ doz.
Butter 0 25 ⅌ ℔.
Cheese 0 12¹⁄₂ @0 25 „
Salt, fine 0 04 „
Salt, coarse 0 10 „
Cast steel, warranted 0 37¹⁄₂ @0 50 „
Spring steel 0 37¹⁄₂ „
Blister steel 0 18 @0 30 „
Iron 0 10 „
Molasses, good 3 00 ⅌ gall.
Vinegar 0 50 @0 75 „
Lumber, extra produce tithing 4 00 ⅌ 100.
Lumber, labor tithing 5 00 „
Shingles, best 10 00 ⅌ 1000.
Shingles, 2d quality 8 00 „
Shingles, cotton-wood 8 00 „
Shingles, 2d quality 6 00 „
Doves 0 12¹⁄₂ each.
Turkeys 1 50 @2 50 „
Fox and wolf skins 0 75 „
Ox hair 0 50 ⅌ bush.
EDWARD HUNTER, Presiding Bishop.
[Illustration: THE DEAD SEA.]