FERAL HORSES OF AMERICA—INDIANS AND GAUCHOS.
THE multiplication of horses in America, since their introduction by the
Spanish conquerors, has been prodigious. Innumerable herds, each
consisting of many thousand animals, roam over the plains of both
continents, from Patagonia to the south-western prairies of North
America; and, notwithstanding the warfare waged on them by man, by whom
they are slaughtered for their hides alone, their numbers would increase
to a pernicious excess, were it not for the destruction caused among
them by floods and droughts. The supply of water often fails in the
sultry plains, and then the horses, tortured to madness, rush into the
first marsh or pool they can find, trampling each other to death. Rivers
have been rendered quite impassable by the stench of thousands that had
plunged into them to slake their thirst, and had been drowned, being too
much exhausted to crawl up the muddy banks. The beds of many streams in
the Pampas are paved with a breccia of bones thus deposited. The
periodical swellings of the rivers are no less fatal to them. The mares
may be seen, during the season of high water, swimming about followed by
their colts, and feeding on the tall grass, of which the tops alone wave
above the waters. Thus they lead for some time an amphibious life,
surrounded by alligators, water serpents, and other carnivorous
reptiles, the marks of whose teeth are often printed on their thighs.
The impetuous rush of a herd of wild horses impelled either by some
panic or by raging thirst, is called a _stampedo_: one of them is, thus
described in Murray’s Travels in North-America:—
“About an hour,” he says, “after the usual time to secure the horses for
the night, an indistinct sound arose like the muttering of distant
thunder; as it approached it became mixed with the howling of all the
dogs in the encampment, and with the shouts and yells of the Indians; in
coming nearer, it rose high above all these accompaniments, and
resembled the lashing of a heavy surf upon a beach. On and on it rolled
towards us, and, partly from my own hearing, partly from the hurried
words and actions of the tenants of our lodge, I gathered it must be the
fierce and uncontrollable gallop of thousands of panic-stricken horses.
As this living torrent drew nigh, I sprang to the front of the tent,
seized my favourite riding-mare, and, in addition to the hobbles which
confined her, twisted the long _lariat_ round her forelegs; then led her
immediately in front of the fire, hoping that the excited and maddened
flood of horses would divide and pass on each side of it. As the
gallopping mass drew nigh our horses began to snort, prick up their
ears, and then to tremble; and when it burst upon us they became
completely ungovernable from terror; all broke loose, and joined their
affrighted companions, except my mare, which struggled with the fury of
a wild beast; and I only retained her by using all my strength, and at
last throwing her on her side. On went the maddened troop, trampling, in
their headlong speed, over skins, dried meat, &c., and throwing down
some of the smaller tents. They were soon lost in the darkness of the
night, and in the wilds of the prairie, and nothing more was heard of
them save the distant yelping of the curs who continued their
ineffectual pursuit.”
[Illustration: A HERD OF WILD HORSES IN NORTH AMERICA.]
Where there is such a profusion of horses, the people cannot fail to be
all riders; and such they are, bold and expert beyond all comparison
with other nations. The Indians of the Pampas and the Prairies, whose
forefathers fled in horror and dismay from the fatal apparition of the
Spanish horses, are now literally ‘incorpsed and demi-natured with the
brave beast.’ Many of the tribes, from being constantly on horseback
from their infancy, can scarcely walk. Their legs have become too weak,
from long disuse, for that kind of progression, and they loathe and
despise it. The proudest attitude of the human figure, as they declare,
is when a man, bending over his horse, lance in hand, is riding at his
enemy. The occupation of their lives is war, especially against “the
Christians,” and they pursue it for two objects,—to steal cattle, and
for the pleasure of murdering the people; and they will even leave the
cattle to massacre and torture their enemies, such is their ferocity,
and their hereditary hatred to the descendants of the cruel oppressors
of their fathers. The Gauchos, who themselves ride so beautifully,
declare that it is impossible to vie with a mounted Indian; for that the
Indians’ horses are better than their own, and also that they have such
a way of urging them on by their cries, and by a peculiar motion of
their bodies, that even if they were to change horses, the Indians would
beat them. Mr. Darwin related a case in which this fact was proved.
At Cholechel, Bahia-Blanca, General Rosas’ troops encountered a tribe of
Indians, of whom they killed twenty or thirty. The cacique escaped in a
manner which surprised every one: the chief Indians have always one or
two picked horses, which they keep ready for any urgent occasion. On one
of these, an old white horse, the cacique sprung, taking with him his
little son: the horse had neither saddle nor bridle. To avoid the shots
the Indian rode in the peculiar method of his nation, namely, with an
arm round the horse’s neck, and one leg only on its back. Thus hanging
on one side he was seen patting the horse’s head, and talking to him.
The pursuers urged every effort in the chase; the commandant three times
changed his horse, but all in vain; the old Indian father and his son
escaped, and were free. What a fine picture one can form in one’s mind:
the naked bronze-like figure of the old man with his little boy, riding
like a Mazeppa on the white horse, thus leaving far behind him the host
of his pursuers!
Colt breaking is managed by the Gauchos, or Guassos, as they are called
in Chili, with the lasso, much in the same way as by the Kalmucks. Their
skill in the use of this instrument is extraordinary, and it was a
weapon of great power in their hands during the war of independence.
They never failed to dismount cavalry with it, or to throw down the
horses of those who came within their reach. There is a well
authenticated story of eight or ten Gaucho who had never seen a piece of
artillery until one was fired at them in the streets of Buenos Ayres.
Notwithstanding the effect of the fire they gallopped fearlessly up to
it, placed their lassos over the cannon, and by their united strength
fairly overturned it.
Another anecdote is related of them, which may be true, though it does
not rest on such good authority. A number of armed boats were sent to
effect a landing at a certain point on the coast guarded solely by these
horsemen. The party in the boats caring little for an enemy unprovided
with fire-arms, rowed confidently along the shore. The Guassos meanwhile
were watching their opportunity, and the moment the boats came
sufficiently near, dashed into the water, and throwing their lassos
round the necks of the officers, fairly dragged every one of them out of
their boats.
The idea of being thrown, let the horse do what it likes, never enters
the head of a Gaucho: a good rider, according to them, is a man who can
manage an untamed colt, or who, if his horse falls, alights unhurt on
his own feet. “I have heard,” says Mr. Darwin, “of a man betting that he
would throw his horse down twenty times, and that nineteen out of these
he would not fall himself. I recollect seeing a Gaucho riding a very
stubborn horse, which three times reared so excessively high as to fall
backwards with great violence. The man judged with uncommon coolness the
proper moment for slipping off, not an instant before or after the right
time. Directly the horse rose, the man jumped on his back, and at last
they started at a gallop. The Gaucho never appears to exert any muscular
force. I was one day watching a good rider, as we were gallopping along
at a rapid pace, and thought to myself, surely if the horse starts, you
appear so careless on your seat, you must fall. At this moment a male
ostrich sprang from its nest right beneath the horse’s nose. The young
colt bounded on one side like a stag; but as for the man, all that could
be said was, that he started and took fright as part of his horse.
“In Chili and Peru more pains are taken with the mouth of the horse than
in La Plata, and this is evidently in consequence of the more intricate
nature of the country. In Chili, a horse is not considered perfectly
broken till he can be brought up standing, in the midst of his full
speed, on any particular spot; for instance, on a cloak thrown on the
ground; or until he will charge a wall, and, rearing, scrape the surface
with his hoofs. I have seen an animal bounding with spirit, yet merely
reined by a fore-finger and thumb, taken at full gallop across a
court-yard, and then made to wheel round the post of a verandah with
great speed, but at so equal a distance, that the rider, with
outstretched arm all the while, kept one finger rubbing the post; then
making a demivolte in the air, with the other arm outstretched in a like
manner, he wheeled round with astonishing force in an opposite
direction.
“Such a horse is well broken, and though this at first may appear
useless, it is far otherwise: it is only carrying that which is daily
necessary into perfection. When a bullock is checked and caught by the
lasso, it will sometimes gallop round and round in a circle, and the
horse being alarmed at the great strain, if not well broken, will not
readily turn like the pivot of a wheel. In consequence, many men have
been killed; for if the lasso once makes a twist round a man’s body, it
will instantly, from the power of the two opposed animals, almost cut
him in twain.
“In Chili I was told an anecdote which I believe was true, and it offers
a good illustration of the use of a well broken animal. A respectable
man, riding one day, met two others, one of whom was mounted on a horse
which he knew to have been stolen from himself. He challenged them; they
answered by drawing their sabres and giving chase. The man on his good
and fleet beast kept just ahead; as he passed a thick bush he wheeled
round it, and brought up his horse to a dead check. The pursuers were
obliged to shoot on one side and ahead. Then instantly dashing on right
behind them, he buried his knife in the back of one, wounded the other,
recovered his horse from the dying robber, and rode home. For these
feats in horsemanship two things are necessary; a most severe bit, like
the Mameluke, the power of which, though seldom used, the horse knows
full well; and large blunt spurs, that can be applied either as a mere
touch, or as an instrument of extreme pain. I conceive that with English
spurs, the slightest touch of which pricks the skin, it would be
impossible to break a horse after the South American fashion.”
Nothing is done on foot by the Gauchos that can possibly be done on
horseback. Even mounted beggermen are to be seen in the streets of
Buenos Ayres and Mendoza. The butcher, of course, plies his trade on
horseback, in the manner thus described by Basil Hall:—“The cattle had
been driven into an enclosure or corral, whence they were now let out
one by one, and killed; but not in the manner practised in England,
where they are dragged into a house, and despatched by blows on the
forehead with a poleaxe. Here the whole took place in the open air, and
resembled rather the catastrophe of a grand field-sport than a
deliberate slaughter. On a level space of ground before the corral were
ranged, in a line, four or five Gauchos on horseback, with their lassos
all ready in their hands, and opposite them another set of men,
similarly equipped, so as to form a wide lane, extending from the gate
of the corral to the distance of thirty or forty yards. When all was
prepared, the leader of the Gauchos drew out the bars closing the
entrance to the corral, and, riding in, separated one from the drove,
which he goaded till it escaped at the opening. The reluctance of the
cattle to quit the corral was evident, but when at length forced to do
so, they dashed forward with the utmost impetuosity. It is said, that in
this country even the wildest animals have an instinctive horror of the
lasso; those in a domestic state certainly have, and betray fear
whenever they see it. Be this as it may, the moment they pass the gate,
they spring forward at full speed with all the appearance of terror. But
were they to go ten times faster, it would avail them nothing against
the irresistible lasso, which, in the midst of dust and a confusion
seemingly inextricable, is placed by the Gauchos, with the most perfect
correctness, over the parts aimed at. There cannot be conceived a more
spirited or a more picturesque scene than was now presented to us. Let
the furious beast be imagined driven almost to madness by thirst and a
variety of irritations, and in the utmost terror at the multitude of
lassos whirling all around him; he rushes wildly forward, his eyes
flashing fire, his nostrils almost touching the ground, and his breath
driving off the dust in his course. For one short instant he is free,
and full of life and strength, defying, as it were, all the world to
restrain him in his headlong course; the next moment he is covered with
lassos; his horns, his neck, his legs are all encircled by those
inevitable cords, hanging loose, in long festoons, from the hands of the
horsemen, galloping in all directions, but the next instant as tight as
bars of iron, and the noble animal lying prostrate on the ground
motionless and helpless. He is immediately despatched by a man on foot,
who stands ready for this purpose with a long sharp knife in his hand;
and as soon as the body is disentangled from the lassos, it is drawn on
one side, and another beast is driven out of the corral, and caught in
the same manner.
While the more serious business was going on, a parcel of mischievous
boys had perched themselves on a pile of firewood close to the corral;
and being each armed in his way, with a lasso made of a small strip of
hide, or of whipcord, got the first chance to noose the animals as they
rushed out. They seldom failed to throw successfully, but their slender
cords broke like cobwebs. One wicked urchin, indeed, more bold than the
rest, mounted himself on a donkey that happened to be on the spot; and
taking the lasso which belonged to it—for no description of animal that
is ever mounted is without this essential equipment—and placing himself
so as not to be detected by the men, he threw it gallantly over the
first bullock’s neck. As soon as it became tight, away flew the
astonished donkey and his rider: the terrified boy soon tumbled off; but
poor Neddy was dragged along the ground, till a more efficient force was
made to co-operate with his unavailing resistance.”
The immense abundance of horses in South-America cannot be more strongly
exemplified than by the following statement:—
“I have still in my possession,” says Mr. Robertson, “a contract which I
made in Goya, with an estanciero, for twenty thousand wild horses, to be
taken on his estate at the price of a _medio_ each; that is to say
_threepence_ for each horse or mare! The slaughter of them cost
threepence a-head more; the staking and cleaning of the hides, once
more, threepence; and lastly, a like sum for the carting to Goya: making
the whole not one shilling for each skin. Of this contract ten thousand
animals were delivered; the skins were packed in bales and sold in
Buenos Ayres at six reals, or three shillings each, and they sold
ultimately in England for seven or eight shillings, that is, for about
twenty-eight or thirty times the first cost of the horse from which the
skin was taken. Such is the accumulative value sometimes of the produce
which is taken from the hands of the grower in one country before it
gets into the hands of the consumer in another.”
[Illustration]
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● Transcriber’s Notes:
○ Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected.
○ Typographical errors were silently corrected.
○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only
when a predominant form was found in this book.
○ Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_);
text that was bold by “equal” signs (=bold=).
End of Project Gutenberg's The Horse and His Rider, by Rollo Springfield