ICHOR. A thin, acrid discharge, issuing from wounds, ulcers, &c.
JEJUNUM (L. _jejunus_, hungry). The upper two-fifths of the small
intestines; so named from this portion being generally found
_empty_.
ILEUM (to turn about). The lower three-fifths of the _small
intestines_;
so called from their convolutions or peristaltic motions.
ILIAC BONE. Another name for the _os innominatum_, derived
from the circumstance that this compound bone supports the
parts which the ancients called _ilia_, or the flanks.
ILIAC REGION. The region situated on each side of the hypogastrium.
INDEX (L. _indico_, to point out). The forefinger; the finger
usually employed in _pointing_ at any object.
INFRA-SPINATUS. A muscle arising from the scapula below the
spine, and inserted into the humerus.
INNOMINATUS (L. _in_, priv., _nomen_, name). Hence, _Innominatum
os_, a bone composed of three portions, viz: 1, The _ilium_, or
haunch-bone; 2, The _ischium_, or hip-bone; 3, The _os pubis_, or
share bone.
INTEGUMENT (L. _in_, and _tego_, to cover). The covering of any
part of the body, as the cuticle, cutis, &c.
INTER-COSTAL. The name of two sets of muscles between the
ribs—the _external_ and the _internal_.
INTESTINES (L. _intus_, within). That part of the alimentary canal
which extends from the stomach to the anus.
JUGULAR. Belonging to the neck; applied chiefly to the principal
veins of the neck.
K
KINGDOM. A term denoting any of the principal divisions of
nature. Thus we have the _organic kingdom_, comprehending
substances which organize; and the _inorganic kingdom_, comprehending
substances which crystallize.
KNEE-PAN. Patella; the small round bone at the front of the
knee-joint.
KIDNEYS. Two oblong glands, which secrete the urine.
L
LABIA. The lips. They are laterally united by means of two
acute angles, which are called their _commissures_.
LABYRINTH. The name of a series of cavities of the inner ear,
viz: the vestibule, the cochlea, and the semi-circular canals.
LACHRYMA. A tear; the fluid secreted by the _lachrymal gland_,
and flowing on the surface of the eye.
LACTEALS (L. _lac_, milk). Numerous minute tubes which _absorb_
or take up the chyle, or _milk-like_ fluid, from the alimentary
canal.
LACTIC ACID (L. _lac_, _lactis_, milk). An acid produced whenever
milk—and perhaps most animal fluids—become spontaneously
sour.
LAMINA. Literally, a small plate of any metal. A term applied
to the foliated structure of bones or other organs.
LARYNX (Gr. _larungx_, the larynx). The superior part of the
trachea, situated immediately under the os hyoïdes.
LENS (L. _lens_, _lentis_, a bean). Properly, a small roundish glass,
shaped like a _lentil_, or bean.
LIGAMENT (L. _ligo_, to bind). A membrane of a flexible but
compact texture, which connects the articular surfaces of bones
and cartilages; and sometimes protects the joints by a capsular
envelope.
LINGUA (L. _lingo_, to lick). The tongue; the organ of taste and
speech.
LIVER. The largest glandular apparatus in the body, the office of
which is to secrete the bile.
LUMBI. The loins; the inferior part of the back; whence _Lumbar_,
the designation of nerves, arteries, veins, &c., belonging to
the region of the loins.
LUNGS. The organs of respiration.
LUXATION (L. _luxo_, to put out of joint). Dislocation; or the
removal of the articular surface of bones out of their proper
situation.
LYMPH (L. _lympha_, water). A colorless liquid which circulates in
the lymphatics.
LYMPHATICS (L. _lympha_, water). Minute tubes which pervade
every part of the body, which they _absorb_, or take up, in the
form of _lymph_.
M
MAGNESIUM. A metal having the color and lustre of silver.
MASSETER (Gr. to chew). A muscle which assists in chewing.
MASTOID (Gr. a breast). Shaped like the breast or nipple; as
applied to a _process_, and a _foramen_ of the temporal bone.
MEATUS (L. _meo_, to pass, to flow). Literally, a passage.
MEDULLA. Marrow; a kind of fixed oil, occupying the cavities
of bones.
MEDULLA OBLONGATA. The upper enlarged portion of the spinal
cord.
MEDULLA SPINALIS. The spinal marrow or cord.
MEDULLARY. The designation of the _white_ substance of the
brain.
MESENTERY (Gr. between the bowels). The membrane which
connects the small intestines and the posterior wall of the
abdomen.
META-CARPUS (Gr. after, the wrist). That part of the hand which
is situated between the carpus and the fingers.
META-TARSUS. That part of the foot which is situated between
the tarsus and the toes.
MIDRIFF. _Diaphragm._ The muscle which divides the body into
the thorax and the abdomen.
MITRAL VALVES (L. _mitra_, a mitre). The name of two valves
which guard the left ventricle of the heart.
MOLAR (L. _mola_, a mill-stone). The double or grinding teeth.
Those with two fangs are called bicuspid, or false molars.
MOTOR (L. _moveo_, to move). A mover; a part whose function is
_motion_.
MUCUS. The liquid secreted by the mucous surfaces, as of the
nostrils, intended as a protection to the parts exposed to external
influences.
N
NARCOTICS (Gr. stupor). Medicines which induce sleep or stupor,
as opiates.
NASUS. The nose, or organ of smell; whence _nasal_, belonging
to the nose.
NERVES (L. _nervus_, a string). White cords arising from the brain
or the spinal marrow, and distributed to every part of the
system.
NEURON (Gr.) A nerve; a cord arising from the brain or spinal
marrow. Whence _Neurilemma_, the sheath of a nerve; and
_Neurology_, the doctrine of the nerves.
NITROGEN. _Azote._ An elementary principle, constituting four-fifths
of the volume of atmospheric air.
NUTRITION (L. _nutrio_, to nourish). The process of nourishing
the frame.
O
OBTURATOR (L. _obturo_, to stop up). The name of two muscles of
the thigh, and of a nerve.
OCCIPUT (L. _ob caput_). The back part of the head; the part
_opposite_
to the front or _sinciput_.
ŒSOPHAGUS (Gr. to carry, to eat). A canal leading from the
mouth to the stomach.
OLEAGINOUS (L. _oleum_, oil). That which contains or resembles oil.
OLFACTORY (L. _olfacio_, to smell). Belonging to the smell; the
name of the first pair of cerebral nerves, &c.
OMENTUM. The caul; a fold or reflexion of the peritoneum.
OMO (Gr. the shoulder). Words compounded with this term belong
to muscles attached to the scapula.
OPTIC. Belonging to the sight.
ORBIT (L. _orbita_, an orbit, a track). The cavity under the forehead,
in which the eye is fixed.
ORGAN. A part which has a determinate office in the animal
economy.
ORGANIZATION. A term applied to a system, composed of several
individual parts, each of which has its proper function, but all
conduce to the existence of the entire system.
ORIGIN (L. _origo_). The commencement of a muscle from any
part. Its attachment to the part it moves is called its _insertion_.
OS, OSSIS. A bone; a portion of the skeleton, constituting a
_passive_ organ of locomotion, as distinguished from a muscle or
_active_ organ of this faculty.
OSSIFICATION. The formation of bone; the deposition of calcareous
phosphate, or carbonate, on the soft solids of animal
bodies.
OXIDES. Substances combined with oxygen, without being in the
state of an acid.
OXYGEN. A gas which forms about one-fifth of atmospheric air,
is capable of supporting flame, and is essential to the respiration
of animals.
P
PANCREAS. A gland, situated transversely across the posterior
wall of the abdomen. In cattle it is called the _sweet-bread_.
PANCREATIC JUICE. The peculiar fluid secreted by the pancreas.
PAPILLA. The term _papillæ_ denotes the small eminences which
constitute the roughness of the upper surface of the tongue.
PARALYSIS. Palsy; the total loss, or diminution, of sensation or
of motion, or of both.
PAROTID. The name of the large, salivary gland situated near
the ear.
PARIES, PARIETIS. The wall of a house or any other building;
whence _Parietal_, belonging to the walls of an organ.
PATELLA (L. dim. of _patina_, a pan). Literally, a small pan. The
knee-pan.
PECTORAL (L. _pectus_, the breast). Pertaining to the breast.
PECTORALIS. The name of two muscles of the trunk.
PEDAL (L. _pedules_). Pertaining to a foot.
PELVIS (Gr. _a basin_). The basin or large bony cavity which
terminates
the trunk inferiorly.
PERICARDIUM (Gr. _around the heart_). A fibro-serous membrane
which surrounds the heart.
PERICRANIUM. The periosteum or membrane which covers the
bones of the cranium.
PERIOSTEUM. The membrane which surrounds the bones.
PERISTALTIC. A term applied to the vermicular contractions of
the intestines upon themselves.
PERITONÆUM. The serous membrane which lines the interior of
the abdomen, and invests all the viscera contained therein.
PERMEABILITY (L. _per_, through, _meo_, to pass). That property of
certain bodies by which they admit the passage of other bodies
through their substance.
PERSPIRATION (L. _perspiro_, to breathe through). The watery
vapor which is constantly passing off through the skin.
PHARYNX (Gr. _the throat_). A musculo-membranous bag, situated
at the back part of the mouth, leading to the stomach.
PHRENES (Gr. _the mind_). The diaphragm; so called because the
ancients supposed it to be the seat of the mind. Hence the
term _Phrenic_, a designation of the internal respiratory nerve,
which goes to the diaphragm.
PHRENOLOGY (Gr. _an account_). A description of the mind; a
science, introduced by Gall and Spurzheim, by which particular
characters and propensities are indicated by the conformation
and protuberances of the skull.
PHYSIOLOGY (Gr. _phusis_, nature, _logos_, an account). The science
which treats of the properties of organic bodies, animal and
vegetable, of the phenomena which they present, and of the
laws which govern their actions.
PIA MATER. A vascular membrane, investing the whole surface
of the brain.
PITUITARY MEMBRANE. A designation of the Schneiderian membrane,
which lines the cavities of the nose.
PLEXUS (L. _plecto_, to weave). A kind of net-work of blood-vessels
or nerves.
PNEUMO-GASTRIC NERVES (Gr. _pneumon_, the lung, _gastér_, the
stomach). The par vagnum, nervi vagi, or eighth pair of nerves,
distributed to the stomach.
PORTAL CIRCULATION. A subordinate part of the venous circulation,
in which the blood makes an additional circuit before it
joins the rest of the venous blood.
PORTAL VEIN (L. _vena portæ_). A vein originating from the
organs within the abdomen.
POTASSIUM. The metallic base of the well known alkaline substance,
potassa.
PROCESS. _Apophysis._ A process or eminence of a bone. Also, a
lobe or portion of the brain.
PRONATION (L. _pronus_, bending downward). The act of turning
the palm of the hand downwards, by rotating the radius upon
the ulna by means of the pronator muscles.
PRONATOR (L. _pronus_, bending downward). The name of two
muscles which turn the radius and the hand inwards and downwards.
PROXIMATE PRINCIPLE. A term applied, in analyzing any body,
to the principle which is _nearest_ to the natural constitution of
the body, and more immediately the object of sense, as distinguished
from intermediate or ultimate principles. _Ultimate
principles_ are the elements of which proximate principles are
composed.
PULMONARY, _pulmonic_ (L. _pulmo_, the lungs). Relating or belonging
to the lungs.
PULSE (L. _pulsus_, a stroke). A beating or striking; and hence,
the stroke or beat of an artery.
PUNCTA LACHRYMALIA. The external commencements of the
lacrymal ducts.
PUPILA (L. dim. of _pupa_, a puppet). The pupil, or the round
aperture in the center of the iris of the eye.
PYLORUS (Gr. _púle_, a gate, _ora_, care). Literally a _gate-keeper_.
The lower and contracted orifice of the stomach, guarding the
entrance into the bowels.
Q
QUARTZ. A species of silicious minerals.
R
RAMIFICATION (L. _ramus_, a branch, _fio_, to become). The issuing
of a small branch from a large one, as of the minute branches
from the larger arteries.
RAMUS. A branch of a tree; the designation of portions of several
bones.
RECTUM (L. _rectus_, straight). The last portion of the intestines.
REFRACTION (L. _refractus_, broken back). The property of light,
by which a ray becomes bent, or _refracted_, when passing from a
rarer into a denser medium, and _vice versá_.
RESPIRATION. The function of breathing.
RETINA (L. _rete_, a net). The _net_ like expansion of the optic nerve
on the inner surface of the eye.
S
SAC (L. _saccus_, a bag). A term applied to a small cavity, as the
lacrymal sac.
SACRUM (L. _sacred_). The bone which forms the basis of the
vertebral column; so called from its having been offered in sacrifice,
and hence considered _sacred_.
SACRO. A term applied to parts connected with the sacrum.
Hence we have _sacro_-iliac symphysis, _sacro_-spinal ligament,
_sacro_-vertebral angle, &c.
SALIVA. The insipid, transparent, viscous liquid secreted by the
salivary glands, principally the parotid.
SANGUIS. Blood; the fluid which circulates in the heart, arteries
and veins.
SARTORIUS (L. _sartor_, a tailor). The muscle by means of which
the tailor crosses his legs.
SCAPULA. The shoulder-blade.
SCHNEIDERIAN MEMBRANE. The _pituitary membrane_, which secretes
the mucous of the nose; so named from Schneider, who
first described it.
SCLEROTICA (Gr. _sklēròs_, hard). The dense fibrous membrane
which, with the _cornea_, forms the external tunic of the eye ball.
SEBACEOUS (L. _sebum_, suet). Suety; a term applied to _follicles_,
which secrete a peculiar oily matter, and are abundant in some
parts of the skin, as in the nose, &c.
SECRETION (L. _secerno_, to separate). A substance _secreted_ or
separated
from the blood by the action of a secreting organ.
SERUM. The thin yellowish fluid constituent of the blood.
SINCIPUT. The fore part of the head. The back part is called
_occiput_.
SINEW. The ligament which joins two bones.
SINUS. A gulf. Hence it denotes a cavity or cell within the substance
of a bone, as of the forehead; also a large venous canal,
as those of the dura mater.
SKELETON (Gr. _skéllo_, to dry up). The dry, bony frame work of
an animal, which sustains the other organs.
SPINAL CORD. _Medulla spinalis._ The medullary matter contained
within the _spine_, or vertebral column.
SPLEEN. A spongy organ situated at the left and behind the
stomach.
SPLINT-BONE. The fibula or small bone of the leg; so named
from its resembling a surgical splint.
STERNUM. The breast bone.
SUB. A Latin preposition, denoting a position _beneath_ any body.
SUB-CLAVIAN. Situated under the clavicle.
SUB-CLAVIUS. A muscle arising from the cartilage of the first rib,
and inserted into the lower surface of the clavicle.
SUB-CUTANEOUS. Beneath the skin.
SUB-LINGUAL. Beneath the tongue.
SUB-MAXILLARY. Beneath the jaw.
SUDOR (L. _sudo_, to sweat). Sweat; the vapor which passes
through the skin and condenses on the surface of the body.
SUDORIFEROUS CANALS. Minute spiral follicles, distributed over
the whole surface of the skin, for the secretion of the sweat.
SUTURE (L. _suo_, to sew). A seam; the junction of the bones of
the cranium by a serrated line, resembling the stitches of a
seam.
SYMPATHETIC NERVE. A nerve consisting of a chain of ganglia,
extending along the side of the vertebral column from the
head to the coccyx, communicating with all the other nerves
of the body, and supposed to produce a _sympathy_ between
the affections of different parts.
T
TARSUS. The instep; the space between the bones of the leg
and metatarsus.
TEARS. A peculiar fluid which lubricates the eye.
TEMPORA (L. pl. of _tempus_, time). The temples, or that part of
the head on which the hair generally begins to turn gray, thus
indicating _the age_; whence _temporal_, pertaining to the temples,
as temporal bones.
TENACITY (L. _teneo_, to hold). The degree of force with which
the particles of bodies cohere or are held together.
TENDON (L. _téino_, to stretch). A fibrous cord at the extremity of
a muscle, by which the muscle is attached to a bone.
TENSOR (L. _tendo_, to stretch). A muscle which _stretches_ any part.
TENTACULA. A filliform process or organ on the bodies of various
animals.
THORAX (Gr. _thórax_). The chest; or that cavity of the body
which contains the heart and lungs.
THORACIC DUCT. The great trunk formed by the junction of the
absorbent vessels.
THYROID (Gr. _thureòs_, a shield). The name given to a shield-shaped
cartilage of the larynx, and of a gland situated on the
trachea.
TIBIA. Literally, a flute or pipe. The shin-bone, or the great
bone of the leg.
TIBIAL. _Tibialis._ Pertaining to the tibia.
TISSUE. A web, or web-like structure, constituting the elementary
structures of animals and plants.
TONSILS (L. _tondeo_, to clip or shear). The round gland situated
in the throat between the pillars of the velum palati.
TRACHEA (Gr. _trachus_, rough). The windpipe. The term is
derived from the inequality of its cartilages.
TRICEPS. Having three heads. Applied to several muscles.
TRICUSPID. Having three points. A term applied to three triangular
fords or _valves_ situated between the right auricle and the
right ventricle of the heart.
TRIFACIAL. Triple-facial. A term applied to the fifth pair of
nerves, the grand sensitive nerve of the head and face.
TROCHANTER (Gr. _trocháo_, to run or roll). The name of two processes
of the thigh-bone—the _major_ and the _minor_.
TUNIC. The upper garment of the Romans. Hence it is applied
to several membranes of the body.
TYMPANUM (Gr. _túmpanon_, a drum). The drum of the ear.
U
ULNA (Gr. _olénē_, the cubit). The large bone of the fore-arm; so
named from its being often used as a measure, under the
term _ell_.
UVEA (L. _uva_, grape). The posterior surface of the iris; so
called from its resemblance in color to a ripe grape.
V
VACUUM (L. _vaccus_, empty). Literally, an empty place. This
term generally denotes the interior of a close vessel, from which
the atmospheric air and every other gas have been extracted.
VALVE (L. _valvæ_, folding-doors). A close lid affixed to a tube or
opening in some vessel, by means of a hinge or other movable
joint, and which can be opened only in one direction. Hence
it signifies a little membrane which prevents the return of fluid
in the blood-vessels and absorbents.
VALVULA (L. dim. of _valve_). A little valve.
VAS, VASIS. Plural, _Vasa_. A vessel, or any utensil to hold liquor.
VASCULAR SYSTEM. That part of the animal economy which
relates to the vessels.
VENOUS. Belonging to a vein.
VENTRICULUS (L. dim. of _venter_, the belly). The term _ventricle_ is
also applied to two cavities of the heart, and to several cavities
in other parts of the body.
VERTEBRA (L. _verto_, to turn). A bone of the spine; so named
from its _turning_ upon the adjoining one.
VERTEBRAL. Connected with the vertebra.
VESSICLE (L. dim. of _vesica_, a bladder). A little bladder.
VILLUS. Literally, the shaggy hair of beasts. Some of the membranes
of the body, as the mucous membrane of the intestinal
canal, present a surface of minute papillæ, termed _villi_,
villosities,
resembling a downy tissue, continually covered with fluid.
VITREOUS BODY (L. _vitrum_, glass). _Vitreous humour._ A transparent
mass, resembling melted glass, occupying the globe of
the eye, and inclosed in the hyaloïd membrane.
W
WARM-BLOODED. A term applied to the mammalia and birds
which have a two-fold circulation.
X
XYPHOID (Gr. _xíphos_, a sword, _eìdos_, likeness). Sword-like; a
term applied to the cartilage of the sternum.