able later to visit distant Spain, as certain early church traditions
assert, cannot be definitely determined. At least it is certain that
the goal which he had set before himself had been, in one sense, fully
attained. Within less than thirty years after the death of Jesus,
active, growing Christian communities were to be found in all of the
important cities of the eastern and northern Mediterranean. Two or
three centuries later heathenism was vanquished and Christianity was
master of the empire. This marvellous achievement would have been
impossible if Rome, in the course of its natural development, had not
broken down all national and racial barriers and bound together the
peoples of that ancient world into one great empire. It had opened and
developed the natural highways, making communication comparatively
quick and easy. The natural trend of civilization was also from the
east to the west, and Christianity moved on the crest of a great wave
which was sweeping over the western world. Thus the faith of the
Hebrew prophets and of Jesus, first proclaimed among the hilltops of
Judea and Galilee, was able to enter upon that world-wide conquest
which is the most significant fact in human history.
APPENDIX I
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
THE PHYSICAL CONTOUR AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PALESTINE
Baedeker, _Palestine and Syria_, 1911.
Buhl, _Geographie des alten Palästina_, 1896.
Conder, _Heth and Moab_, 1883.
---- _Tent Work in Palestine_, 1895.
Dawson, _Egypt and Syria. Their Physical Features in Relation to
Bible History_, 1885.
Dunning, _To-day in Palestine_, 1907.
Forbush, _The Travel Lessons on the Old Testament_, 1900.
Fullylove, _The Holy Land Painted by John Fullylove._ Described
by John Kelman, 1902.
Guérin, _Description de la Palestine_, 1868-89.
Guthe, _Palästina_, 1908.
Hull, _The Survey of Western Palestine_, 1888.
Huntington, _Palestine and Its Transformation_, 1911.
Libbey and Hoskins, _The Jordan Valley and Petra_, I, II, 1905.
Lynch, _Narrative of U. S. Exploration in 1848._
MacMillan, _Guide to Palestine and Syria_, 1903.
Masterman, _Studies in Galilee_, 1909.
Meistermann, _New Guide to Palestine_, 1909.
Merrill, _East of the Jordan_, 1870.
Murray, _Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine_, 1892.
Oliphant, _Land of Gilead_, 1880.
Petrie, _Tell el-Hesy_, 1891.
Palestine Exploration Fund, _Quarterly Statement_, 1869-1911.
----, _Survey of Eastern Palestine_, 1889.
----, _Survey of Western Palestine_, 1888.
Robinson, _Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia
Petræa_, I, III, 1841.
----, _Later Biblical Researches in Palestine_, 1856.
Schumacher, _Northern Ajlun_, 1890.
----, _Pella_, 1889.
----, _The Jaulan. Survey of the German Society for the Exploration
of the Holy Land_, 1888.
Stanley, _Sinai and Palestine_, 1883.
Stewart, _The Land of Israel_, 1907.
Tristram, _Bible Places, or the Topography of the Holy Land_, 1897.
----, _Landscapes of the Bible_, 1901.
----, _The Land of Israel_, 1876.
----, _The Land of Moab_, 1874.
Warren, _Underground Jerusalem_, 1876.
----, _Plans, Elevations, etc., Showing Results of P. E. F. Excavations
at Jerusalem_, 1884.
Wilson, _Picturesque Palestine_, I-IV, 1881-84.
----, _The Recovery of Jerusalem_, 1871.
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE
Besant and Palmer, _Jerusalem, the City of Herod and Saladin_, 1888.
Calkin, _Historical Geography of Bible Lands_, 1904.
Conder, _A Primer of Bible Geography: Founded on the Latest
Explorations_, 1884.
Geikie, _The Holy Land and the Bible_, 1897.
Le Strange, _Palestine under the Moslems_, 1890.
Macphail, _Historical Geography of the Holy Land_, 1900.
Miller, _Least of All Lands_, 1901.
Neubauer, _La Géographie du Talmud_, 1868.
Sanday, _Sacred Sites of the Gospels_, 1903.
Smith, _Historical Geography of the Holy Land_, 1894.
----, Article _Jerusalem_ in Hastings' _Dictionary of the Bible_.
----, Jerusalem, I, II, 1909.
Stapfer, _Palestine in the Time of Christ_, 1886.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE APOSTOLIC AGE
Hausrath, _Time of the Apostles_, 1895.
Ramsay, _The Cities of Saint Paul: Their Influence on His Life and
Thought_, 1907.
----, _The Cities of Eastern Asia Minor_, 1907.
----, _The Galatia of Saint Paul and the Galatic Territory of Acts_,
1896.
----, _Saint Paul the Traveller_, 1896.
Wright, _Cities of Paul, Beacons of the Past Rekindled for the
Present_, 1906.
BOOKS OF TRAVEL
Archbold, _Under the Syrian Sun, The Lebanon, Baalbek, Galilee, and
Judea_, 1906.
Buckhardt, _Travels in Syria and the Holy Land_, 1822.
Curtis, _To-day in Syria and Palestine_, 1903.
Doolittle, _Forbidden Paths in the Land of Og_, 1900.
Goodrich, _In a Syrian Saddle_, 1905.
Lees, _Life and Adventures Beyond the Jordan_, 1906.
Neil, _Rambles in the Bible Lands_, 1905.
Oliphant, _Notes of a Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the Holy Land_,
1891.
Rix, _Tent and Testament_, 1907.
Scott, _Christ's Own Country: a Pilgrimage through Palestine._
Smith, _Patrollers of Palestine_, 1906.
Sweetapple, _The Earthly Footsteps of Jesus_, 1909.
Thomson, _The Land and the Book_, I-III, 1881-86.
Van Dyke, _Out-of-Doors in the Holy Land_, 1908.
Wright, _Early Travels in Palestine_, 1848.
MAPS
Armstrong, _A Map of Palestine from the Surveys Conducted for the
Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund; Reduced from the
One-Inch Map, six sheets_, 1881.
_Photo-relief Map, from a Specially Prepared Copy of the Raised
Map of Palestine_, 1902.
Beazley, _Medaba Map_, 1905.
_Bible Atlas, Issued by the Society for Promoting Christian
Knowledge_, 1903.
Conder, _Map of Western Palestine from Surveys Conducted for the
Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund_, 1890.
Gage, _Relief Map of Palestine_, 1903.
Kent and Madsen, _Topographical and Historical Maps and Chronological
Chart for Biblical Students_, 1905.
----, _Historical Maps for Bible Classes_, 1911.
Johnston, _Map of Palestine_, 1884.
Palestine Exploration Fund, _Map of Western Palestine in 26 Sheets
from Surveys, Conducted for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration
Fund_, 1880.
Philip, _Scripture Atlas_, 1906.
----, _Imperial Atlas of the World_, Vol. II.
Sanders, _Special Edition of the P. E. F. Maps._ Part 1, _Illustrating
the Divisions of the Natural Drainage and the Mountain Ranges_
(6 Sheets).
----, Part 2, _Illustrating the Old Testament, the Apocrypha and
Josephus_ (6 Sheets).
----, Part 3, _Illustrating the New Testament, also the Talmud and
Josephus_, 1882.
Smith, G. A., _A New Topographical, Physical, and Biblical Map of
Palestine. Prepared under the Direction of J. G. Bartholomew_,
1901.
_Standard Biblical Atlas_, 1908.
Stanforth, _Atlas of Universal Geography_, 1895.
II
STEREOGRAPHS AND STEREOPTICON SLIDES ILLUSTRATING "BIBLICAL HISTORY
AND GEOGRAPHY"
The following stereographs (or stereopticon slides) have been prepared
to illustrate the physical characteristics of the biblical world and
the most important events of biblical history. Inquiries in regard to
prices, methods of ordering, and other details should be sent directly
to Underwood and Underwood, 3 West 19th Street, New York City or to
Underwood and Underwood, 104 High Holborn, London, W. C., England.
Through them a supplemental booklet (with three locating maps) may
also be secured, that gives detailed descriptions of each of the
views. Sixty of the most important, that may be used repeatedly to
illustrate different subjects and events, have been starred.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
* 1. =Relief Map of Palestine= (_cf._ p. 15 in text)
2. =Ruins of Ancient Tyre= (p. 22)
3. =Haifa and the Plain of Acre from Mount Carmel= (p. 24)
4. =Eastward across the Plain of Sharon= (p. 24)
* 5. =General View of Gaza from the Southeast= (p. 26)
6. =Shephelah and the Philistine Plain from Tell Sandahannah= (p. 26)
7. =Highlands of Upper Galilee about Safed= (p. 29)
8. =Lower Galilee Northeast from Mount Tabor= (p. 30)
* 9. =South from Mount Tabor toward Gilboa= (pp. 30, 152)
*10. =North from Gilboa over the Plain of Jezreel= (pp. 31, 152)
*11. =Plain of Esdraelon and Mount Carmel West from Gilboa= (pp. 32, 173)
12. =Northwest from Bethshean up the Valley of Jezreel= (p. 33)
13. =South from Gilboa over the Hills of Northern Samaria= (p. 35)
14. =The Rocky Gorge of the Wady Farah= (p. 35)
15. =The Plain of Dothan West from Tell Dothan= (p. 35)
16. =The Barley Vale Leading to Shechem= (p. 35)
*17. =Mount Gerizim and the Hills of Southern Samaria= (pp. 36, 241)
18. =Northeast from Mount Gerizim= (pp. 36, 241)
19. =Hill Country of Ephraim= (p. 37)
*20. =Mizpah from the Southwest= (pp. 38, 192, 213)
21. =Southeast from Mizpah toward Jerusalem= (p. 38)
22. =Barley Harvest near Bethlehem= (p. 38)
*23. =Hills and Fields of Judea North from Bethlehem= (p. 38)
24. =From the Mount of Olives toward the Wilderness of Judea= (pp. 39,
243, 259)
25. =Wilderness of Judea and the Wady Kelt= (pp. 39, 127, 258)
*26. =Arabs in the Wilderness of Tekoa= (pp. 40, 150)
27. =Mount Hennon from the West= (p. 46)
28. =The Snow-clad Summit of Mount Hermon= (p. 46)
29. =Sources of the Jordan at Banias= (p. 47)
*30. =Down the Upper Jordan Valley from Cæsarea Philippi= (pp. 47, 257)
31. =Plain of the Jordan North from Lake Huleh= (p. 48)
*32. =West over the Sea of Galilee= (pp. 48, 255)
*33. =Plain of Gennesaret from Magdala= (pp. 49, 247, 253)
34. =Southern End of the Sea of Galilee= (p. 49).
*35. =Plain of Jericho from the Northwest= (pp. 50, 258)
36. =The Lower Bed of the Jordan= (p. 50)
37. =The Dead Sea from the North= (p. 51)
*38. =The Dead Sea from Machærus= (pp. 52, 230, 244)
39. =Wilderness from the South of the Dead Sea= (p. 53)
40. =In the Heart of the Arabah= (p. 53)
41. =South from Engedi= (p. 53)
*42. =Damascus and Its Gardens= (pp. 55, 169, 268)
43. =The Life-giving Abana River= (p. 55)
*44. =The Ruins of Gerasa in Eastern Gilead= (p. 59)
45. =Ford across the Brook Jabbok= (p. 59)
*46. =The Fields of Moab about Dibon= (pp. 60, 122, 170)
47. =Bedouin Camp in the Mountains of the Abarim= (p. 60)
48. =The Deep Valley of the Arnon= (p. 61)
49. =View of the City and Stronghold of Kerak= (p. 62)
*50. The Narrow Gateway to Petra (pp. 62, 184)
51. The Rock-hewn Temple of Isis at Petra (p. 62)
*52. Front View of the Great High Place at Petra (pp. 62, 95)
*53. The Top of the Great Altars at Petra (pp. 62, 95)
*54. Jerusalem from the Valley of the Kidron (p. 64)
*55. Jerusalem from the South (pp. 65, 204)
*56. Jerusalem from the Northeast (pp. 67, 70, 202)
*57. Jerusalem on the West (pp. 69, 203)
58. The Damascus Gate on the North (p. 70)
*59. General View of Samaria from the North (pp. 71, 170, 233)
60. The Acropolis of Samaria from the East (p. 71)
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY
* 61. The Mound of Gezer from the Northwest (pp. 88, 224)
62. =Baalbek and the Great Plain between the Lebanons= (p. 91)
* 63. =The Mound of Megiddo from the Southeast= (pp. 98, 131)
64. =The Ruins of Houses and Public Buildings at Megiddo= (p. 99)
65. =The Brick Store Chambers at Pithom= (p. 110)
66. =Mount Seir and the Eastern Borders of the South Country= (p. 115)
* 67. =The Traditional Mount Sinai from the West= (p. 116)
68. =Bedouin Gardens in the Wilderness= (p. 117)
* 69. =Making Bread in a Bedouin Tent= (p. 117)
70. =Bedouin Women Churning Milk= (p. 117)
71. =A Powerful Bedouin Sheik and His Warriors= (p. 117)
72. =Mount Nebo and the Road down to the Jordan= (p. 124)
* 73. =The Ruins of Jericho and the Western Hills= (p. 125)
74. =The Outer Wall of Ancient Jericho= (p. 126)
75. =Road from Jericho to Ai= (p. 127)
* 76. =General View of Hebron from the East= (pp. 128, 153)
* 77. =Rocky Bethel from the South= (pp. 129, 177)
78. =The Great Spring at Dan= (p. 130)
* 79. =The Battle-field beside the Kishon= (p. 132)
80. =General View of Shiloh from the Southeast= (p. 141)
81. =Southeast from the Top of the Ruins of Shiloh= (p. 141)
82. =Housetop at the Traditional Home of Samuel= (p. 142)
83. =Gibeah of Saul= (p. 142)
* 84. =The Pass of Upper Beth-horon from the South= (pp. 144, 212, 220)
* 85. =Scene of Jonathan's Victory at Michmash= (p. 145)
* 86. =David's City, Bethlehem from the West= (pp. 147, 233)
87. =Shepherd Boy with his Flock near Bethlehem= (p. 147)
* 88. =Scene of the Slaying of Goliath in the Valley of Elah= (p. 148)
89. =The Priestly Town of Nob= (p. 148)
90. =Wilderness East of Ziph= (p. 150)
91. =Interior of a Cave at Endor= (p. 152)
92. =The Great Pool at Hebron= (p. 154)
* 93. =View from Mizpah Northward over Gibeon= (pp. 154, 213)
* 94. =The Valley of Rephaim South of Jerusalem= (p. 155)
* 95. =Southern End of the Jebusite City= (pp. 157, 162)
96. =The Water City of Rabbath-Ammon= (p. 159)
97. =The Oak near the Scene of Absalom's Death= (p. 161)
98. =The Scene of Adonijah's Conspiracy= (pp. 162, 219)
* 99. =Site of Solomon's Palace and Temple= (pp. 164, 233, 260)
*100. =The Native Rock on the Temple Area= (p. 164)
101. =Shechem, Where the Hebrew Empire was Divided= (p. 166)
102. =Rock of Elijah's Altar on Mount Carmel= (p. 172)
*103. =A Shepherd with His Flock near Tekoa= (p. 177)
*104. =The Samaritan Passover on Mount Gerizim= (p. 181)
105. =The Samaritan High Priest and Pentateuch= (p. 181)
106. =Records of the Campaign of Shishak= (p. 182)
107. =The Pool of Siloam= (p. 185)
*108. =Mareshah and the Home of Micah= (pp. 186, 198, 217, 226)
*109. =Modern Anathoth from the Southest= (p. 189)
110. =The Jews' Wailing Place in Jerusalem= (p. 192)
111. =Assuan and the Island of Elephantine= (p. 195)
112. =Bazaars in Jerusalem= (p. 205)
*113. =Modein, the Home of Judas Maccabeus= (p. 211)
114. =Battle-field of Bethsura from the South= (pp. 214, 223)
*115. =The Ruins of Cæsarea= (pp. 233, 277)
*116. =Nazareth, Jesus' Home= (p. 239)
117. =Fountain of the Virgin at Nazareth= (p. 241)
*118. =Baptizing in the Jordan= (p. 243)
*119. =Site and Ruins of Capernaum= (p. 248)
*120. =The Fountain Tabighah and the Plain of Gennesaret= (p. 249)
*121. =Ruins of Chorazin= (p. 250)
*122. =Near the Site of Bethsaida= (p. 251)
123. =Mending Nets near Bethsaida= (p. 251)
*124. =Bethany, the Home of Jesus' Friends= (p. 259)
*125. =Pilgrims in Passion Week in the Temple Courts= (p. 260)
126. =The Traditional Garden of Gethsemane= (p. 261)
*127. =The New Calvary Outside the Damascus Gate= (p. 262)
128. =A Rock-hewn Tomb near Jeremiah's Grotto= (p. 263)
129. =Interior of the Rock-hewn Tomb= (p. 263)
130. =Jaffa, the Joppa of Biblical Times= (p. 265)
131. =Antioch in Galatia= (p. 270)
*132. =Iconium, Where Paul Labored= (p. 270)
133. =The Mound of Ancient Lystra= (p. 271)
134. =The Site of Derbe= (p. 271)
135. =The Harbor and Site of Troas= (p. 272)
*136. =Athens Old and New= (p. 274)
137. =The Isthmus of Corinth= (p. 275)
*138. =The Great Theatre of Ephesus= (p. 276)
139. =Ancient Roman Theater at Miletus= (p. 277)
140. =The Roman Forum and Colosseum= (p. 277)
INDEX OF NAMES AND PLACES
Abana, 55
Abarim, Mountains of the, 60
Abel-beth-Maacah, 161, 180
Abel-meholah, 175
Abner, 154
Aboda, 76
Absalom, 160, 161
Abu Shittim, 122
Accho or Acre, later Ptolamais, 28, 79, 81, 100, 208, 277
Achor, Valley of, 125, 144
Acra or Akra, 66-68, 210
Acre, Plain of, 23, 78
Actium, 232
Adam, 124, 125
Adasa, 219
Adonijah, 162
Adoraim, 42
Adullam, 41, 149, 150, 155
Ægean Sea, 9, 272
Ahab, 170-174
Ai, 125, 128, 129, 144, 205
'Ain el-Farah, 137
'Ain es-Sultan, 125
Ajalon, city of, 100, 205
Ajalon, Valley of, 25, 26, 40, 41, 80, 88, 129, 140, 182
Akaba, Gulf of, 14, 53
Akrabattine, 214
Alexander Janneus, 227
Alexander the Great, 207-209
Alexandra, 22
Alexandria, 82-84, 208
Alexandrium, 229, 230, 236
Altaku, see Eltekeh
Amalekites, 118, 145
Amanus Mountains, 82
Amathus, 230
Amenhotep IV., 88, 102, 130
Ammonites, 134, 136, 145, 158, 159, 186, 198, 215
Amorites, 91, 92
Amos, 18, 177, 178
Amurru, 92, 93
Anathoth, 189
Antioch in Galatia, 269-271
Antioch in Syria, 82, 209, 266, 267, 272
Antiochus Epiphanes, 210, 211, 213, 267
Antiochus the Great, 209
Anti-Lebanons, 13, 29, 55, 80, 90
Antipater, 228, 229
Apennines, 10
Aphek, east of the Sea of Galilee, 170, 171
Aphek, in Western Palestine, 140
Appian Way, 276
Ar, 121
Arabah, 53, 76, 78, 116, 120, 124
Arabia, 3, 7, 19, 164
Arabia, desert, 13, 15, 16, 81;
influence in Palestine, 17, 18, 123
Arad, 118, 183
Arameans, 158, 159, 169-171, 173-176, 183
Arbela, in Gilead, now Irbid, 175, 179, 238
Archelais, 236
Archelaus, 236
Aretas, 228
Aristobulus I, 226
Aristobulus II, 229, 230
Arnon, the river, 52, 61, 62, 121, 122, 133
Arvad, 100
Ashdod, 26, 100, 184, 185, 208, 214, 217, 223, 264
Asherites, 130, 131
Ashkelon, 25, 26, 100, 102, 208
Ashteroth-Karnaim, 216
Asia Minor, 8, 9, 78, 82, 207;
roads, 82-83;
Paul's work in, 269-272
Asochis, 30, 81
Asshur, 134
Assyria, 78, 93, 176, 177
Assyrians, in Galilee, 180;
capture of Samaria, 181;
Sennacherib's campaigns, 185-188
Athens, 274
Augustus, 232, 233, 236
Aulonia, 83
Azekah, 148
Baal-Hazor, 37
Baalath, 163
Babylonia, 6, 78, 81, 82, 181, 194, 197
Babylonian Influence, 90, 91
Bahurim, 160
Banias (Cæsarea Philippi), 47, 48, 81, 209
Barak, 131
Barley Vale. See Wady esh-Shair
Barnabas, 269-272
Bashan, 123
Beersheba, 43, 78, 80, 117, 118
Beirut, 78, 100
Beisan. See Bethshean
Beit-Jibrin, 42, 186
Beit-Rima. See Ramah of Samuel
Beni-Hassan, 108
Berœa, 273, 274
Beth-abara, 243
Bethany, 39, 261, 262
----, beyond Jordan, 243
Beth-basi, 222
Bethel, 75, 100, 129, 144, 177, 178, 205, 223
Beth-horon, pass of, 36, 80, 140, 144, 145, 212
Beth-horons, Upper and Lower, 25, 41, 100, 163, 183, 205, 223
Bethlehem, 38, 41, 127, 147-149, 155
Beth-nimrah, 243
Bethsaida, 238, 251, 262, 254, 257, 264
Bethshean, later Scythopolis, now Beisan, 33, 49-51, 80, 81, 101,
129, 152, 229, 238
Beth-shemesh, 139-141
Bethzur or Bethsura, 41, 80, 128, 198, 214, 218, 223
Beth-zacherias, 80, 217, 218
Bezek, 127
Bithron, 154
Bitter Lakes, 76
Bosor, 216
Bozrahor Bosra, 78, 215
Brook of Egypt, 42
Brundusium, 83
Buttauf, 30, 237
Byblos, 100
Cæsarea, 24, 233, 267, 275, 277
---- Philippi, 47, 237, 238, 257
Calebites, 119
Callirrhöe, 52
Camp of Dan, 139
Canaan, the name, 13;
land, 129
Canaanite cities, 32, 126, 127, 129
Canaanites, 13, 18, 25, 128, 132-135
Capernaum, 247-250, 252, 253, 264
Caphersalama, 219
Cappadocia, 103
Carchemish, 80, 190
Carmel, Mount, 17, 21, 25, 29, 31-33, 35, 36, 38, 78, 79, 100, 172;
physical characteristics, 23, 24
Carmel in Judah, 38, 150
Casphor in Eastern Palestine, 216
Cayster River, 82
Chaldeans, 190-192, 194
Chebar River, 197
Chinnereth. See Sea of Galilee
Chorazin, 250, 251, 254, 264
Cilician Gates or Pass, 82, 266
Coast Plains, physical characteristics of, 21-26
Colossæ, 82, 276
Constantinople, 82
Corinth, 83, 274, 275
Corner Gate, 203
Court of the Gentiles, 261
Court of the Women, 261
Crete, 84, 277
Crocodile River, 24
Cyprus, 269
Cyrus, 199, 269
Damascus, roads to, 10, 33, 55, 77-81, 120;
situation, 160;
history, 170, 175, 185, 229
Damascus Gate, 65
Damieh ford, 51, 125, 137
Dan, city of, 22, 47, 81, 130, 134
Danites, 130, 131
Dathema, 215
David, home, 147;
early exploits, 147-153;
king of Judah, 153-156;
rule over united Israel, 157-161
Dead Sea, 13-15, 39, 40, 59-62, 76, 77, 127, 177;
names, 51
Dead Sea Valley, 13, 16, 34;
physical characteristics, 45-54
Debir, 128
Deborah, 131
Decapolis, the, 238, 254, 256
Derbe, 82, 271, 272
Dibon, 77
Dium, 238
Dog River, 78
Dor or Adora, 100, 129, 226
Dothan, Plain of, 33, 35, 79
Druse Mountains or Jebel Hauran, 55, 56, 58
Duma or Dumat-el-Jandel, 78
East-Jordan land, 14, 78;
physical characteristics, 55-63
East-Jordan tribes, 133-135
Edom, 14, 120, 183, 186
Edomites, 159, 183, 184, 198
Edrei, 78
Egypt, 4, 94, 108-112, 185, 194-196;
roads from, 75, 76;
history, 190, 207
Egyptian influence in Palestine, 26, 92, 93
Egyptian rule in Palestine, 97-102
Ehud, 131
Ekron, 26, 75, 140
Elah, Valley of, 41, 42, 140, 147, 148, 214, 218
Elasa, 220
Elath, 76, 116, 117, 120, 184
Elephantine, 195, 196
Eleutheropolis. See Beit-jibrin
Eleutherus River, 22
El-Hammad, 58
El-Hammeh, 46
Elijah, the Tishbite, 171-173
Elim, 116
Elisha, 175
Elisha, Fountain of, 60
El-Jib. See Gibeah
El-Kuneitra, 79
El-Leddan, 47
El-Lejah, 56, 78
El-Lisan, 53, 62
Eltekeh, 100
Emmaus, Amwas in Shephelah, 213
Engannim, 33
Engedi, 39, 53
En-rogel, 162
Ephesus, 82, 83, 266, 272, 275, 276
Ephraim Gate, 204
Ephraim, tribe of, 128-130, 134, 136
Ephron, 219
Esdraelon, Plain of, 15, 23, 28, 30, 35-37, 79, 81, 129, 134, 145;
physical characteristics, 31-33
Eshtaol, 139
Essenes, 243
Etam, Cliff of, 139
Ethiopians, 3, 5
Euphrates, 3, 80-82
Ezekiel, 38, 193, 197
Ez-Zumleh, 58
Ferata. See Pharathon
Fish Gate, 203
Fords of Jordan, 51
Forest Hill, 197
Fuller's Field, 162
Gabinius, 230
Gadara, 174, 175, 208, 230, 238, 254, 255
Gadites, 134
Galatia, 270-272
Galilee, name, 27;
physical characteristics of the central plateau, 27-31;
Upper Galilee, 28-30, 180;
Lower Galilee, 30, 31;
history, 226, 230, 231, 237-241, 258, 264
Gamaliel, 267, 268
Gate of the Guard, 205
Gath, 100, 140, 150, 151, 184-186
Gath-heper, 176
Gaza, 26, 76, 100, 140, 207, 208, 265
Gazara. See Gezer
Geba, 36, 144, 145, 183
Gedaliah, 192
Gennesaret, Lake of, 28, 33
----, Plain of, 49, 249, 250, 252
Geology of Palestine, 14, 15;
of Jerusalem, 68
Gerasa, 59, 208, 238
Gerasenes, 255
Gerizim. See Mount Gerizim
Gethsemane, Garden of, 261
Gezer or Gazara, 88, 89, 92, 94, 95, 100, 102, 129, 155, 162, 163,
188, 213, 219, 223, 224
Ghör, the, 184
Ghör-es Safieh, 53
Gibbethon, 170
Gibeah of Saul, 75, 142-145
Gibeon, 80, 129, 154, 156, 164, 183, 198
Gideon, 33, 136-138
Gihon, 162
Gilead, 15, 16, 29, 33, 81, 123, 136, 160, 174, 180, 215-217;
hills, 36, 160;
heights, 49, 55, 124;
physical characteristics, 58, 59
Gilgal in Ephraim, 141-144, 177, 220
Golgotha, 262
Goliath, 148, 149
Gophna, 80
Goshen, 108
Great Sea (Mediterranean), 23, 24
Greece, 9, 10, 84
Greek cities, 208-210, 232
Greek culture, 10, 207-209
Greeks, 18, 23, 108
Grotto of Jeremiah, 262
Habiri, 102, 103, 106, 107
Hachilah, 150
Haifa, 81
Hamath, 80, 176, 181
Hammurabi, 91, 92, 106
Hanathon, 100
Harod, spring of, 173
Harran, 81
Hasbany, 47
Hattin, Horns of, 253
Hauran, 29, 36, 56, 78;
physical characteristics, 58
Hazor, 29, 163, 180.
Hebron, 38, 41, 42, 76, 128, 150, 153, 154, 160, 198, 217
Hellas, 10, 207
Hellespont, 82
Hermon, 13, 22, 29, 36, 55, 81, 130, 159;
physical characteristics, 46, 47
Herod Antipas, 237, 244, 245, 251, 254, 257, 258
Herod the Great, 231-241, 269
Herodias, 244
Herodium, 233
Herod's temple, 233, 234
Heshbon or Hesbân, 77, 122
Hezekiah, 186, 187
Hinnom, Valley of, 38, 65-69, 185
Hippos, 208, 238, 254
Hittites, 103, 104
Hormah, 128
Huleh, Lake, 29, 47, 48, 79
Hyksos, 5, 93, 94, 97
Hyrcanus, the high priest, 227-232
Ibleam, 79, 80, 129
Iconium, 82, 270-272
Idumea, 228, 230, 236
Idumeans, 214, 217, 226
Ijon, 180
Irbid. See Arbela
Isaiah, 184, 185, 187
Ishbaal, 153-155
Israel, history of Northern, 168-181;
of Southern, 182-193
Issachar, 134
Issus, 207
Italy, 10, 11, 83
Jabbok, 49, 50, 51, 59, 123-125, 134, 137, 159, 161
Jabesh-Gilead, 143, 153
Jabneh, 184
Jaffa. See Joppa
Jahaz, 121
Jalud, Brook. See Nahr Jalûd
Jamnia, 214
Janoah, 180
Jaulan, 56-58
Jebel Attarus, 61
Jebel Hauran. See Druze Mountains
Jebel Jermak, 29
Jebel Mûsa, 116
Jebel Osha, 59, 178, 179
Jebel Shihan, 61
Jebel Usdum, 54
Jebus, 155, 157
Jehu, 175, 176
Jephthah, 136
Jerash. See Gerasa
Jeremiah, 188-195
Jericho, 36, 50, 51, 81, 92, 122, 125-128, 199, 223, 230, 236, 256, 259
Jeroboam II, 176
Jerusalem, 38, 39, 41, 42, 80, 127;
situation, 64-68;
geological formation, 68, 69;
strength, 69, 70;
history, 100, 102, 129, 157, 184, 186-193;
rebuilding wall under Nehemiah, 201-205;
Maccabean period, 217-224;
days of Jesus, 259-264;
of early church, 265-267, 272, 277
Jesus, home, 238-241;
training, 241-246;
ministry, 247-261;
death, 261-263
Jethro, 115
Jezreel, city of, 79, 173
----, plain of, 31-33, 35, 49, 50, 81, 152
Jiljilia, 143
Job's Well, 69, 162
Jogbehah, 138, 139
John Hyrcanus, 225, 226
John the Baptist, 242-245
Jonah, 176
Jonathan, the Maccabean leader, 222-224
Joppa, 17, 22, 24, 25, 37, 40, 41, 80, 104, 208, 223, 231, 265-267
Jordan, the, 13-17, 29-39, 124-126, 134
Jordan Valley, 15, 16, 81, 243;
physical characteristics, 45-54
Joseph of Arimathea, 263
Josephus, 24, 28, 30, 149, 229, 249, 255, 258
Josiah, 189, 190
Judah, hills of, 16;
physical characteristics, 38-44;
contrasted with Samaria, 43, 44;
land of, 78;
tribe of, 134;
history after exile, 198-201
Judahites, 128
Judas Maccabeus, 211-221
Judea, 230-236
Julius Cæsar, 231, 275
Kadesh-barnea, 117, 118, 120
Kadesh on the Orontes, 94, 100, 103
Kanah, Brook, 37
Kanata, 235
Kanatha, 238
Kapitolias, 238
Karnak, 88
Kassites, 93
Kedesh in Galilee, 100, 180
Keilah, 41, 149, 198
Kenites, 128, 133
Kenizzites, 119
Kerak in Moab, 77
Kerak on Sea of Galilee, 254
Kersa or Kursi, 255
Khan Minyeh, 81, 247-250, 252
Khurbet Minyeh, 248
Kidron, 224
Kidron Valley, 64, 65, 127, 204, 205
King's Garden, 204
King's Pool, 204
Kirjath-jearim, 141, 157, 163
Kishon, 32, 132-134, 165
Korea, 229
Kutha, 181
Kybistra, 82
Lachish, 88, 103, 187
Ladder of Tyre, 21, 22, 78
Laish, 22, 47, 130
Laodicea, 82, 276
Lebanons, 13, 14, 28-30, 51, 55, 80, 90
Litany, 22, 29
Little Hermon, 31, 152
Lubieh, 79
Lydda, 205, 265
Lysias, 213, 214
Lystra, 271, 272
Maan, 121
Machærus, 54, 230, 244, 245
Machir, 134
Mæander River, 82
Magdala, 253
Mahanaim, 153, 154, 161
Maked, 216
Malta, 276
Mamre, Plain of, 42
Manasseh, 128, 134
Maon, 38, 150