ANURÁDHAPURA: A RUINED CITY OF THE JUNGLE.
The remains of this ancient city lie near the centre of the great
plain which occupies the north end of the island of Ceylon. To reach
them, even from Dambulla, the nearest outpost of civilisation, one
has to spend a night in the “mail-coach,” which in this case consists
of a clumsy little cart drawn at a jog-trot through the darkness by
bullocks, and generally full of native passengers. Six times in the
forty-two miles the little humped cattle are changed, and at last--by
the time one has thoroughly convinced oneself that it is impossible
to sleep in any attainable position--one finds oneself, about 6 a.m.,
driving through woods full of ruins.
Here, on the site of a once vast and populous town, stands now a small
village. The care of Government has cleared the jungle away from the
most important remains and those lying just around the present site,
so that the chief feature is a beautiful park-like region of grass
and scattered trees, in which stand out scores, and even hundreds,
of columns, with statues, huge dágobas, fragments of palaces, and
innumerable evidences of ancient building. It is a remarkable scene.
The present cutcherry stands on the shore of one of the large
reservoirs which used to supply the city and neighborhood, but which
at present, owing to want of rain and deficiencies of channels, is
nearly dry. On climbing the embankment the bed of the lake stretches
before one, with hundreds of tame buffalos and other cattle grazing on
its level meadows; a few half-naked darkies are fishing in a little
water which remains in one corner; on either hand the lakebottom is
bounded by woods, and out of these woods, and out of the woods behind
one, high above the trees loom green and overgrown masses of masonry,
while below and among them labyrinths of unexplored ruins are hidden in
thick dark tangle. It is as if London had again become a wilderness,
above which the Albert Memorial and S. Paul’s and the Tower still
reared confused heaps of grassy stone and brickwork, while sheep and
oxen browsed peacefully in the bed of the Thames, now diverted into
another channel.
[Illustration: JETAWANARAMA DÁGOBA, ANURÁDHAPURA.
(_Ruins of a temple in foreground._)]
Here for instance still standing in a great square, on a piece of
ground over an acre in extent, are sixteen hundred rough-hewn columns,
solid granite, projecting about ten feet out of the ground, and
arranged in parallel rows at right angles to each other. They are
supposed to form the foundation storey of a building nine storeys high,
no doubt built of wood, but according to the ancient chronicles of the
Mahawanso gorgeously decorated, with its resplendent brass-covered roof
and central hall of golden pillars and ivory throne, erected in the
second century B.C., occupied by the royal folk and the priests, and
called the Brazen Palace.
Close by is the glory of Buddhism and of Ceylon, the oldest historical
tree in the world, the celebrated bo-tree of Anurádhapura, planted
245 years before the Christian era (from a slip, it is said, of the
tree under which Buddha sat when the great illumination came to him),
and now more than twenty-one centuries old. Extraordinary as the age
is, yet the chronicles of this tree’s life have been so carefully kept
(see Emerson Tennent’s _Ceylon_, where twenty-five references from
the Mahawanso and other chronicles are given, covering from B.C. 288
to A.D. 1739), that there is at least fair reason for supposing that
the story is correct. The bo-tree, though belonging to the fig family,
has a leaf strongly resembling that of an aspen. The mid-rib of the
leaf is however prolonged some two inches into a narrow point, which
is sometimes curved into quite a hook. The tremulous motion of the
leaf and the general appearance of the tree also resemble the aspen,
though the growth is somewhat sturdier. Thousands of bo-trees are
planted all over India and Ceylon in memory of Buddha (though the tree
was probably an object of veneration before his time); the ground is
sacred where they stand, and a good Buddhist will on no account cut
one down, however inconveniently it may be growing. This particular
tree, it must be confessed, is somewhat disappointing. It is small, and
though obviously old, does not suggest the idea of _extreme_ antiquity.
It springs from the top of a mound some fifteen feet high, and the
probability I think is that this mound has in the course of centuries
been thrown up round the original trunk to support and protect it--just
as has happened to Milton’s mulberry tree at Cambridge, and to
others--and thus has gradually hidden a great part of the tree from
view. And this idea seems, to be supported by the fact that six or
seven other and lesser stems branch out from neighboring parts of the
same mound, the terraces and shrines which occupy the mound helping to
conceal the fact that these also are, or were at one time, really all
parts of one tree. Anyhow the whole enclosure, which is about an acre
in extent and is surrounded by an ancient wall, is thickly planted with
bo-trees, some of really fine dimensions, so that the pious pilgrim
need have no difficulty in securing a leaf, without committing the
sacrilege of robbing the venerable plant.
Here, to this sacred enclosure, and to deposit flowers and offerings
within it, come at certain festivals thousands of Buddhist pilgrims.
Trudging in on foot or driving by bullock-cart they camp out in the
park-like grounds in the immediate neighborhood of the present village,
and after paying their respects to the holy tree go to visit the
dágobas and other monuments which enshrine a bone or a tooth or a hair
from the brow of their great teacher. For the rest of the year these
places are left almost unvisited. There are no guides to importune the
rare tourist or traveler, and one wanders alone through the woods for
a whole day and sees no one, except it be a troop of monkeys, with
tails erect, playing leap-frog over the stumps of fallen columns, as if
in ridicule of the old priests, or sitting like fakirs on the tops of
those still standing.
The dágobas, which are by far the most important remains here, are
bell-shaped structures mostly of solid brick, originally built to
enshrine some relic. They might ingeniously be mistaken for ornamental
candle-extinguishers made on a vast scale, and have mostly in their
time been coated with a white plaster and decorated here and there with
gold or brass. Round them have been courts supported on stone columns;
and generally at the four points--North, East, West, and South--have
been placed little shrines with well-cut steps and ornamental
balustrades leading up to them. The interiors of these dágobas--such as
they may have been--have never been accessible except to the priests;
sometimes, no doubt, treasures have been concealed within them, but
for the most part probably they have concealed nothing except the
supposed relic, and have been built to gratify the pride and add to the
popularity of the monarch of the day.
The Thuparama Dágoba, which stands at the northern extremity of
the park-like clearings above mentioned, is supposed by Fergusson
(_Handbook to Architecture_, vol. i., p. 41) to be older than any
monument now existing on the continent of India. It was built by
King Dewanipiatissa in B.C. 307 to enshrine the right collar-bone of
Buddha, and was restored some years ago by the pious, so that one gets
a good idea from it of the general appearance these objects originally
presented. It is white, bell-shaped, and some sixty-five feet high,
with a brass pinnacle on the top; and some elegant columns about
eighteen feet high stand yet in admired disorder in the court below.
In the accompanying illustration the dágoba and surrounding columns
appear some distance in the background, and the stone pillars and steps
in the foreground are the remains of the Dalada Maligawa--a temple
which was built to receive the sacred tooth of Buddha when it was first
brought over to Ceylon from the mainland. Round this tooth battles
raged, and in the struggle for its possession dynasties rose and fell.
The enormous saurian fang, which purports to be the same tooth, is now
preserved in great state in the well-known Buddhist temple at Kandy,
as I have already mentioned. The little figure of a gate-keeper or
_dhworpal_ at the foot of the steps is an excellent specimen of early
Buddhist sculpture, and is very graceful and tender. It is given on a
larger scale in a separate illustration (page 113).
[Illustration: THUPARAMA DÁGOBA, ANURÁDHAPURA.
(_With ruins of Dalada Maligawa in foreground._)]
The Ruanweli (or Gold-dust) Dágoba, which rears its unshapely form
close to the present village, gives one a notion of the massiveness
of these ancient structures, and at the same time of the ravages
which lapse of years has wrought upon them. In outline it resembles
a gigantic but ill-made circular haystack, 150 feet high. All the
upper part of it is covered with thick grass, except where recent
lapses have exposed the close yet rather soft brickwork of which the
whole is compacted. The more accessible lower parts and surrounding
terraces have lately been cleaned of undergrowth; and at the foot,
among some well-executed carvings, stand four or five fine statues,
about eight feet high--one of King Dutugemunu who is said to have begun
the building about B.C. 161, the others apparently of Buddha, and all
dignified and noble in conception, if not anatomically perfect in
execution.
But the dágobas which best show the gradual effacement of human
handiwork by Nature are the Jetawanarama and the Abhayagiria, both of
which stand some distance out in the woods, and tower above the foliage
to the heights of 250 feet and 300 feet respectively. The former of
these (see plate at beginning of this chapter) presents a vast cone of
brickwork some 200 feet high, surmounted by a cylindrical column of the
same; and the conical portion is simply overgrown by dense masses of
trees, which inserting their roots into the crevices of the bricks are
continually dislodging portions of this artificial mountain. Cactuses,
varieties of fig, and other trees climb to the very base of the column,
and here, where the brickwork is too steep to be covered with foliage,
the omnipresent _wanderoo_ monkey may be seen disporting itself on the
very summit.
The Abhayagiria is of similar shape, but only covered at present with
a shrub-like growth. Originally it was the largest dágoba in Ceylon,
being 405 feet high--or as high as S. Paul’s--but time has reduced it
to somewhere about 300 feet. A rather precipitous path leads from the
base to the summit, which has recently been restored in some fashion,
and from thence a fine view may be obtained.
As you roam through the woods by jungle paths, or along the two or
three roads which have been made in late years to open up the ruins,
you come upon innumerable smaller remains. Most frequent among these
are groups of columns still standing, twenty or thirty together,
sometimes only rough-hewn, sometimes elegantly shaped, with carven
capitals, which either formed the foundation storeys of wooden
buildings, or being themselves covered with roofs constituted porticos
for the resting-places of the gods in their processions, or habitations
for the use of the priests. There are very few remains of walled
buildings, stone or brick, but plentiful foundation outlines of what
may have been public or sacred enclosures of one kind or another--some
with handsome flights of steps and balustrades leading up to them, and
for the lowest step the frequent half-moon stone carved with elegant
devices of the elephant, the lion, the horse, the brahman bull, the
goose, and the lotus-flower. Here among the tangle is a flight of
half-a-dozen steps, springing from nowhere and apparently leading
nowhither. There is a gigantic stone trough, sixty-two feet long by
four feet four inches wide, over which the learned are in doubt whether
it was used to contain food for the royal elephants or boiled rice for
the priests! Here at any rate is a cistern ten feet long by five wide,
elegantly carved out of a single block of granite, which, tradition
says, served for the priests’ rice-dish; and which only a few years ago
was, by the subscription of a neighboring country side, filled full of
food (see S. M. Burrows’ _Buried Cities of Ceylon_; London, Trübner
& Co., 1885) for the pilgrims of the June full moon. There again is
one of the numerous flat slabs which may be found, bearing an ancient
inscription on its face; and in almost every direction are solid stone
swimming baths or tanks, ten, twenty, or thirty yards up to (in one
case) fully 100 yards in length. Two of these _pókunas_, so-called--the
twin pókunas--stand near the northern circular road, and are still in
good preservation; the one given in the illustration on next page is
forty-four yards long, the other about thirty, and both have handsome
flights of steps at each end by which to descend to the water, and
step-like tiers of stonework round the sides. They were of course not
covered, but open to the sun and air.
[Illustration: A RUINED BATHING TANK, ANURÁDHAPURA.]
As you go along the road after leaving these tanks, at a turn you
suddenly come upon a seated image of Buddha--by the wayside, under
the trees. The figure is about seven feet high as it sits. It is of
dark-colored granite, and though slightly defaced is still by far the
best thing of its kind in the place. Most of the images of Buddha
in the present temples of Ceylon are painfully crude productions;
but this has caught something of the grace of the great Guru. The
eyelids are just shut, yet so slightly as to suggest that the figure
is not lost in the ordinary material sleep, but only in that luminous
slumber which, while closing itself to the outward and transitory
world, opens on the eternal and steadfast consciousness behind. A deep
calm overspreads the face--so deep that it insensibly affects the
passerby. He involuntarily stops and gazes, surrendering himself to its
influence, and to that of the silent forest. His thoughts subside, like
waves on water when the wind ceases. He too for a moment touches the
well-spring of being--he swims into identity with the universe; the
trees flicker in the evening light, the Buddha just gives the slightest
nod, as much as to say, “That’s it”; and then--he is but stone again,
and the road stretches beyond.
Curious that one man should so affect the world that he should leave
his bo-trees and his dágobas and his images in thousands over half
a continent; that he should gather vast cities round his name, and
still, when they have perished and passed away, should remain the most
glorious thing connected with them; yet Buddha could not have had this
ascendancy had not other people in their thousands and hundreds of
thousands experienced in greater or less degree the same facts that
he experienced. We must forgive, after all, the dirty yellow-robed
priests, with their greedy claws and stinking shrines. It was Buddha’s
fault, not theirs, when he explored poor human nature so deeply as to
invest even its lowest manifestations with sanctity.
Where this image now sits perhaps once it looked down upon the busy
turmoil of a great street. The glories of the capital of the Cinghalese
kingdom unrolled before and beneath it. Hear how the chronicler of the
seventh century (quoted by Emerson Tennent) describes--with justifiable
pride--the splendor of the city in his day: “The temples and palaces
whose golden pinnacles glitter in the sky, the streets spanned by
arches bearing flags, the ways strewn with sand, and on either side
vessels containing flowers, and niches with statues holding lamps. Here
are multitudes of men armed with swords and bows and arrows. Elephants,
horses, carts, and myriads of people pass and repass--jugglers,
dancers, and musicians of all nations, with chank shells and other
instruments ornamented with gold. The distance from the principal
gate to the east gate is four gows, and the same from the north to
the south gate. The principal streets are Moon Street, Great King
Street, Hinguruwak, and Mahawelli Street--the first containing 11,000
houses, many of them two storeys in height. The smaller streets are
innumerable. The palace has large ranges of buildings, some of them two
and three storeys high, and its subterranean apartments are of great
extent.”
Fa Hian, the Chinese traveler, who visited Ceylon about 413 A.D.,
also says: “The city is the residence of many magistrates, grandees,
and foreign merchants; the mansions beautiful, the public buildings
richly adorned, the streets and highways straight and level, and houses
for preaching built at every thoroughfare.” Nor was the civilisation
of Anurádhapura merely material in its scope, for Tennent tells us
that beside public gardens and baths, halls for music and dancing,
rest-houses for travelers, almshouses, etc., they had hospitals in
which _animals_ as well as men were tenderly cared for. “The corn of
a thousand fields was set apart by one king for their use; another
put aside rice to feed the squirrels which frequented his gardens;
and a third displayed his surgical skill in treating the diseases of
elephants, horses, and snakes.”
Founded by Cinghalese invaders of the island somewhere in the fifth
or sixth centuries B.C., the city attained its first splendor under
King Dewanipiatissa, who came to the throne in B.C. 306. “It was in
his reign,” says Burrows, “that the royal missionary Mahindo, son of
the Indian king Dharmasoka, landed in Ceylon, and either introduced
or regenerated Buddhism. The monarch and all his court, his consort
and her women, became ready converts to the new tenets; the arrival
of Mahindo’s sister, Sanghamitta, with a branch of the identical tree
under which Gautama obtained Buddha-hood, consummated the conversion of
the island; and the king devoted the rest of his reign to the erection
of enormous monuments, rock-temples, and monasteries, to mark his zeal
for the new faith.”
After him troubles began. The Tamils of Southern India--whose history
has been for so long entangled with that of the Cinghalese--or some
branch of the race, attracted probably by the wealth of the new city,
landed in Ceylon about 200 B.C. And from that time forward the history
of Anurádhapura is the record of continual conflict between the races.
There was a second great invasion in B.C. 104, and a third about A.D.
106, in which the Tamils are said to have carried back to the mainland
12,000 Cinghalese captives, as well as great quantities of treasure.
But the peaceful quiet-loving Cinghalese, whose chief talents lay in
the direction of agricultural pursuits and the construction of those
enormous tanks and irrigation works which still form one of the most
remarkable features of the country, were no match in the arts of wars
for the enterprising genius of the Tamils. The latter gradually pushed
their way in more and more, dissensions between the two peoples more
and more disorganised the city, till at last, for some reason not
very clearly explained, in A.D. 769 the then king (Aggrabodhi IV.)
evacuated his capital and established himself at Pollanarua, now also a
buried city of the jungle.
From that time, it may be supposed, Anurádhapura rapidly dwindled away;
the streets were no more filled with gay crowds, the slight habitations
of the populace soon fell to pieces, leaving no trace behind (except
a soil impregnated for miles and miles with the _débris_ of bricks);
the stone palaces and temples lapsed into decay. And now Buddha sits
in the silence of the forest, folded in the ancient calm, just as he
sat centuries and centuries ago in the tumult and roar of the city;
night falls, and the elephant and the bear roam past him through the
brushwood, the herds of spotted deer are startled for a moment by his
lonely form in the moonlight.
If one ascends the Abhayagiria dágoba, from its vantage height of
300 feet he has a good bird’s-eye view of the region. Before him to
the west and north stretches as far as the eye can see a level plain
almost unbroken by hills. This plain is covered, except for a few
reservoirs and an occasional but rare oasis of coco-nut palm, by dense
woods. On all sides they stretch, like a uniform grey-green carpet
over the earth; even the present village of Anurádhapura hardly makes
a break,--so small is it, and interspersed with trees. Through these
woods run narrow jungle paths, and among them, scattered at intervals
for miles and miles, are ruins similar to those I have described. And
this is all that is left to-day of the ancient city.
[Illustration: SMALL GUARDIAN FIGURE, OR DHWORPAL.
(_At entrance to Dalada Maligawa._)]
I suppose the temptation to make moral reflections on such subjects
is very strong! For myself I can only say that I have walked through
these and other such scenes with a sense of unfeigned gratitude that
they belong to a past which is dead and done with. That Time sweeps all
these efforts of mortality (and our own as well) in due course into his
dustbin is a matter for which we can never be sufficiently thankful.
Think, if all the monuments of human pride and folly which have been
created were to endure indefinitely,--if even our own best and most
useful works were to remain, cumbering up the earth with their very
multitude, what a nuisance it would be! The great kings caused glorious
palaces and statues and temples to be made, thinking to outvie all
former and paralyse all future efforts of mankind, perpetuating their
names to the end of the years. But Time, wiser, quickly removed all
these things as soon as their authors were decently out of the way,
leaving us just as much of them as is sufficient to convey the ideas
which underlay them, and no more. As a vast dágoba, containing bricks
enough to build a good-sized town of, is erected to enshrine a single
hair from the head of a great man, so the glorious temples and statues
and pictures and palaces of a whole epoch, all put together, do but
enshrine a tiny atom of the eternal beauty. Let them deliver that, and
go their way.
What a good thing even that our bodies die! How thankful we ought to
be that they are duly interred and done with in course of time. Fancy
if we were condemned always to go on in the same identical forms,
each of us, repeating the same ancient jokes, making the same wise
remarks, priding ourselves on the same superiorities over our fellows,
enduring the same insults from them, wearing the same fusty garments,
ever getting raggeder and raggeder through the centuries--what a fate!
No; let us know there is something better than that. These swarms of
idle priests who ate rice out of troughs at the public expense; these
endless mumbo-jumbo books that they wrote; these mighty kings with
their royal finery, their harlots, and their insane battles; these
animal hospitals; these ruins of great cities lost in thickets; these
Alexandrian libraries burnt to ashes; these Greek statues broken and
buried in the earth--all that is really durable in them has endured and
will endure, the rest is surely well out of the way.
Certainly, as one jogs through the mortal hours of the night in that
said mail-cart, returning the forty-two miles from Anurádhapura to
Dambulla (where one meets with the nearest horse coach), wedged in
with five or six other passengers, and trying in vain to find a place
for one’s feet amid the compacted mass of baggage that occupies the
bottom of the cart, or to avoid the side-rails and rods that impinge
upon one’s back and head--kept well awake by the continual jingling of
bells and the yells and thwacks of the driver, as he urges his active
little brahminy bulls through the darkness, or stopping to change team
at wayside cabins where long conversations ensue, between dusky figures
bearing lamps, on the state of the road and the probabilities of an
encounter with the rogue-elephant who is supposed to haunt it--all
those twelve long hours one has ample time to make suitable reflections
of some kind or other on the transitory and ineffectual nature of our
little human endeavor.