[1] Hampden was one of the persons to whom the earl of Warwick
granted land in Connecticut, but for the anecdote which relates his
attempted emigration with Cromwell there is no foundation (v. under
JOHN PYM).
HAMPDEN, RENN DICKSON (1793-1868), English divine, was born in Barbados,
where his father was colonel of militia, in 1793, and was educated at
Oriel College, Oxford. Having taken his B.A. degree with first-class
honours in both classics and mathematics in 1813, he next year obtained
the chancellor's prize for a Latin essay, and shortly afterwards was
elected to a fellowship in his college, Keble, Newman and Arnold being
among his contemporaries. Having left the university in 1816 he held
successively a number of curacies, and in 1827 he published _Essays on
the Philosophical Evidence of Christianity_, followed by a volume of
_Parochial Sermons illustrative of the Importance of the Revelation of
God in Jesus Christ_ (1828). In 1829 he returned to Oxford and was
Bampton lecturer in 1832. Notwithstanding a charge of Arianism now
brought against him by the Tractarian party, he in 1833 passed from a
tutorship at Oriel to the principalship of St Mary's Hall. In 1834 he
was appointed professor of moral philosophy, and despite much university
opposition, Regius professor of divinity in 1836. There resulted a
widespread and violent though ephemeral controversy, after the
subsidence of which he published a _Lecture on Tradition_, which passed
through several editions, and a volume on _The Thirty-nine Articles of
the Church of England_. His nomination by Lord John Russell to the
vacant see of Hereford in December 1847 was again the signal for a
violent and organized opposition; and his consecration in March 1848
took place in spite of a remonstrance by many of the bishops and the
resistance of Dr John Merewether, the dean of Hereford, who went so far
as to vote against the election when the _conge d'elire_ reached the
chapter. As bishop of Hereford Dr Hampden made no change in his
long-formed habits of studious seclusion, and though he showed no
special ecclesiastical activity or zeal, the diocese certainly prospered
in his charge. Among the more important of his later writings were the
articles on Aristotle, Plato and Socrates, contributed to the eighth
edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, and afterwards reprinted with
additions under the title of _The Fathers of Greek Philosophy_
(Edinburgh, 1862). In 1866 he had a paralytic seizure, and died in
London on the 23rd of April 1868.
His daughter, Henrietta Hampden, published _Some Memorials of R. D.
Hampden_ in 1871.
HAMPDEN-SIDNEY, a village of Prince Edward county, Virginia, U.S.A.,
about 70 m. S.W. of Richmond. Pop. about 350. Daily stages connect the
village with Farmville (pop. in 1910, 2971), the county-seat, 6 m. N.E.,
which is served by the Norfolk & Western and the Tidewater & Western
railways. Hampden-Sidney is the seat of Hampden-Sidney College, founded
by the presbytery of Hanover county as Hampden-Sidney Academy in 1776,
and named in honour of John Hampden and Algernon Sidney. It was
incorporated as Hampden-Sidney College in 1783. The incorporators
included James Madison, Patrick Henry (who is believed to have drafted
the college charter), Paul Carrington, William Cabell, Sen., and
Nathaniel Venable. The Union Theological School was established in
connexion with the college in 1812, but in 1898 was removed to Richmond,
Virginia. In 1907-1908 the college had 8 instructors, 125 students, and
a library of 11,000 volumes. The college has maintained a high standard
of instruction, and many of its former students have been prominent as
public men, educationalists and preachers. Among them were President
William Henry Harrison, William H. Cabell (1772-1853), president of the
Virginia Court of Appeals; George M. Bibb (1772-1859), secretary of the
treasury (1844-1845) in President Tyler's cabinet; William B. Preston
(1805-1862), secretary of the navy in 1849-1850; William Cabell Rives
and General Sterling Price (1809-1867).
HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OR SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated Hants), a southern
county of England, bounded N. by Berkshire, E. by Surrey and Sussex, S.
by the English Channel, and W. by Dorsetshire and Wiltshire. The area is
1623.5 sq. m. From the coast of the mainland, which is for the most part
low and irregular, a strait, known in its western part as the Solent,
and in its eastern as Spithead, separates the Isle of Wight. This island
is included in the county. The inlet of Southampton Water opens from
this strait, penetrating inland in a north-westerly direction for 12 m.
The easterly part of the coast forms a large shallow bay containing
Hayling and Portsea Islands, which divide it into Chichester Harbour,
Langston Harbour and Portsmouth Harbour. The westerly part forms the
more regular indentations of Christchurch Bay and part of Poole Bay. In
its general aspect Hampshire presents a beautiful variety of gently
rising hills and fruitful valleys, adorned with numerous mansions and
pleasant villages, and interspersed with extensive tracts of woodland.
Low ranges of hills, included in the system to which the general name of
the Western Downs is given, reach their greatest elevation in the
northern and eastern parts of the county, where there are many
picturesque eminences, of which Beacon, Sidown and Pilot hills near
Highclere in the north-west, each exceeding 850 ft., are the highest.
The portion of the county west of Southampton Water is almost wholly
included in the New Forest, a sequestered district, one of the few
remaining examples of an ancient afforested tract. The river Avon in the
south-west rises in Wiltshire, and passing Fordingbridge and Ringwood
falls into Christchurch Bay below Christchurch, being joined close to
its mouth by the Stour. The Lymington or Boldre river rises in the New
Forest, and after collecting the waters of several brooks falls into the
Solent through Lymington Creek. The Beaulieu in the eastern part of the
forest also enters the Solent by way of a long and picturesque estuary.
The Test rises near Overton in the north, and after its junction with
the Anton at Fullerton passes Stockbridge and Romsey, and enters the
head of Southampton Water. The Itchen rises near Alresford, and flowing
by Winchester and Eastleigh falls into Southampton Water east of
Southampton. The Hamble rises near Bishops Waltham, and soon forms a
narrow estuary opening into Southampton Water. The Wey, the Loddon and
the Blackwater, rising in the north-eastern part of the county, bring
that part into the basin of the Thames. The streams from the chalk hills
run clear and swift, and the trout-fishing in the county is famous.
Salmon are taken in the Avon.
_Geology._--Somewhat to the north of the centre of the county is a
broad expanse of hilly chalk country about 21 m. wide; the whole of it
has been bent up into a great fold so that the strata on the north dip
northward steeply in places, while those on the south dip in the
opposite direction more gently. In the north the chalk disappears
beneath Tertiary strata of the "London Basin," and some little
distance south of Winchester it runs in a similar manner beneath the
Tertiaries of the "Hampshire Basin." Scattered here and there over the
chalk are small outlying remnants which remain to show that the two
Tertiary areas were once continuous, before the agencies of denudation
had removed them from the chalk. These same agencies have exposed the
strata beneath the chalk over a small area on the eastern border.
The oldest formation in Hampshire is the Lower Greensand in the
neighbourhood of Woolmer Forest and Petersfield; it is represented by
the Hythe beds, sandstones and limestones which form the high ridge
which runs on towards Hind Head, then by the sands and clays of the
Sandgate beds which lie in the low ground west of the ridge, and
finally by the Folkestone beds; all these dip westward beneath the
Gault. The last-named formation, a clay, worked here and there for
bricks, crops out as a narrow band from Fareham through Worldham and
Stroud common to Petersfield. Between the Gault and the chalk is the
Upper Greensand with a hard bed of calcareous sandstone, the Malm
rock, which stands up in places as a prominent escarpment. The Upper
Greensand is also exposed at Burghclere as an inlier; the rocks are
bent into a sharp anticline and the chalk, having been denuded from
its crest, the older sandy strata are brought to light. A much more
gentle anticline brings up the chalk through the Tertiary rocks in the
neighbourhood of Fareham. Besides occupying the central region already
mentioned, which includes Basingstoke, Whitchurch, Andover, Alresford
and Winchester, the chalk appears also in a small patch round
Rockbourne. The Tertiary rocks of the north (London basin) about
Farnborough, Aldershot and Kingsclere, comprise the Reading beds,
London clay and the more sandy Bagshot beds which cover the latter in
many places, giving rise to heathy commons. The southern Tertiary
rocks of the Hampshire basin include the Lower Eocene Reading
beds--used for brick-making--and the London clay which extend from the
boundary of the chalk by Romsey, Bishop's Waltham, to Havant. These
are succeeded towards the south by the Upper Eocene beds, the
Bracklesham beds and the Barton clay. The Barton clays are noted for
their abundant fossils and the Bagshot beds at Bournemouth contain
numerous remains of subtropical plants. A series of clays and sands of
Oligocene age (unknown in the London basin) are found in the vicinity
of Lymington, Brockenhurst and Beaulieu; they include the Headon beds,
with a fluvio-marine fauna, well exposed at Hordwell cliffs, and the
marine beds of Brockenhurst. Numerous small outliers of Tertiary rocks
are scattered over the chalk area, and many of the chalk and Tertiary
areas are obscured by patches of Pleistocene deposits of brick earth
and gravel.
_Agriculture and Industries._--Nearly seven-tenths of the total area
is under cultivation (an amount below the average of English counties)
and of this area about two-fifths is in permanent pasture. The acreage
under oats is roughly equal to that under wheat and barley. Small
quantities of rye and hops are cultivated. Barley is usually sown
after turnips, and is more grown in the uplands than in the lower
levels. Beans, pease and potatoes are only grown to a small extent. On
account of the number of sheep pastured on the uplands a large acreage
of turnips is grown. Rotation grasses are grown chiefly in the
uplands, and their acreage is greater than in any other of the
southern counties of England. Sanfoin is the grass most largely grown,
as it is best adapted to land with a calcareous subsoil. In the lower
levels no sanfoin and scarcely any clover is grown, the hay being
supplied from the rich water meadows, which are managed with great
skill and attention, and give the best money return of any lands in
the county. Where a rapid stream of water can be passed over them
during the winter it seldom becomes frozen, and the grasses grow
during the cold weather so as to be fit for pasture before any traces
of vegetation appear in the surrounding fields. Hops are grown in the
eastern part of the county bordering on Surrey. Farming is generally
conducted on the best modern principles, but owing to the varieties of
soil there is perhaps no county in England in which the rotation
observed is more diversified, or the processes and methods more
varied. Most of the farms are large, and there are a number of model
farms. The waste land has been mostly brought under tillage, but a
very large acreage of the ancient forests is still occupied by wood.
In addition to the New Forest there are in the east Woolmer Forest and
Alice Holt, in the south-east the Forest of Bere and Waltham Chase,
and in the Isle of Wight Parkhurst Forest. The honey of the county is
especially celebrated. Much attention is paid to the rearing of sheep
and cattle. The original breed of sheep was white-faced with horns,
but most of the flocks are now of a Southdown variety which have
acquired certain distinct peculiarities, and are known as "short
wools" or "Hampshire downs." Cattle are of no distinctive breed, and
are kept largely for dairy purposes, especially for the supply of
milk. The breeding and rearing of horses is widely practised, and the
fattening of pigs has long been an important industry. The original
breed of pigs is crossed with Berkshire, Essex and Chinese pigs. In
the vicinity of the forest the pigs are fed on acorns and beechmast,
and the flesh of those so reared is considered the best, though the
reputation of Hampshire bacon depends chiefly on the skilful manner in
which it is cured.
The manufactures are unimportant, except those carried on at
Portsmouth and Gosport in connexion with the royal navy. Southampton
is one of the principal ports in the kingdom. In many of the towns
there are breweries and tanneries, and paper is manufactured at
several places. Fancy pottery and terra-cotta are made at Fareham and
Bishop's Waltham; and Ringwood is celebrated for its knitted gloves.
At most of the coast towns fishing is carried on, and there are oyster
beds at Hayling Island. Cowes in the Isle of Wight is the station of
the Royal Yacht Squadron, and has building yards for yachts and large
vessels. The principal seaside resorts besides those in the Isle of
Wight are Bournemouth, Milford, Lee-on-the-Solent, Southsea and South
Hayling. Aldershot is the principal military training centre in the
British Isles.
_Communications._--Communications are provided mainly by the lines of
the London & South-Western railway company, which also owns the docks
at Southampton. The main line serves Farnborough, Basingstoke,
Whitchurch and Andover, and a branch diverges southward from
Basingstoke for Winchester, Southampton and the New Forest and
Bournemouth. An alternative line from eastward to Winchester serves
Aldershot, Alton and Alresford. The main Portsmouth line skirts the
south-eastern border by Petersfield to Havant, where it joins the
Portsmouth line of the London, Brighton & South Coast railway. The
South-Western system also connects Portsmouth and Gosport with
Southampton, has numerous branches in the Southampton and
south-western districts, and large work shops at Eastleigh near
Southampton. The Great Western company serves Basingstoke from Reading
and Whitchurch, Winchester and Southampton from Didcot (working the
Didcot, Newbury & Southampton line); the Midland & South-Western
Junction line connects Andover with Cheltenham; and the Somerset &
Dorset (also a Midland & South-Western joint line) connects
Bournemouth with Bath--all these affording through communications
between Southampton, Bournemouth, and the midlands and north of
England. None of the rivers, except in the estuarine parts, is
navigable.
_Population and Administration._--The area of the ancient county is
1,039,031 acres, including the Isle of Wight. The population was
690,097 in 1891 and 797,634 in 1901. The area of the administrative
county of Southampton is 958,742 acres, and that of the administrative
county of the Isle of Wight 94,068 acres. The county is divided for
parliamentary purposes into the following divisions: Northern or
Basingstoke, Western or Andover, Eastern or Petersfield, Southern or
Fareham, New Forest, and Isle of Wight, each returning one member. It
also includes the parliamentary boroughs of Portsmouth and
Southampton, each returning two members, and of Christchurch and
Winchester, each returning one. There are 11 municipal boroughs:
Andover (pop. 6509), Basingstoke (9793), Bournemouth (59,762),
Christchurch (4204), Lymington (4165), Portsmouth (188,133), Romsey
(4365), Southampton (104,824), Winchester (20,929), and in the Isle of
Wight, Newport (10,911) and Ryde (11,043). Bournemouth, Portsmouth and
Southampton are county boroughs. The following are urban districts:
Aldershot (30,974), Alton (5479), Eastleigh and Bishopstoke (9317),
Fareham (8246), Farnborough (11,500), Gosport and Alverstoke (28,884),
Havant (3837), Itchen (13,097), Petersfield (3265), Warblington
(3639); and in the Isle of Wight, Cowes (8652), East Cowes (3196), St
Helen's (4652), Sandown (5006), Shanklin (4533), Ventnor (5866). The
county is in the western circuit, and assizes are held at Winchester.
It has one court of quarter sessions, and is divided into 14 petty
sessional divisions. The boroughs of Andover, Basingstoke,
Bournemouth, Lymington, Newport, Portsmouth, Romsey, Ryde, Southampton
(a county in itself) and Winchester have separate commissions of the
peace, and the boroughs of Andover, Bournemouth, Portsmouth,
Southampton and Winchester have in addition separate courts of quarter
sessions. There are 394 civil parishes. Hampshire is in the diocese of
Winchester, excepting small parts in those of Oxford and Salisbury,
and contains 411 ecclesiastical parishes or districts wholly or in
part.
_History._--The earliest English settlers in the district which is now
Hampshire were a Jutish tribe who occupied the northern parts of the
Isle of Wight and the valleys of the Meon and the Hamble. Their
settlements were, however, unimportant, and soon became absorbed in the
territory of the West Saxons who in 495 landed at the mouth of the
Itchen under the leadership of Cerdic and Cynric, and in 508 slew 5000
Britons and their king. But it was not until after another decisive
victory at Charford in 519 that the district was definitely organized as
West Saxon territory under the rule of Cerdic and Cynric, thus becoming
the nucleus of the vast later kingdom of Wessex. The Isle of Wight was
subjugated in 530 and bestowed on Stuf and Wihtgar, the nephews of
Cerdic. The Northmen made their first attack on the Hampshire coast in
835, and for the two centuries following the district was the scene of
perpetual devastations by the Danish pirates, who made their
headquarters in the Isle of Wight, from which they plundered the
opposite coast. Hampshire suffered less from the Conquest than almost
any English county, and was a favourite resort of the Norman kings. The
alleged destruction of property for the formation of the New Forest is
refuted by the Domesday record, which shows that this district had never
been under cultivation.
In the civil war of Stephen's reign Baldwin de Redvers, lord of the Isle
of Wight, supported the empress Matilda, and Winchester Castle was
secured in her behalf by Robert of Gloucester, while the neighbouring
fortress of Wolvesey was held for Stephen by Bishop Henry de Blois. In
1216 Louis of France, having arrived in the county by invitation of the
barons, occupied Winchester Castle, and only met with resistance at
Odiham Castle, which made a brave stand against him for fifteen days.
During the Wars of the Roses Anthony Woodville, 2nd earl Rivers,
defeated the duke of Clarence at Southampton, and in 1471, after the
battle of Barnet, the countess of Warwick took sanctuary at Beaulieu
Abbey. The chief events connected with Hampshire in the Civil War of the
17th century were the gallant resistance of the cavalier garrisons at
Winchester and Basing House; a skirmish near Cheriton in 1644 notable as
the last battle fought on Hampshire soil; and the concealment of Charles
at Titchfield in 1647 before his removal to Carisbrooke. The duke of
Monmouth, whose rebellion met with considerable support in Hampshire,
was captured in 1685 near Ringwood.
Hampshire was among the earliest shires to be created, and must have
received its name before the revival of Winchester in the latter half of
the 7th century. It is first mentioned in the Saxon chronicle in 755, at
which date the boundaries were practically those of the present day. The
Domesday Survey mentions 44 hundreds in Hampshire, but by the 14th
century the number had been reduced to 37. The hundreds of East Medina
and West Medina in the Isle of Wight are mentioned in 1316. Constables
of the hundreds were first appointed by the Statute of Winchester in
1285, and the hundred court continued to elect a high constable for
Fordingbridge until 1878. The chief court of the Isle of Wight was the
Knighten court held at Newport every three weeks. The sheriff's court
and the assizes and quarter sessions for the county were formerly held
at Winchester, but in 1831 the county was divided into 14 petty
sessional divisions; the quarter sessions for the county were held at
Andover; and Portsmouth, Southampton and Winchester had separate
jurisdiction. Southampton was made a county by itself with a separate
sheriff in 1447.
In the middle of the 7th century Hampshire formed part of the West Saxon
bishopric of Dorchester-on-Thames. On the transference of the episcopal
seat to Winchester in 676 it was included in that diocese in which it
has remained ever since. In 1291 the archdeaconry of Winchester was
coextensive with the county and comprised the ten rural deaneries of
Alresford, Alton, Andover, Basingstoke, Drokinsford, Fordingbridge, Isle
of Wight, Sombourne, Southampton and Winchester. In 1850 the Isle of
Wight was subdivided into the deaneries of East Medina and West Medina.
In 1856 the deaneries were increased to 24. In 1871 the archdeaconry of
the Isle of Wight was constituted, and about the same time the deaneries
were reduced to 21. In 1892 the deaneries were reconstituted and made 18
in number, and the archdeaconry of the Isle of Wight was divided into
the deaneries of East Wight and West Wight.
After the Conquest the most powerful Hampshire baron was William
Fitz-Osbern, who in addition to the lordship of the Isle of Wight held
considerable estates on the mainland. At the time of the Domesday Survey
the chief landholders were Hugh de Port, ancestor of the Fitz-Johns;
Ralf de Mortimer; William Mauduit whose name is preserved in Hartley
Mauditt; and Waleran, called the Huntsman, ancestor of the Waleraund
family. Hursley near Winchester was the seat of Richard Cromwell; and
Gilbert White, the naturalist, was curate of Farringdon near Selborne.
Apart from the valuable foreign and shipbuilding trade which grew up
with the development of its ports, Hampshire has always been mainly an
agricultural county, the only important manufacture being that of wool
and cloth, which prospered at Winchester in the 12th century and
survived till within recent years. Salt-making and the manufacture of
iron from native ironstone also flourished in Hampshire from pre-Norman
times until within the 19th century. In the 14th century Southampton had
a valuable trade with Venice, and from the 15th to the 18th century many
famous warships were constructed in its docks. Silk-weaving was formerly
carried on at Winchester, Andover, Odiham, Alton, Whitchurch and
Overton, the first mills being set up in 1684 at Southampton by French
refugees. The paper manufacture at Laverstoke was started by the
Portals, a family of Huguenot refugees, in 1685, and a few years later
Henri de Portal obtained the privilege of supplying the bank-note paper
to the Bank of England.
Hampshire returned four members to parliament in 1295, when the boroughs
of New Alresford, Alton, Andover, Basingstoke, Overton, Portsmouth,
Southampton, Winchester, Yarmouth and Newport were also represented.
After this date the county was represented by two members, but most of
the boroughs ceased to make returns. Odiham and the Isle of Wight were
represented in 1300, Fareham in 1306, and Petersfield in 1307. From 1311
to 1547 Southampton, Portsmouth, and Winchester were the only boroughs
represented. By the end of the 16th century Petersfield, Newport,
Yarmouth, and Andover had regained representation, and Stockbridge,
Christchurch, Lymington, Newtown and Whitchurch returned two members
each, giving the county with its boroughs a total representation of 26
members. Under the Reform Act of 1832 the county returned four members
in four divisions; Christchurch and Petersfield lost one member each;
and Newtown, Yarmouth, Stockbridge and Whitchurch were disfranchised. By
the act of 1868 Andover, Lymington and Newport were deprived of one
member each.
_Antiquities._--Hampshire is rich in monastic remains. Those considered
under separate headings include the monastery of Hyde near Winchester,
the magnificent churches at Christchurch and Romsey, the ruins of Netley
Abbey, and of Beaulieu Abbey in the New Forest, the fragments of the
priory of St Denys, Southampton, the church at Porchester and the slight
ruins at Titchfield, near Fareham, and Quarr Abbey in the Isle of Wight.
Other foundations, of which the remains are slight, were the Augustinian
priory of Southwick near Fareham, founded by William of Wykeham; that of
Breamore, founded by Baldwin de Redvers, and that of Mottisfont near
Romsey, endowed soon after the Conquest. There are many churches of
interest, apart from the cathedral church of Winchester and those in
some of the towns in the Isle of Wight, or already mentioned in
connexion with monastic foundations. Pre-Conquest work is well shown in
the churches of Corhampton and Breamore, and very early masonry is also
found in Headbourne Worthy church, where is also a brass of the 15th
century to a scholar of Winchester College in collegiate dress. The most
noteworthy Norman churches are at Chilcombe and Kingsclere and (with
Early English additions) at Brockenhurst, Upper Clatford, which has the
unusual arrangement of a double chancel arch, Hambledon, Milford and
East Meon. Principally Early English are the churches of Cheriton,
Grately, which retains some excellent contemporary stained glass from
Salisbury cathedral; Sopley, which is partly Perpendicular; and
Thruxton, which contains a brass to Sir John Lisle (d. 1407), affording
a very early example of complete plate armour. Specimens of the later
styles are generally less remarkable. The frescoes in Bramley church,
ranging in date from the 13th to the 15th century, include a
representation of the murder of Thomas a Beckett. A fine series of
Norman fonts in black marble should be mentioned; they occur in
Winchester cathedral and the churches of St Michael, Southampton, East
Meon and St Mary Bourne.
The most notable old castles are Carisbrooke in the Isle of Wight;
Porchester, a fine Norman stronghold embodying Roman remains, on
Portsmouth Harbour; and Hurst, guarding the mouth of the Solent, where
for a short time Charles I. was imprisoned. Henry VIII. built several
forts to guard the Solent, Spithead and Southampton Water; Hurst Castle
was one, and others remaining, but adapted to various purposes, are at
Cowes, Calshot and Netley. Fine mansions are unusually numerous. That of
Stratfieldsaye or Strathfieldsaye, which belonged to the Pitt family,
was purchased by parliament for presentation to the duke of Wellington
in 1817, his descendants holding the estate from the Crown in
consideration of the annual tribute of a flag to the guard-room at
Windsor. A statue of the duke stands in the grounds, and his war-horse
"Copenhagen" is buried here. The name of Tichborne Park, near Alresford,
is well known in connexion with the famous claimant of the estates whose
case was heard in 1871. Among ancient mansions the Jacobean Bramshill is
conspicuous, lying near Stratfieldsaye in the north of the county. It is
built of stone and is highly decorated, and though the complete original
design was not carried out the house is among the finest of its type in
England. At Bishops Waltham, a small town 10 m. S.S.E. of Winchester,
Henry de Blois, bishop of Winchester, erected a palace, which received
additions from William of Wykeham, who died here in 1404, and from other
bishops. The ruins are picturesque but not extensive.
See _Victoria County History_, "Hampshire," R. Warner, _Collections
for the History of Hampshire_; &c. (London, 1789); H. Moody,
_Hampshire in 1086_ (1862), and the same author's _Antiquarian and
Topographical Sketches_ (1846), and _Notes and Essays relating to the
Counties of Hants and Wilts_ (1851); R. Mudie, _Hampshire_, &c. (3
vols., Winchester, 1838); B. B. Woodward, T. C. Wilks and C. Lockhart,
_General History of Hampshire_ (1861-1869); G. N. Godwin, _The Civil
War in Hampshire, 1642-1645_ (London, 1882); H. M. Gilbert and G. N.
Godwin, _Bibliotheca Hantoniensis_ (Southampton, 1891). See also
various papers in _Hampshire Notes and Queries_ (Winchester, 1883 et
seq.).
HAMPSTEAD, a north-western metropolitan borough of London, England,
bounded E. by St Pancras and S. by St Marylebone, and extending N. and
W. to the boundary of the county of London. Pop. (1901), 81,942. The
name, _Hamstede_, is synonymous with "homestead," and the manor is first
named in a charter of Edgar (957-975), and was granted to the abbey of
Westminster by Ethelred in 986. It reverted to the Crown in 1550, and
had various owners until the close of the 18th century, when it came to
Sir Thomas Spencer Wilson, whose descendants retain it. The borough
includes the sub-manor of Belsize and part of the hamlet of Kilburn.
The surface of the ground is sharply undulating, an elevated spur
extending south-west from the neighbourhood of Highgate, and turning
south through Hampstead. It reaches a height of 443 ft. above the level
of the Thames. The Edgware Road bounds Hampstead on the west; and the
borough is intersected, parallel to this thoroughfare, by Finchley Road,
and by Haverstock Hill, which, continued under the names of Rosslyn
Hill, High Street, Heath Street, and North End, crosses the Heath for
which Hampstead is chiefly celebrated. This is a fine open space of
about 240 acres, including in its bounds the summit of Hampstead Hill.
It is a sandy tract, in parts well wooded, diversified with several
small sheets of water, and to a great extent preserves its natural
characteristics unaltered. Beautiful views, both near and distant, are
commanded from many points. Of all the public grounds within London this
is the most valuable to the populace at large; the number of visitors on
a Bank holiday in August is generally, under favourable conditions,
about 100,000; and strenuous efforts are always forthcoming from either
public or private bodies when the integrity of the Heath is in any way
menaced. As early as 1829 attempts to save it from the builder are
recorded. In 1871 its preservation as an open space was insured after
several years' dispute, when the lord of the manor gave up his rights.
An act of parliament transferred the ownership to the Metropolitan Board
of Works, to which body the London County Council succeeded. The Heath
is continued eastward in Parliament Hill (borough of St Pancras),
acquired for the public in 1890; and westward outside the county
boundary in Golders Hill, owned by Sir Spenser Wells, Bart., until 1898.
A Protection Society guards the preservation of the natural beauty and
interests of the Heath. It is not the interests of visitors alone that
must be consulted, for Hampstead, adding to its other attractions a
singularly healthy climate, has long been a favourite residential
quarter, especially for lawyers, artists and men of letters. Among
famous residents are found the first earl of Chatham, John Constable,
George Romney, George du Maurier, Joseph Butler, author of the
_Analogy_, Sir Richard Steele, John Keats, the sisters Joanna and Agnes
Baillie, Leigh Hunt and many others. The parish church of St John (1747)
has several monuments of eminent persons. Chatham's residence was at
North End, a picturesque quarter yet preserving characteristics of a
rural village; here also Wilkie Collins was born. Three old-established
inns, the Bull and Bush, the Spaniards, and Jack Straw's Castle (the
name of which has no historical significance), claim many great names
among former visitors; while the Upper Flask Inn, now a private house,
was the meeting-place of the Kit-Cat Club. Chalybeate springs were
discovered at Hampstead in the 17th century, and early in the 18th
rivalled those of Tunbridge Wells and Epsom. The name of Well Walk
recalls them, but their fame is lost. There are others at Kilburn.
In the south-east Hampstead includes the greater part of Primrose Hill,
a public ground adjacent to the north side of Regent's Park. The borough
has in all about 350 acres of open spaces. The name of the sub-manor of
Belsize is preserved in several streets in the central part. Kilburn,
which as a district extends outside the borough, takes name from a
stream which, as the Westbourne, entered the Thames at Chelsea. Fleet
Road similarly recalls the more famous stream which washed the walls of
the City of London on the west. Hampstead has numerous charitable
institutions, amongst which are the North London consumptive hospital,
the Orphan Working School, Haverstock Hill (1758), the general hospital
and the north-western fever hospital. In Finchley Road are the New and
Hackney Colleges, both Congregational. The parliamentary borough of
Hampstead returns one member. The borough council consists of a mayor, 7
aldermen and 42 councillors. Area, 2265 acres.
HAMPTON, WADE (1818-1902), American cavalry leader was born on the 28th
of March 1818 at Columbia, South Carolina, the son of Wade Hampton
(1791-1858), one of the wealthiest planters in the South, and the
grandson of Wade Hampton (1754-1835), a captain in the War of
Independence and a brigadier-general in the War of 1812. He graduated
(1836) at South Carolina College, and was trained for the law. He
devoted himself, however, to the management of his great plantations in
South Carolina and in Mississippi, and took part in state politics and
legislation. Though his own views were opposed to the prevailing
state-rights tone of South Carolinian opinion, he threw himself heartily
into the Southern cause in 1861, raising a mixed command known as
"Hampton's Legion," which he led at the first battle of Bull Run. During
the Civil War he served in the main with the Army of Northern Virginia
in Stuart's cavalry corps. After Stuart's death Hampton distinguished
himself greatly in opposing Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley, and was
made lieutenant-general to command Lee's whole force of cavalry. In 1865
he assisted Joseph Johnston in the attempt to prevent Sherman's advance
through the Carolinas. After the war his attitude was conciliatory and
he recommended a frank acceptance by the South of the war's political
consequences. He was governor of his state in 1876-1879, being installed
after a memorable contest; he served in the United States Senate in
1879-1891, and was United States commissioner of Pacific railways in
1893-1897. He died on the 11th of April 1902.
See E. L. Wells, _Hampton and Reconstruction_ (Columbia, S. C., 1907).
HAMPTON, an urban district in the Uxbridge parliamentary division of
Middlesex, England, 15 m. S.W. of St Paul's cathedral, London, on the
river Thames, served by the London & South Western railway. Pop. (1901),
6813. Close to the river, a mile below the town, stands Hampton Court
Palace, one of the finest extant specimens of Tudor architecture, and
formerly a royal residence. It was erected by Cardinal Wolsey, who in
1515 received a lease of the old mansion and grounds for 99 years. As
the splendour of the building seemed to awaken the cupidity of Henry
VIII., Wolsey in 1526 thought it prudent to make him a present of it. It
became Henry's favourite residence, and he made several additions to the
building, including the great hall and chapel in the Gothic style. Of
the original five quadrangles only two now remain, but a third was
erected by Sir Christopher Wren for William III. In 1649 a great sale of
the effects of the palace took place by order of parliament, and later
the manor itself was sold to a private owner but immediately after came
into the hands of Cromwell; and Hampton Court continued to be one of the
principal residences of the English sovereigns until the time of George
II. It was the birthplace of Edward VI., and the meeting-place (1604) of
the conference held in the reign of James I. to settle the dispute
between the Presbyterians and the state clergy. William III., riding in
the grounds, met with the accident which resulted in his death. It is
now partly occupied by persons of rank in reduced circumstances; but the
state apartments and picture galleries are open to the public, as is
the home park. The gardens, with their ornamental waters, are
beautifully laid out in the Dutch style favoured by William III., and
contain a magnificent vine planted in 1768. In the enclosure north of
the palace, called the Wilderness, is the Maze, a favourite resort.
North again lies Bushey Park, a royal demesne exceeding 1000 acres in
extent. It is much frequented, especially in early summer, when its
triple avenue of horse-chestnut trees is in blossom.
Among several residences in the vicinity of Hampton is Garrick Villa,
once, under the name of Hampton House, the residence of David Garrick
the actor. Sir Christopher Wren and Sir Richard Steele are among famous
former residents. Hampton Wick, on the river E. of Bushey Park, is an
urban district with a population (1901) of 2606.
See E. Law, _History of Hampton Court Palace_ (London, 1890).
HAMPTON, a city and the county-seat of Elizabeth City county, Virginia,
U.S.A., at the mouth of the James river, on Hampton Roads, about 15 m.
N.W. of Norfolk. Pop. (1890), 2513; (1900) 2764, including 1249 negroes;
(1910) 5505. It is served by the Chesapeake & Ohio railway, and by
trolley lines to Old Point Comfort and Newport News. Hampton is an
agricultural shipping point, ships fish, oysters and canned crabs, and
manufactures fish oil and brick. In the city are St John's church, built
in 1727; a national cemetery, a national soldiers' home (between Phoebus
and Hampton), which in 1907-1908 cared for 4093 veterans and had an
average attendance of 2261; and the Hampton Normal and Agricultural
Institute (coeducational), which was opened by the American Missionary
Association in 1868 for the education of negroes. This last was
chartered and became independent of any denominational control in 1870,
and was superintended by Samuel Chapman Armstrong (q.v.) from 1868 to
1893. The school was opened in 1878 to Indians, whose presence has been
of distinct advantage to the negro, showing him, says Booker T.
Washington, the most famous graduate of the school, that the negro race
is not alone in its struggle for improvement. The National government
pays $167 a year for the support of each of the Indian students. The
underlying idea of the Institute is such industrial training as will
make the pupil a willing and a good workman, able to teach his trade to
others; and the school's graduates include the heads of other successful
negro industrial schools, the organizers of agricultural and industrial
departments in Southern public schools and teachers in graded negro
schools. The mechanism of the school includes three schemes: that of
"work students," who work during the day throughout the year and attend
night school for eight months; that of day school students, who attend
school for four or five days and do manual work for one or two days each
week; and that of trade students, who receive trade instruction in their
daily eight-hours' work and study in night school as well. Agriculture
in one or more of its branches is taught to all, including the four or
five hundred children of the Whittier school, a practice school with
kindergarten and primary classes. Graduate courses are given in
agriculture, business, domestic art and science, library methods,
"matrons'" training, and public school teaching. The girl students are
trained in every branch of housekeeping, cooking, dairying and
gardening. The institute publishes _The Southern Workman_, a monthly
magazine devoted to the interests of the Negro and the Indian and other
backward races. In 1908 the Institute had more than 100 buildings and
188 acres of land S.W. of the national cemetery and on Hampton river and
Jones Creek, and 600 acres at Shellbanks, a stock farm 6 m. away; the
enrolment was 21 in graduate classes, 372 in day school, 489 in night
school and 524 in the Whittier school. Of the total, 88 were Indians.
Hampton was settled in 1610 on the site of an Indian village,
Kecoughtan, a name it long retained, and was represented at the first
meeting (1619) of the Virginia House of Burgesses. It was fired by the
British during the War of 1812 and by the Confederates under General J.
B. Magruder in August 1861. During the Civil War there was a large Union
hospital here, the building of the Chesapeake Female College, erected in
1857, being used for this purpose. Hampton was incorporated as a town
in 1887, and in 1908 became a city of the second class.
HAMPTON ROADS, a channel through which the waters of the James,
Nansemond and Elizabeth rivers of Virginia, U.S.A., pass (between Old
Point Comfort to the N. and Sewell's Point to the S.) into Chesapeake
Bay. It is an important highway of commerce, especially for the cities
of Norfolk, Portsmouth and Newport News, and is the chief rendezvous of
the United States navy. For a width of 500 ft. the Federal government
during 1902-1905 increased its minimum depth at low water from 25-1/2
ft. to 30 ft. The entrance from Chesapeake Bay is defended by Fortress
Monroe on Old Point Comfort and by Fort Wood on a small island called
the Rip Raps near the middle of the channel; and at Portsmouth, a few
miles up the Elizabeth river, is an important United States navy-yard.
Hampton Roads is famous in history as the scene of the first engagement
between iron-clad vessels. In the spring of 1861 the Federals set fire
to several war vessels in the Gosport navy yard on the Elizabeth river
and abandoned the place. In June the Confederates set to work to raise
one of these abandoned vessels, the frigate "Merrimac" of 3500 tons and
40 guns, and to rebuild it as an iron-clad. The vessel (renamed the
"Virginia" though it is generally known in history by its original name)
was first cut down to the water-line and upon her hull was built a
rectangular casemate, constructed of heavy timber (24 in. in thickness),
covered with bar-iron 4 in. thick, and rising from the water on each
side at an angle of about 35 deg. The iron plating extended 2 ft. below
the water line; and beyond the casemate, toward the bow, was a cast-iron
pilot house, extending 3 ft. above the deck. The reconstruction of the
vessel was completed on the 5th of March 1862. The vessel drew 22 ft. of
water, was equipped with poor engines, so that it could not make more
than 5 knots, and was so unwieldy that it could not be turned in less
than 30 minutes. It was armed with 10 guns--2 (rifled) 7 in., 2 (rifled)
6 in., and 6 (smooth bore Dahlgren) 9 in. Her most powerful equipment,
however, was her 18 in. cast-iron ram. In October 1861 Captain John
Ericsson, an engineer, and a Troy (N.Y.) firm, as builders, began the
construction of the iron-clad "Monitor" for the Federals, at Greenpoint,
Long Island. With a view to enable this vessel to carry at good speed
the thickest possible armour compatible with buoyancy, Ericsson reduced
the exposed surface to the least possible area. Accordingly, the vessel
was built so low in the water that the waves glided easily over its deck
except at the middle, where was constructed a revolving turret[1] for
the guns, and though the vessel's iron armour had a thickness of 1 in.
on the deck, 5 in. on the side, and 8 in. on the turret, its draft was
only 10 ft. 6 in., or less than one-half that of the "Merrimac." Its
turret, 9 ft. high and 20 ft. in inside diameter, seemed small for its
length of 172 ft. and its breadth of 41 ft. 6 in., and this, with the
lowness of its freeboard, caused the vessel to be called the "Yankee
cheese-box on a raft." Forward of the turret was the iron pilot house,
square in shape, and rising about 4 ft. above the deck. The "Monitor's"
displacement was about 1200 tons and her armament was two 11 in.
Dahlgren guns; her crew numbered 58, while that of the "Merrimac"
numbered about 300. She was seaworthy in the shallow waters off the
southern coasts and steered fairly well. The "Monitor" was launched at
Greenpoint, Long Island, on the 30th of January, and was turned over to
the government on the 19th of the following month. The building of the
two vessels was practically a race between the two combatants.
On the 8th of March about 1 P.M., the "Merrimac," commanded by Commodore
Franklin Buchanan (1795-1871), steamed down the Elizabeth accompanied by
two one-gun gun-boats, to engage the wooden fleet of the Federals,
consisting of the frigate "Congress," 50 guns, and the sloop
"Cumberland," 30 guns, both sailing vessels, anchored off Newport News,
and the steam frigates "Minnesota," and "Roanoke," the sailing frigate
"St Lawrence," and several gun-boats, anchored off Fortress Monroe.
Actual firing began about 2 o'clock, when the "Merrimac" was nearly a
mile from the "Congress" and the "Cumberland." Passing the first of
these vessels with terrific broadsides, the "Merrimac" rammed the
"Cumberland" and then turned her fire again on the "Congress," which in
an attempt to escape ran aground and was there under fire from three
other Confederate gun-boats which had meanwhile joined the "Merrimac."
About 3.30 P.M. the "Cumberland," which, while it steadily careened, had
been keeping up a heavy fire at the Confederate vessels, sank, with "her
pennant still flying from the topmast above the waves." Between 4 and
4.30 the "Congress," having been raked fore and aft for nearly an hour
by the "Merrimac," was forced to surrender. While directing a fire of
hot shot to burn the "Congress," Commodore Buchanan of the "Merrimac"
was severely wounded and was succeeded in the command by Lieutenant
Catesby ap Roger Jones. The Federal steam frigates, "Roanoke," "St
Lawrence" and "Minnesota" had all gone aground in their trip from Old
Point Comfort toward the scene of battle, and only the "Minnesota" was
near enough (about 1 m.) to take any part in the fight. She was in such
shallow water that the Confederate iron-clad ram could not get near her
at ebb tide, and about 5 o'clock the Confederates postponed her capture
until the next day and anchored off Sewell's Point.
The "Monitor," under Lieut. John Lorimer Worden (1818-1897). had left
New York on the morning of the 6th of March; after a dangerous passage
in which she twice narrowly escaped sinking, she arrived at Hampton
Roads during the night of the 8th, and early in the morning of the 9th
anchored near the "Minnesota." When the "Merrimac" advanced to attack
the "Minnesota," the "Monitor" went out to meet her, and the battle
between the iron-clads began about 9 A.M. on the 9th. Neither vessel was
able seriously to injure the other, and not a single shot penetrated the
armour of either. The "Monitor" had the advantage of being able to
out-manoeuvre her heavier and more unwieldy adversary; but the revolving
turret made firing difficult and communications were none too good with
the pilot house, the position of which on the forward deck lessened the
range of the two turret-guns. The machinery worked so badly that the
revolution of the turret was stopped. After two hours' fighting, the
"Monitor" was drawn off, so that more ammunition could be placed in her
turret. When the battle was renewed (about 11.30) the "Merrimac" began
firing at the "Monitor's" pilot house; and a little after noon a shot
struck the sight-hole of the pilot house and blinded Lieut. Worden. The
"Monitor" withdrew in the confusion consequent upon the wounding of her
commanding officer; and the "Merrimac" after a short wait for her
adversary steamed back to Norfolk. There were virtually no casualties on
either side. After the evacuation of Norfolk by the Confederates on the
9th of May Commodore Josiah Tattnall, then in command of the "Merrimac,"
being unable to take her up the James, sank her. The "Monitor" was lost
in a gale off Cape Hatteras on the 31st of December 1862.
Though the battle between the two vessels was indecisive, its effect was
to "neutralize" the "Merrimac," which had caused great alarm in
Washington, and to prevent the breaking of the Federal blockade at
Hampton Roads; in the history of naval warfare it may be regarded as
marking the opening of a new era--the era of the armoured warship. On
the 3rd of February 1865 near Fortress Monroe on board a steamer
occurred the meeting of President Lincoln and Secretary Seward with
Confederate commissioners which is known as the Hampton Roads Conference
(see LINCOLN, ABRAHAM). At Sewell's Point, on Hampton Roads, in 1907 was
held the Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition.
See James R. Soley, _The Blockade and the Cruisers_ (New York, 1883);
_Battles and Leaders of the Civil War_, vol. i. (New York, 1887);
chap. ii. of Frank M. Bennett's _The Monitor and the Navy under Steam_
(Boston, 1900); and William Swinton, _Twelve Decisive Battles of the
War_ (New York, 1867).