expression, while interchange is the use of both expressions, each in
the other's place.
_Ly._ These subtleties are not unpleasing. Similarly, when we are
concerned _with_ a person, it is in our own interest; but when we are
concerned _for_ him, it is in his. It is true the phrases are sometimes
confused, but there are those who observe the distinction; and it is as
well to be on the safe side.
_Pur._ Quite true.
_Ly._ Now, can you tell me the difference between 'setting' and
'sitting,' or between 'be seated' and 'sit'?
_Pur._ No; but I have heard you say that 'sit yourself' is a barbarism.
_Ly._ Yes, quite so; but now I tell you that 'be seated' is not the
same as 'sit.'
_Pur._ Why, what may the difference be?
_Ly._ When a man is on his legs, you can only tell him to be seated;
but if he is seated already, you can tell him to sit still.
Sit where thou art; we find us seats elsewhere. It means 'remain
sitting,' you see. Here again we have to say that it is a mistake to
reverse the expressions. And as to 'set' and 'sit,' surely it is the
whole difference between transitive and intransitive?
_Pur._ That is clear enough; go on; this is the way to teach.
_Ly._ Or the only way you can learn? Well, do you know what a historian
is?
(_The explanation of this point appears to have dropped out of the
MSS.--Translators._)
_Pur._ Oh, yes, I quite see, after your lucid explanation.
_Ly._ Now I daresay you think servility and servitude are the same; but
I am aware of a considerable difference between them.
_Pur._ Namely--?
_Ly._ The first depends on yourself, the other on some one else.
_Pur._ Quite right.
_Ly._ Oh, you will pick up all sorts of information, if you give up
thinking you know more than you do.
_Pur._ I give it up from this moment.
_Ly._ Then we will break off for the present, and take the rest another
time.
H. & F.
FOOTNOTES:
[27] The words here represented by 'exchange' and 'interchange' are
the Greek verbs from which are derived the grammarian's names for the
(not very clearly distinguished) figures of speech, Hypallage and
Enallage. We take it, however, that 'exchange' and 'interchange' give
the distinction fairly in the present context, the former indicating
a single, the latter a mutual substitution between two terms. For if
one of the two differs from the other in being more comprehensive, as
'outrage against' is more comprehensive than 'outrage upon,' it is then
true that the substitution of the more for the less comprehensive has
no worse effect than making the statement lack precision, while the
double substitution produces a false statement.
Let it be supposed that _A_ kicks _B's_ dog. Four descriptions are
conceivable:--
(1) It is an outrage upon the dog.
(2) It is an outrage against _B_.
(3) It is an outrage against the dog.
(4) It is an outrage upon _B_.
The first two can both be stated; each is true, and each is precise.
(3) can also be stated; 'exchange' has taken place; the more
comprehensive term has been substituted; the statement is true, but not
precise. But if (3) and (4) are both stated, 'interchange' has taken
place; the less comprehensive has been substituted for the more, as
well as _vice versa_; and (4) is not only not precise, it is false.
NOTES EXPLANATORY OF ALLUSIONS TO PERSONS, &c.
These notes are collected here instead of being put at the foot
of pages in order to avoid repetition, and also that they may
not be obtruded on those who do not need them. No connected
account of the persons or things commented upon is to be
looked for, the intention being merely to give the particular
facts that will make Lucian's meaning clear. When a name is
not given, it may be taken either that we are unable, or that
we have considered it unnecessary, to add to the information
contained in the text.
References in italics are to pieces in the translation, the
number, if any, indicating the section. References in
capitals are to articles in these Notes.
The Notes are intended to be used by the reader whenever he
wishes for information upon a name. Reference is not made to
them at the foot of pages in the text unless there would be a
difficulty in knowing what name to consult.
ACADEMY. A grove or garden in the suburbs of Athens, in which Plato
taught; afterwards used as a name for the school of philosophy that
acknowledged him as its founder. For Plato's characteristic doctrines,
see under PLATO. Lucian's references to the school are (1) as eristic
or argumentative. The Socratic method of eliciting truth being by
discussion, and the Academy being descended from Socrates through
Plato, it might be regarded as especially argumentative. (2) as
disputing the possibility of judgement, and urging suspension. The
Academy is divided into the Old, Middle, and New, of which the Middle
Academy neglected the positive teachings of Plato, and developed rather
the destructive analytic method of Socrates, approaching nearly to the
position of the Sceptics or followers of Pyrrho.
ACHILLES. Son of Peleus and the Goddess Thetis. When his mother gave
him the choice between a glorious life and a long one, he chose the
former; but, when interviewed by Odysseus on the occasion of the
latter's visit to Hades, regretted his choice. Among the arms given
him by Thetis was a shield on which Hephaestus had represented various
scenes of peace and war.
ACTAEON. A huntsman who, having seen Artemis bathing, was punished by
being torn to pieces by his own hounds.
ADONIS. A beautiful youth beloved by Aphrodite. Died of a wound
received from a boar on Lebanon; but was allowed to spend half each
year with Aphrodite on earth.
AEACUS. A son of Zeus, deified after death, and given authority in
Hades.
AËDON. A woman who, having accidentally killed her own son, was
compassionately changed by Zeus into a nightingale.
AEGIS. Zeus's goat's-skin shield, which he transferred to Athene, who
attached to it the head of Medusa. _See_ GORGONS.
AEGYPTUS. Brother of Danaus, who for fear of him fled with his fifty
daughters from Libya to Argos.
AENIANES. An insignificant Greek tribe south of Thessaly.
AESCHINES (1). Born 389 B.C. The great rival of Demosthenes. Son of
a humble elementary schoolmaster. Accused by Timarchus, retorted by
convicting him of immorality. According to Demosthenes, was in the pay
of Philip of Macedon, and a traitor to Athens.
AESCHINES (2). A philosopher, pupil of Socrates, and author of
dialogues.
AËTION. A painter, probably contemporary with Lucian, and not to be
identified with the Aëtion (flourished 350 B.C.) mentioned by Pliny.
AGAMEMNON. King of Mycenae and leader of the Greeks against Troy. After
his return, was murdered by his wife Clytemnestra and her paramour
Aegisthus. His son Orestes and daughter Electra, with Pylades, avenged
him.
AGATHOBULUS. Unknown philosopher, teacher of Demonax and Peregrine.
AGATHON. Athenian tragic poet, friend of Euripides and Plato.
AGENOR. King of Phoenicia, son of Posidon, father of Cadmus and Europa.
AGLAÏA. 'The bright one,' one of the Graces, mother of Nireus.
AJAX (1). Son of Telamon, greatest Greek warrior next to Achilles.
Claimed the latter's arms after his death, and when they were adjudged
to Odysseus went mad, slew sheep in mistake for Greeks, and then
committed suicide.
AJAX (2). Son of Oïleus, king of Locris. Slain by Posidon for defying
his power when wrecked.
ALCAEUS. The wrestler mentioned in _The Way to write History_ (9),
probably lived about 40 A.D.
ALCAMENES. Athenian sculptor, 428 B.C.
ALCESTIS. Wife of Admetus. He was allowed by Apollo to find a
substitute to die instead of him; she alone consented, died, and was
brought back from the dead by Heracles.
ALCIBIADES. Son of Clinias, Athenian statesman, and chief instigator of
the disastrous Sicilian expedition. Banished for sacrilege. Afterwards
recalled with great rejoicings.
ALCINOUS. King of Phaeacia. Entertained Odysseus on his way home from
Troy, and heard the story of his adventures.
ALCMENA. Wife of Amphitryon, and mother, by Zeus, of Heracles.
ALEXANDER (1) of Macedon. Son of Philip and Olympias, but represented
by legend as begotten by Ammon, the Libyan Zeus. Taught by Aristotle.
Killed his best friend Clitus in his cups, carried about Callisthenes,
suspected of plotting, in an iron cage. Overthrew the empire of Darius
at Issus and Arbela, 333 and 331 B.C. Married the Bactrian Roxana among
others. In India, defeated King Porus and took the virgin fortress
Aornus. Died at Babylon, handing his ring to Perdiccas.
ALEXANDER (2) of Pherae. Tyrant. Murdered 357 B.C. by his wife Thebe.
ALEXANDER (3) of Abonutichus. 'The narrative of Lucian would appear to
be a mere romance, were it not confirmed by some medals of Antoninus
and M. Aurelius' (_Smith's Dictionary of Biography and Mythology_).
ALPHEÜS. River in Arcadia and Elis, partly subterranean, which gave
rise to the tale.
AMALTHEA. A nymph who fed Zeus with goat's milk. The goat's horn,
broken off by Zeus, became the cornucopia.
AMMON. See ZEUS.
AMPHION. When he played the lyre, the stones moved of their own accord
to make the walls of Thebes.
AMPHITRITE. Wife of Posidon.
AMPHITRYON. Husband of Alcmena and putative father of Heracles.
ANACEUM. Temple of Castor and Pollux.
ANACHARSIS. Scythian prince. Visited Athens about 594 B.C.
ANACREON. Lyric poet of Teos. Sang of love and wine. Died 478 B.C.
ANAXAGORAS. Philosopher accused of impiety at Athens 450 B.C. Saved by
Pericles.
ANAXARCHUS. Philosopher, accompanied Alexander into Asia, 334 B.C.
ANDROMEDA. Her mother Cassiopeia, queen of Ethiopia, 'set her beauty's
praise above the sea-nymphs,' for which Andromeda had to be exposed to
a sea-monster. She was rescued by Perseus.
ANTEA. _See_ BELLEROPHON.
ANTIOCHUS. King of Syria, 280-261 B.C. Called Soter after his victory
over the Galatians. Son of Seleucus; fell in love with his step-mother
Stratonice, whom his father ceded to him.
ANTIOPE. Mother by Zeus of Amphion and Zethus.
ANTIPATER. Macedonian general, left as regent by Alexander in
Macedonia, of which he became king after Alexander's death.
ANTISTHENES. Athenian philosopher, about 400 B.C. Founder of the Cynics.
ANUBIS. Dog-headed Egyptian God, identified by the Greeks with Hermes.
ANYTUS. _See under_ SOCRATES.
AORNUS. The word means unvisited by birds. _See under_ ALEXANDER (1).
APHRODITE. Goddess of love, born of the sea foam, mother by Zeus of
Eros, by Bacchus of Priapus, by Hermes of Hermaphroditus, and by the
mortal Anchises of Aeneas. Her girdle or cestus conferred magic beauty
on the wearer. Often called 'Golden' by Homer. Worshipped under the
titles of Urania (heavenly) and Pandemus (common). Wife of Hephaestus.
APIS. Egyptian bull-God. Some details are given in _Sacrifice_ (15).
APOLLO. Son of Zeus and Leto. Represented as youthful, beautiful,
beardless, long-haired. Brother of Artemis and father of Asclepius by
Coronis. Doctor, harpist, president of the Muses, archer, sender and
averter of pestilence, giver of oracles at Delphi, &c. Lover of Daphne,
who changed to a laurel to escape him, Hyacinth, whom he accidentally
killed with a quoit, and Branchus, to whom he gave oracular power at
Didyma, afterwards called Branchidae. When Zeus slew Asclepius with
the thunderbolt, Apollo killed the Cyclopes who had forged it; he was
punished by being compelled to serve as a mortal on earth, where he
kept the flocks of Admetus, and built the wall of Troy for Laomedon.
Called Lycean as slayer of wolves, and Pythian from Pytho or Delphi.
APOLLONIUS (1) Rhodius. An Alexandrine poet, 200 B.C., author of the
_Argonautica_.
APOLLONIUS (2) of Tyana. Born 4 B.C. A Pythagorean who pretended to
miraculous powers.
APOLLONIUS (3). Stoic philosopher, sent for by Antoninus Pius to
instruct his adopted son M. Aurelius.
ARCHELAUS, king of Macedonia, 413-399 B.C. A great patron of letters.
ARCHIAS. An actor employed by Antipater for political purposes.
ARCHILOCHUS. An iambic poet of Paros, 690 B.C.
AREOPAGUS. An ancient Athenian council and law-court.
ARES. God of war, son of Zeus and Hera. Intrigued with Aphrodite.
ARETE. Wife of Alcinous.
ARETHUSA. A nymph. Pursued by the river-god Alpheus, fled to Sicily,
where she became a fountain.
ARGO. The ship that went on the quest of the Golden Fleece; built
by Athene, who inserted a plank from the Dodonaean oak, which gave
prophecies.
ARGUS. The hundred-eyed guard of Io.
ARIADNE. _See_ THESEUS.
ARION. Famous harper, 625 B.C. For his story, see _Dialogues of
Sea-Gods_, viii.
ARISTARCHUS. _See_ HOMER.
ARISTIDES. Athenian statesman called 'the just.' Great rival of
Themistocles. Died poor. Date of death, 468 B.C.
ARISTIPPUS. Philosopher of Cyrene, founder of the Cyrenaic school.
_See_ CYRENAICS. Disciple of Socrates. Spent some time at the court of
Dionysius. Flourished 370 B.C.
ARISTOGITON (1). With Harmodius, slew Hipparchus, brother of the
Athenian tyrant Hippias, 514 B.C. The tyranny fell shortly after, and
the two friends had the credit of liberating Athens.
ARISTOGITON (2). Athenian orator and adversary of Demosthenes.
ARISTOPHANES. Athenian writer of comedy, 444-380 B.C. Socrates is
ridiculed in his _Clouds_.
ARISTOTLE. Philosopher, 384-322 B.C. Founder of the Peripatetic school,
which see. Taught Alexander of Macedon, and Demosthenes.
ARMENIA. The Parthian war waged by Lucius Verus, 162-165 A.D., was
begun in consequence of a Roman legion's being cut to pieces in Armenia
by Vologesus, king of Parthia.
ARRIAN. A Bithynian philosopher and historian, pupil of Epictetus.
He was made a Roman citizen and attained the consulship. Wrote the
_Anabasis Alexandri_, and the _Discourses_ and _Enchiridion_ of
Epictetus.
ARTEMIS. Daughter of Leto and sister of Apollo. Virgin, huntress. Under
the name Ilithyia, presides over child-birth. Worshipped at Tauri in
Scythia with human sacrifice.
ARTEMISIUM. The scene of Athenian naval victories before Salamis over
the Persians.
ASCLEPIUS. Son of Apollo and Coronis. The God of medicine and health.
For restoring the dead to life was slain by Zeus with the thunderbolt.
Afterwards admitted to Olympus as a God.
ASTYANAX. Infant son of Hector and Andromache. Flung from the walls of
Troy by the Greeks.
ATHAMAS. By Hera's command married Nephele, by whom he had Phrixus and
Helle. His begetting Learchus and Melicertes by the mortal Ino offended
Hera, who drove him mad. Ino threw herself with Melicertes into the
sea, and both became sea-gods, called Leucothea and Palaemon. Phrixus
and Helle, saved by Nephele from Ino's persecution, had fled upon the
Golden Ram, from which Helle falling gave her name to the Hellespont.
ATHENE. Sprang full-armed from the brain of Zeus. Remained a
virgin. Carried Medusa's head on the aegis given to her by Zeus.
Personification of power and wisdom. Gave breath to the men moulded of
clay by Prometheus. Special patroness of Athens, where she was known as
Polias, or city-goddess.
ATHENIANS. The Athenians thought themselves 'autochthones', produced
from the very soil of Attica.
ATHOS. Mountain in Chalcidice, at the foot of which Xerxes cut a canal
for his armada against Greece, to avoid the storms that prevailed there.
ATROPUS. _See_ FATES.
ATTALUS II. King of Pergamum, poisoned by his son or nephew.
ATTHIS. A history of Attica, by Philochorus, about 300 B.C.
ATTIS. Phrygian shepherd, beloved by Rhea, who made him vow celibacy.
Being driven mad by Rhea for violating this vow, he mutilated himself;
and this became the custom among Rhea's priests, the Galli.
AUGEAS. _See_ HERACLES.
AULIS. A port in Boeotia. _See_ IPHIGENIA.
AURELIUS, M. Roman emperor, 161-180 A.D. Engaged in war with the
Marcomanni and Quadi for almost the whole of his reign.
BACCHUS. _See_ DIONYSUS.
BACIS. A prophet (or several prophets) to whom oracles were attributed.
BELLEROPHON. A Corinthian prince. Having slain a man, fled for
purification to Proetus of Argos, whose wife Antea fell in love with
him and, being repulsed, accused him to Proetus. Proetus sent him to
the king of Lycia with a letter requesting his execution. To ensure his
death, the king told him to kill the monster Chimera (goat, serpent,
and lion), which the winged horse Pegasus, however, enabled him to do.
BENDIS. A Thracian Goddess, identified with the Greek Artemis.
BRANCHUS. _See_ APOLLO.
BRASIDAS. The most distinguished Spartan in the first part of the
Peloponnesian War. Trying to dislodge Demosthenes from Pylos, ran his
galley ashore, and fainted from the wounds received.
BRIMO. 'Grim.' A name of Persephone.
BRISEÏS. Daughter of the Trojan Brises. Being captured, fell to
Achilles's share, from whom she was taken by Agamemnon.
BULIS and SPERCHIS. Two Spartans, given up to Xerxes to atone for his
heralds' having been slain; the king refused to retaliate.
BUSIRIS. King of Egypt, who used to sacrifice all strangers to Zeus.
When he attempted to offer Heracles, Heracles offered him.
CADMUS. Came from Tyre, once an island, to Greece, bringing with him
the Phoenician alphabet. Told at Delphi to follow a certain cow, and
build a town where she should lie down; built the Cadmea, citadel of
Thebes. Having slain a dragon that guarded a well, was told to sow its
teeth, from which sprang the Sparti, or sown men, afterwards Thebans.
Married Harmonia, by whom he had Semele and other children.
CALAMIS. Sculptor, 440 B.C. For Sosandra see note on _Portrait-Study_
(4).
CALANUS. Indian gymnosophist. Accompanied Alexander in India. Being ill
at eighty-three, burnt himself.
CALISTO. Beloved by Zeus. Turned by the jealous Hera into a bear, and
by Zeus into the constellation of that name.
CALLIMACHUS. Famous Alexandrine grammarian and poet. Wrote eight
hundred works. 260 B.C.
CALLIMEDON. Athenian orator in the Macedonian interest.
CALLISTHENES. A philosopher, who, accompanying Alexander, offended him
by rude criticism. The king had him carried about in chains, which
caused his death by disease.
CALYPSO. Nymph of Ogygia, where Odysseus was shipwrecked. Promised him
immortality if he would remain; he refused, and the Gods compelled her
to let him go.
CAMBYSES. Son of Cyrus the Great, and king of Persia, 529-522 B.C.
CASSIOPEIA. _See_ ANDROMEDA.
CASTALIA. Fountain on Mount Parnassus, in which Apollo's priestess had
to bathe before giving an oracle.
CASTOR and POLLUX. Also called Dioscuri, and Anaces. Sons of Zeus and
Leda, one mortal, the other immortal; the mortal being killed, the two
were allowed to divide the other's immortality, spending alternate
days in the upper and lower worlds. Pollux a great boxer. Patrons of
sailors, appearing in storms as flames, and guiding the ship to safety.
Worshipped especially at Sparta, where they were born.
CEBES. Theban disciple of Socrates, wrote an allegorical 'Picture' of
human life.
CECROPS. The first king of Athens.
CELSUS. An Epicurean to whom Lucian addresses the _Alexander_. Origen,
in replying to a treatise against Christianity written by a Celsus,
accuses him of being an Epicurean; and Origen's Celsus has accordingly
been identified with Lucian's, but from Origen's own account of
Celsus's position there is reason to doubt whether he could have been
an Epicurean.
CERAMICUS. A quarter in the north-west of Athens, both within and
without the walls, which were here passed by the Dipylon or Double Gate.
CERBERUS. The three-headed dog that guarded Hades. Allowed Orpheus to
pass, being charmed by the sound of his lyre.
CERCOPES. Droll and thievish gnomes, who robbed Heracles in his sleep.
CERCYON. King of Eleusis, wrestled with all strangers, killing those
whom he overcame. Theseus threw and killed him.
CERYCES. 'Heralds.' A priestly family at Athens.
CHAEREPHON. _See_ SOCRATES.
CHAERONEA. Here Philip defeated the Athenians and Boeotians, and ended
the liberty of Greece, 338 B.C.
CHALDEANS. In general, Babylonians; in particular, wizards.
CHARES. Athenian general, one of the commanders at Chaeronea.
CHARMIDES. A favourite pupil of Socrates.
CHARON. The ferryman of Hades, who conducts the souls of the dead
across Styx and Acheron.
CHAROPUS. 'Bright-eyed,' father of the beautiful Nireus.
CHIMERA. _See_ BELLEROPHON.
CHIRON. A wise centaur who taught Achilles.
CHRYSES. Trojan priest of Apollo, whose daughter Chryseis was taken by
the Greeks and given to Agamemnon. When he asked her from Agamemnon and
was refused, he appealed to Apollo.
CHRYSIPPUS. 280-207 B.C. Regarded as the chief of the Stoic school,
which see, though Zeno was the actual founder. Chrys-= gold-. As to
Lucian's thrice-repeated allusion to his hellebore treatment, nothing
seems to be known; it was a recognized cure for madness; perhaps he
took it to cure himself of care for the ordinary human objects of
pursuit.
CINYRAS. Son of Apollo, priest of Aphrodite, and father of Adonis.
CLEANTHES. Stoic philosopher. Lucian's account of his death in _The
Runaways_ seems incorrect. Having been told to abstain from food for
two days to cure an ulcer, he said that as he had advanced so far
towards death, it was a pity to have the trouble over again, and
continued to abstain till he died.
CLEARCHUS. Spartan commander of the ten thousand Greek mercenaries
employed by Cyrus the younger; their retreat under Xenophon is
described in the _Anabasis_.
CLEON. A bellicose Athenian demagogue in the Peloponnesian war; also
employed as a general.
CLINIAS. Father of Alcibiades.
CLITUS. _See_ ALEXANDER (1).
CLOTHO. _See_ FATES.
CLOUD-CUCKOO-LAND. A town built by the Birds, in Aristophanes's play of
that name.
CLYMENE. Wife of Helius.
CLYTEMNESTRA. Wife and murderer of Agamemnon, slain in revenge by her
own son Orestes.
COCYTUS. 'Wailing,' one of the rivers of Hades.
CODRUS. King of Athens. An oracle declared that Dorians invading Attica
should succeed, if the Attic king was spared; Codrus disguising himself
contrived to be slain in their camp.
COLOSSUS. Statue at Rhodes of the Sun-god Helius, 105 feet high.
CORYBANTES. Priests of Cybele or Rhea, sometimes called descendants of
Corybas, the Goddess's son. Danced wildly with drum and cymbal.
COTYTTO. The Goddess of debauchery, whose festivals were celebrated
during the night. Her priests were called Baptae.
CRANEUM. An open place with a cypress-grove outside Corinth.
CRATES. 320 B.C. _See_ CYNICS.
CREON. King of Thebes. A prominent figure in many tragedies.
CREÜSA. A princess of Corinth. Jason was to marry her, having divorced
Medea, who provided a poisoned robe, which Creüsa putting on was burnt
to death.
CRITIUS and NESIOTES. Sculptors slightly earlier than Phidias. Their
group of the tyrannicides, set up 477 B.C., was famous. The passage in
_The Rhetorician's Vade-mecum_ is the chief authority for their style.
CROESUS. King of Lydia, 560-546 B.C. To test Apollo's oracle, he asked
what he would be doing on a certain day. The answer was, 'boiling
tortoise and lamb,' which was correct. Thus convinced, he gave great
gifts to the oracle, including golden bricks, and, acting on another
oracle, which said that he by crossing the Halys should destroy a
mighty empire, attacked Cyrus, king of Persia, who subdued and deposed
him. Thus was verified the warning given to him by Solon, in the famous
conversation reported in the _Charon_. The story of his son Atys is
given in _Zeus Cross-examined_ (12). His other son was born deaf and
dumb, but when his father was in danger from Cyrus's soldiers, was
enabled to say: Do not kill the king. His name is a commonplace for
wealth and vicissitudes.
CRONIDES. 'Son of Cronus,' i.e. Zeus.
CRONOSOLON. Solon being known as a legislator, the name is meant to
suggest 'Cronus legislating' through his mouthpiece the priest.