effective, withdraw all of their military forces, supplies and
equipment from the rear and the coastal islands and waters of Korea of
the other side. If such military forces are not withdrawn within the
stated time limit, and there is no mutually agreed and valid reason
for the delay, the other side shall have the right to take any action
which it deems necessary for the maintenance of security and order. The
term “coastal islands,” as used above, refers to those islands which,
though occupied by one side at the time when this Armistice Agreement
becomes effective, were controlled by the other side on 24 June 1950;
provided, however, that all the islands lying to the north and west of
the provincial boundary line between HWANGHAE-DO and KYONGGI-DO shall
be under the military control of the Supreme Commander of the Korean
People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers
except the island groups of PAENGYONG-DO (37°58´N, 124°40´E),
TAECHONG-DO (37°50´N, 124°42´E), SOCHONG-DO (37°46´N, 124°46´E),
YONPYONG-DO (37°38´N, 125°40´E), and U-DO (37°36´N, 125°58´E), which
shall remain under the military control of the Commander-in-Chief,
United Nations Command. All the islands on the west coast of Korea
lying south of the above-mentioned boundary line shall remain under the
military control of the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command.
c. Cease the introduction into Korea of reinforcing military
personnel; provided, however, that the rotation of units and personnel,
the arrival in Korea of personnel on a temporary duty basis, and the
return to Korea of personnel after short periods of leave or temporary
duty outside of Korea shall be permitted within the scope prescribed
below. “Rotation” is defined as the replacement of units or personnel
by other units or personnel who are commencing a tour of duty in
Korea. Rotation personnel shall be introduced into and evacuated from
Korea only through the ports of entry enumerated in Paragraph 43
hereof. Rotation shall be conducted on a man-for-man basis; provided,
however, that no more than thirty-five thousand (35,000) persons in
the military service shall be admitted into Korea by either side in
any calendar month under the rotation policy. No military personnel
of either side shall be introduced into Korea if the introduction of
such personnel will cause the aggregate of the military personnel
of that side admitted into Korea since the effective date of this
Armistice Agreement to exceed the cumulative total of the military
personnel of that side who have departed from Korea since that date.
Reports concerning arrivals in and departures from Korea of military
personnel shall be made daily to the Military Armistice Commission and
the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, such reports shall include
places of arrival and departure and the number of persons arriving at
or departing from each such place. The Neutral Nations Supervisory
Commission, through its Neutral Nations Inspection Teams, shall conduct
supervision and inspection of the rotation of units and personnel
authorized above, at the ports of entry enumerated in Paragraph 43
hereof.
d. Cease the introduction into Korea of reinforcing combat aircraft,
armored vehicles, weapons, and ammunition; provided, however, that
combat aircraft, armored vehicles, weapons, and ammunition which are
destroyed, damaged, worn out, or used up during the period of the
armistice may be replaced on the basis of piece-for-piece of the
same effectiveness and the same type. Such combat aircraft, armored
vehicles, weapons, and ammunition shall be introduced into Korea only
through the ports of entry enumerated in Paragraph 43 hereof. In order
to justify the requirement for combat aircraft, armored vehicles,
weapons, and ammunition to be introduced into Korea for replacement
purposes, reports concerning every incoming shipment of these items
shall be made to the Military Armistice Commission and the Neutral
Nations Supervisory Commission; such reports shall include statements
regarding the disposition of the items being replaced. Items to be
replaced which are removed from Korea shall be removed only through the
ports of entry enumerated in Paragraph 43 hereof. The Neutral Nations
Supervisory Commission, through its Neutral Nations Inspection Teams
shall conduct supervision and inspection of the replacement of combat
aircraft, armored vehicles, weapons, and ammunition authorized above,
at the ports of entry enumerated in Paragraph 43 hereof.
e. Insure that personnel of their respective commands who violate any
of the provisions of this Armistice Agreement are adequately punished.
f. In those cases where places of burial are a matter of record
and graves are actually found to exist, permit graves registration
personnel of the other side to enter, within a definite time limit
after this Armistice Agreement becomes effective, the territory of
Korea under their Military control, for the purpose of proceeding
to such graves to recover and evacuate the bodies of the deceased
military personnel of that side, including deceased prisoners of war.
The specific procedures and the time limit for the performance of the
above task shall be determined by the Military Armistice Commission.
The Commanders of the opposing sides shall furnish to the other side
all available information pertaining to the places of burial of the
deceased military personnel of the other side.
g. Afford full protection and all possible assistance and cooperation
to the Military Armistice Commission, its Joint Observer Teams, the
Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, and its Neutral Nations
Inspection Teams, in the carrying out of their functions and
responsibilities hereinafter assigned; and accord to the Neutral
Nations Supervisory Commission, and to its Neutral Nations Inspection
Teams, full convenience of movement between the headquarters of
the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission and the ports of entry
enumerated in Paragraph 43 hereof over main lines of communication
agreed upon by both sides, and between the headquarters of the Neutral
Nations Supervisory Commission and the places where violations of
this Armistice Agreement have been reported to have occurred. In
order to prevent unnecessary delays, the use of alternate routes and
means of transportation will be permitted whenever the main lines of
communication are closed or impassable.
h. Provide such logistic support, including communications and
transportation facilities, as may be required by the Military Armistice
Commission and the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission and their
Teams.
i. Each construct, operate, and maintain a suitable airfield in their
respective ports of the Demilitarized Zone in the vicinity of the
headquarters of the Military Armistice Commission, for such uses as the
Commission may determine.
j. Insure that all members and other personnel of the Neutral Nations
Supervisory Commission and of the Neutral Nations Repatriation
Commission hereinafter established shall enjoy the freedom and
facilities necessary for the proper exercise of their function,
including privileges, treatment, and immunities equivalent to
those ordinarily enjoyed by accredited diplomatic personnel under
international usage.
14. This Armistice Agreement shall apply to all opposing ground forces
under the military control of either side, which ground forces shall
respect the Demilitarized Zone and the area of Korea under the military
control of the opposing side.
15. This Armistice Agreement shall apply to all opposing naval
forces, which naval forces shall respect the waters contiguous to the
Demilitarized Zone and to the land area of Korea under the military
control of the opposing side, and shall not engage in blockade of any
kind of Korea.
16. This Armistice Agreement shall apply to all opposing air forces,
which air forces shall respect the air space over the Demilitarized
Zone and over the area of Korea under the military control of the
opposing side, and over the waters contiguous to both.
17. Responsibility for compliance with and enforcement of the terms
and provisions of this Armistice Agreement is that of the signatories
hereto and their successors in command. The Commanders of the opposing
sides shall establish within their respective commands all measures
and procedures necessary to insure complete compliance with all of
the provisions hereof by all elements of their commands. They shall
actively cooperate with one another and with the Military Armistice
Commission and the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission in requiring
observance of both the letter and the spirit of all of the provisions
of this Armistice Agreement.
18. The costs of the operations of the Military Armistice Commission
and of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission and of their Teams
shall be shared equally by the two opposing sides.
B. _Military Armistice Commission_
1. Composition
19. A Military Armistice Commission is hereby established.
20. The Military Armistice Commission shall be composed of ten
(10) senior officers, five (5) of whom shall be appointed by the
Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, and five (5) of whom shall
be appointed jointly by the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s
Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers. Of the ten
members, three (3) from each side shall be of general or flag rank. The
two (2) remaining members on each side may be major generals, brigadier
generals, colonels, or their equivalents.
21. Members of the Military Armistice Commission shall be permitted to
use staff assistants as required.
22. The Military Armistice Commission shall be provided with the
necessary administrative personnel to establish a Secretariat
charged with assisting the Commission by performing record-keeping,
secretarial, interpreting, and such other functions as the Commission
may assign to it. Each side shall appoint to the Secretariat a
Secretary and an Assistant Secretary and such clerical and specialized
personnel as required by the Secretariat. Records shall be kept in
English, Korean, and Chinese, all of which shall be equally authentic.
23. a. The Military Armistice Commission shall be initially provided
with and assisted by ten (10) Joint Observer Teams, which number may
be reduced by agreement of the senior members of both sides on the
Military Armistice Commission.
b. Each Joint Observer Team shall be composed of not less than
four (4) nor more than six (6) officers of field grade, half of
whom shall be appointed by the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations
Command, and half of whom shall be appointed jointly by the Supreme
Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese
People’s Volunteers. Additional personnel such as drivers, clerks,
and interpreters shall be furnished by each side as required for the
functioning of the Joint Observer Teams.
2. Functions and Authority
24. The general mission of the Military Armistice Commission shall be
to supervise the implementation of this Armistice Agreement and to
settle through negotiations any violations of this Armistice Agreement.
25. The Military Armistice Commission shall:
a. Locate its headquarters in the vicinity of PANMUNJOM (37°57´29´´
N, 126°40´00´´ E). The Military Armistice Commission may relocate
its headquarters at another point within the Demilitarized Zone by
agreement of the senior members of both sides on the Commission.
b. Operate as a joint organization without a chairman.
c. Adopt such rules of procedure as it may, from time to time, deem
necessary.
d. Supervise the carrying out of the provisions of this Armistice
Agreement pertaining to the Demilitarized Zone and to the Han River
Estuary.
e. Direct the operations of the Joint Observer Teams.
f. Settle through negotiations any violations of this Armistice
Agreement.
g. Transmit immediately to the Commanders of the opposing sides all
reports of investigations of violations of this Armistice Agreement and
all other reports and records of proceedings received from the Neutral
Nations Supervisory Commission.
h. Give general supervision and direction to the Committee for
Repatriation of Prisoners of War and the Committee for Assisting the
Return of Displaced Civilians, hereinafter established.
i. Act as an intermediary in transmitting communications between the
Commanders of the opposing sides; provided however, that the foregoing
shall not be construed to preclude the Commanders of both sides from
communicating with each other by any other means which they may desire
to employ.
j. Provide credentials and distinctive insignia for its staff and its
Joint Observer Teams, and a distinctive marking for all vehicles,
aircraft, and vessels, used in the performance of its mission.
26. The mission of the Joint Observer Teams shall be to assist the
Military Armistice Commission in supervising the carrying out of the
provisions of this Armistice Agreement to the Demilitarized Zone and to
the Han River Estuary.
27. The Military Armistice Commission, or the senior member of
either side thereof, is authorized to dispatch Joint Observer Teams
to investigate violations of this Armistice Agreement reported to
have occurred in the Demilitarized Zone or in the Han River Estuary;
provided, however, that not more than one half of the Joint Observer
Teams which have not been dispatched by the Military Armistice
Commission may be dispatched at any one time by the senior member of
either side on the Commission.
28. The Military Armistice Commission, or the senior member of either
side thereof, is authorized to request the Neutral Nations Supervisory
Commission to conduct special observations and inspections at places
outside the Demilitarized Zone where violations of this Armistice
Agreement have been reported to have occurred.
29. When the Military Armistice Commission determines that a violation
of this Armistice Agreement has occurred, it shall immediately report
such violation to the Commanders of the opposing sides.
30. When the Military Armistice Commission determines that a violation
of this Armistice Agreement has been corrected to its satisfaction, it
shall so report to the Commanders of the opposing sides.
3. General
31. The Military Armistice Commission shall meet daily. Recesses of
not to exceed seven (7) days may be agreed upon by the senior members
of both sides; provided, that such recesses may be terminated on
twenty-four (24) hour notice by the senior member of either side.
32. Copies of the record of the proceedings of all meetings of the
Military Armistice Commission shall be forwarded to the Commanders of
the opposing sides as soon as possible after each meeting.
33. The Joint Observer Teams shall make periodic reports to the
Military Armistice Commission as required by the Commission and, in
addition, shall make such special reports as may be deemed necessary by
them, or as may be required by the Commission.
34. The Military Armistice Commission shall maintain duplicate files
of the reports and records of proceedings required by this Armistice
Agreement. The Commission is authorized to maintain duplicate files of
such other reports, records, etc., as may be necessary in the conduct
of its business. Upon eventual dissolution of the Commission, one set
of the above files shall be turned over to each side.
35. The Military Armistice Commission may make recommendations to
the Commanders of the opposing sides with respect to amendments or
additions to this Armistice Agreement. Such recommended changes should
generally be those designed to insure a more effective armistice.
C. _Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission_
1. Composition
36. A Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission is hereby established.
37. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall be composed
of four (4) senior officers, two (2) of whom shall be appointed by
neutral nations nominated by the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations
Command, namely, SWEDEN and SWITZERLAND, and two (2) of whom shall
be appointed by neutral nations nominated jointly by the Supreme
Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese
People’s Volunteers, namely, POLAND and CZECHOSLOVAKIA. The term
“neutral nations” as herein used is defined as those nations whose
combatant forces have not participated in the hostilities in Korea.
Members appointed to the Commission may be from the armed forces of
the appointing nations. Each member shall designate an alternate
member to attend those meetings which for any reason the principal
member is unable to attend. Such alternate members shall be of the
same nationality as their principals. The Neutral Nations Supervisory
Commission may take action whenever the number of members present from
the neutral nations nominated by one side is equal to the number of
members present from the neutral nations nominated by the other side.
38. Members of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall be
permitted to use staff assistants furnished by the neutral nations as
required. These staff assistants may be appointed as alternate members
of the Commission.
39. The neutral nations shall be requested to furnish the Neutral
Nations Supervisory Commission with the necessary administrative
personnel to establish a Secretariat charged with assisting the
Commission by performing necessary record-keeping, secretarial,
interpreting, and such other functions as the Commission may assign to
it.
40. a. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall be initially
provided with, and assisted by, twenty (20) Neutral Nations Inspection
Teams, which number may be reduced by agreement of the senior members
of both sides on the Military Armistice Commission. The Neutral Nations
Inspection Teams shall be responsible to, shall report to, and shall be
subject to the direction of, the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission
only.
b. Each Neutral Nations Inspection Team shall be composed of not less
than four (4) officers, preferably of field grade, half of whom shall
be from the neutral nations nominated by the Commander-in-Chief, United
Nations Command, and half of whom shall be from the neutral nations
nominated jointly by the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army
and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers. Members appointed
to the Neutral Nations Inspection Teams may be from the armed forces of
the appointing nations. In order to facilitate the functioning of the
Teams, sub-teams composed of not less than two (2) members, one of whom
shall be from a neutral nation nominated by the Commander-in-Chief,
United Nations Command, and one of whom shall be from a neutral nation
nominated by the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and
the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers, may be formed as
circumstances require. Additional personnel such as drivers, clerks,
interpreters, and communications personnel, and such equipment as may
be required by the Teams to perform their missions, shall be furnished
by the Commander of each side, as required, in the Demilitarized Zone
and in the territory under his military control. The Neutral Nations
Supervisory Commission may provide itself and the Neutral Nations
Inspection Teams with such of the above personnel and equipment of its
own as it may desire; provided, however, that such personnel shall be
personnel of the same neutral nations of which the Neutral Nations
Supervisory Commission is composed.
2. Functions and Authority
41. The mission of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall be
to carry out the functions of supervision, observation, inspection, and
investigation, as stipulated in Subparagraphs 13c and 13d and Paragraph
28 hereof, and to report the results of such supervision, observation,
inspection, and investigation to the Military Armistice Commission.
42. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall:
a. Locate its headquarters in proximity to the headquarters of the
Military Armistice Commission.
b. Adopt such rules of procedure as it may, from time to time, deem
necessary.
c. Conduct, through its members and its Neutral Nations Inspection
Teams, the supervision and inspection provided for in Sub-paragraphs
13c and 13d of this Armistice Agreement at the ports of entry
enumerated in Paragraph 43 hereof, and the special observations and
inspections provided for in Paragraph 28 hereof at those places where
violations of this Armistice Agreement have been reported to have
occurred. The inspection of combat aircraft, armored vehicles, weapons,
and ammunition by the Neutral Nations Inspection Teams shall be such
as to enable them to properly insure that reinforcing combat aircraft,
armored vehicles, weapons, and ammunition are not being introduced into
Korea; but this shall not be construed as authorizing inspections or
examinations of any secret designs or characteristics of any combat
aircraft, armored vehicle, weapon, or ammunition.
d. Direct and supervise the operations of the Neutral Nations
Inspection Teams.
e. Station five (5) Neutral Nations Inspection Teams at the ports
of entry enumerated in Paragraph 43 hereof located in the territory
under the military control of the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations
Command; and five (5) Neutral Nations Inspection Teams at the ports
of entry enumerated in Paragraph 43 hereof located in the territory
under the military control of the Supreme Commander of the Korean
People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers; and
establish initially ten (10) mobile neutral Nations Inspection Teams
in reserve, stationed in the general vicinity of the headquarters of
the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, which number may be reduced
by agreement of the senior members of both sides on the Military
Armistice Commission. Not more than half of the mobile Neutral Nations
Inspection Teams shall be dispatched at any one time in accordance with
requests of the senior member of either side on the Military Armistice
Commission.
f. Subject to the provisions of the preceding Sub-paragraph, conduct
without delay investigations of reported violations of this Armistice
Agreement, including such investigations of reported violations of
this Armistice Agreement as may be requested by the Military Armistice
Commission or by the senior member of either-side on the Commission.
g. Provide credentials and distinctive insignia for its staff and
its Neutral Nations Inspection Teams, and a distinctive marking for
all vehicles, aircraft, and vessels, used in the performance of its
mission.
43. Neutral Nations Inspection Teams shall be stationed at the
following ports of entry:
Territory under the military control of the United Nations command
INCHON (37°28´N, 126°38´E)
TAEGU (35°52´N, 128°36´E)
PUSAN (35°06´N, 129°02´E)
KANGNUNG (37°45´N, 128°54´E)
KUNSAN (35°59´N, 126°43´E)
Territory under the military control of the Korean People’s Army and
the Chinese People’s Volunteers
SINUIJU (40°´N, 124°24´E)
CHONGJIN (41°46´N, 129°49´E)
HUNGNAM (39°50´N, 127°37´E)
MANPO (41°09´N, 126°18´E)
SINANJU (39°36´N, 125°36´E)
These Neutral Nations Inspection Teams shall be accorded full
convenience of movement within the areas and over the routes of
communication set forth on the attached map.
3. General
44. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall meet daily.
Recesses of not to exceed seven (7) days may be agreed upon by the
members of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission; provided, that
such recesses may be terminated on twenty-four (24) hour notice by any
member.
45. Copies of the record of the proceedings of all meetings of the
Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall be forwarded to the
Military Armistice Commission as soon as possible after each meeting.
Records shall be kept in English, Korean, and Chinese.
46. The Neutral Nations Inspection Teams shall make periodic reports
concerning the results of their supervision, observations, inspections,
and investigations to the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission as
required by the Commission and, in addition, shall make such special
reports as may be deemed necessary by them, or may be required by the
Commission. Reports shall be submitted by a Team as a whole, but may
also be submitted by one or more individual members thereof; provided,
that the reports submitted by one or more individual members thereof
shall be considered as informational only.
47. Copies of the reports made by the Neutral Nations Inspection
Teams shall be forwarded to the Military Armistice Commission by
the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission without delay and in the
language in which received. They shall not be delayed by the process of
translation or evaluation. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission
shall evaluate such reports at the earliest practicable time and shall
forward their findings to the Military Armistice Commission as a matter
of priority. The Military Armistice Commission shall not take final
action with regard to any such report until the evaluation thereof has
been received from the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission. Members
of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission and of its Teams shall be
subject to appearance before the Military Armistice Commission, at the
request of the senior member of either side on the Military Armistice
Commission, for clarification of any report submitted.
48. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission shall maintain
duplicate files of the reports and records of proceedings required by
this Armistice Agreement. The Commission is authorized to maintain
duplicate files of such other reports, records, etc., as may be
necessary in the conduct of its business. Upon eventual dissolution of
the Commission, one set of the above files shall be turned over to each
side.
49. The Neutral Supervisory Commission may make recommendations to the
Military Armistice Commission with respect to amendments or additions
to this Armistice Agreement. Such recommended changes should generally
be those designed to insure a more effective armistice.
50. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission, or any member thereof,
shall be authorized to communicate with any member of the Military
Armistice Commission.
_Article III_
ARRANGEMENTS RELATING TO PRISONERS OF WAR
51. The release and repatriation of all prisoners of war held in the
custody of each side at the time this Armistice Agreement becomes
effective shall be effected in conformity with the following provisions
agreed upon by both sides prior to the signing of this Armistice
Agreement.
a. Within sixty (60) days after this Armistice Agreement becomes
effective, each side shall, without offering any hindrance, directly
repatriate and hand over in groups all those prisoners of war in
its custody who insist on repatriation to the side to which they
belonged at the time of capture. Repatriation shall be accomplished in
accordance with the related provisions of this Article. In order to
expedite the repatriation process of such personnel, each side shall,
prior to the signing of the Armistice Agreement, exchange the total
numbers, by nationalities, of personnel to be directly repatriated.
Each group of prisoners of war delivered to the other side shall be
accompanied by rosters, prepared by nationality, to include name, rank
(if any) and internment or military serial number.
b. Each side shall release all those remaining prisoners of war, who
are not directly repatriated, from its military control and from
its custody and hand them over to the Neutral Nations Repatriation
Commission for disposition in accordance with the provisions in the
Annex hereto: “Terms of Reference for Neutral Nations Repatriation
Commission.”
c. So that there may be no misunderstanding owing to the equal use of
three languages, the act of delivery of a prisoner of war by one side
to the other side shall, for the purposes of this Armistice Agreement,
be called “repatriation” in English, “song hwan” in Korean, and “ch’ien
fan” in Chinese, notwithstanding the nationality or place of residence
of such prisoner of war.
52. Each side insures that it will not employ in acts of war in the
Korean conflict any prisoner of war released and repatriated incident
to the coming into effect of this Armistice Agreement.
53. All the sick and injured prisoners of war who insist upon
repatriation shall be repatriated with priority. Insofar as possible,
there shall be captured medical personnel repatriated concurrently with
the sick and injured prisoners of war, so as to provide medical care
and attendance en route.
54. The repatriation of all the prisoners of war required by
Sub-paragraph 51a hereof shall be completed within a time limit of
sixty (60) days after this Armistice Agreement becomes effective.
Within this time limit each side undertakes to complete the
repatriation of the above-mentioned prisoners of war in its custody at
the earliest practicable time.
55. PANMUNJOM is designated as the place where prisoners of war will
be delivered and received by both sides. Additional place(s) of
delivery and reception of prisoners of war in the Demilitarized Zone
may be designated, if necessary, by the Committee for Repatriation of
Prisoners of War.
56. a. A Committee for Repatriation of Prisoners of War is hereby
established. It shall be composed of six (6) officers of field grade,
three (3) of whom shall be appointed by the Commander-in-Chief, United
Nations Command, and three (3) of whom shall be appointed jointly by
the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander
of the Chinese People’s Volunteers. This Committee shall, under the
general supervision and direction of the Military Armistice Commission,
be responsible for coordinating the specific plans of both sides for
the repatriation of prisoners of war and for supervising the execution
by both sides of all of the provisions of this Armistice Agreement
relating to the repatriation of prisoners of war. It shall be the
duty of this Committee to coordinate the timing of the arrival of
prisoners of war at the place(s) of delivery and reception of prisoners
of war from the prisoner of war camps of both sides; to make, when
necessary, such special arrangements as may be required with regard
to the transportation and welfare of sick and injured prisoners of
war; to coordinate the work of the joint Red Cross teams, established
in Paragraph 57 hereof, in assisting in the repatriation of prisoners
of war; to supervise the implementation of the arrangements for the
actual repatriation or prisoners of war stipulated in Paragraphs 53 and
54 hereof; to select, when necessary, additional place(s) of delivery
and reception of prisoners of war, and to carry out such other related
functions as are required for the repatriation of prisoners of war.
b. When unable to reach agreement on any matter relating to its
responsibilities, the Committee for Repatriation of Prisoners of
War shall immediately refer such matter to the Military Armistice
Commission for decision. The Commission for Repatriation of Prisoners
of War shall maintain its headquarters in proximity to the headquarters
of the Military Armistice Commission.
c. The Committee for Repatriation of Prisoners of War shall be
dissolved by the Military Armistice Commission upon completion of the
program of repatriation of prisoners of war.
57. a. Immediately after this Armistice Agreement becomes effective,
joint Red Cross teams composed of representatives of the national
Red Cross Societies of the countries contributing forces to the
United Nations Command on the one hand, and representatives of the
Red Cross Society of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and
representatives of the Red Cross Society of the People’s Republic of
China on the other hand, shall be established. The joint Red Cross
teams shall assist in the execution by both sides of those provisions
of this Armistice Agreement relating to the repatriation of all the
prisoners of war specified in Sub-paragraph 51a hereof, who insist
upon repatriation, by the performance of such humanitarian services
as are necessary and desirable for the welfare of the prisoners of
war. To accomplish this task, the joint Red Cross teams shall provide
assistance in the delivering and receiving of prisoners of war by both
sides at the place(s) of delivery and reception of prisoners of war,
and shall visit the prisoner of war camps of both sides to comfort the
prisoners of war and to bring in and distribute gift articles for the
comfort and welfare of the prisoners of war. The joint Red Cross teams
may provide services to prisoners of war while en route from prisoner
of war camps to the place(s) of delivery and reception of prisoners of
war.
b. The Joint Red Cross teams shall be organized as set forth below:
(1) One team shall be composed of twenty (20) members, namely, ten
(10) representatives from the national Red Cross Societies of each
side, to assist in the delivering and receiving of prisoners of war
by both sides at the place(s) of delivery and reception of prisoners
of war. The chairmanship of this team shall alternate daily between
representatives from the Red Cross Societies of the two sides. The work
and services of this team shall be coordinated by the Committee for
Repatriation of Prisoners of War.
(2) One team shall be composed of sixty (60) members, namely, thirty
(30) representatives from the national Red Cross Societies of each
side, to visit the prisoners of war camps under the administration of
the Korean People’s Army and the Chinese People’s Volunteers. This
team may provide services to prisoners of war while en route from the
prisoner of war camps to the place(s) of delivery and reception of
prisoners of war. A representative of the Red Cross Society of the
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea or of the Red Cross Society of
the People’s Republic of China shall serve as chairman of this team.
(3) One team shall be composed of sixty (60) members, namely, thirty
(30) representatives from the national Red Cross Societies of each
side, to visit the prisoner of war camps under the administration of
the United Nations Command. This team may provide services to prisoners
of war while en route from the prisoner of war camps to the place(s)
of delivery and reception of prisoners of war. A representative of a
Red Cross Society of a nation contributing forces to the United Nations
Command shall serve as chairman of this team.
(4) In order to facilitate the functioning of each joint Red Cross
team, sub-teams composed of not less than two (2) members from the
team, with an equal number of representatives from each side, may be
formed as circumstances require.
(5) Additional personnel such as drivers, clerks, and interpreters,
and such equipment as may be required by the joint Red Cross teams to
perform their missions, shall be furnished by the Commander of each
side to the team operating in the territory under his military control.
(6) Whenever jointly agreed upon by the representatives of both
sides or any joint Red Cross team, the size of such team may be
increased or decreased, subject to confirmation by the Committee for
Repatriation of Prisoners of War.
c. The Commander of each side shall cooperate fully with the joint Red
Cross teams in the performance of their functions, and undertakes to
insure the security of the personnel of the joint Red Cross team in
the area under his military control. The Commander of each side shall
provide such logistic, administrative, and communications facilities
as may be required by the team operating in the territory under his
military control.
d. The joint Red Cross teams shall be dissolved upon completion of
the program of repatriation of all the prisoners of war specified in
Sub-paragraph 51a hereof, who insist upon repatriation.
58. a. The Commander of each side shall furnish to the Commander of
the other side as soon as practicable, but not later than ten (10)
days after this Armistice Agreement becomes effective, the following
information concerning prisoners of war:
(1) Complete data pertaining to the prisoners of war who escaped
since the effective date of the data last exchanged.
(2) Insofar as practicable, information regarding name, nationality,
rank, and other identification data, date and cause of death, and place
of burial, of those prisoners of war who died while in his custody.
b. If any prisoners of war escape or die after the effective date of
the supplementary information specified above, the detaining side shall
furnish to the other side, through the Committee for Repatriation of
Prisoners of War, the data pertaining thereto in accordance with the
provisions of Sub-paragraph 58a hereof. Such data shall be furnished at
ten-day intervals until the completion of the program of delivery and
reception of prisoners of war.
c. Any escaped prisoner of war who returns to the custody of the
detaining side after the completion of the program of delivery and
reception of prisoners of war shall be delivered to the Military
Armistice Commission for disposition.
59. a. All civilians who, at the time this Armistice Agreement
becomes effective, are in territory under the military control of the
Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, and who, on 24 June 1950,
resided north of the Military Demarcation Line established in this
Armistice Agreement shall, if they desire to return home, be permitted
and assisted by the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, to
return to the area north of the Military Demarcation Line; and all
civilians, who, at the time this Armistice Agreement becomes effective,
are in territory under the military control of the Supreme Commander
of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese People’s
Volunteers, and who, on 24 June 1950, resided south of the Military
Demarcation Line established in this Armistice Agreement shall, if
they desire to return home, be permitted and assisted by the Supreme
Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander of the Chinese
People’s Volunteers to return to the area south of the Military
Demarcation Line. The Commander of each side shall be responsible for
publicizing widely throughout territory under his military control
the contents of the provisions of this Sub-paragraph, and for calling
upon the appropriate civil authorities to give necessary guidance and
assistance to all such civilians who desire to return home.
b. All civilians of foreign nationality who, at the time this
Armistice Agreement becomes effective, are in territory under the
military control of the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army
and the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers shall, if they
desire to proceed to territory under the military control of the
Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, be permitted and assisted
to do so; all civilians of foreign nationality who, at the time this
Armistice Agreement becomes effective, are in territory under the
military control of the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command,
shall, if they desire to proceed to territory under the military
control of the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and
the Commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers, be permitted and
assisted to do so. The Commander of each side shall be responsible for
publicizing widely throughout the territory under his military control
the contents of the provisions of this Sub-paragraph, and for calling
upon the appropriate civil authorities to give necessary guidance and
assistance to all such civilians of foreign nationality who desire to
proceed to territory under the military control of the Commander of the
other side.
c. Measures to assist in the return of civilians provided for in
Sub-paragraph 59a hereof and the movement of civilians provided for in
Sub-paragraph 59b hereof shall be commenced by both sides as soon as
possible after this Armistice Agreement becomes effective.
d. (1) A Committee for Assisting the Return of Displaced Civilians is
hereby established. It shall be composed of four (4) officers of field
grade, two (2) of whom shall be appointed by the Commander-in-Chief,
United Nations Command, and two (2) of whom shall be appointed jointly
by the Supreme Commander of the Korean People’s Army and the Commander
of the Chinese People’s Volunteers. This Committee shall, under the
general supervision and direction of the Military Armistice Commission,
be responsible for coordinating the specific plans of both sides for
assistance to the return of the above-mentioned civilians, and for
supervising the execution of both sides of all of the provisions of
this Armistice Agreement relating to the return of the above-mentioned
civilians. It shall be the duty of this Committee to make necessary
arrangements, including those of transportation, for expediting and
coordinating the movement of the above-mentioned civilians; to select
the crossing point(s) through which the above-mentioned civilians will
cross the Military Demarcation Line; to arrange for security at the
crossing points; and to carry out such other functions as are required
to accomplish the return of the above-mentioned civilians.
(2) When unable to reach agreement on any matter relating to its
responsibilities, the Committee for Assisting the Return of Displaced
Civilians shall immediately refer such matter to the Military Armistice
Commission for decision. The Committee for Assisting the Return of
Displaced Civilians shall maintain its headquarters in proximity to the
headquarters of the Military Armistice Commission.
(3) The Committee for Assisting the Return of Displaced Civilians
shall be dissolved by the Military Armistice Commission upon
fulfillment of its mission.
_Article IV_
RECOMMENDATION TO THE GOVERNMENTS CONCERNED ON BOTH SIDES
60. In order to insure the peaceful settlement of the Korean question,
the military Commanders of both sides hereby recommend to the
governments of the countries concerned on both sides that, within
three (3) months after the Armistice Agreement is signed and becomes
effective, a political conference of a higher level of both sides
be held by representatives appointed respectively to settle through
negotiation the questions of the withdrawal of all foreign forces from
Korea, the peaceful settlement of the Korean question, etc.
_Article V_
MISCELLANEOUS
61. Amendments and additions to this Armistice Agreement must be
mutually agreed to by the Commanders of the opposing sides.
62. The Articles and Paragraphs of this Armistice Agreement shall
remain in effect until expressly superseded either by mutually
acceptable amendments and additions or by provision in an appropriate
agreement for a peaceful settlement at a political level between both
sides.
63. All of the provisions of this Armistice Agreement, other than
Paragraph 12, shall become effective at 2200 hours on 27 July 1953.
Done at Panmunjom, Korea, at 1000 hours on the 27th day of July 1953,
in English, Korean, and Chinese, all texts being equally authentic.
KIM IL SUNG
Marshall, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Supreme Commander, Korean People’s Army
PENG TEH-HUAI
Commander, Chinese People’s Volunteers
MARK W. CLARK
General, United States Army
Commander-in-Chief United Nations Command
PRESENT
NAM IL
General, Korean People’s Army
Senior Delegate,
Delegation of the Korean People’s Army and the Chinese People’s
Volunteers
WILLIAM K. HARRISON, JR.
Lieutenant General,
United States Army
Senior Delegate,
United Nations Command Delegation
ANNEX
TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR NEUTRAL NATIONS REPATRIATION COMMISSION
(_See Sub-paragraph 51b_)
1. In order to ensure that all prisoners of war have the opportunity to
exercise their right to be repatriated following an armistice, Sweden,
Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia and India shall each be requested
by both sides to appoint a member to a Neutral Nations Repatriation
Commission which shall be established to take custody in Korea of those
prisoners of war who, while in the custody of the detaining powers,
have not exercised their right to be repatriated. The Neutral Nations
Repatriation Commission shall establish its headquarters within the
Demilitarized Zone in the vicinity of Panmunjom, and shall station
subordinate bodies of the same composition as the Neutral Nations
Repatriation Commission at those locations at which the Repatriation
Commission assumes custody of prisoners of war. Representatives of both
sides shall be permitted to observe the operations of the Repatriation
Commission and its subordinate bodies to include explanations and
interviews.
2. Sufficient armed forces and any other operating personnel required
to assist the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission in carrying out
its functions and responsibilities shall be provided exclusively by
India, whose representative shall be the umpire in accordance with
the provisions of Article 132 of the Geneva Convention and shall also
be chairman and executive agent of the Neutral Nations Repatriation
Commission. Representatives from each of the other four powers shall
be allowed staff assistants in equal number not to exceed fifty (50)
each. When any of the representatives of the neutral nations is absent
for some reason, that representative shall designate an alternate
representative of his own nationality to exercise his functions and
authority. The arms of all personnel provided for in this Paragraph
shall be limited to military police type small arms.
3. No force or threat of force shall be used against the prisoners
of war specified in Paragraph 1 above to prevent or effect their
repatriation, and no violence to their persons or affront to their
dignity or self-respect shall be permitted in any manner for any
purpose whatsoever (but see Paragraph 7 below). This duty is enjoined
on and entrusted to the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission. This
Commission shall ensure that prisoners of war shall at all times be
treated humanely in accordance with the specific provisions of the
Geneva Convention, and with the general spirit of that Convention.
_II_
CUSTODY OF PRISONERS OF WAR
4. All prisoners of war who have not exercised their right of
repatriation following the effective date of the Armistice Agreement
shall be released from the military control and from the custody of the
detaining side as soon as practicable, and, in all cases, within sixty
(60) days subsequent to the effective date of the Armistice Agreement
to the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission at locations in Korea to
be designated by the detaining side.
5. At the time the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission assumes
control of the prisoner of war installations, the military forces of
the detaining side shall be withdrawn therefrom, so that the locations
specified in the preceding Paragraph shall be taken over completely by
the armed forces of India.
6. Notwithstanding the provisions of Paragraph 5 above, the detaining
side shall have the responsibility for maintaining and ensuring
security and order in the areas around the locations where the
prisoners of war are in custody and for preventing and restraining
any armed forces (including irregular armed forces) in the area under
its control from any acts of disturbance and intrusion against the
locations where the prisoners of war are in custody.
7. Notwithstanding the provisions of Paragraph 3 above, nothing in
this agreement shall be construed as derogating from the authority of
the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission to exercise its legitimate
functions and responsibilities for the control of the prisoners of war
under its temporary jurisdiction.
_III_
EXPLANATION
8. The Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, after having received
and taken into custody all those prisoners of war who have not
exercised their right to be repatriated, shall immediately make
arrangements so that within ninety (90) days after the Neutral Nations
Repatriation Commission takes over the custody, the nations to which
the prisoners of war belong shall have freedom and facilities to send
representatives to locations where such prisoners of war are in custody
to explain to all the prisoners of war depending upon these nations
their rights and to inform them of any matters relating to their return
to their homelands, particularly of their full freedom to return home
to lead a peaceful life, under the following provisions:
a. The number of such explaining representatives shall not exceed
seven (7) per thousand prisoners of war held in custody by the Neutral
Nations Repatriation Commission; and the minimum authorized shall not
be less than a total of five (5);
b. The hours during which the explaining representatives shall
have access to the prisoners shall be as determined by the Neutral
Repatriation Commission, and generally in accord with Article 53 of the
Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War;
c. All explanations and interviews shall be conducted in the presence
of a representative of each member nation of the Neutral Nations
Repatriation Commission and a representative from the detaining side;
d. Additional provisions governing the explanation work shall be
prescribed by the Neutral Repatriation Commission, and will be designed
to employ the principles enumerated in Paragraph 3 above and in this
Paragraph;
e. The explaining representatives, while engaging in their work, shall
be allowed to bring with them necessary facilities and personnel
for wireless communications. The number of communications personnel
shall be limited to one team per location at which explaining
representatives are in residence, except in the event all prisoners
of war are concentrated in one location, in which case, two (2) teams
shall be permitted. Each team shall consist of not more than six (6)
communications personnel.
9. Prisoners of war in its custody shall have freedom and facilities
to make representations and communications to the Neutral Nations
Repatriation Commission and to representatives and subordinate bodies
of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission and to inform them of
their desires on any matter concerning the prisoners of war themselves,
in accordance with arrangements made for the purpose by the Neutral
Nations Repatriation Commission.
_IV_
DISPOSITION OF PRISONERS OF WAR
10. Any prisoner of war who, while in the custody of the Neutral
Nations Repatriation Commission, decides to exercise the right of
repatriation, shall make an application requesting repatriation to
a body consisting of a representative of each member nation of the
Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission. Once such an application is
made, it shall be considered immediately by majority vote the validity
of such application. Once such an application is made to and validated
by the Commission or one of its subordinate bodies, the prisoner of war
concerned shall immediately be transferred to and accommodated in the
tents set up for those who are ready to be repatriated. Thereafter, he
shall, while still in the custody of the Neutral Nations Repatriation
Commission, be delivered forthwith to the prisoner of war exchange
point at Panmunjom for repatriation under the procedure prescribed in
the Armistice Agreement.
11. At the expiration of ninety (90) days after the transfer of custody
of the prisoners of war to the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission,
access of representatives to captured personnel as provided for in
Paragraph 8 above, shall terminate, and the question of disposition
of the prisoners of war who have not exercised their right to be
repatriated shall be submitted to the Political Conference recommended
to be convened in Paragraph 60, Draft Armistice Agreement, which shall
endeavor to settle this question within thirty (30) days, during which
period the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission shall continue
to retain custody of those prisoners of war. The Neutral Nations
Repatriation Commission shall declare the relief from the prisoners
of war status to civilian status of any prisoners of war who have
not exercised their right to be repatriated and for whom no other
disposition has been agreed to by the Political Conference within one
hundred and twenty (120) days after the Neutral Nations Repatriation
Commission has assumed their custody. Thereafter, according to
the application of each individual, and those who choose to go to
neutral nations shall be assisted by the Neutral Nations Repatriation
Commission and the Red Cross Society of India. This operation shall be
completed within thirty (30) days, and upon its completion, the Neutral
Nations Repatriation Commission shall immediately cease its functions
and declare its dissolution. After the dissolution of the Neutral
Nations Repatriation Commission, whenever and wherever any of those
above-mentioned civilians who have been relieved from the prisoner of
war status desire to return to their fatherlands, the authorities of
the localities where they are shall be responsible for assisting them
in returning to their fatherlands.
_V_
RED CROSS VISITATION
12. Essential Red Cross service for prisoners of war in custody of the
Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission shall be provided by India in
accordance with regulations issued by the Neutral Nations Repatriation
Commission.
_VI_
PRESS COVERAGE
13. The Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission shall insure freedom
of the press and other news media in observing the entire operation as
enumerated herein, in accordance with procedures to be established by
the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission.
_VII_
LOGISTICAL SUPPORT FOR PRISONERS OF WAR
14. Each side shall provide logistical support for the prisoners of war
in the area under its military control, delivering required support to
the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission at an agreed delivery point
in the vicinity of each prisoner of war installation.
15. The cost of repatriating prisoners to the exchange point at
Panmunjom shall be borne by the detaining side and the cost from the
exchange point by the side on which said prisoners depend in accordance
with Article 118 of the Geneva Convention.
16. The Red Cross Society of India shall be responsible for providing
such general service personnel in the prisoner of war installations as
required by the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission.
17. The Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission shall provide medical
support for the prisoners of war as may be practicable. The detaining
side shall provide medical support as practicable upon the request of
the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission and specifically for those
cases requiring extensive treatment or hospitalization. The Neutral
Nations Repatriation Commission shall maintain custody of prisoners of
war during such hospitalization. The detaining side shall facilitate
such custody. Upon completion of treatment, prisoners of war shall be
returned to a prisoners of war installation as specified in Paragraph 4
above.
18. The Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission is entitled to obtain
from both sides such legitimate assistance as it may require in
carrying out its duties and tasks, but both sides shall not under any
name and in any form interfere or exert influence.
_VIII_
LOGISTICAL SUPPORT FOR THE NEUTRAL NATIONS REPATRIATION COMMISSION
19. Each side shall be responsible for providing logistical support for
the personnel of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission stationed
in the area under its military control, and both sides shall contribute
on an equal basis to such support within the Demilitarized Zone. The
precise arrangements shall be subject to determination between the
Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission and the detaining side in each
case.
20. Each of the detaining sides shall be responsible for protecting
the explaining representatives from the other side while in transit
over lines of communication within its area, as set forth in Paragraph
23 for the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, to a place of
residence and while in residence in the vicinity of but not within each
of the locations where the prisoners of war are in custody. The Neutral
Nations Repatriation Commission shall be responsible for the security
of such representatives within the actual limits of the locations where
the prisoners of war are in custody.
21. Each of the detaining sides shall provide transportation, housing,
communication, and other agreed logistical support to the explaining
representatives of the other side while they are in the area under its
military control. Such services shall be provided on a reimbursable
basis.
_IX_
PUBLICATION
22. After the Armistice Agreement becomes effective, the terms of this
agreement shall be made known to all prisoners of war who, while in the
custody of the detaining side, have not exercised their right to be
repatriated.
_X_
MOVEMENT
23. The movement of the personnel of the Neutral Nations Repatriation
Commission and repatriated prisoners of war shall be over lines of
communication, as determined by the command(s) of the opposing side
and the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission. A map showing these
lines of communication shall be furnished the command of the opposing
side and the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission. Movement of such
personnel, except within locations as designated in Paragraph 4 above,
shall be under the control of, and escorted by, personnel of the side
in whose area the travel is being undertaken; however, such movement
shall not be subject to any obstruction and coercion.
_XI_
PROCEDURAL MATTERS
24. The interpretation of this agreement shall rest with the Neutral
Nations Repatriation Commission. The Neutral Repatriation Commission,
and/or any subordinate bodies to which functions are designed or
assigned by the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, shall operate
on the basis of majority vote.
25. The Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission shall submit a weekly
report to the opposing Commanders on the status of prisoners of war in
its custody, indicating the numbers repatriated and remaining at the
end of each week.
26. When this agreement has been acceded to by both sides and by the
five powers named herein, it shall become effective upon the date the
Armistice becomes effective.
Done at Panmunjom, Korea, at 1400 hours on the 8th day of June 1953, in
English, Korean, and Chinese, all texts being equally authentic.
NAM IL
General, Korean People’s Army
Senior Delegate,
Delegation of the Korean People’s Army and the Chinese People’s
Volunteers
WILLIAM K. HARRISON, JR.
Lieutenant General, United States Army
Senior Delegate,
United Nations Command Delegation
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Index
Acar, BGen Sirri, 329
Adams, LtCol Arthur H., 194
Adams, Col Hewitt D., 233, 268, 300, 323, 328_n_
Air activities
Communist, 18, 34, 52, 59, 99, 170, 178, 354–355, 516
United Nations, 52, 62, 70, 77, 132–133, 170–172, 224–225, 242, 244,
257, 291, 295–296, 307, 341, 345, 347, 349, 350_n_, 351,
374–375, 379_n_, 389, 413–414, 416, 418, 483, 488–489,
491–492, 514, 516_n_, 520, 526, 531. _See also_ Helicopters.
Air lift, 138–139, 139_n_, 408, 479, 496–497
Air control, 132, 257_n_, 488_n_, 490–491
Air drops, 487, 511_n_
Bombing, 62, 133, 170, 172, 294–295, 299, 309, 489–490
Escort, 490
Evacuation, 495_n_
Flaredrop, 140, 140_n_
Interdiction, 53, 63–64, 70, 170, 350, 350_n_, 352, 357, 375–376,
413, 485, 488–489, 492_n_, 493, 514–515
Liaison, 72, 517_n_
Mapping, 174, 178
Observation, 76–77, 85, 126, 136, 190, 291, 302–304, 338, 370–371,
379, 414, 512, 519
Patrolling, 66, 241, 376, 414
Photography, 43, 69, 136_n_, 172, 174, 348–349, 397, 485, 491, 512
Reconnaissance, 42, 141, 397, 412–413, 430, 465, 485–486,
491, 512, 522
Search and Rescue, 53, 485
Strikes, 61–62, 65, 70–72, 77, 81, 132–134, 158, 170, 176, 196,
208, 224–226, 231, 238, 240, 258, 260, 271, 291, 295, 297,
306, 310, 325, 337, 339, 347–348, 379, 485–486, 512, 513_n_,
516
Support, 28, 38, 61–62, 64–65, 103–104, 131, 133, 158, 196, 207,
225, 234, 240, 243–244, 291, 297, 325, 341, 345, 346_n_,
349–352, 368, 374, 374_n_, 375, 375_n_, 383, 389, 397, 485,
486_n_, 488, 488_n_, 489, 491–492, 492_n_, 493, 514, 514_n_,
516–517. _See also_ Close air support.
Aircraft
Communist, 30, 68–69, 96, 170, 173–174, 241, 347, 376, 464
United Nations, 7, 42, 61, 61_n_, 132–133, 171, 224, 241, 347,
347_n_, 375, 418, 428, 431, 488, 490, 492, 511, 511_n_, 516,
519. _See also_ Helicopters.
Types
AD (Skyraider), 65, 70, 132–133, 207–208, 270, 292, 295, 299, 306,
325, 341, 379, 385, 469
AU (Corsair), 66, 181, 196, 295, 299, 304, 306, 325, 381
C-47, 487
C-119, 487
F2H-2P (Banshee), 43, 397, 490–491
F3D (Skyknight), 134_n_, 139, 181, 240–242, 291, 346–348, 469, 490
F4U (Corsair), 27, 65–66, 66_n_, 77, 133, 173, 176, 196, 208, 270,
294–295, 299, 341, 347, 350_n_, 357, 374, 397, 420,
485, 489, 491_n_
F7F (Tigercat), 133, 202, 345–348, 490
F9F (Panther), 65, 112, 132–133, 177, 194, 242–244, 270, 291, 299,
325, 350, 368, 375, 397, 434, 471, 488–489
F-80 (Shooting Star), 112, 132
F-84 (Thunderjet), 132, 177, 291, 306
F-86 (Sabrejet), 174, 376, 491
Observation planes, 345, 369–370, 488–490
OE-1, 42, 235, 271, 414
OY, 235
R4D, 487
R4Q (Fairchild Packet), 472
R5D, 28, 49, 139, 181, 485, 488
Aircraft losses
Communist, 490
United Nations, 64, 66, 69–72, 134, 134_n_, 243, 352, 376, 376_n_,
413_n_, 490, 492
Air doctrine, 492, 513
Airfields
Communist, 397, 489
United Nations, 24, 24_n_, 26, 28, 53, 59, 68, 202, 241, 348, 355,
469, 487, 489
K-2 (Taegu), 177, 178_n_, 469
K-3 (Pohang), 27–28, 43, 47–48, 68–69, 100, 177, 231, 299,
345, 352_n_, 469
K-6 (Pyontaek), 28_n_, 69, 175, 178, 257_n_, 270, 299,
376, 469, 473
K-8 (Kunsan), 28, 69, 202, 270, 348, 469
K-14 (Kimpo), 4, 18–19, 249, 469, 478, 486
K-16, 12, 319, 332, 469
Air Force-Army close air support system, 178, 517. _See also_ Close
air support.
Air Force, U.S., 26, 42, 62, 62_n_, 64, 68, 132–133, 152, 170, 174,
237, 243, 245, 291, 306, 347, 376, 428, 473, 487–488, 490,
490_n_, 491, 496–497, 512, 515
Units
Far East Air Forces (FEAF), 26, 43, 63–64, 224–225, 237, 239, 241,
350_n_, 352, 470, 473, 514
Fifth Air Force (FAF), 7, 21, 26–28, 42–43, 52, 61, 61_n_, 62–64,
67–70, 88, 97, 132, 170_n_, 179, 224–226, 236–240, 271, 306,
309, 345, 348, 351–352, 376, 385, 468–469, 470–474, 493,
507, 510–511, 511_n_, 512–514, 515–517
Tactical Air Command, 174_n_
Fifth Air Force Reconnaissance Wing, 512
19th Bomber Group, 347_n_
4th Fighter Group, 174
51st Fighter-Interceptor Group, 376
335th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 174
67th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, 69
Air observers. _See_ Air activities, United Nations.
Air support. _See_ Air activities, United Nations.
Alexandria, Va., 287, 287_n_
Altman, LtCol Sidney J., 149, 200
American Civil War, 143_n_
American Revolutionary War, 143_n_
Ammunition
Communist, 93, 140, 190, 212–213, 246, 286, 293, 409
Artillery, 30, 34, 37, 52, 103, 112, 121, 128–129, 140, 146, 246,
248, 286, 293, 306, 356–357, 368, 382, 389, 396, 396_n_
Duds, 396_n_
Dumps, 244, 306–307
Expenditure, 337_n_
Mortar, 30, 34, 37, 112, 129, 140, 292–293, 297, 326, 357, 389,
392
Rockets, 104
Small arms, 92, 140, 246, 286, 293, 409
Supply, 140, 190
United Nations, 134, 137, 192, 192_n_, 247, 275, 285, 308, 376, 386,
451–452, 466, 470
Artillery, 74, 93, 127, 134–137, 140, 192, 195, 203–207, 221, 231,
253, 280, 284, 303, 324_n_, 346, 369, 379, 379_n_, 388–389,
392, 397, 530
Bombs, 62, 132–133, 202, 208, 244, 297, 299, 304, 307, 325, 350,
352, 381, 385, 397, 486, 489, 491, 520
Expenditure, 337_n_, 339
Fuzes, 74–75, 168, 199, 281, 283, 283_n_, 286, 300, 346
Mortar, 124, 280, 300
Restrictions, 389_n_
Resupply, 44, 247_n_, 273, 331, 497
Rockets, 124, 124_n_, 135
Shortages, 117, 192–193, 246
Small arms, 137, 257, 280, 300, 367, 369–370, 379, 388–389, 392
White phosphorus, 105, 283, 379, 389
Amphibious
Assault, 86, 483, 493, 499
Combat operation, 244
Large-scale landing, 483
Maneuver, 484
Operation, 46, 488_n_, 531, 535
Readiness, 508_n_
Retraining program, 333
Strike, 13_n_
Training, 12, 333_n_, 334
Warfare, 482
Anderson, LtGen Samuel E., 351
Andre, Lt John W., 173
Anglican chaplain, 426
Armagost, Capt William I., 397
Armed Forces of the United States, 64, 441
Armed Forces Reserve Act of 1952, 505–506
Armistice, 95, 321, 356, 359, 381, 389, 394, 396_n_, 397, 400, 405,
449, 456, 458_n_, 468, 470, 528–529, 532
Agreement, 64, 228_n_, 360, 377_n_, 391, 393–394, 408, 445–446, 448,
448_n_, 457, 460, 465, 469–470
Conferences, 528
Negotiations, 228, 314, 322, 433_n_, 448, 480, 528
Post-armistice period, 475
Projected plan, 322
Armitage, LtCol Gerald T., 71, 108, 108_n_, 119, 121, 126, 131,
134–135, 149_n_
Armor, 114, 325, 327, 367, 379
Army, U.S., Chaplain School, 440_n_
Army, U.S., Doctrine, 508
Army, U.S., Quartermaster General, 484
Army, U.S., Supply Agency, 60
Army, U.S., Training Test, 336
Army, U.S., Units
Far East Command, 321, 470–472, 473_n_, 504_n_
Army Forces, Far East, 245
Army Service Command, 4_n_
2d Logistical Command, 44, 47
Munsan-ni Provisional Command, 314
Eighth U.S. Army in Korea, 1, 3, 5–8, 10–11, 28, 44, 47, 51–52, 64,
69, 72, 85–86, 93, 101, 105, 132, 141, 148, 170_n_, 192,
222–226, 232, 234, 236, 238–239, 267, 315, 327, 327_n_,
333_n_, 335–336, 341–342, 344_n_, 351, 359_n_, 360, 372,
377, 393–394, 396, 445, 454, 460, 472–474, 477–479, 481,
483, 491–493, 496, 507, 509–511, 514_n_, 515–516,
518, 533, 535
I Corps, 1, 11, 16–17, 21–22, 24, 38–40, 46, 51–52, 61, 73, 84–88,
92–93, 93_n_, 101, 135, 170_n_, 182_n_, 186, 191_n_, 214,
222–223, 243, 251, 264–265, 267, 270, 311, 323–324, 326–328,
331–333, 336, 338–342, 344, 350_n_, 351, 360, 363, 368–369,
371, 378, 378_n_, 379_n_, 388, 393–394, 446, 455–458,
460–461, 468, 481, 483, 508–512
IX Corps, 6, 51–52, 222–223, 326, 342, 350, 385, 393, 412–413, 437,
480, 483, 507
X Corps, 2, 5–6, 10, 45, 52, 222, 326, 342, 351, 409, 412–413, 416,
477–479, 481, 483–484, 487–488
2d Infantry Division, 222–223, 267, 267_n_, 299, 412
3d Infantry Division, 96–97, 350, 350_n_
7th Infantry Division, 5, 51, 222–224, 267_n_, 307, 309, 333, 350,
350_n_, 393, 412, 460, 479
25th Infantry Division, 52, 176, 326–327, 329, 331, 333, 337_n_,
338–341, 344, 351, 361, 363–364, 367–368, 370, 385,
388, 463, 522
40th Infantry Division, 51, 222
45th Infantry Division, 51–52, 100
5th Infantry Regiment, 327
14th Infantry Regiment, 328, 334, 339–340, 364, 367
23d Infantry Regiment, 486
24th Infantry Regiment, 404, 473
27th Infantry Regiment, 329, 332
35th Infantry Regiment, 328–329, 331–332, 338, 364
38th Infantry Regiment, 267
461st Infantry Regiment, 304, 306
21st Antiaircraft Automatic Weapons Battalion, 328
8th Field Artillery Battalion, 328
17th Field Artillery Battalion, 136, 191, 270, 281, 304, 379
64th Field Artillery Battalion, 328
69th Field Artillery Battalion, 328
90th Field Artillery Battalion, 328
158th Field Artillery Battalion, 270
159th Field Artillery Battalion, 191, 270, 379
204th Field Artillery Battalion, 192, 270, 281
424th Field Artillery Battalion, 304
623d Field Artillery Battalion, 191, 191_n_, 270, 281, 301–302
89th Tank Battalion, 329
181st Counterintelligence Corps, 18
61st Engineer Searchlight Company, 18
11th Evacuation Hospital, 401–402
61st Field Artillery Battery, 305
163d Military Intelligence Service Detachment, 18
45th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, 316
Arnold, TSgt Richard E., 404
Artillery
Communist, 3, 29, 32, 34, 36, 41, 45, 52, 56, 59, 67, 69, 73–74,
79–82, 87, 89, 91, 93–94, 104, 111–112, 116–119, 121,
123–130, 132–134, 136, 139–140, 142–143, 145–147, 149–150,
152–153, 155–156, 158, 160, 162–168, 188, 188_n_, 190,
193–194, 196–197, 199–200, 202, 205–206, 209–210, 212–214,
218, 220–221, 225, 230, 248–249, 253, 255, 255_n_, 259–261,
284, 290–291, 293–294, 297, 301–303, 306, 308–309, 324, 326,
337–338, 340, 355, 358, 365–367, 369, 371, 377, 385, 385_n_,
386–387, 389, 392, 396, 464, 482, 482_n_, 491–492,
510–511, 525
United Nations, 21, 33, 37–38, 45, 52, 69, 69_n_, 70–71, 71_n_,
72–75, 79–80, 82, 87, 90, 98, 112, 114, 121, 126–127, 129,
131, 134–137, 142, 142_n_, 143, 146, 153, 158, 160, 162,
165–168, 178, 191–192, 195, 199, 202, 205, 207_n_, 209–210,
220–222, 225, 230–232, 239, 248, 255–257, 259, 281, 283,
285, 287, 290–292, 296–297, 300–302, 304–306, 308–309,
324–325, 327–328, 331, 340, 346, 354, 356, 361, 363,
367–369, 372, 377–379, 379_n_, 386, 389, 389_n_, 391–392,
396, 464, 482, 491–492, 509, 511, 511_n_, 520–524, 530
Ascom City, 4, 4_n_, 18, 24, 44, 44_n_, 251, 329, 332, 360, 463
Atkin, LtCol Ernest G., 268
Atomic age warfare, 483, 513_n_
Atsugi, Japan, 471
Attorney General, U.S., 227
Augustine, LtCol Francis W., 316_n_
Austin-Roberts-West, MajGen M. M., 187, 231
Australians, 318_n_
Ava Gate, 373
Aviators, 317, 351, 375, 397, 405, 413, 420, 487. _See also_
Air activities.
Aviles, PFC Pedron E., 403
Axis powers, 411
Azores, 26
Babson, 2dLt John, Jr., 199
Bach, Capt Lawrence E., 139
_Badoeng Strait_, USS, 355, 374_n_, 486
Baez, Pvt Alberto P., 317
Baird, Capt Robert, 173_n_
_Bairoko_, USS, 27, 58, 58_n_, 347
Barber, Maj Stewart C., 409
Barcus, MajGen Glenn O., 88, 233, 236–240, 242–243, 352, 496
Bare, BGen Robert O., 88
Barlow, Capt Carl F., 376
Barnett, PFC Richard E., 412, 412_n_
Barninger, Col Clarence A., 194
Barrett, LtCol Charles D., 187, 187_n_, 259
Bartos, Lt Joseph S., Jr., 58
Bartosh, LtCol Walter R., 243
_Bataan_, USS, 27, 99, 175, 347_n_, 355
Bates, 2dLt William H., 387, 392
Batterton, LtCol Roy J., Jr., 107_n_, 108, 112, 114, 123, 159
Becker, MSgt Robert P., 242
Beggs, Col Raymond W., 315
Belants, Capt Bernard B., 205, 205_n_, 206
Bell, 1stLt Richard, 405
Benfold, HM3 Edward C., 152_n_
Benson, Capt Carl H., 136
Benson, LtCol Graham H., 175
Berteling, LtCol John B., 347
Berueffy, Maj Max, Jr., 340
Beswick, Capt Byron H., 437–438
Binney, MajGen Arthur F., 413_n_
Blair, Cpl William S., 437
Blanchard, Capt Don H., 256
Bley, Maj Roy H., 430
Blume, LtCol Richard L., 28_n_
Bolt, Maj John F., 350, 376
Booker, Capt Jesse V., 405, 412
Bookhart, LtCol Hoyt U., Jr., 359
Bordelon, Lt Guy P., 376
Bourgeois, 1stLt Alvin R., 177
Bowman, Col George S., Jr., 234, 297, 348_n_
Bradley, Gen Omar, 227, 483_n_
Braun, Maj Richard L., 349, 379_n_
Bridges, 16, 31, 101–102, 157, 335–336
Freedom Gate, 31, 102, 155, 218, 259, 370, 371_n_, 463
Honker, 101–103, 148, 464
Libby, 364, 371_n_, 464
Sinanju Complex, 347_n_
Spoonbill, 270, 364, 371, 464
Widgeon, 31, 102–103, 148
X-Ray, 31, 102, 364
Brier, Capt George R., 176
Briscoe, VAdm Robert P., 88, 336
British, 318_n_, 356, 389_n_, 410, 420
Broomhead, Ens Marvin, 414
Brown, LtCol Gerald, 421, 441
Brown, 2dLt James M., 134_n_
Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 227
Brunelli, Col Austin R., 86_n_; BGen, 86_n_
Bryan, LtCol Leslie T., Jr., 349
Bryson, LtCol Robert L., 28_n_
Buntin, Maj Joseph S., 303, 305
Burger, BGen Joseph C., 319, 405
Burnett, LtCol John R., 28
Byrum, Capt Paul B., 165_n_, 195, 205, 211_n_
Cain, MSgt John T., 429, 432–435, 442
Cairo Declaration, 2, 534
Campbell, Capt George W., 116
Camp Casey, 326–329, 332, 334, 336
Camp Indianhead, 327–329, 335, 344, 364
Camp Lejeune, 148, 336, 476, 494, 498, 500
Camp Pendleton, 3, 88, 98, 139, 471, 473, 476, 500
Training and Replacement Command, 98
Camp Rose, 202, 267, 310, 328
Caputo, LtCol Anthony, 108_n_, 167, 186, 202, 205
Carey, LtCol John F., 179, 247, 247_n_
Cargill, LtCol Wayne M., 177, 207–208; Col, 259_n_
Carney, Col Edward B., 348_n_, 375, 472
Carriers. _See_ Ships.
Cassels, MajGen A. J. H., 93_n_
Cates, Gen Clifton B., 499
Casualties
Communist, 6, 10, 32–34, 36–37, 61, 73, 75–77, 80–81, 83, 89, 92–93,
95, 103, 106, 106_n_, 125–130, 138, 141, 143, 146, 149–150,
152–153, 155, 158–159, 163–166, 169, 171, 176, 208, 210–212,
212_n_, 221–224, 257, 258_n_, 259, 264, 288–289, 296, 300,
304–305, 307, 324–325, 337, 340–342, 346_n_, 370, 372–373,
379, 381, 381_n_, 387, 389, 392–393, 451, 482_n_, 507, 522,
532–533, 533_n_
United Nations, 22, 32–34, 36, 49, 59, 75–77, 79–81, 83, 87–89,
91–92, 95–97, 103, 111–113, 118–119, 121, 123, 126–127,
129–131, 133, 136, 138–140, 142, 142_n_, 146, 150, 152–153,
155–156, 158–160, 163–167, 169, 197, 209, 209_n_, 210, 212,
214, 214_n_, 218, 227, 239, 246, 256–257, 260, 264, 285,
288, 288_n_, 289, 306–307, 324, 340–342, 357, 359, 366,
370–374, 374_n_, 379_n_, 381, 381_n_, 386–387, 391, 391_n_,
392, 396, 398, 410–411, 411_n_, 450, 480, 482, 482_n_, 484,
495, 495_n_, 510, 514_n_, 521, 527, 531–532, 533, 533_n_
Casualty evacuation, 127, 140, 234, 271, 287–288, 293, 486–488, 494,
521
CAT Line, 327
Cease-fire, 321–322, 341, 361, 393–394, 396–397, 399, 445–447, 451,
484
Agreement, 2, 454
Line, 391, 532
Cereghino, LtCol Alexander D., 291, 365; Col, 366_n_
Chamberlin, LtCol Kenneth R., 176, 207
Chambers, Col Owen A., 247_n_
Champagne, Cpl David B., 83_n_
Chapman, Col Max C., 28
Charette, HM3C William R., 294, 294_n_, 299
Checklou, Capt Henry A., 275_n_, 278_n_
Cheek, Capt Leon C., Jr., 202
Cherry Point, 486, 498
Chiang Kai-shek, 2_n_
China, 2, 2_n_, 5, 58, 64, 88, 377, 350_n_, 357, 427, 513, 525, 529
Chinese Communist Forces (CCF), 3, 5, 7, 7_n_, 17, 24, 26, 28–34,
36–39, 45–46, 52–53, 53_n_, 55, 59, 61, 69, 73–74, 79–80,
82–83, 85, 87–89, 92–95, 97, 101–102, 104–106, 108, 111–113,
116–119, 122–127, 129–130, 136, 140–141, 147–148, 157–158,
187–188, 203, 207–208, 217–218, 220, 223, 227–230, 242,
257_n_, 259–261, 263–264, 264_n_, 279, 283–292, 294–305,
307, 309, 311, 315–316, 321, 321_n_, 322, 324–326, 337–342,
346, 351–352, 357–358, 364–365, 367–374, 377–379, 381, 383,
385–389, 391–393, 393_n_, 394, 397–399, 403–404, 406–408,
410–411, 413–414, 416, 418–431, 433–442, 445, 451, 454,
457–460, 463–466, 469–470, 478, 478_n_, 479–481, 482_n_,
509, 511–514, 517–520, 525–527, 529. _See also_ Air
activities; Artillery; Defenses; Supplies; Weapons.
Amphibious operations, 59, 249
Antiaircraft defenses, 64, 69, 71, 71_n_, 170, 174, 240, 243, 283,
346, 411, 414, 433, 492, 514
Assembly areas, 24, 292, 295, 297, 305, 519
Attacks, 6, 18, 31, 34, 73, 106_n_, 121, 130, 163, 186, 220–221,
223, 231, 241, 249, 253, 261, 264, 264_n_, 265, 294, 298,
301, 303–304, 308–309, 326, 335, 340–342, 351, 353, 367,
377, 386, 388–389, 391–392, 396, 413, 415, 424, 481, 482_n_,
518, 522, 529
Bases, 507
Capabilities, 85, 464, 524, 532
Cargo carriers, 200
Choke points, 136
Combat efficiency, 108, 525–526
Combat techniques, 519
Command posts, 133, 385
Counterattacks, 82, 105, 112, 119, 256, 297, 300–301, 307, 379_n_
Counterbattery fire, 136, 166, 179, 291, 339, 375, 392, 394
Counterintelligence efforts, 522
Defensive efforts, 117, 341, 514
Employment of weapons, 85
Encroachment efforts, 351
Equipment, 170
Espionage agents, 249, 251
Explainers, 459
Flags, 408
Ground defenses, 7, 87, 94, 104, 117, 170, 218, 230, 243, 256, 265,
273, 287, 293–294, 296, 298, 324_n_, 338, 341, 365, 369–370,
372, 392, 394, 483, 519, 523
Guerrillas, 6, 527
Harassment, 59, 325, 355, 357, 359, 422, 425
Hierarchy, 314
Infiltration, 249, 251, 387
Junks, 354
Leaders, 7, 313–314
Observation posts, 73, 95, 133, 258, 519
Offensives, 5–6, 32, 263, 342, 514–515, 518, 525
Officials, 421_n_, 422, 425
Order of battle, 85–86, 248_n_
Outposts, 133–134, 137–138
Plans, 306, 322
Propaganda, 7_n_, 469
Psychological efforts, 188, 190, 325, 373, 425, 522
Reinforcements, 33, 300–301, 340, 368, 378
Reserves, 225, 511
Shore defenses, 56, 357–358
Slogans, 408
Strategy, 534
Strength, 188, 248, 309, 350
Units
9th Army Group, 479–480
40th Army, 96, 108, 141, 188, 199, 297
46th Army, 280, 298, 366
60th Army, 342
63d Army, 29, 96
65th Army, 29, 96, 108, 248_n_
68th Army, 342
1st Armored Division, 29
118th Division, 96, 108, 141
119th Division, 188, 199
120th Division, 280, 338, 338_n_
124th Division, 479
136th Division, 366
188th Division, 29
189th Division, 96
193d Division, 29, 96, 248_n_
194th Division, 29, 96, 108
195th Division, 29, 96, 248_n_
352d Regiment, 108
356th Regiment, 188
357th Regiment, 188, 196, 199
358th Regiment, 297–298, 307
388th Regiment, 280
407th Regiment, 366
408th Regiment, 387
580th Regiment, 108
581st Regiment, 220
582d Regiment, 220
584th Regiment, 220
585th Regiment, 220
Chinhae, 531
Chinhung-ni, 488
Chinju, 327, 476, 486
Chinnampo, 173, 242, 354
Cho-do Island, 55–56, 59, 173, 353–356
Chogum-ni, 285
Chongsong River, 243, 418, 421–422
Chormyon, 463
Chorwon Kumwha, 223, 420, 436
Chosin Reservoir, 5, 410, 412, 475, 479–480, 487–488, 494, 502, 535
Chunchon, 436, 497
Church, Capt John Jr., 175
Churchill, Winston S., 427
Clark, Gen Mark W., 64, 88, 170–171, 171_n_, 172, 226–227, 229, 231,
314, 319, 321–322, 336, 340, 378_n_, 401, 405, 405_n_, 446
Clarke, LtGen Bruce C., 332, 332_n_, 379_n_
Clarke, LtCol Harry D., 101; Col, 101_n_
Clarke, VAdm Joseph J., 225, 231, 352, 376, 515
Close air support, 4, 7, 21, 27–28, 42, 61–62, 71–72, 79, 84, 132–134,
136, 170, 170_n_, 172, 177, 207_n_, 208, 224–225, 234_n_,
238–240, 243, 256, 257_n_, 299, 307, 310, 325, 326_n_,
339–340, 345, 347–352, 375–376, 379, 386, 413, 473, 477_n_,
485–486, 488–489, 491–492, 492_n_, 493, 511, 513–517. _See
also_ Air activities, United Nations.
Clothing
Communist, 318, 526
United Nations, 245, 319–320, 401, 405
Body armor, 8, 140, 140_n_, 246, 294, 451
Boots, 8, 245–246, 484, 526
Cold weather gear, 526
Coffee, Sgt Robert J., 403
Cold, 1stLt Frank E., 436, 436_n_
Coln, LtCol Royce W., 177, 242
Combat outposts, 106, 106_n_, 509, 518–519, 523–524. _See also_
Hills; Outposts.
1, 268
2, 118, 126, 232, 268, 268_n_, 316_n_, 323, 338, 371
2A, 519
19, 365
19A, 365
21, 299, 304
31, 217, 220, 220_n_, 221
33, 217–218, 220, 220_n_, 221, 259
36, 169, 218
37, 169, 218
39, 217–218, 220, 220_n_, 221
51, 217–218, 220, 220_n_, 221
86, 169, 218
Ava, 267, 451
Berlin, 367_n_
Bruce (Hill 148), 157, 157_n_
Bunker Hill (Hill 122), 300, 306, 451, 481, 515, 519
Camel, 397
Carson (Hill 27), 260, 278, 280, 286
Corine, 306
Dagmar, 261, 306
Detroit (Hill 15), 163, 414
Esther, 260–261, 372, 451
Frisco (Hill 13), 163, 414
Green, 94
Hedy (Hill 124), 259–261, 264, 306
Hook, 186–187, 187_n_, 188, 188_n_, 191–193, 193_n_, 194–196,
196_n_, 197, 197_n_, 199–200, 202–203, 205–207, 207_n_,
208–211, 211_n_, 212–214, 215_n_, 222, 230–231, 246, 255_n_,
263, 338–339, 351, 414, 508
Ingrid, 268
Kate, 268
Marilyn, 268
Nevada, 267, 290
Reno (Hill 25), 211–212, 230, 265, 273, 275–276, 278–283
Reno Block, 273
Ronson, 187, 211, 414
Seattle, 163, 187–188, 207
Vegas (Hill 21), 230, 260, 276, 278, 280, 283, 294–295, 302,
305–307, 311, 326, 338
Verdun, 163, 163_n_, 187
Warsaw, 163, 163_n_, 187–188, 202, 211, 414
White, 91
Yoke, 259–260
Commandant of the Marine Corps, 88, 98, 138–139, 139_n_, 158–159, 231,
310, 332, 345, 396, 409–410, 423, 471–472, 499, 501,
504–505, 534
Commander, Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet, 478_n_
Commander in Chief, Far East, 3, 359, 476, 478, 499, 514
Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, 332, 352_n_, 353, 474
Commander in Chief, United Nations Command, 4, 52, 64, 84, 170, 226,
231, 314, 322, 401, 405, 408, 446, 448, 457, 477, 481, 483,
496, 500, 522
Commander, Naval Forces, Far East, 47, 98, 320, 336, 408, 469, 488_n_
Commander, Seventh Fleet, 351–352, 376, 515
Commanding General, Eighth U. S. Army in Korea, 13_n_, 44, 51_n_, 62,
86, 314, 319, 336, 378, 405, 413, 480–481, 491, 497, 530
Commanding General, I Corps, 156, 332, 336, 340, 361, 378, 405, 456
Commanding General, 1st Marine Division, 2, 11, 13_n_, 18, 148, 310,
319, 334, 336, 345, 365, 378_n_, 501, 514_n_, 522, 530
Commanding General, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing, 24, 43, 68, 233, 236,
348, 376, 469, 472, 474, 488, 493, 513, 515–516
Commanding General, Fifth Air Force, 237, 242, 348, 515
Communications
Communist, 63, 69, 514, 522
United Nations, 134_n_, 167–168, 280, 289, 339_n_, 354, 373, 438,
449, 464, 517, 517_n_, 521
Armored vehicle, 81
Difficulties, 21, 284, 291
Failures, 75_n_, 285, 367, 488
Installations, 18
Interservice, 487
Lines, 193, 339_n_, 494
Makeshift rigs, 494
Nets, 182, 366
Radio, 6, 67, 75_n_, 81, 85, 119, 123, 168, 182_n_, 235, 273, 284,
316_n_, 339_n_, 358, 388, 464, 488, 493
Trench, 287
Wire, 46, 193, 273, 275, 278, 391, 494
Communism, 404, 426–427, 435, 442, 527–529, 531–535
Condon, Col John J., 65, 176, 239; MajGen, 65_n_
Congress, United States, 440, 502, 504, 506, 515, 517_n_
Conley, LtCol Robert F., 242, 291, 347_n_, 349
Connolly, Capt Howard J., 119, 124–125, 135
Connolly, Capt Thomas P., 302
Conrad, LtCol Robert L., 349
_Consolation_, USS, 288, 319, 495
Cooley, MajGen Albert D., 474_n_
Cortelyou, LtCol Stoddard G., 291
Corvi, 1stLt Joseph A., 242
Coss, LtCol Francis K., 291, 349
Craig, BGen Edward A., 3, 8; LtGen, 475_n_, 477
Cram, Col Jack R., 233, 345
Crawford, LtCol Philip “L”, 132, 177
Crockett, Col Richard H., 249_n_
Cross, LtCol Thomas J., 89, 146_n_
Culhane, Col Thomas A., Jr., 12_n_, 20, 37, 77, 84, 114, 150_n_
Curry, Col Manly L., 368; BGen, 397_n_
Cushing, LtCol William H., 20
Cushman, BGen Thomas J., 7_n_, 485
Czechoslovakia, 458_n_, 459, 525
D-Day, 258, 334–335
Daly, Maj Jack M., 320
Damopoulos, Cpl C. N., 475_n_
Daniel, RAdm John C., 315, 318
Daniels, Lt Willie L., 173
Daughtry, LtCol George W. E., 20, 82–83, 93
Davenport, Col William K., 56, 58, 59_n_
Davies, Capt Samuel J., 426, 427_n_
Davis, LtCol Bert, Jr., 165, 191, 195, 202
Davis, Capt Oliver R., 241
Dawson, BGen Marion L., 474_n_
Day, QMSgt James, 423
Dean, MajGen William F., 406, 411_n_, 426, 431
Declaration of war, 506
Defense, Department of, 64, 174_n_, 430
Secretary, 227, 500
Defenses
Communist, 16, 166, 230, 256, 296–297, 299, 368, 379, 389,
509, 520, 526
Active weapons positions, 519
Air-raid shelters, 106–107
Antiaircraft, 413
Antitank, 257
Artillery emplacements, 24, 338
Artillery preparation, 289
Automatic weapons site, 381
Bivouac, 73
Bunkers, 33, 62, 75, 77, 81, 83, 90, 93, 104, 136, 141, 160, 190,
195–196, 200, 207–208, 257, 291–292, 299, 304, 307, 368,
379, 385, 519–520
Camouflage, 519
Caves, 195, 208, 257, 299, 356, 379, 519, 520
Counterbattery efforts, 309
Dugouts, 32
Emplacements, 232, 325, 375
Field fortifications, 92, 106–107, 519
Firing positions, 138
Flank security, 138
Flares, 159
Fortifications, 302, 375, 378, 520
Ground, 519–520
Guns, 357
Emplacements, 46, 207
Positions, 71, 74, 385
Installations, 389
Living quarters, 100
Machine gun positions, 95, 289
Mess halls, 106
Mortar positions, 73, 381, 385
Mortar preparation, 289
Observation posts, 136, 356
Positions, 33, 72, 90, 93, 136, 379, 520
Revetments, 33
Secondary line, 520
Shelter, 106
Storage spaces, 106
Strong points, 207, 381
Tactical wire, 33
Trenches, 10, 32, 89, 93, 104, 136, 160, 168, 195, 196_n_, 200,
206–207, 259, 292–293, 295, 299, 302, 304, 307, 368, 379,
385, 388, 520
Trenchlines, 95, 188, 206, 210, 267, 296, 374, 379, 388
Trenchworks, 75, 379, 389, 519
Tunnels, 106, 257, 519–520
Underground earthworks, 106
Weapons emplacements, 136, 283, 295, 379
Weapons positions, 133, 136, 307, 337
Works, 520
Korea, Republic of, 160, 162, 220
United Nations
All-round, 519
Ambushes, 8, 203, 524
Ammunition holes, 467
Antiaircraft defense, 67
Antiguerrilla activities, 412
Artillery box traffic, 190
Artillery fire, 258, 289
Artillery firepower, 309
Attacks, 53_n_, 109
Automatic weapons sites, 303, 467
Barbed wire obstacle, 258
Box-me-ins, 75, 75_n_, 89, 121, 124, 127, 129, 134, 150, 281, 289,
301, 304, 325, 369, 518_n_, 519
Bunkers, 22, 34, 75, 89, 100–101, 107–108, 108_n_, 118, 148,
152–153, 193–194, 197, 199, 205–206, 207_n_, 210–211, 213,
213_n_, 214–215, 273, 283, 303, 323, 388, 467–468, 520–521
Camp facilities, 32
Caves, 273, 283, 285, 521
Combat outposts slope defenses, 255
Command posts, bunkered, 467–468
Counterattacks, 134, 206, 308
Counterbattery, 117, 117_n_, 207, 256, 291–292
Countermortar, 256, 281, 286, 291
Defense-in-depth concept, 509
Defensive boxes, 378
Emplacements, 253
Field fortifications, 215
Fighting holes, 299, 303, 521
Fighting light, 18-inch, 114
Fighting positions, 253
Fires, 127, 324, 354, 369, 373, 379, 387, 389, 519
Fire support, 21, 309, 357
Flames, 392
Flares, 160
Fortifications, 32, 121, 397, 448, 452, 509, 518
Foxholes, 302–303
Ground, 1, 8, 391
Gun emplacements, 32, 253, 304, 339
Hill defenses, 391
Individual shelter, 214
Installations, 107
Linear defense, 465
Listening posts, 273
Marine, U.S., 82, 84, 127
4.2-inch mortar positions, 466
81mm mortar positions, 466
Outpost, 75
Positions, 34, 106, 203, 253, 467–468
Preparations, 121
Protective boxes, 281
Protective wire, 324
Reconnaissance, motorized, 465
Sandbags, 520
Searchlight, 114
Stabilized lines, 523
Stabilized situation, 466
Strongpoint, 465
Tactics, 518
Tank slots, 467–468
Timbers, 107, 448
Trenches, 148, 153, 193–194, 197_n_, 209, 214, 253, 273, 283–285,
299, 303–304, 323–324, 387, 398, 467, 520, 522
Trenchline, 211, 214, 257, 273, 275–276, 366, 386–387,
389, 468, 509
Trenchworks, 32, 121, 387
Weapon
Dugouts, 303
Emplacements, 22
Positions, 299
Wire, 300, 309, 368, 379, 494
_DeHaven_, USS, 347
Demarcation line, 458, 529, 532
Demars, Cpl George C., 305
Demas, Capt John G., 126–127, 129
Demers, Maj Raymond E., 177
Demilitarized Zone, 322, 377_n_, 394, 399, 408, 445–450, 453–456,
456_n_, 457–461, 463–467, 469
Police companies, 456, 456_n_, 457, 459
Deputy Director of Logistic Plans, 337
Detroit, 147_n_
Dewey, Cpl Duane E., 37_n_
Dickerson, Sgt Charles W., 436_n_
Dion, 2dLt James W., 118
Diplomatic maneuverings, 313
Director of the Marine Corps Educational Center, 337
Distinguished Service Medal, 233, 336
Division of Reserve, 337
Dobervich, LtCol Michiel, 39, 250
Dobson, LtCol Charles E., 207, 243
Donahue, 2dLt John J., 82–83
Donk, 2dLt Terry K., 95
Dorney, Col Harvey C., 347_n_
Dorsey, Col Elmer T., 28, 28_n_
Doyle, RAdm James H., 478, 478_n_