114 says that popular interest in the question of alfalfa culture was
never so great in Vermont as it is today. The result of 56 trials at as
many Vermont points are summarized: as, permanent successes, 12;
temporary successes, ten; success at outset, eight; seeming success,
five; questionable, seven; failure, 14. Thirty-six per cent of the
trials may fairly be said to have been a success, and 68 per cent of
these were located in the Champlain valley. Only 10 of the 56 alfalfa
growers appear to have sown more than an acre. It should be noted that
success with a fraction of an acre does not of necessity imply that an
equal degree of success would be attained with plantings on larger
areas. The preeminence of the Champlain valley in alfalfa growing seems
to be due to the character of the farming in that section and to the
nature of its soil. Failures may generally be ascribed to one or more of
several unfavorable soil or weather conditions, to weeds, to disease, or
to seed which either is inferior or from an unsuitable source. There
seems to be a sufficient proportion of successes in the state to justify
the encouragement of further trials. It is equally clear, however, that
anyone planting alfalfa for the first time should not only give careful
heed to the needs of the plant and to the methods of culture outlined
later, but should begin by experimenting in a small way. The most
significant thing developed by the analysis of the returns to date is
that the crop seems to succeed best in the Champlain valley. Why is
this? Probably one factor, not apparent on the surface, is that the men
who have succeeded in Addison county are largely sheep breeders who
value the crop so highly in their special industry that they are willing
to give more attention to its culture than are the dairy farmers. It
should be recalled in this connection, however, that the evidence
reviewed indicates practical success with alfalfa at Plattsburgh and in
adjacent Canadian territory. Without pressing the matter to a definite
conclusion, we consider two things to be at least strongly suggested
and worthy to be borne in mind in connection with further experiments
in alfalfa culture: (1) The chances of permanent success with it are
probably better in Vermont than they are farther south and east in New
England. This may be in part attributable to soil conditions and in part
to climate, the latter being associated with greater remoteness from the
seashore. (2) In Vermont the chance of success in its culture seem to be
greater in the Champlain valley than elsewhere. The reasons suggested in
the above may apply in explanation of this. The nature of the geological
formations is also worthy of consideration. It seems not unlikely that
the relative richness of the soil of this region in lime and potash and
its other chemical and physical characters make it especially favorable
to alfalfa growing.
VIRGINIA
_Prof. Andrew M. Soule, Director Virginia experiment station._--In
Bulletin No. 154 from this station we summarize as follows: Alfalfa is
being grown with success in various parts of Virginia and the
indications are that it will do well in humid climates, providing the
soil is brought into suitable condition for its growth. Alfalfa has many
useful qualities. It yields from three to five tons of cured hay in a
year, and remains on the land for a long period of time when once well
established. It grows best on deep, open, porous soils well supplied
with vegetable matter. The roots of alfalfa are from five to 15 feet in
length, enabling it to draw much of its food from the subsoil. It thus
enriches the land for succeeding crops and opens it up to the action of
air and water. Land intended for alfalfa should be made very rich by
plowing under legumes or applying farmyard manure. In addition, from 200
to 400 pounds of acid phosphate, Thomas slag or bone meal, with 100
pounds of muriate of potash, should be applied per acre. If the land is
acid, which may be determined by testing with blue litmus paper, an
application of 25 bushels of lime should be made. It is generally best
to use the unslaked lime, which may be applied with a manure spreader, a
grain drill or broadcasted over the land and covered with a harrow. Land
intended for alfalfa should be carefully cultivated in hoed crops or
summer fallowed so as to destroy weeds, the worst enemy of alfalfa
during the early stages of its growth. Alfalfa may be seeded either fall
or spring. When fall sown it can be cut for hay the next summer,
whereas, the spring sown crop should be clipped several times during the
first season and left to mulch the ground. Alfalfa seed is sometimes
infested with dodder, which grows as a parasite on the plant. The
orange-yellow threadlike appearance of dodder gives warning of its
presence, and it can be easily destroyed by cutting and burning if taken
at the outset. Alfalfa is frequently attacked by leaf spot in the
eastern states. The disease is easily recognized as its name indicates,
and persistent clipping will generally eradicate it. The amount of seed
to sow varies, but 20 pounds will answer as a rule. Alfalfa should be
cut for hay when coming into bloom, as it yields more nutrients per acre
at that time, and succeeding crops yield better. Alfalfa is not more
difficult to make into hay than is Red clover. It may also be pastured
to advantage, though there is some danger of bloat, and, owing to the
high feeding value of the hay, it is doubtful whether it would be good
practice to graze it in the East, except with hogs. Alfalfa being a
legume has the power of assimilating atmospheric nitrogen under certain
conditions. It is thus a soil improver. Farmers cannot afford to
purchase nitrogen when they can gather it from the air through the
action of leguminous plants. Alfalfa often fails, even though all the
physical conditions seem favorable, because the bacteria which live in
the nodules on its roots are not present in the soil. This deficiency
may be supplied by getting soil from an old alfalfa field or from fields
where Sweet clover or Bur clover previously grew with success, or by
means of artificial cultures. The Virginia experiment station, realizing
the importance of alfalfa to Virginia farmers and the difficulty of
securing inoculated soil at a reasonable cost, has undertaken the
preparation of pure cultures which it is distributing at a cost of 25
cents per acre. Soil inoculation through artificial cultures is still in
its experimental stages, but it seems wise that Virginia farmers should
be given an opportunity to test these cultures at a moderate cost and
determine once for all their real value under field conditions. The high
feeding value of alfalfa has long been recognized. It is admirably
adapted to the needs of all classes of live stock. It has been fed with
profit to horses, cattle, sheep and swine. It can be so utilized as to
largely take the place of wheat bran and other expensive concentrates.
The plats of alfalfa seeded in the spring of 1904, both on the station
farm and on Brush mountain, show the importance of soil inoculation and
the advantages of using lime and phosphates on land intended for this
crop. From a general review of the situation it appears that there is no
reason why alfalfa, under good management, should not succeed in many
parts of Virginia.
WASHINGTON
_F. M. Lowden, Walla Walla county._--In 22 years I have had experience
with from 1 to 400 acres of alfalfa, on bottom, second bottom, and
upland, with clay, sand and loam soils, with subsoil of hardpan and
strong alkali from 18 to 20 inches below the surface, and water at depth
of 18 to 20 feet. The soil is seldom moist all the way down, the dry
soil beginning five to eight feet below the surface and ending within
two or three feet of the water. After plowing deep and harrowing well, I
sow in the spring, late enough to miss frost, 25 to 30 pounds to the
acre; then cover, in light soil from one to two inches, and in clay soil
less. During the first season it should be mowed so that the weeds
cannot choke it out, and then there will be about a ton of hay to the
acre to be cut in August. I irrigate with water from streams thoroughly
in the spring and after each cutting, using enough water to soak the
ground for a few days. New land requires more water than old, but the
quantity needed is about the same every year. At three years the plant
attains its best yields, and with proper care will not need reseeding.
There are usually three cuttings each season, with an average of 1¹⁄₂
tons to the acre, and I have known five cuttings. It is mowed for hay
when it commences to bloom, and for seed any time before the frost
comes, the second crop being best for the latter use. The seed is
mowed, threshed and dried as any other clover is. The hay should lie
before raking until it is thoroughly wilted, then cure in cock two or
three days. We stack in ricks 16 to 18 feet wide and any desired height
or length. The hay will not heat if well cured before stacking. On land
valued at $40 an acre, the cost of hay in the stack is about $1.50, and
to bale this costs $2 a ton. The yield of seed is 5 to 10 bushels to the
acre, and it sells for $4.50 to $7.50 a bushel, while hay brings $4,
formerly $8. For threshing, a clover huller is better than the common
machine. The alfalfa straw is of double the value of any other straw for
feeding. The hay grown without irrigation is not so rank as that which
is watered, and is consequently more valuable as a feed; any is better
than timothy, and equal to clover for cattle, but the seed must form in
it to make it valuable for working horses. After cutting three crops in
a season, I usually use the field in the fall for pasturing cattle, and
it furnishes nearly double the feed that Red clover will, acre for acre.
For hogs the pasturage is much better than clover, and I sow with blue
grass and clover, on rich ground. For horses and sheep the pasturage is
better than clover, but causes bloat in the same way. It is difficult to
plow up alfalfa, but continued cultivation will rid land of it when
desired.
_Oscar Drumheller, Walla Walla county._--Have grown alfalfa for six
years, and now have 150 acres, part on bottom, some on clay, and a part
on slightly sandy soil; subsoil is a thin layer of hardpan; below that a
sort of gumbo, and underneath that a white clay. Abundant water is found
at 10 to 18 feet, moist soil reaching to the water. Our land requires no
special preparation for alfalfa; manure is spread on weak spots; we sow
20 pounds of seed broadcast, about May 1st, and harrow once to cover.
Some cut it the first year; some years the crop is not worth touching
for either hay or seed; there is no trouble here from winterkilling. We
never irrigate. The first cutting yields about three tons, the second,
about two and one-half tons, the third, about two tons, and the fourth,
one ton. For hay, cutting should begin when in full bloom; we never cut
for seed, but the first crop is best. The season must govern the time
for curing, whether two days or 10; it will heat and mold if not dry
before stacking; no choice in size of stacks. On land worth $40 per
acre, it costs about $1.50 per ton to grow and put alfalfa in the stack;
baling costs $1.50 to $2 per ton, the bales weighing 150 pounds. Alfalfa
hay sold for $12 per ton in 1890, and is now selling for $2.50; seed
sells for 10 to 12 cents per pound. For cattle, alfalfa hay leads all
others; for work animals, it is a little “washy,” but we use nothing
else; for pasturing hogs, one acre of alfalfa is worth two of clover,
and it is found satisfactory for horses and sheep; alfalfa will pasture
more cattle than clover, but is more productive of bloat, especially on
windy days. The best remedy for bloat is to get the foreparts of the
animal on high ground and splash cold water on its back; when all else
fails, apply the knife to the left side. We prefer unirrigated hay,
which seems firmer and less “washy.” Alfalfa reaches its best yields
about the third year, and will last 20 years; it is not difficult to
kill; it is similar to Red clover for turning under for green manure.
All cattle here are fed on alfalfa hay alone. I have fed cattle in open
yards in December, January, and February, and made them gain 160 pounds
per steer in three months. If beef on the Pacific coast would bring 3
cents, there would be no better investment than alfalfa. In 1892, we
sold hay for $60 per acre; to-day it will not sell for a third of that.
WEST VIRGINIA
_Prof. J. H. Stewart, Director West Virginia experiment station._--Very
little alfalfa is grown in West Virginia. Within the past four or five
years some stimulus has been given it by current publications, etc., but
extensive growth has not obtained as yet. The attempts to grow it on our
small farm at the experiment station have in fact been failures.
However, there are a few small tracts that have done well in portions of
the state. Hon. T. B. Davis of Mineral county and E. W. McNeil of Hardy
county are persons who have been successful. I am frank to say, however,
that the experiences and practice thus far in this state have not proven
it to be a dependable crop.
WISCONSIN
_Prof. R. A. More, Agronomist Wisconsin experiment station._--Alfalfa is
receiving great attention in Wisconsin and dairymen have been quick to
perceive its value. Through the efforts of the experiment station,
alfalfa seed has been disseminated in every county in the state and
crops have been grown which were highly satisfactory. Experiments at the
station show that as much protein can be secured from one acre of
alfalfa as from three acres of clover, nine acres of timothy or 12 of
Brome grass. In this experiment four cuttings of alfalfa were secured,
two cuttings of clover and one cutting each of timothy and Brome grass.
Alfalfa seed should have its viability tested before the seed is
purchased. Seed that does not give a germination test of 90 per cent or
above should be rejected. We advise selecting high, well-drained land
inclined to be rolling. A clay loam on a gravelly subsoil is best suited
for growths of alfalfa. Sow in spring as soon as ground works well,
putting on about twice the cultivation necessary for cereal crops. Where
land is inclined to be weedy, sow three pecks of barley per acre as a
nurse crop. If ground is free from weeds, sow alfalfa seed without nurse
crop, using at least 20 pounds of seed per acre. Several hundred members
of the Wisconsin experiment association have been carrying on tests with
alfalfa since 1903, and practically all have succeeded in getting good
fields started. Bacteria-laden soil has been shipped to members of the
experiment association, who are making tests, with directions for
scattering on a small plot, in order to get the proper bacteria
established in the soil. The sowing of some alfalfa seed with clover for
the purpose of getting a few alfalfa plants established as bacteria
distributers has been followed with good success. These lands when later
sown to alfalfa result in good catches. Alfalfa should be cut when
one-tenth is in blossom, and not later than the first week in September.
We look for greatly increased acreage from year to year as our farmers
learn the value of this great forage plant.
_W. D. Hoard, Editor Hoard’s Dairyman._--It is now twelve years since
the editor of the Dairyman commenced the practical study of alfalfa. A
good deal of experience as well as observation of the practices of
others has come to him in that time. He does not feel that he has
exhausted the subject by any means, but there are a few things which he
believes to be well settled principles. They may be enumerated as
follows:
1. The richer the soil the better.
2. A carefully prepared seed bed. Too much pains cannot be had here.
3. Good seed; every farmer should test the seed he expects to sow. A
great amount of failure has come from weak, infertile seed.
4. Side hills where the rain or melted snow in March will readily run
off and thus prevent an ice cap from sudden freezing is much the
preferable location.
5. Cutting it each time as soon as the first blossoms appear will always
bring a stronger succeeding growth for the next crop.
6. Never pasture it unless you wish to weaken it so it will break up
more easily the next spring.
7. Always cure it in the cock with hay caps if possible. The quality of
the hay is greatly superior to that which is cured in the sun or
windrow.
The nutritive quality and value of alfalfa as well as clover may be
greatly lessened and the owner not be aware of it, by allowing too much
sunshine on the hay. To throw away the feeding value of any food by
unwise methods of handling or curing is very poor economy. For this
reason farmers should make a closer study than they do as to the right
time of cutting alfalfa and clover and the right way of curing it. Too
many farmers look only at the labor involved. They want to do it quick.
Hence they wait before cutting till the stalks are overripe so they will
dry quickly and then they use hay loaders that will take up the hay in
the swath overdried and the goodness evaporated out of it by the action
of the sun. All this time they are never giving a moment’s thought to
the great question: “What kind of food is this going to make for my cows
next winter?” The best of study and care should be given to this matter
of curing alfalfa and clover. Nicely cured clover is worth half as much
as bran as a milk producing food, and alfalfa is worth fully as much. We
have demonstrated in our own stables that with 35 pounds of corn
ensilage and 10 pounds of nice alfalfa hay a day, we can save half of
the grain ration that would be necessary if we fed other hay.
8. As a renewer and renovator of fertility we know of nothing that will
equal alfalfa. The present year is proving that in Wisconsin most
convincingly. Nearly all of the old alfalfa, as well as clover seeding,
was killed by an ice storm in March. That compelled the farmers to plow
up these old fields and plant them to corn, potatoes or some sowed crop.
The greater growth of crops on these old alfalfa fields is universally
noticed. The farmers of the country have not half begun to know the
wonderful value of the alfalfa plant. For just this reason they should
not be discouraged in trying to grow it.
_Dr. A. S. Alexander, Wisconsin experiment station._--After all that has
been written and said in favor of the more general cultivation of
alfalfa, it seems strange to find much prejudice and ignorance still
existing among farmers relative to the merits of this magnificent forage
plant. When we ask a farmer why he has not seeded an area of land to
alfalfa he almost invariably answers by another question; viz., “Do you
think I can make it catch?” And it is this doubt so generally existent
that keeps down the area of alfalfa, and hence the profits of many a man
who could make it a wonderful success.
To our mind there has been too much alleged scientific talk relative to
“nitrification,” “root nodules” and “soil inoculation” for alfalfa; so
much of it, in fact, as a fad, that the average farmer has become
possessed of the erroneous idea that it requires a deeply scientific
knowledge of the subject and much trouble of various sorts to secure a
stand of alfalfa. For this reason many a man has dismissed the subject
from his mind and deemed it best to think most of the simple things
within his ken, but in so doing he has missed some of the greatest boons
and blessings possible in his business. Alfalfa will grow on most any
good land that will produce clover and that is in no way waterlogged.
There is little mystery in its successful cultivation, and the “tricks”
of the business are easily learned from the literature mentioned. We
believe it to be one of the very finest of forage plants and a grand
adjunct in the feeding of hogs; a crop in fact that is bound to become
common and that should at once be given far more general attention than
is now the case. It is neither difficult to obtain a catch nor make the
crop a success if the farmer will but try and in starting follow the
simple instructions now published by many of the agricultural experiment
stations.
WYOMING
_Asil T. Wilson, Fremont county._--For six years I have been raising
alfalfa on first-bench upland, a gravelly loam, with a cement subsoil of
a lime nature. Water is found at 40 feet; moist soil is encountered at a
depth of 12 feet from the surface, and continues until water is reached.
A depth of one inch for seeding is best. Sow in early spring. If alfalfa
and timothy are sown together, sow 20 pounds of the former to 6 of the
latter; if alone, 20 pounds of alfalfa. No weeds will trouble; cut
either crop for hay; the first crop for seed. Watering after the last
cutting will cause alfalfa to winterkill. Irrigate as early as possible,
if dry, and whenever getting dry, also about five days before cutting;
the soil being moist after cutting, the next crop will start up quickly.
The larger the quantity of water used the better if it runs off quickly.
We obtain water from a stream. After the first year I cut twice,
obtaining two tons each cutting. I cut for hay just as it comes into
bloom, as it is not so woody and more leaves are saved. The first
cutting is preferable for seed. When cutting for seed, wait until the
curls get well filled and black; put it into cocks and thresh when dry.
Alfalfa hay should be cut one day and raked the next; then cock, and let
it stand two or three days before stacking; by so doing all the leaves
are saved, and it cures in the cock so there is no danger of molding in
the stack. My alfalfa in stack costs $1 per ton, from land valued at $5
per acre. Irrigation costs 20 cents per acre. Baling costs $3 per ton,
150 pounds in bale. Seed yields six bushels per acre; threshing costs $1
per bushel. Prices for hay have ranged from $5 to $10 per ton, and $7
per bushel for seed. Alfalfa hay is equal to clover or timothy for farm
animals. For swine pasturage it is better than clover; one acre will
pasture 10 head of swine, gaining one pound per head each day. For
horses and sheep it is good, and as good for cattle as clover, but
dangerous, as they bloat and die. The best yields on upland are from
three to five years after seeding; and, if watered at proper intervals,
it will last 20 years. There is no difficulty in ridding land of
alfalfa; plow it late in the fall, level it down and mark it, then
water, and let it freeze up in winter. Alfalfa for green manure is as
good or better than Red clover. Without plenty of rain, I would not
recommend growing alfalfa in any locality. Seed raised from alfalfa thin
on the ground is best.
_John H. Gordon, Laramie county._--During the past 10 years, I have had
from 10 to 200 acres of alfalfa on second bottom and upland, with sandy
loam from two inches to six feet deep, and below this soft rock, water
being found at depths of 20 to 200 feet. I plow or break the soil the
first year, and raise a crop of wheat or oats; the second year plow
deep, sow about half a crop of oats, and when this is well harrowed, sow
20 pounds of alfalfa seed and cover it about two inches deep. To get the
best results, this seeding is done about April 1st, and there is no
trouble here with weeds. In cutting the grain, the alfalfa is cut off
too, but it does not grow tall enough for hay the first year. The plant
does not winterkill, and reaches its full yields by the third or fourth
year; I have found no necessity for reseeding any of my land. We
irrigate from streams, the quantity of water used depending on the
season. There are generally three applications of water, about six
inches each time. After the first two or three years, only about half
the quantity used at first will be needed. After the first year I cut
twice, and obtain about 1¹⁄₂ tons to the acre each time. The first crop
is best for seed, and is harvested when the top bolls are dead ripe,
raked the day after cutting, bunched for two days and then stacked, to
be threshed with the common threshing machinery, putting through twice.
Five bushels to the acre is a common yield of seed, and the cleaning and
threshing cost 50 to 75 cents a bushel. The hay is cut when the greater
part is in bloom, allowed to lie about a day before raking, cured about
three days, and then stacked, 14 to 16 feet wide, 60 feet long, and 20
feet high. It does not seem to heat or mold here. The total cost in the
stack is about $1.50 a ton, and baling, in 100-pound bales, costs $2 a
ton. Selling price of loose hay in this section is $5 a ton, and the
seed, 10 to 12 cents per pound in the market. The straw is worth about
as much as the hay for feed. I am well satisfied with the general
results of growing alfalfa here, and am now preparing 200 acres for
seeding. Where it will grow well, it is the best forage plant ever
discovered, being good feed for cattle, hogs, sheep, fowls, and, in
fact, all animals on the farm, while as a fertilizer it cannot be
surpassed. But one cannot do anything with it if there is not sufficient
moisture to raise wheat or oats.
INDEX.
PAGE
Alabama, alfalfa in 16
Alberta, alfalfa in 15
Experiments 231
Acclimation 8, 13, 28
Acid soil, test for 45
Unfavorable 44, 201
Acreage, too great 87
Address, Professor Spillman’s 9
Adulterants 32, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40
Africa, alfalfa introduced 2
South, alfalfa in 15
Agricultural Department bulletin 33
Agriculture, Stover’s; hay-caps 85
Agrostologist’s opinion 9
Air shaft in mow 95
Alaska, hay for 104
Albuminoids 22
Alfalfa fields 200 years old 5
Alfalfa, fails “here” 51
Description 5
Below sea level 15
Improves land values 204
Origin of name 2
Objection to 18
Preparations 182
Is “queen” 141
Replaces other legumes 151
Synonyms 4
Alfamo 185
Alfilaria, merits of 227, 228
Alsike and alfalfa compared 21, 148
Analyses, corn 22
Seed 33
Soil, free 64
Vary 137
Animals, keep off field 221
Annual manuring 70
Appetizer, alfalfa as an 125
Apples and alfalfa together 224
Arabian seed, imported 8
Arapahoe County, Colorado 243
Argentine Republic, alfalfa in 15
Arizona, alfilaria in 227
Experiments 8, 233
Army worm 219
Asiatic seed introduced 7
Assimilative restrictions 134
Avery, Prof. S., on alfamo 185
Bacteria, cowpeas increase 48
Humus helps 61
In some soils 61
In nodules 60, 198
Introducing 46, 50, 51
Introducing unnecessary 199
Lacking, failure result 66
Need nitrogen 60
Not fertilizers 201
On cowpeas 49
Spread on farm 194
Bale, hollow 105
Bales, heating 104
Loading 105
Poor prices for 104
Round 104
Size 104
Shipping 104
Baling 102
New Mexico 283
Machine, new 105
Space saved 105
Barley as nurse crop 58
Leaves weeds 59
Bare spots restored 71
Barn, storing 95
Beach, C. W. 248
Beadle County, South Dakota 300
Beak on trefoil seed 39
Beef, balanced ration for 135
Cheap western 142
Making 138
Yield to acre 130, 131
Bees and alfalfa 12, 175
Belgium, alfalfa introduced 2
Berry, J. W., storing 96
Bindweed 219
Blackshere, J. R., report 260
Blake, John, experiments 233
Bliss, D. S., report 267
Bloat, lambs do not 172
Preventing 110, 113, 171
Preventing, in Kansas 111
Professor Mayo on 116
Remedy 115, 121, 316
Rules to prevent 115
Tapping for 119
Not due to food 117
On alfalfa pasture 109
Bloom, cutting in 80
Cut in 88
Blossoming, cut before 80
Blue grass or alfalfa for pigs 158
Blue-grass, yields 21
With alfalfa 111
Botany of alfalfa 4
Bowman, Prof. M. L., report 257
Bran analysis 127
And alfalfa compared 10, 79, 85, 144
And alfalfa meal for cows 184
Food value 132
Sown with seed 56
Brandon, Manitoba, yield 14
Breaking sod hard work 195
Breeders’ Gazette on sheep pasture 114
Brewers’ grains and alfalfa compared 114
British Columbia, alfalfa in 14
Broadcast seeding 55
Brome grass and alfalfa compared 21
Brooks, Prof. William P., report 266
Brown, Benjamin, report 261
Brown County, South Dakota 302
Brown, George Campbell, report 303
Bruner, Prof. L., on hopper dozer 216
Buck-horn in alfalfa seed 41
Buckwheat bran, food value 132
Buffum, Prof. B. C., on fertilizing value 192
Bulletin, Alabama 232
Farmers’, baled alfalfa 104
Farmers’, irrigation 77
Farmers’, alfalfa for hogs 160
Kansas, hog raising 156
Nebraska, soiling and pasture 123
Nebraska, feed test 139
New Jersey, feed values 132
New York, fodder crops 126
Ohio, impure seed 33
Texas, feedstuffs 127
Utah, cuttings 128
Utah, irrigation 74
Vermont 309
Virginia 311
Wyoming, fertilizing value 192
Bulletins, various hay composition 75
Buncher 87
Burnett, Prof. E. A., dimensions of ton 229
Burning weeds 69
Bushel weight 31
Butter fat, cost 150
Butter, the marketable product 147
Buyer to blame 41
Buying soil, necessity of 61
Dangers of 62
Not necessary 61
Cache County, Utah 304
California, alfalfa introduced 2
Cutting in 89
Eleven cuttings 10
Experiments 8, 238
Feeding alfalfa alone 148
Sheep fattening 205
Camden County, New Jersey 282
Canada, alfalfa in 14
Time to sow 47
Canadian Northwest yield 14
Cannula for bloat 119
Cape Colony, alfalfa in 15
Capons on alfalfa 187
Carbohydrates and fats interchangeable 135
Function of 135
Not replace protein 136
In excess 136
In hay 76
Lacking 125
Carbonaceous foods needed 125
Carlyle, Prof. W. L., hay 173
Cattle, dangers in pasture 109
Experiences with 110
Growing, balanced ration 135
Young, balanced ration 135
Pasturing 235
Utah, fed 25
Chase County, Kansas 260
Champlain Valley 310
Characteristics, seed 37
Chick weed, destroying 303
City use of alfalfa 187
Clark County, Kansas 258
Clark, Thomas J., report 283
Clay, alfalfa on 15, 19, 17
Climates adapted to 15
Affects irrigation 77
Curing in dry 87
Arid, effect on hay 76, 88, 94
Arid, irrigation in 73
Humid, curing difficulties 88
Humid, difficulties 81
Humid, effect on hay 76
Humid, harvesting 82
Humid, hay-caps 85, 89
Humid, haying in 94
Humid, seed raising 92
Clipping before bloom 67
Invigorates 67
Clothier praises alfalfa 10
Clover, alfalfa following 50
And alfalfa compared 20, 21, 127, 143, 146, 148, 149, 222
Beaten on thin soil 19
Bur, adulterant 32, 33, 40
Bur, bacteria on 199
Bur, everywhere 61
Bur, seed recognized 39
Bur, seed in alfalfa 32
Feed value 126, 132, 145
Hay making 83
Hop, an adulterant 35
Huller for threshing 91
Pin 227
Plowed for alfalfa 49
Protein value 133
Sweet, adulterants 32, 33, 40
Sweet, bacteria 60
Sweet, everywhere 61
Sweet, stock reject 40
Sweet, seed described 40
With alfalfa 51, 112
Clover soil, Sweet, for inoculating 60, 202
Cocking at night 84
Colorado, alfalfa precedes sugar beet 173
Alfalfa in orchards 223
Bees in 175
Corn and alfalfa compared 132
Cutting in 73
Experiments 243
Fall sowing in 53
Feeding in 141
Ground alfalfa for pigs 182
Harvesting in 84
Hay composition 76
Hog rations 156
Lamb feeding 173
Losses from stacking 98
Losses in curing 82
Pasturing sheep 113
Plowing alfalfa for other crops 193
Seed 29
Sheep fattening 205
Siloing 102
Value of stubble 191
Wetted hay 81
Colusa County, California 241
Combustion, spontaneous, See Fire
Composition, irrigation influences 74
Prof. Ten Eyck quoted 75
Varies 149
Compression, double 104
Connecticut, experiments 247
Cooke, Prof. W. W., corn and alfalfa 132
Co-operative irrigation experiments 76
Corn analysis 127
And alfalfa compared 22, 132, 222
Before reseeding 72
Composition 136
Fails 16, 17, 23
Fed with alfalfa 125
Feed value 132
Fodder and alfalfa compared 148
Fodder, feed composition 136
Fodder, feed value 145
Fodder, analyses 127
Fodder, protein value 133
Fodder, value 126
Following alfalfa 193
Increasing yield with alfalfa 194
Lands, Illinois, alfalfa on 16
Meal sown with seed 56
Precedes alfalfa 46
Money from acre 25
Silage and alfalfa for cows commended 152
Stover and alfalfa compared 148
Unprofitable fattening food 126
Cortes brings alfalfa to America 2
Cottonseed, analysis 127
Meal replaced by alfalfa 151
Hulls, analysis 127
Analysis 127
Composition 137
Cotton soils, depleted, for alfalfa 16
Cottonwood river bottom lands 260
Cottrell, Prof. H. M., alfalfa meal 183
Early cutting 80
Sowing 30
Spontaneous combustion 98
_Country Gentleman_, dodder 207
Cover crop, winter before alfalfa 48
Cowpea analysis 127
Cowpeas, bacteria 49
Before fall seeding 49
Feed value 132, 145
Increase bacteria 48
Increase fertility 48
Preceding alfalfa 46
Prepare soil for alfalfa 46
Winter cover 48
Cows, number to acre 205
Scrub fed in Kansas 143
Sell farm produce 147
Crab grass, destroying 303
In seed 35
Keeping down 112
Persistent enemy 68
Craters in center, preventing 97
Creep, in pasturing lambs 172
Cresceus eats alfalfa 167
Critical time with alfalfa 73
Crops, small 65
Comparisons 130
First season 65
To introduce bacteria 50
Crop-worn land improved 16
Cultivation, perfect, essential 44
Curing, Arizona 235
Case in 93
Difficult after rain 82
Dry climates 87
Hay-caps for 84
Important agent in 93
Improper 83
Kansas 259
Losses in 82, 93
New Mexico 283
Pennsylvania bulletin 83
Poor method 87
Proper 83
Rules 89
Stack 90
Test 97
Utah 304
Washington 314
Windrow 87
_Cuscuta arvensis_ 42
_Cuscuta epithymum_ 42, 207
Cut for cows 144
Cutting after rain 82
Before or after irrigation 73
Colorado 246
Dates, Utah 78
Difficulties in humid climate 81
Early 21
Early, objections 89
Early, Professor Cottrell quoted 80
Ensilage first 101
First, not for seed 89
For silo 101, 102
Frequent 88
In bloom 88
Kansas 261
Montana 271
Number of times 89
Rules 89
Seed time 89
Second, for seed 92
Third, for seed 91
Time 80, 82, 89
Utah 304
Clover and alfalfa compared 20
Early, most protein in 81
Nine a year 10
Number in Alabama 231
Number in California 242
Relative values 127
Six or more under irrigation 72
Time between 24
Two preferred 88
_Dactylis glomerata_ with alfalfa 111
Damp hay, storing 97
Dampness in mow 97
Dangers in irrigation 73
Dangers from dampness 97
Dairy cow, balanced ration 135
Interests enhanced 205
Products in South 14
Dairies, alfalfa 26
Dairying, alfalfa in 143
Davis, Hon. T. B., alfalfa in West Virginia 317
Dawley, F. E., dodder 207
De Jarnette, J. B. experiments 241
Deer Lodge County, Montana 271
Defective alfalfa seed 33
Delaware, experiments 248
Seed for 29
Department of Agriculture experiments 8
Buying soil 62
Imports Asiatic seed 7
Hog raising 160
Depths roots go 6
Description of alfalfa 5
Desert, alfalfa in Nevada 16, 17
Dew on hay, effects 85
Dextrin losses in hay 81
Dickson, W. H., experiments 249
Difficulties in growing in 1793 3
Reduced by fall sowing 49
Digestible matter to acre 126
Digestive restrictions 134
Dimensions to ton 229
Diseased soil for inoculation 62
Disking 70
After freshets 44
After turning 69
Benefits of 71
Each spring 70
Fields after cutting 24
Overcomes failure 71
Splits crowns 57
To kill weeds 59
District of Columbia, yield in 14
Distribution of alfalfa 13, 14
Dodder, annoying enemy 206
Cut with scythe 91
Destroying, Alabama 232
Eradicating 210
Fighting 207
In alfalfa seed 32, 35
Virginia 311
Most dreaded 42
Objectionable impurity 42
Seed described 41
Seed not adulterant 42
Seed removing 42, 91
Spreading 209
To get rid of 42
Dodson, Prof. W. R., alfalfa for Louisiana 14
Report 264
Donaldson, L., report 302
“Don’ts” 225
Double compression 104
Downing, Jacob, experiments 243
Drainage necessary 18
Drenching animals 122
Drill seeding 55
Favored by Spurrier 67
Drumheller, Oscar, report 315
“Dry land” alfalfa 29
Dry matter in corn 22
Drying out, danger of soil 50
Duggar, Prof. J. F., Alabama 231
Dunn, George W., report 295
Dyeing with alfalfa seed 32
Dying out 221
Earthworms, encouraging 46
Economy of alfalfa 151
Of alfalfa in dairying 149
Of balanced ration 134
Of labor 21, 25
Of root growth 6
Eight cuttings in Louisiana 14
Eighty feet to water 44
Elements specially needed 65
Eleven cuttings a year 10
Elgin dairyman praises alfalfa 153
Enemies 200
Ensiling 270
Kansas 151
England, growing in 261
Alfalfa introduced 2
Examination of soil 64
Example of success 17
Exhibition stalk, large 6
Experiment stations disfavor nurse 59
Favor inoculation 60
Export alfalfa hay 104
Exports, seeds 31
Erf, Prof. Oscar, alfalfa for cows 140
_Erodium citcutarium_ 227
Essentials of growing 44
Of preparing soil 46
Evaporation in curing 83
In mow 97
Failures, because not cut 69
Causes of 220
Due to weeds 48
Of seed 30
Overcome by disking 71
Redeeming 65
To be expected 201
Fairchild, D. G., Arabian seed 8
Fall sowing 49, 52, 53
Fanning mill 91
Fanning removes dodder 42
Farr, Aaron F. Jr., report 304
Fat and carbohydrates interchangeable 135
In corn 21
In hay 76
Not replaceable by protein 136
Fats in excess 136
Lacking in alfalfa 125
Fattening with corn unprofitable 126
Farming, character altered 17
_Farmers’ Assistant_ mentions alfalfa 3
Farms, fruit, alfalfa on 17
Feed, quality 145
Value, fodder crops 126
Values, various 145
Feeding alfalfa alone 148
Before pasturing 110
Colorado 141
Cows economically 152
Economical western 142
Experiments for milk 184
Hogs, Nebraska 159
Tests 138
Tests, hog 156
Tests, Kansas 138, 142
Tests, Nebraska 139
Tests, various cuttings 81
Tests, Utah 138
Waste in 144
Value, Arizona 236
Value, California 241
Value, Colorado 247
Value, Idaho 253
Value, Kansas 259
Value, Utah 305, 306
Value, various cuttings 88
Value, various crops 132
Feedstuffs, analysis 126
Fertility, best means of improving 147
Increased by cowpeas 48
Robbed by nurse crops 58
Fertilization by bees 177
Fertilizers, Alabama 231, 232
Specially needed 65
Fertilizing, Georgia 250
Virginia 312
Long Island 288
Fescue, meadow yields 21
_Festuca elatior_ with alfalfa 111
Fiber in corn 22
Fields disked after cutting 24
Of alfalfa 200 years old 5
Old, in South Carolina 9
Old in West 9
Fire for weeds 69
Preventing 96
Fires caused by wet hay 97
Occur, when 98
Professor Cottrell discusses 98
Rare 96
Flesh forming 11
Flooding at critical time 73
Effects 44
For second crop 72
Floor, loose preferred for storing 95
Florida, alfalfa in 15
Fodder corn, feed value 145
Crops, feed value of 126
Fodders, values of various 145
Fort Collins lambs 173
Foster, Prof. L., cuttings 128
Foxtail, keeping down 112
France, alfalfa introduced 1, 2
Oldest fields in 5
Seed from 32
Fraser, W. J., feed for cows 152
Fraud in alfalfa seed 36
Freshet, disking after 44
Freshets, effect 44
Freezing effect on soil 195
Harm from 50
Soil for seeding 52
Fruit farms, alfalfa on 17
Raising, alfalfa in 223
Fullerton, H. B., report 288
Furnas County, Nebraska 273
Garman, Prof. H., report 264
Gaylord Farm Sanatorium 248
Georgia, experiments 250
Germ killed 27
Germany, seed from 32
Germinability, storing impairs 30
Germination, conditions influencing 57
Test seed for 28
Gila River irrigation 234, 283
Ginther, C. M., report 254
Gill, E. T., report 282
Gluten meal, feed composition 137
Replaced 151
Go-devil 87, 95
Gophers injure alfalfa 212
Grades and grading hay 105
Graham, Thomas C., experiments 235
Grain and alfalfa compared 161
Encourages weeds 59
Grange meeting at Mr. Worker’s 18
Grant County, New Mexico 283
Grasses and alfalfa compared 21
Grass, destroying by fire 69
Pin 227
Preceding alfalfa 50
Protein value 133
Grasses in pastures 116
With alfalfa 111, 113
Grasshoppers 216
Gravel, alfalfa on 15, 18
Greece, alfalfa taken to 1
Grinding, time and power required 184
Growth after cutting 21
Delayed by cold water 73
From imported seed 30
Gumbo, soil, alfalfa succeeds 17
Habitat of alfalfa 1
Influence 28
Habits altered by locality 28
Farm, changed by alfalfa 181
Handling hay 89
Little advisable 94
Hanna, S. C., bloat 111
Hansen, Prof. N. E. in Asia 7
Harrow, common not disk 70
Harrowing after cutting 24
To kill weeds 59
Harrows 70
Hartman and Weil, report 285
Harvest, dates Utah 78
Early for hogs 160
Harvester, Acme 262
Harvesting 79
By stock 107
Few and many 88
Humid climates 82
Like grain 88
Loss of leaves 80
Operations, time between 87
Seed 89
Time 80
Time to begin 82
Hawaii, hay for 104
Hay and silage compared 102
Association, National, grades 106
Association, Spillman’s address 9
Baling, California 240
Composition depends on water 75
Feed value 145
First season 65
Grades 105
In mow, watch 97
In windrows 84
Lying in swath 84
Making, Arizona 237
Making, losses in 82
Meal cheaper than baled 186
Measuring in stack 228
Money in 22, 23
Poorly cured, value 87
Preserved, color 94
Prairie and alfalfa compared 140, 141, 148, 150
Prairie, composition 136
Prairie, dimensions of ton 229
Prairie, feed value 145
Value of 91
Values, Arizona 235
Various, and alfalfa compared 148
Yield to acre, Utah 78
Hay-caps advantages 85
Described 86
Favor baling 103
Humid regions 84
Size of 86
Use of 85, 86, 89
Haying, time between operations 84
Hay-loader, belt 88
Headden, Prof. W. P., stubble value 191
Long roots 6
Curing 82
Seed storing 31
Heating, prevent in transit 105
Seed 31
Seed stack 90
Stack 90
Heaving, danger of 50
Height, normal 6
Highmore forage testing station 300
Hill, Prof. J. L., report 309
Hillman, Prof. F. H., dodder 42
Hitchcock, A. S., baled alfalfa 104
Feeding alfalfa alone 148
Quoted on irrigation 77
Hoard, Gov., brood sows 155
Yield 23
Rotation 194
_Hoard’s Dairyman_, economical butter 144
Hogs, alfalfa or blue grass for 158
Balanced ration for 136
Cut early for 160
Food for fattening 46
Kansas 155
Like alfalfa 23, 154, 237
Over stocking with 161
Pastured on surplus acres 87
Pasture for 48, 108
Hollingsworth, J. H. 255
Honey from alfalfa 12, 178
Hoove, See Bloat.
Hopper dozer 216
Kansas 218
Prof. S. J. Hunter 217
Hopkins, Prof. C. G., pot cultures 202
Report 253
Hog raising, Kansas 161
Horse raising, Ohio 166
Raising 165, 166
Horses, alfalfa for work 166
Alfalfa for driving 167
Cheap feed for 188
Injure pasture 109
On pasture 170
Overfed 166
Thrive on pasture 109
Humus favors bacteria 61
Hunter, Prof. S. J., hopper dozer 217
Bees 176
Idaho, experiments 251
Italy, alfalfa introduced 1
Illinois, alfalfa in 16
Experiments 253
Feeding cows in 152
Pot culture experiments 202
Seed for 29
Imported seed 30, 31
Impurities in seed 32, 33
Income, alfalfa 22, 23, 25, 26
Indiana, experiments 254
Yield in 23
Infected soil 60
Injuries from lime 66
Inoculation, Alabama 232
Any method helpful 199
Dangers of 62
Seed not needed 64
Failures expected 201
Illinois 254
Long Island 288
Massachusetts 266
Methods various 63
Necessary 200
Not like magic 202
Old theory 197
Soil, not needed 64
Soil, Sweet clover 202
Unnecessary 200
Virginia 311
With diseased soil 62
Insects carried by soil 63
In seeds 31
Introducing on farm 28
Iowa, experiments 257
Leaf spot in 211
Pig raising 158
Seed for 29
Spring sowing 54, 55
Irish, C. W., depth of root growth 6
Irrigation after cutting 73
Alfalfa under 72
Before cutting 73
California 238
Colorado 244
Co-operative experiments 76
Effect on hay 76
Excessive 72
Gila River 234
Harrow 24
Idaho 253
Influence on composition 74
Influence on seed 28
Increases protein 75
Necessary to saturate soil 78
New Mexico 283
Oregon 295
Salt River 236
Spring 73
Utah bulletin 74
Water to acre, Utah 77
_Irrigation Farming_ quoted 73
Irrigated land, yield 10, 23
Irrigations, number of 77
Italy, seed from 32
Jefferson, book dedicated to 3
Jenkins, Dr. E. H., report 247
Jones, John, report 306
Jones, O. S., report 301
Jordan, Dr. W. H., opinion of feed 141
Kafir corn preceding alfalfa 49
Fed with alfalfa 125
Feed composition 136
Kansas, alfalfa flowers 176
Alfalfa for dairyman 149
Alfilaria for 228
Annual top dressing 70
Bees 175, 176
Bulletin, balanced ration 135
Broadcasting at experiment station 56
Cows on small area 144
Curing in 87
Early cut hay for hogs 160
Ensiling 151
Crab grass 68
Eighty feet to water 45
Experiments 259
Fall sowing 53
Feeding cows 144
Feeding tests 138, 142
Grass in alfalfa fields 112
Gopher injuries 213
Hay, composition of 76
Hog raising 155, 161, 163
Hopper dozer 218
Horses raised 165
Lands, values increased 204
Low cost ration 150
Prairie dogs 212
Profit from hogs 162
Profit in 22, 23, 25
Preventing bloat 111
Protein in cuttings 81
Seed 29
Seed raising 90
Self-binder for harvesting 88
Sheep fattened 171, 287
Siloing 102
Soiling and pasturing 123
Sowing 57
Spring sowing 55
Station disfavors salt 100
Station on baling 103
Stock feeding 103
Storing in 96
Time to sow 47
Third cutting for seed 91
Wheat after alfalfa 193
Wintering horses 167
Work with scrub cows 143
Kenilworth Farms, Arizona 235
Kent County, Delaware 249
Kentucky experiments 264
Kiefer, H. W., report 251
Kilgore, Dr. B. W., report 289
Kirk, F. S., pasturing 113
Yield 24
Labor prices 204
Saved 25
Lake County, South Dakota 301
Lamb-feeding, Nebraska 172
Lambs, fattening 46
Fort Collins 173
On pasture 114
Never bloat 172
Pasturage for 48
Quarter in seed 35
Land, alfalfa on bottom 24
Foul, unfit for alfalfa 59
Values improved 204
Worthless made valuable 25
Langston, Alva, yield 24
Lantz, Prof. D. E., gopher injuries 213
Large alfalfa roots 18
Latitude influence on seed 28
Leaching, winter prevented 48
Leaf spot 63, 211
Legumes, bacteria on 60
Prepare soil 49
Leaves and stems, feed value compared 82
Broken by tedder 84
Lost in curing 80, 82, 183
Help in curing 83
Proportion to stems 128
Saved by slings 94
Pay for floor 99
Value 79
Lewis, D. C., report 281
Light discolors seed 31
Liggett, Prof. W. M., report 269
Lime, air slaked 66
Injuries 66
Must be applied 64
Needed 45, 201
Prevents mold 100
Small dressings advisable 66
Soil for 231
Liming 249
Connecticut 248
Massachusetts 266
Ohio 290
Lincoln County, Nebraska 275
Linseed meal and alfalfa compared 127
Feed composition 137
Replaced by alfalfa 151
Listing waxy ground 52
Litmus for testing soil 45
Loader, disadvantages 95
Loading, slings 94
Localities influence seed 28
Logan County, Idaho 252
Long Island, experiments 288
Loss from impure seed 32
Losses due to wetting 81
In curing 82
Louisiana, alfalfa in 14
Cutting in 89
Experiments 265
Lowden, F. M., report 314
Lucerne, book dedicated to Jefferson 3
Intermediate 76
Origin of name 4
Yellow 7
Lumps, soil, bad 50
Mangels, feed value 126, 145
Protein value 133
Manitoba, alfalfa in 14, 15
Mammoth clover yields 21
Manure before seeding 64
Manuring 46, 70
Wheat land for alfalfa 48
Mare, ration for brood 165, 169
Marketing 137
Markham, L. W., experiments 245
Maryland, alfalfa in 16
Seed for 29
Massachusetts, analyses, clover 20
Experiments 266
Matthies, John 248
Maximum yield, irrigation 77
Maury County, Tennessee 303
Mayo, Prof. N. S., bloat 116
McEathron, George E., report 301
McNeil, E. W., succeeds in West Virginia 317
Meadow fescue and alfalfa compared 21
Fescue and alfalfa yields 21
Meal, Prof. Cottrell’s opinion 183
Superior to hay 184
Sown with seed 56
Meat production in South 14
_Medicago denticulata_, bacteria 60
„ _foliata_, 7
„ _media_, 76
„ _sativa_, 4
Medicine Hat, yield 14
Medick, black, an adulterant 35
Medicks, fifty species 36
Meeting at Mr. Worker’s 18
Melilotus, bacteria on 60
Merrill, Prof. L. A., fed horses 168
On cuttings 128
Mexican fields, old 5
Mexico, alfalfa introduced in 2
Alfilaria for 228
Growing 244
Michigan, experiments 268
Middlesex County, New Jersey 281
Middlings, food value 132
Milk, alfalfa in making 143
Balanced ration 135
Cost of gallon 150
Flow increased 152
Tests 143
The marketable product 147
Value an acre 144
Yield increased 146
Yield, pasture and soiling 123
Miller, Henry, experiments 238
Miller, Prof. M. F., report 270
Millet, alfalfa sown with 51
And alfalfa compared 146, 148
As preparatory crop 52
Before reseeding 72
Best to precede alfalfa 49
Between potatoes and alfalfa 48
Fed with alfalfa 125
Feed value 132, 145
Good to precede 50
Protein value 133
Minimum water to apply 77
Minnesota, experiments 260
Field, old 9
Seed for 29
Spring sowing 55
Time to sow 47
Yield in 14
Missouri, alfalfa in 16
Experiments 270
Fall sowing 53
Moisture absorbed by straw 97
Conserve before seeding 47
Robbed by nurse crop 58
Molasses, adulterated with 265
With alfalfa 185
Mold, prevent in stacks 90
Moldy seed 27
Monmouth County, New Jersey 282
Montana, experiments 271
Pasturing sheep 114
Seed 29
Sheep fattening 205
Moore, Dr. G. T., breeds bacteria 108
Moore, Prof. R. A., report 311
Morgan, Prof. H. A., report 302
Mortgage lifter 11
Mow, fires 95
Storing 95
Mower not favored for seed harvest 90
Mowing, early 21
For yellow leaf 67
Improves stand 67
In wet season 68
May be wrong 68
Mulch not needed 68
“Musts” 225
National Hay Association grades 106
Neale, Dr. Arthur F., report 248
Nebraska, alfamo 185
Alfilaria for 228
Comparative yields 21
Curing 87
Experiments 273
Fall sowing 53
Feed tests 139
Hog feeding test 159
Hopper dozer 216
Lamb feeding 172
Lands, values increased 204
Profit 22, 23, 25
Sand hills 15, 17
Seed 29
Sheep fattened 171, 205
Soiling 123
Spring sowing 54
Stock feeding 103
Work horses fed 166
_Nebraska Farmer_, on cutting 69
_Nebraska Farmer_, various fields 148
Nelson, J. P., report 282
Nematodes in soil 62
Nevada, alfalfa in 14
Alfalfa, on sagebrush land 15
Deserts, alfalfa succeeds in 17
New Brunswick, alfalfa unknown in 15
New England, cutting 89
Seed for 29
Soiling 124
Success 311
New Hampshire, experiments 279
New Jersey, experiments 280
Hay composition 76
Milk test 143
Feed values 132
Plant food to acre 192
Seed for 29
Yields of clover 20
New Mexico, alfilaria for 228
Experiments 283
New Milford, Connecticut 248
Seed, new preferred 30
New York, alfalfa introduced 3
Alfalfa success 17
Dairymen claim profits 144
Experiments 287
Lands improved 26
Old field 9
Seed for 29
Soiling advisable 124
New York Station fodder crops 126
Newman, Prof. C. L., report 299
Nitro-cultures 249
Nitrogen from roots 10
From soil 52
Gathered 190, 192
Gathered by cowpeas 49
Not needed 10
Old plants need none 60
Robbed by nurse crop 58
Specially needed 65
Sustains bacteria 60
Nobbe, discovery of bacteria 197
Nodules formed 59
North Carolina, experiments 289
North Dakota, experiments 286
Turkestan alfalfa 8
Nova Scotia, alfalfa unknown 15
Nurse crop, effects of cutting alfalfa 59
Iowa 257
Or not? 58
Nutrient values, various 145
Oat grass yields 21
Oat hay, analysis 127
And alfalfa compared 148
Feed value 145
Oat straw feed value 145
Protein value 133
Oats, sown with alfalfa 51
And peas, feed value 126, 132
As nurse crop 58
Before reseeding 72
Following alfalfa 193
Feed value 132
Foster weeds 59
Ohio bulletin, seed 33, 34
Experiments 290
Fall sowing 53
Farmer sows thickly 58
Horse raising 166
Pasturing lambs 114
Preliminary seeding 51
Requisites in growing 225
Seed for 29
Oil meal and alfalfa compared 140
Oklahoma, cutting 89
Experiments 292
Pasturing 113
Seed 29
Yield 24
Olmstead and Olmstead, report 273
Ontario, lamb feeding 173
Yield 14
Orchard, alfalfa in 223
Orchard-grass, yields 21
Feed value 145
Protein value 133
With alfalfa 111
Oregon, experiments 295
Osborne County, Kansas 260
Otterson, James, report 252
Otis, Prof. D. H., feeding cows 144
Pasture for hogs 163
Overfeeding horses 166
Over stocking with hogs 161
_Panicum capillare_, a weed 69
_Panicum sanguinale_, a weed 68
Destroying 303
Parasites in purchased soil 62
Pasture, alfalfa in grass 51
And soiling compared 123
Cattle 263
Grasses, feed value 145
Horses 263
Lamb 48
Only when established 108
Pig 48
Poultry 180
Sheep 263
Stock 24
Uplands 116
Pasturing 107
Cattle 113
Horses 170
Previous to seeding 47
Rules for 116
When to stop 108
Pennsylvania, alfalfa introduced 3
Bulletin, curing 83
Experiments 297
Seed for 29
Soiling advisable 124
Perry, C. D., report 259
Physical effects, root growth 6
Effects on soil 21
Phosphoric acid needed 65
Pig, See Hog.
Pigs, death rate reduced 155
Pigweed in seed 35
Pinal County, Arizona 235
Pin-clover 227
Pittuck, Prof. B. C., report 297
Plantain in seed 41
Plants smother in wet land 44
Smothered under windrows 84
Weak with nurse crops 58
Pliny praised alfalfa 1
Plow, character of tool 195
Plowing, deep, necessary 46
Difficult 195
For other crops 193
Importance of careful 195
Proper 221
Recent not good 50
Sod, rate of 195
Stand renewed by 72
Plowings saved 21
Pods poorly filled 89
Pork, producing cheap 158
Potash specially needed 65
Potatoes following alfalfa 193
Precede alfalfa 48, 50
Poultry thrive on 180
Prairie dogs, destroying 215
Injure alfalfa 212
Preparation, proper 220
Soil 46
Preparatory crops 49, 50
Presses for baling 104
Press drills favored 56
Prices received 22, 23
Profit reduced in feeding cows 146
Profits 22, 23, 25, 144, 147
Protection, winter 108
From sun not needed 58
Protein, abundance in alfalfa 125
And carbohydrates not interchangeable 136
Digestible 126
Excess in ration 137
Function of 134
Highest in first cutting 129
In clover 20, 21
Increased by irrigation 75
In early cuttings 81
In hay 76
Percentage in leaves 79
Values, various feeds 145
Provence, seed from 32
Prowers County, Colorado 245
Purgatives for bloat 122
Quebec, alfalfa in 15
Quicklime very caustic 66
Rain, cutting after 82
Hay-caps 89
Rain-fall effect on hay 75
Influence on seed 28
Raiscot, Alfred, report 271
Rake, Monarch 262
Side delivery 87
Time to start 84
Range of soils 16, 17
Rape, analysis 127
And alfalfa for hogs compared 162
Ration, balanced 134
Balanced, explained 135
Cost of 150, 151
Money value 138
Unbalanced 134
Receipts 22, 23, 25
Recleaning seed, importance 32
Recleaning to remove dodder 42
Redding, Prof. R. J., report 250
Red-top and alfalfa compared 148
Yields 21
Renewing growth 71
Rentals of land 26
Reseeding 65, 66, 71, 72
Rhode Island, experiments 298
Rib grass in alfalfa seed 41
Rice meal, food value 132
Richmond, Indiana 255
Rick, measuring for tonnage 229
Preferred 100
Roberts, Prof. H. F., adulterants 35
Robinson, J. W., raises horses 165
Rome, alfalfa taken to 1
Roofing for hay sheds 99
Root growth 190
Growth, physical effect 6
System 6
Roots, deep 6
Nitrogen in soil from 10
Spindling, with nurse crop 58
Thumb-sized 18
Value of 21, 191
Rot, root 212
Rotation necessary 194
Roughness supplied by alfalfa 18
Various kinds to feed 145
_Rural New-Yorker_, article quoted 17
Rutabagas, fodder value 126
Rye bran, food value 132
Grass yields 21
Winter cover 48, 49
Sacramento River, growth 241
Sagebrush land for 252
Land, new alfalfa on 15
Sales 22, 23
Salt River, irrigation 236
Salt in storing hay 100
San Mateo County, California 238
San Miguel County, New Mexico 285
Sand hills, Nebraska, alfalfa succeeds 15, 17
Scott Bros., yield 22, 23
Screened alfalfa seed recommended 36
Scrub-oak land for 288
Seed, adulterated 33
Analysis 33
Bed, securing a fine 48
Bees insure fertile 175
Best costly 41
Best from Provence 32
Buck-horn in 41
Bur clover in 39
Bushel weight 31
Characteristics 37
Cheap 27, 41
Conditions influencing germination 57
Cutting time 89
Damp 27
Dodder described 41
Dodder in 32
Exports and imports 31
Failures, imported 30
Farmer to blame for poor bought 41
First cutting not for 89
For Illinois 29
For Iowa 29
For Ohio 29
For Pennsylvania 29
Formation, bees help in 176
Good costly 29
Good, essential 27
Harvesting 89
Importance of pure 35
Impurities 32
Imported, Department of Agriculture 7
Increased by bees 175
Influences affecting 28
Injuries by storing 30
Inoculation not needed 64
Insects in 31
Introduced from Europe 3
Kansas 29
Kept several years 30
Kind to buy 29
Large and small 38
Losses in stored 30
Moldy 27
Nebraska 29
Necessity of drying 90
New preferred 30
Northern grown 28
Noxious 34
Oklahoma 29
Old 27
Plantain in 41
Pods, poorly filled 89
Poor, cause failures 221
Precautions in buying 29
Pure 28
Purest in third cutting 91
Quality of 27
Quantity sowed 24, 56
Raising, dry climate 28
Raising, humid climates 28, 92
Raising, Kansas 90
Removing infertile 91
Removing weed 91
Returns 22, 23
Rib grass in 41
Roberts on pure 35
Selection 27, 28
Sifting to remove dodder 42
Size of Bur clover 39
Size of 38
Storing 31
Substitution of trefoil 39
Test before buying 29
Third crop self sown 72
Third cutting for 91
Types of 37
Utah vs. imported 30
Value in Arizona 235
Vitality injured in stack 90
Weed in alfalfa 34
Yield 91
Yield, Arizona 237
Seeding 44
After disking unnecessary 71
Alabama 231
Arizona 233
California 238
Colorado 244
Drill or broadcast 55
Fall 49
Importance of 79
July 66
Kansas 258
Manure before 64
Pennsylvania 297
Preliminary 51
Soaking soil before 73
Seeder, Cahoon 234
Gem 242
Seeders, various 56
Seeds dead 27
Fertile few 89
Seedsmen to blame for bad seed 41
Selection of seed 27, 28
Self sowing third crop 72
Self-binder, harvesting with 88
In seed harvest 90
Selling inoculated soil 61
Separator, J. I. Case 237
Separators in threshing seed 91
Shed, hay 99
Sheep, dangers to, from pasturing 109, 113
Eat bindweed 219
Fort Collins 174
Losses from bloat 113
Old, kept off pasture 114
Shepperd, Prof. J. H., report 289
Sifting out dodder 42
Silage for cows 152
Storing as 101
Superior to hay 151
Silo, advantages of using 151
Cost of 152
For alfalfa 101
Siloing suggestions 102
Slings in stacking 94
Smead, Dr. D. C., horse feeding 168
Smith, Prof. C. D., report 268
Smith, Prof. H. R., feed test 139
Smothering under windrows 84
In wet land 44
Snake River irrigation 251
Soaking soil before seeding 73
Sod, breaking, for alfalfa 50
Hard to plow 195
Soil acid, unfavorable 44
Acidity determined 45
Adobe 239
And seeding 44
Baked, avoid 46
Bur clover for inoculating 60
Buying inoculated 60, 61
Buying not necessary 61
Buying infected 60
Buying, objections to 61
Character affects irrigation 77
Conditions demanded 52
Conditions essential 46
Depleted, improved 16
Diseased, for inoculation 62
For alfalfa 15
Gumbo 261
Hardpan 16, 18
Improved by alfalfa 16, 190
Improvement due to alfalfa 16
Inoculated for sale 61
Inoculated, quantity to acre 61
Inoculation 59, 197
Inoculation, dangers of 62
Inoculation, meal or hay for 63
Inoculation, not necessary 63, 64
Listed 52
Never work wet 46
Not exhausted by alfalfa 10
Preparation 46, 297
Preparing, Arizona 233, 236
Preparing, Colorado 243
Preparation, Washington 314
Restrictions, obsolete 44
Robbed of lime 44
Rocky 19
Sugar tree land 255
Waxy 52
Wet makes failures 44
Soiling 107, 122
Advised in East 124
And pasturing compared 123
Nebraska 123
Pigs 124
Sorghum analysis 127
Bad to precede alfalfa 49
Consumes moisture 49
Fails to increase milk flow 148
Fed with alfalfa 125
Feed value 145
Hay, feed composition 136
Protein value 133
Soule, Prof. Andrew M., report 311
South Africa, alfalfa in 15
South Carolina, experiments in 299
Old field 9
South Dakota, experiments 300
South favors spring sowing 52
Land values increased 205
Sowing time 47
Southern farms, self supplied 14
Southern seed 28
Sowing dates 47
Fall 49, 53
Foul land 59
Spring disadvantages 53
Spring or fall? 52
Spring, on wheat ground 48
Points to remember 47
Time, South 47
Time, Central States 47
Sows, brood, Mississippi 155
Like alfalfa 154
Soy beans, feed value 145
Feed composition 137
Spain, alfalfa introduced 1, 2
Takes alfalfa to America 2
Spillman, Prof. W. J., opinion 9
Spontaneous combustion, See Fire.
Spot, leaf 211
Spots, bare, in lodged nurse crop 59
Restoring bare 71
Spotted leaf, mowing for 67
Spring or fall sowing? 52
Spring sowing, disadvantages 53
Sowing favored 53
Sowing, importance of early 58
Spurrier on alfalfa 3
Favors drills 67
Stack, curing in 90
Elevate bottom of 100
Fires in 95
Protect top 100
Sweating in 90
Stacks, condemned 99
Covering seed 90
Preventing mold in 90
Stacker, Landen 235
Stacking, conditions 100
Dry 93
In ricks 259
Losses from 98
Operations in 87
Precautions 90
Seed crop 89
Slings recommended 94
Stadmueller, F. H. 248
Stand, ideal 57
Improving 67
Increasing 51
Plowing to renew 72
Poor 27, 30, 54
Securing good 220
Thickening 72
With nurse crop 58
Starch in corn 22
Needed by bacteria 60
Steers pick up on alfalfa 125
_Stellaria media_, destroying 297
Stems and leaves, food value compared 82
Stewart, Prof. J. H., report 310
Stock, best way to market alfalfa 137
Fed, Utah 25
Injure alfalfa 107
Keep off field 221
Stodder, J. F., bloat 112
Storer, Prof. F. H., hay-caps 85, 86
Storing 93
As silage 101
In barn 95
In evening 97
Seed 31
Stover and alfalfa compared 140, 148
Fed with alfalfa 125, 144
Protein value 133
Straw, feed value 145
Feeding value, Colorado 245
For stack feed 91
Money in 22, 23
On damp hay 97
Protein value 133
Value of 91, 240
Stubble, value of 21, 191
Stubbs, Dr. W. C., experiments 265
Subsoil, tough, roots in 18
Subsoiling effects of alfalfa 16, 194
Substitute for alfalfa 36
Substitutes, recognising 40
Substitution of trefoil for alfalfa 39
Success depends on cultivation 44
Typical in New York 17
Sugar and alfalfa 185
Sugar beet dependent on alfalfa 173
Sugar beets, feed value 126, 145
Protein value 133
Sugar, losses in hay 81
Sun not greatest curing agent 83
Swath, alfalfa lying in 84
Sweating before baling 103
In stack 90
Sweet clover in alfalfa seed 32
Clover soil for inoculation 60, 202
Swine, See Hogs.
Swing seeder 56
Synoground, N. O. P., report 302
Syracuse, alfalfa near 17
Sysonby eats alfalfa 167
Taliaferro, Prof. W. T. L., opinion 16
Tapping for bloat 119
Taproot 6
Taylor, Prof. Frederick W., report 279
Tedder, loss from using 84
Starting 84
Ten Eyck, Prof. A. M., burning weeds 69
Dimensions of ton 229
Hay 76
Hay composition 75
Silo 102
Tennessee, experiments 302
Testing soil for acidity 45
Texas, alfalfa cut nine times 10
Alfilaria for 228
Bulletin, feed stuffs 127
Curing 87
Cutting 89
Experiments 303
Yields 9
Thawing, harm from 50
Thickening stand 72
Thompson, W. O., report 275
Thorne, Prof. Charles E., report 290
Threshing made easy 90
Time between cuttings 24
To cut 89
To sow 47
Timothy and alfalfa compared 21, 79, 127, 148, 222
Alfalfa sown with 51
Before alfalfa 50
Fodder value 126, 132, 145
Protein value 133
Ton, cubic feet in 229
Top-dressing annual 70
Benefit of 74
Trampling, effects of 59
Transportation, solving problems 186
Trefoil seed in alfalfa 32
Yellow, adulterant 33
Yellow, in alfalfa 36
Yellow, beak on seed 39
Yellow, chief adulterant 35
Yellow, distinguished 39
Yellow, size of seed 33
Yellow, to distinguish seed 37
Yellow, recognizing seed 39
Trocar for bloat 119
Tubercles formed 59
Office of 197
Turkestan, alfalfa 7, 29
Alfalfa, North Dakota 8
Alfalfa, South Dakota 300
Turnips, feed value 145
Utah bulletin, nutrients 131
Bulletin, various cuttings 128
Bulletin, irrigation 74
Bulletin, Utah county, Utah 306
Co-operative work 76
Dates of cutting 78
Experiments 304
Experiments, early cutting 81
Fall sowing 53
Feeding test 138
Hardy seed 92
Hay, composition 76
Horsefeeding 168
Reports profits 25
Seed 29
Seed not favored 92
Seed sown by Cottrell 30
Shoat raising 156
Water applied in 77
Value, leaves 79
Straw 91
Poorly cured hay 87
Values received 25
Feed, various 145
Varieties 6
Alleged 28
Ventilation in hay shed 99
Vermont, experiments 15, 309
Virginia, experiment 311
Vitality, injured in stack 90
Voorhees, Dr. E. B., report 280
Wallace, Henry, spring sowing 54
_Wallaces’ Farmer_, spring sowing 54
Walla Walla County, Washington 307, 314, 315
Wallingford, Connecticut 248
Washing, soil, prevented 48
Washington, yield 10, 23
Experiments 314
Waste, feeding cows 144, 146, 152
Water, effect on hay composition 76
Cold, delays growth 73
Too much irrigation 72
Effects on composition of hay 74, 75
Quantity to acre, Utah 77
Eighty feet below surface 44
Amount required, Arizona 234
Watrous, Prof. F. L., alfalfa in orchards 223
Watson, Prof. George C., report 297
Watson ranch, horses fed alfalfa 166
Wayne County, Indiana 254
Weed seeds in alfalfa 32, 27, 34, 41
Seeds, removing 91
Weeds, burning 69
Carried by soil 63
Chief enemies 206
Failures due to 48
Fewer in third cutting 91
In horse pasture 110
Keeping down 47
Kill, before seeding 206
Not prevented by nurse crop 59
Poor farming causes 206
Preventing 47
Repressed 46
Retarded by clipping 68
Subduing in July 66
Weevils in seed 31
Weight of bushel 31
West Virginia, experiments 317
Wet feet, alfalfa can’t stand 18, 44, 212
Wetting delays curing 81
Wheat and alfalfa compared 19, 25
Following alfalfa 193
Increasing yield 194
Straw, protein value 133
With alfalfa 51
Wheelbarrow seeder 56
Wheeler, Dr. H. J., report 208
Widtsoe, Prof. J. A., nutrients 131
Wilcox, Lute, quoted 73
Williams, C. H., pasturing sheep 114
Wilson, Prof. James W., report 300
Wing, Joseph E. 290
Curing 83
Horse raising 166
Pasturing lambs 114
Preliminary seeding 51
Windrows, curing in 87
Leaving hay in 84
Smothering under 84
Wisconsin, brood sows 155
Report 317
Time to sow 47
Wintering sows 156
Yield 9, 23
Witch-grass less bad than crab grass 69
Woodford, J. E., hog raising 163
Work animals, alfalfa for 14
Worker’s, grange meeting at Mr. 18
Worm, army 219
Worn-out soils restored 16
Wyoming, fertilizing value of alfalfa 192
Experiments 322
Seed 29
Xerxes carried alfalfa to Greece 1
Yield, acre 126
Affected by irrigation 77
Alfalfa and grass compared 21
Arabian alfalfa 8
Arizona 234
Below sea level 15
Best when no nurse crop 59
Butter, pasture and soiling 123
Compared with clover 20
Corn and alfalfa 22
District of Columbia 14
1815 3
Fodders, various 148
Increased by irrigation 74
Indiana 24
Irrigations affect 77
Irrigated land 10, 23
Largest annual 128
Louisiana 14
Manitoba 14
Maximum under irrigation 78
Medicine Hat 14
Milk increased 146
Minnesota 14
New Jersey 20
Not impaired by hogs 108
Oklahoma 24
Ontario 14
Reduced by wrong cutting 80
Seed 91
South Africa 15
Turkestan, North Dakota 8
Twelve tons under irrigation 72
Washington 10
Wisconsin 23
Yields, big, poor land 65
Irrigation, Utah 78
Profitable 22, 23
Texas 9
Wisconsin 9, 23
Zoller, Isaac, report 287
Transcriber’s Notes
The language used is that of the source document, including unusual,
inconsistent and archaic spelling, hyphenation, capitalisation, etc.,
unless listed under Changes below.
Depending on the hard- and software used to read this text and their
settings, not all elements may display as intended.
Page 187, chart: the lengths of the bars are approximations of those
given in the source document.
Page ix-xi, List of Illustrations: Full-page illustrations were
(usually) printed on unnumbered pages, and the page numbers given in
the list are therefore often the page numbers opposite which the
illustrations were printed. Figure numbers 44 and 45 are listed in
reverse order. In the text, references to illustrations are
hyperlinked to the illustrations. Descriptions such as "Actual size"
in illustration captions are not necessarily applicable to this text.
Page 69, In many parts of the country ... that most persistently: In
the source document the first two lines of this paragraph are repeated
from the previous paragraph. In the first edition (1906) of the book,
this paragraph starts: “It is sometimes the case that a field of
alfalfa is left infested in the fall with such a growth of grass and
weeds as to make burning in the spring ....”
Page 77, table: not all irrigation data add up to the totals given.
Page 165 and 338, J. W. Robison/Robinson: it is not clear whether the
name is Robison or Robinson.
Page 166, “There is no one thing so good ...: there is no closing
quote mark.
Page 207, ... and printed with illustrations ...: the illustrations
are not included explicitly in the source document, but figures 21-23
may act as such.
Pages 271 and 338, Alfred Rasicot and Alfred Raiscot probably refer to
the same person.
Index: the (not consistently alphabetical) order of entries as printed
in the source document has been retained.
Changes:
Illustrations and tables have been moved out of text paragraphs;
footnotes have been moved to directly under the paragraph or table to
which they belong. Fractions (forms 1/2 and 1-2 both occur in the
source document) have been standardised to ¹⁄₂.
Some (minor) obvious punctuation and typographical errors have been
corrected silently.
Texts in a dashed box have for legibility’s sake been transcribed from
the accompanying illustration, and do not occur as texts in the source
document.
Page viii: entry Index added to Table of Contents.
Page ix-xi: Illustration numbers have been added to the List of
Illustrations. The smaller illustrations have been added to the list,
with a descriptive caption added where that was not present in the
book.
Page 2: ... it was not introduced into those counties ... changed to
... it was not introduced into those countries ....
Page 34: ... to snow the result ... changed to ... to show the result
....
Page 62: Numerous animal and plant parasite ... changed to Numerous
animal and plant parasites ....
Page 98: ... four year prior to writing ... changed to ... four years
prior to writing ....
Page 132, last table row: buckweat changed to buckwheat.
Page 153: closing quote mark added after ... corn silage and alfalfa.
and after ... have never before looked quite so well.
Page 164: closing quote mark added after ... that in value approaches
alfalfa.
Page 202: ... facing page 231 ... changed to ... facing page 230 ....
Page 257: Paragraph break inserted before _Farmers Guide_ says: ....
Page 292: 1904-1.23 tons hay ... changed to 1903-1.23 tons hay ....
Page 292, 293: short dashes between year and yield changed to long
dashes for clarity.
Page 300: ... at Highmore Forge testing station ... changed to ... at
Highmore Forage testing station ....
Page 301: _George E. McEathron_ of Beadle county writes: ... changed
to _George E. McEathron of Beadle county_ writes: ....
Pages 325, 336: Alfalmo and alfalmo changed to Alfamo and alfamo.
Page 326, 339: Buckhorn changed to Buck-horn.
Page 327: Colusca County changed to Colusa County.
Page 329: Dextrine changed to Dextrin.
Page 334: Lumps, soll, bad, ... changed to Lumps, soil, bad, ....
Page 338: Redtop changed to Red-top.