FREEWOMEN AND DORA MARSDEN
This is by way of a postscript. Dora Marsden is a new figure in the
feminist movement. Just how she evolved is rather hard to say. Her
family were Radicals, it seems, smug British radicals; and she broke
away, first of all, into a sort of middle class socialism. She went into
settlement work. Here, it seems, she discovered what sort of person she
really was.
She was a lover of freedom. So of course she rebelled against the
interference of the middle class with the affairs of the poor, and threw
overboard her settlement work and her socialism together. She was a
believer in woman suffrage, but the autocratic government of the
organization irked her. And, besides, she felt constrained to point out
that feminism meant worlds more than a mere vote. The position of woman,
not indeed as the slave of man, but as the enslaver of man, but with the
other end of the chain fastened to her own wrist, and depriving her
quite effectually of her liberties--this irritated her. Independence to
her meant achievement, and when she heard the talk about "motherhood"
by which the women she knew excused their lack of achievement, she
was annoyed. Finally, the taboo upon the important subject of sex
exasperated her. So she started a journal to express her discontent with
all these things, and to change them.
Naturally, she called her journal The Freewoman. "Independent"
expresses much of Dora Marsden's feeling, but that word has been of late
dragged in a mire of pettiness and needs dry cleaning. It has come to
signify a woman who isn't afraid to go out at night alone or who holds a
position downtown. A word had to be chosen which had in it some
suggestion of the heroic. Hence The Freewoman.
The Freewoman was a weekly. It lived several months and then suspended
publication, and now all the women I know are poring over the back
numbers while waiting for it to start again as a fortnightly. It was a
remarkable paper. For one thing, it threw open its columns to such a
discussion of sex that dear Mrs. Humphry Ward wrote a shocked letter to
The Times about it. Of course, a good many of the ideas put forth in
this correspondence were erroneous or trivial, but it must have done the
writers no end of good to express themselves freely. For once sex was on
a plane with other subjects, a fact making tremendously for sanity. In
this Miss Marsden not only achieved a creditable journalistic feat, but
performed a valuable public service.
Her editorials were another distinctive thing. In the first issue was
an editorial on "Bondwomen," from which it would appear that perhaps
even such advanced persons as you, my dear lady, are still far from
free.
"Bondwomen are distinguished from Freewomen by a spiritual distinction.
Bondwomen are the women who are not separate spiritual entities--who are
not individuals. They are complements merely. By habit of thought, by
form of activity, and largely by preference, they round off the
personality of some other individual, rather than create or cultivate
their own. Most women, as far back as we have any record, have fitted
into this conception, and it has borne itself out in instinctive working
practice.
"And in the midst of all this there comes a cry that woman is an
individual, and that because she is an individual she must be set free.
It would be nearer the truth to say that if she is an individual she
_is_ free, and will act like those who are free. The doubtful aspect in
the situation is as to whether women are or can be individuals--that is,
free--and whether there is not danger, under the circumstances, in
labelling them free, thus giving them the liberty of action which is
allowed to the free. It is this doubt and fear which is behind the
opposition which is being offered the vanguard of those who are 'asking
for' freedom. It is the kind of fear which an engineer would have in
guaranteeing an arch equal to a strain above its strength. The opponents
of the Freewomen are not actuated by spleen or by stupidity, but by
dread. This dread is founded upon ages of experience with a being who,
however well loved, has been known to be an inferior, and who has
accepted all the conditions of inferiors. Women, women's intelligence,
and women's judgments have always been regarded with more or less secret
contempt, and when woman now speaks of 'equality,' all the natural
contempt which a higher order feels for a lower order when it presumes
bursts out into the open. This contempt rests upon quite honest and
sound instinct, so honest, indeed, that it must provide all the charm of
an unaccustomed sensation for fine gentlemen like the Curzons and
Cromers and Asquiths to feel anything quite so instinctive and
primitive.
"With the women opponents it is another matter. These latter apart,
however, it is for would-be Freewomen to realize that for them this
contempt is the healthiest thing in the world, and that those who
express it honestly feel it; that these opponents have argued quite
soundly that women have allowed themselves to be used, ever since there
has been any record of them; and that if women had had higher uses of
their own they would not have foregone them. They have never known women
to formulate imperious wants, this in itself implying lack of wants, and
this in turn implying lack of ideals. Women as a whole have shown
nothing save 'servant' attributes. All those activities which presuppose
the master qualities, the standard-making, the law-giving, the
moral-framing, belong to men. Religions, philosophies, legal codes,
standards in morals, canons in art, have all issued from men, while
women have been the 'followers,' 'believers,' the 'law-abiding,' the
'moral,' the conventionally admiring. They have been the administrators,
the servants, living by borrowed precept, receiving orders, doing
hodmen's work. For note, though some men must be servants, all women are
servants, and all the masters are men. That is the difference and
distinction. The servile condition is common to all women."
This was only the beginning of such a campaign of radical propaganda as
feminism never knew before. Miss Marsden went on to attack all the
things which bind women and keep them unfree. As such she denounced what
she considered the cant of "motherhood."
"Considering, therefore, that children, from both physiological and
psychological points of view, belong more to the woman than to the man;
considering, too, that not only does she need them more, but, as a rule,
wants them more than the man, the parental situation begins to present
elements of humor when the woman proceeds to fasten upon the man, in
return for the children she has borne him, the obligation from that time
to the end of her days, not only for the children's existence, but for
her own, also!"
When asked under what conditions, then, women should have children, she
replied that women who wanted them should save for them as for a trip to
Europe. This is frankly a gospel for a minority--a fact which does not
invalidate it in the eyes of its promulgator--but she does believe that
if women are to become the equals of men they must find some way to have
children without giving up the rest of life. It has been done!
Then, having been rebuked for her critical attitude toward the woman
suffrage organization, she showed herself in no mood to take orders from
even that source. She subjected the attitude of the members of the
organization to an examination, and found it tainted with
sentimentalism. "Of all the corruptions to which the woman's movement is
now open," she wrote, "the most poisonous and permeating is that which
flows from sentimentalism, and it is in the W. S. P. U. [Women's Social
and Political Union] that sentimentalism is now rampant.... It is this
sentimentalism that is abhorrent to us. We fight it as we would fight
prostitution, or any other social disease."
She called upon women to be individuals, and sought to demolish in
their minds any lingering desire for Authority. "There is," she wrote,
"a genuine pathos in our reliance upon the law in regard to the affairs
of our own souls. Our belief in ourselves and in our impulses is so
frail that we prefer to see it buttressed up. We are surer of our
beliefs when we see their lawfulness symbolized in the respectable blue
cloth of the policeman's uniform, and the sturdy good quality of the
prison's walls. The law gives them their passport. Well, perhaps in this
generation, for all save pioneers, the law will continue to give its
protecting shelter, but with the younger generations we believe we shall
see a stronger, prouder, and more insistent people, surer of themselves
and of the pureness of their own desires."
She did not stick at the task of formulating for women a new moral
attitude to replace the old. "We are seeking," she said, "a morality
which shall be able to point the way out of the social trap we find we
are in. We are conscious that we are concerned in the dissolution of one
social order, which is giving way to another. Men and women are both
involved, but women differently from men, because women themselves are
very different from men. The difference between men and women is the
whole difference between a religion and a moral code. Men are pagan.
They have never been Christian. Women are wholly Christian, and have
assimilated the entire genius of Christianity.
"The ideal of conduct which men have followed has been one of
self-realization, tempered by a broad principle of equity which has been
translated into practice by means of a code of laws. A man's desire and
ideal has been to satisfy the wants which a consciousness of his several
senses gives rise to. His vision of attainment has therefore been a
sensuous one, and if in his desire for attainment he has transgressed
the law, his transgression has sat but lightly upon him. A law is an
objective thing, laid upon a man's will from outside. It does not enter
the inner recesses of consciousness, as does a religion. It is nothing
more than a body of prohibitions and commands, which can be obeyed,
transgressed or evaded with little injury to the soul. With women moral
matters have been wholly different. Resting for support upon a religion,
their moral code has received its sanction and force from within. It has
thus laid hold on consciousness with a far more tenacious grip. Their
code being subjective, transgression has meant a darkening of the
spirit, a sullying of the soul. Thus the doctrine of self-renunciation,
which is the outstanding feature of Christian ethics, has had the most
favorable circumstances to insure its realization, and with women it has
won completely--so completely that it now exerts its influence
unconsciously. Seeking the realization of the will of others, and not
their own, ever waiting upon the minds of others, women have almost lost
the instinct for self-realization, the instinct for achievement in their
own persons."
Whether she is right is a moot question. Certainly in such matters as
testimony in court, the customs-tariff, and the minor city ordinances,
women show no particular respect for the law. Ibsen sought in "The
Doll's House" to show that her morality had no connection with the laws
of the world of men. Even in matters of human relationship it is
doubtful if women give any more of an "inner assent" to law than do men.
Woman's failure to achieve that domination of the world which
constitutes individuality and freedom--this Dora Marsden would explain
on the ground of a dulling of the senses. It may be more easily
explained as a result of a dulling of the imagination. The trouble is
that they are content with petty conquests.
There you have it! Inevitably one argues with Dora Marsden. That is her
value. She provokes thought. And she welcomes it. She wants everybody to
think--not to think her thoughts necessarily, nor the right thoughts
always, but that which they can and must. She is a propagandist, it is
true. But she does not create a silence, and call it conversion.
She stimulates her readers to cast out the devils that inhabit their
souls--fear, prejudice, sensitiveness. She helps them to build up their
lives on a basis of will--the exercise, not the suppression, of will.
She indurates them to the world. She liberates them to life. She is the
Max Stirner of feminism.
Freedom! That is the first word and the last with Dora Marsden. She
makes women understand for the first time what freedom means. She makes
them want to be free. She nerves them to the effort of emancipation. She
sows in a fertile soil the dragon's teeth which shall spring up as a
band of capable females, knowing what they want and taking it, asking no
leave from anybody, doing things and enjoying life--Freewomen!
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TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
Obvious punctuation errors have been repaired.
On p. 36 sucessful changed to successful (has been successful).