THE OCCUPATION OF GUADALOUPE, 1815--THE BARBADOS INSURRECTION, 1816--THE
HURRICANE OF 1817.
A few months after the disastrous expedition to New Orleans, and while
the 1st West India Regiment was still stationed at Barbados, an
expedition was formed by Lieutenant-General Sir James Leith, commanding
the forces in the Windward and Leeward Islands, against the Island of
Guadaloupe, the Governor of which, Admiral Comte de Linois, a staunch
Bonapartist, had thrown off his allegiance to Louis XVIII., when the
news of the escape of Napoleon from Elba had reached the West Indies,
and had, on June 18th, 1815, proclaimed the latter Emperor. On the
formation of this expedition, Captain Winkler, 1st West India Regiment,
was appointed to the staff.
The fleet with the troops from Barbados, among whom were 400 picked men
of the 1st West India Regiment, under Major Cassidy, attached to the 2nd
Brigade, commanded by Major-General Murray, sailed from Carlisle Bay,
Barbados, on the 31st of July, while other troops from St. Lucia,
Martinique, and Dominica, rendezvoused at the Saintes. The force from
Barbados anchored in the Bay of St. Louis, Marie-Galante, on the 2nd of
August; but it was not until the night of the 7th that the troops from
the Leeward were all assembled at the Saintes.
The internal state of Guadaloupe and the season were both so critical
that Sir James Leith determined to attack at once; and on the morning of
the 8th the whole fleet stood towards the Ance St. Sauveur. It was the
intention of the general to attack in three columns, each of one
brigade, but the scarcity of boats and the heavy surf necessitated that
each brigade, should disembark in succession.
A portion of the 1st Brigade being landed without opposition at Ance St.
Sauveur, and ordered to drive the enemy from the broken ground and
ravines about Trou au Chien and Petit Carbet, the fleet dropped down to
Grand Ance, where the principal attack was to be made. There, after the
enemy's batteries had been silenced by the fleet, the 2nd Brigade, with
the remainder of the 1st, were landed; and after a short but sharp
skirmish with a body of the enemy, advanced with the bayonet and drove
him from his position at Petrizel. The approach of night put an end to
further advance, and the troops bivouacked on the ground they had won.
Next morning, the 9th, at daybreak, the troops advanced in two columns.
The 1st Brigade moved upon and occupied Dole, while the 2nd Brigade
marched by difficult mountain paths upon the left of Morne Palmiste, by
Petrizel, and by this turning movement compelled the enemy to withdraw
his posts and retreat to Morne Palmiste by noon. While this had been
taking place the 3rd Brigade had disembarked in the vicinity of Bailiff,
to leeward of Basseterre, and after a short struggle had occupied that
capital.
In the afternoon of the 9th, the 1st and 2nd Brigades converged upon
Morne Palmiste, and clambering up the rugged and bush-covered heights,
compelled the enemy, after the exchange of a few shots, to evacuate his
works and retire to Morne Houel, where he had eight guns in position.
While the British were still occupying the defences on Morne Palmiste,
intelligence was brought to Sir James Leith that the French Commander of
Grandeterre, with the whole of his available force, was moving in rear
of the 1st and 2nd Brigades to endeavour to form a junction with the
main body of the enemy at Morne Houel. The detachment of the 1st West
India Regiment was at once despatched to reinforce the rear-guard, and
to occupy in force all the passes of the Gallion, a river running
through a formidable ravine at the foot of Morne Palmiste. The troops
from Grandeterre being thus cut off, endeavoured to form a junction by
unfrequented paths through the woods; but, being met at every point by
the skirmishers of the 1st West India Regiment, who searched the woods
in every direction, they were compelled to abandon the attempt and
retire at dusk.
The night closed in with torrents of rain, and the British, having been
told off in columns in readiness to attack the formidable position of
Morne Houel at daybreak next morning, bivouacked on the ground, without
shelter, and drenched to the skin. About 11 p.m., the Comte de Linois
sent a messenger to propose terms of surrender; but nothing being
definitely settled, the troops were put in motion at daybreak on the
10th. As they drew near to the works, however, the French hoisted the
British flag on Morne Houel in token of surrender, and the position was
occupied without resistance. This success put an end to the active
operations.
The British loss in this, the third invasion of Guadaloupe, amounted to
16 killed and 40 wounded. The 1st West India Regiment suffered no loss.
The following general order was issued, dated Head-Quarters, Government
House, Basseterre, Guadaloupe, 10th August, 1815: "The Commander of the
Forces congratulates the army on the conquest of Guadaloupe being
accomplished, and desires the generals and other officers, and the
troops employed on that important service, to accept his best thanks for
the gallant, zealous, and active manner in which they have compelled the
enemy to surrender.
"It is certainly a matter of gratifying reflection to the troops
employed, not only that a colony of such importance should be placed
under the British flag, but that the exertions of the army have, in two
days, defeated all the preparations and force of the enemy; thus
sheltering the peaceable inhabitants from a formidable and sanguinary
system of revolutionary violence which had been practised against their
persons and property, and which threatened the entire destruction of
social order.
"Lieutenant-General Sir James Leith will not fail to represent the
steadiness and good conduct of the troops to H.R.H. the
Commander-in-Chief."
Guadaloupe, however, was not at once reduced to a state of tranquility.
A number of French soldiers, who had deserted previous to the surrender
of the island, took refuge in the woods, whence they carried on a
desultory and ferocious war against the British posts. The 1st West
India Regiment, being composed of men better able to support the
hardships of a guerilla war, carried on in a country naturally
difficult, during the height of the tropical rains, was continually
employed against these insurgent bands, and several men were killed and
wounded in unknown and forgotten skirmishes.
Major Cassidy and Captain Winkler were each presented with a sword of
honour by the major-general; and the order of the Fleur de Lys was
transmitted to them by Louis XVIII., for their services in Guadaloupe.
Major Cassidy and the detachment of the 1st West India Regiment,
remained in Guadaloupe until the 10th of October, 1815, on which day
they embarked for Barbados, arriving at that island on the 26th. The
regiment being then very much below its strength, on account of the
heavy losses which it had sustained during the expedition to New
Orleans, it was determined to transfer the majority of the privates who
remained to the 3rd, 4th, 6th and 8th West India Regiments, and reform
the regiment from a body of some 700 American negroes, who, in the late
war with the United States, had served with the British, and had been
temporarily organised as Colonial Marines.
On the 14th of December, the skeleton of the regiment embarked in H.M.S.
_Niobe_ for Bermuda, where the Colonial Marines were then stationed, and
arrived at St. George's on the 9th of January, 1816. It was only then
discovered that the number of men with whom it was intended to reform
the regiment, did not exceed 400; most of whom were of but poor
physique, and, moreover, unwilling to engage. At first the authorities
determined to force these men to enlist, but ultimately the whole plan
was abandoned; and the skeleton of the regiment left Bermuda on the 18th
of March to return to the West Indies. It arrived at Barbados on the 1st
of April; and the men who had already been transferred being sent back
to it, the corps was completed with drafts from the late disbanded
Bombor Regiment.
This was effected in time to enable the 1st West India Regiment to take
a very active part in the suppression of an alarming insurrection of
slaves, which broke out suddenly at Barbados on Easter Sunday, the 14th
of April, 1816. "The revolt broke out in St. Philip's parish, shortly
after sunset, and it extended, in the two following days, to the
parishes of Christ Church, St. John and St. George. A conflagration upon
a high ridge of copse-wood called Bishop's Hill, in the parish of St.
Philip's, was the first signal. Shortly after, the canes upon eight or
nine of the surrounding estates were set on fire. Some few of the rebels
were furnished with fire-arms, and a scanty supply of ammunition, and
the remainder were armed with swords, bludgeons, and such rude weapons
as they had been able to procure. Their approach was announced by the
beating of drums, the blowing of shells, and other discordant sounds.
They demolished the houses of the overseers, destroyed the sugar works,
and fired the canes.... Sixty estates were more or less damaged, many of
them to a considerable amount."[41]
As soon as the news reached Bridgetown, martial law was proclaimed, the
1st West India Regiment was at once ordered to march, and the militia of
the island were called out. Major Cassidy, who was in command of the 1st
West India Regiment, found the rebels occupying a position on the
heights of Christ Church, on Grazett's Estate, a dense mob of half-armed
slaves crowning the summits of the low hills. He endeavoured to parley
with them, but without success; and an advance being ordered, the 1st
West India Regiment stormed the heights, and at the point of the bayonet
drove the rebels from their position. Not a shot was fired by the
regiment on this occasion, Major Cassidy being anxious to save bloodshed
as much as possible; but a large body of the slaves offered a furious
resistance, closing with and aiming blows at the soldiers with their
rude weapons, and endeavouring to wrench the muskets from their hands,
so that a considerable number of the insurgents were thus killed and
wounded. This resistance only lasted for a few minutes, and the slaves,
broken and dispirited, fled in all directions; only to be hunted down
and fired upon by the militia all over the disaffected portions of the
island. The 1st West India Regiment took no part in the pursuit and the
capture or slaughter of the fugitives, this duty being left to the
European militia, who, if the author of "Remarks on the Insurrection in
Barbados"[42] may be believed, were guilty of many excesses.
By the planters this revolt was attributed to the introduction of the
Slave Registry Bill into the British Parliament, and it was discovered
that several free men of colour, who had for several months previous
attended nocturnal meetings of slaves on the estates where the
insurrection began, had told the slaves that a law was being passed in
England to make them free, and that as the King was giving them their
freedom the King's troops would not be employed against them.
Amongst other articles taken from the rebels by the 1st West India
Regiment was a flag bearing the figure of a general officer (supposed to
be intended for the King), placing a crown in the hands of a negro who
had a white woman on his arm. Beneath these figures was the following
motto: "Brittanie are happy to assist all such friends as
endeavourance." In the struggle on Christ Church heights the regiment
lost one man killed and seventeen wounded.
The following general order was issued, dated August 26th, 1816:
"Colonel Codd, in communicating the following letters conveying the
thanks of the Members in Council and House of Assembly at Barbados to
himself and the officers, non-commissioned officers, and men employed
during the late insurrection of slaves, feels it his duty to specify the
commanding officer and corps whose good conduct on that occasion he has
already reported in his official despatch to the Commander of the
Forces, namely, Major Cassidy and the 1st West India Regiment."
In November, 1816, the regiment was removed from Barbados and
distributed amongst the following islands:
Head-quarters. The Grenadier, Light, and 1 Company at Antigua = 3
2 Companies at St. Christopher = 2
1 Company at Montserrat = 1
2 Companies at St. Lucia = 2
2 Companies at Dominica = 2
--
10
Lieutenant-Colonel Whitby commanded at head-quarters.
Nothing of note occurred till October, 1817, when, on the 21st of that
month the Island of St. Lucia was visited with a most violent hurricane
in which the Governor, Major-General Seymour, was so severely injured
that he died a few days afterwards; and Brevet-Major Burdett, 1st West
India Regiment (then commanding the garrison), together with his wife,
child, and servants, was killed by the fall of his house and buried
under its ruins. The distress that the troops endured was great. The
whole of the buildings on Morne Fortune and Pigeon Island, with the
exception of the magazine and tanks, were levelled with the ground, and
the fragments, together with the men's clothing and equipment, carried
off by the wind to the woods about Morne Fortune. The hurricane had
struck the island so rapidly that, although an order to evacuate the
barracks was given at once, the men had barely time to escape from the
buildings before they fell with a crash. The town of Castries was laid
in ruins, and twelve vessels that were in harbour were driven ashore.
When the hurricane abated, the killed and wounded were moved under the
parapet of Fort Charlotte and temporary shelter erected from the ruins.
In January, 1819, when Lieutenant-Colonel J.M. Clifton retired, the
second lieutenant-colonelcy in the regiment was abolished. In May of
that year the head-quarters and three companies were moved to Barbados,
two companies remaining at Antigua, two at St. Lucia, two at Dominica,
and one at Tobago.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 41: Bryan Edwards.]
[Footnote 42: Published in London in 1816.]