THE RELIEF OF NINETY-SIX, 1781--THE BATTLE OF EUTAW SPRINGS,
1781--REMOVAL TO THE WEST INDIES.
Lord Rawdon was not in a position to follow up his success at Hobkerk's
Hill, and on the 3rd of May, 1781, Greene passed the Wateree, and
occupied such positions as to prevent the garrison at Camden obtaining
supplies. Generals Marion and Lee were also posted at Nelson's Ferry, to
prevent Colonel Watson, who was advancing with 400 men, from joining
Lord Rawdon, and Watson was obliged to alter his route. He marched down
the north side of the Santee, crossed it near its mouth, with incredible
labour advanced up its southern bank, recrossed it above the encampment
of Marion and Lee, and arrived safely with his detachment at Camden on
the 7th of May.
Thus reinforced, Lord Rawdon determined to attack Greene, and, on the
night of the 8th, marched from Camden with his whole force. Greene, who
had been informed of this movement, passed the Wateree and took up a
strong position behind Saunders' Creek. Lord Rawdon followed him and
drove in his outposts, but, finding the position was too strong for his
small force, he returned to Camden.
Camden being too far advanced a post for Lord Rawdon to hold with the
few troops at his disposal, he evacuated it on the 10th of May, and
retired by Nelson's Ferry to the south of the Santee, and afterwards to
Monk's Corner. In the meantime, attacks were made on the British posts
in Georgia, Augusta itself being taken on the 5th of June, while the
post of Ninety-six in South Carolina was closely invested by General
Greene with the main American army in the Southern States.
About this time, a change took place in the South Carolina Regiment.
Lord Rawdon, in a letter to Lieutenant-General Earl Cornwallis, dated
Charlestown, June 5th, 1781, speaks of the difficulty which he has
experienced in the formation of cavalry, and goes on to say that the
inhabitants of Charlestown having subscribed 3000 guineas for a corps of
dragoons, out of compliment to those gentlemen "I have ordered the South
Carolina Regiment to be converted into cavalry, and I have the prospect
of their being mounted and completely appointed in a few days."
On the 3rd of June, Lord Rawdon had received considerable reinforcements
from England, and on the 9th he left Charlestown with about 2000 men,
including the South Carolina Regiment in its new capacity, for the
relief of Ninety-six. In their rapid progress over the whole extent of
South Carolina, through a wild country and under a burning sun, the
sufferings of the troops were severe, but they advanced with celerity to
the assistance of their comrades. On the 11th of June, General Greene
received notice of Lord Rawdon's march, and immediately sent Sumpter
with the whole of the cavalry to keep in front of the British army and
retard its progress. Lord Rawdon, however, passed Sumpter a little below
the junction of the Saluda and Broad Rivers, and that officer was never
able to regain his front.
In the meantime, the Americans were pushing hard the garrison of
Ninety-six; they were nearly reduced to extremities, and in a few days
must have surrendered; but the rapid advance of Lord Rawdon left Greene
no alternative but to storm or raise the siege. On the 18th of June, he
made a furious assault upon the place; but, after a desperate conflict
of nearly an hour, was compelled to retire. Next day he retreated,
crossing the Saluda on the 20th, and encamping at Little River.
On the morning of the 21st, Lord Rawdon arrived at Ninety-six, and the
same evening set out in pursuit of Greene, who, however, retreated; and
Rawdon, despairing of overtaking him, returned to Ninety-six. He now
found it necessary to evacuate that position and contract his posts;
and, having destroyed the works, he marched towards the Congaree. There,
on the 1st of July, while out foraging, two officers and forty dragoons
of the South Carolina Regiment were surrounded and taken prisoners by
Lee's Legion. This blow sadly crippled Lord Rawdon, who was much in need
of cavalry, and two days later he retreated to Orangeburgh.
The summer heats now coming on, Lord Rawdon proceeded to England on sick
leave, leaving Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart in command of the troops in
South Carolina and Georgia. The new commander at once proceeded with the
army to the Congaree, and formed an encampment near its junction with
the Wateree.
Towards the end of August, while Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart was expecting
a convoy of provisions from Charlestown, he received information that
General Greene, who had been reinforced and was now at the head of 2500
men, was moving towards Friday's Ferry on the Congaree. The American
cavalry was so numerous and enterprising that the expected convoy, then
at Martin's, fifty-six miles from the British camp, would inevitably
fall into their hands unless protected by an escort of at least 400 men;
and Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart's force being too small to admit of so
considerable a body being detached without risk, he determined to
retreat by slow marches to Eutaw Springs, about sixty miles north of
Charlestown, and meet the convoy on the way.
General Greene followed the retiring British, and, on the 7th of
September, arrived within seven miles of Eutaw Springs. Being there
reinforced by General Marion and his corps, he resolved to attack next
day. At six in the morning, two deserters from the American army entered
the British camp, and informed Stuart of the approach of the enemy; but
little credit was given to their report. At that time Major Coffin, with
140 infantry and 50 of the South Carolina Regiment, was out foraging for
roots and vegetables--the army having neither corn nor bread--in the
direction in which the Americans were advancing. About four miles from
the camp at Eutaw, that party was attacked by the American advanced
guard and driven in with loss. Their return convinced Colonel Stuart of
the approach of the enemy, and the British army was soon drawn up
obliquely across the road on the height near Eutaw Springs.
The firing began between two and three miles from the British camp. The
British light parties were driven in on their main body, and the first
line of the Americans attacked with great impetuosity. For a short time
the conflicting ranks were intermingled, and the officers fought hand to
hand. At that critical moment, General Lee, who had turned the left
flank of the British, charged them in the rear. They were broken and
driven off the field, their guns falling into the hands of the
Americans, who eagerly pressed on their retreating adversaries.
At this crisis, Colonel Stuart ordered a strong detachment to take post
in a large three-storey brick house, which was in rear of the army on
the right, while another occupied an adjoining palisaded garden, and
some close underwood. The Americans made the most desperate efforts to
dislodge them from their posts; but every attack was met with determined
courage. Four pieces of artillery were brought to bear on the house, but
made no impression on its solid walls, from which a close and
destructive fire was kept up, as well as from the adjoining enclosure.
Almost all the gunners were killed and wounded; and the guns had been
pushed so near the house that they could not be brought off. Colonel
Washington attempted to turn the British right, and charge them in rear;
but his horse was shot under him, and he was wounded and made prisoner.
After every attempt to dislodge the British from their position had
failed, General Greene drew off his men, and retired to the ground which
he had left in the morning. This conflict had lasted nearly four hours.
The Americans lost 555, the British 693. The British kept their ground
during the night, and next day began to retreat. About fourteen miles
from the field of battle, Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart was met by a
reinforcement, under Major McArthur, marching from Charlestown to his
assistance. Thus strengthened, he proceeded to Monk's Corner.
Eutaw Springs was the last engagement of importance in the southern
provinces. The British soon retreated to a position on Charlestown Neck,
and confined their operations to the defence of the posts in that
vicinity; while in Georgia, the British force was concentrated at
Savannah. The surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, in October,
1781, and the subsequent peace negotiations, put an end to the
hostilities in America.
Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton says: "It is impossible to do justice to the
spirit, patience, and invincible fortitude displayed by the commanders,
officers, and soldiers during these dreadful campaigns in the Carolinas.
They had not only to contend with men, and these by no means deficient
in bravery and enterprise, but they encountered and surmounted
difficulties and fatigues from the climate and the country, which would
appear insuperable in theory and almost incredible in the relation. They
displayed military and, we may add, moral virtues far above all praise.
During renewed successions of forced marches, under the rage of a
burning sun and in a climate at that season peculiarly inimical to man,
they were frequently, when sinking under the most excessive fatigue, not
only destitute of every comfort but almost of every necessary which
seems essential to existence. During the greater part of the time they
were totally destitute of bread, and the country afforded no vegetables
for a substitute. Salt at length failed, and their only resources were
water and the wild cattle which they found in the woods. About fifty
men, in this last expedition, sunk under the vigour of their exertions
and perished through mere fatigue."
At the cessation of hostilities, the South Carolina Regiment and the
Loyal American Rangers were removed to Jamaica, and as they are shown in
the Jamaica Almanack for 1782 as being then in the island, they
presumably arrived there about December, 1781. The South Carolina
Regiment was probably dismounted, as it is shown as being stationed at
Fort Augusta in Kingston harbour. At this time, the reinforcing of the
West India Islands by provincial corps was considered most important,
and in a letter to Sir Guy Carleton we find the following: "The object
of reinforcing those islands is so important, that His Majesty wishes to
have it understood that every provincial corps embarking for the West
Indies shall immediately be put upon the British Establishment." It was,
probably, on some such understanding that the two corps above mentioned
proceeded from South Carolina; but the promise, if made, was never
fulfilled, and neither of the two ever appeared in any Army List. The
following is the list of officers of the South Carolina Regiment given
in the Jamaica Almanack:
Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant--CAPTAIN LORD CHARLES
MONTAGU, 88th Regiment.
Major--JAMES BALMER.
Captains--G.C. MONTAGU, ROBERT PALMER, W. OLIPHANT, W. LOWE.
Lieutenants.
R. MARSHALL.
J. CARDEN.
H. RUDGLEY.
M. RAINFORD.
H. CRADDOCK.
D. M'CONNELL.
P. SERGEANT.
J.P. COLLINS.
-- ODONNELL.
A. CLERK.
J. PETRIE.
-- SMITH.
Ensigns.
W. SPLAIN.
-- BELL.
-- SMITH.
J. KENT.
-- FARQUHAR.
B. MEIGHAN.
-- THOMAS.
The South Carolina Regiment remained in Jamaica until the general
disbandment of the provincial corps in 1783. The lieutenant-colonel
commandant was given an independent company, and the whites, both
officers and men, were pacified with grants of land. The black troopers,
however, were a source of difficulty. These troopers, some of whom were
originally free, while some had been purchased by the British
Government, were in those days of slavery something of a "white
elephant" in a large slave-holding colony like Jamaica. The planters,
fearful of the consequences of the example to their slaves of a free
body of negroes who had served as soldiers, agitated for their removal
from the island, but, on the other hand, no other island was willing to
receive them. There is no trace of how the difficulty was finally
settled, but in a letter, dated War Office, June 15th, 1783, signed R.
Fitzpatrick, and addressed to Major-General Campbell, commanding in
Jamaica, the receipt of his letter concerning the disbandment of the
provincial troops in the island is acknowledged, and the removal of "the
blacks of the South Carolina Regiment" to the Leeward command approved
of.
Some time, then, in September, 1783, the black troopers were removed to
the Leeward Islands, and in the "Monthly Return of His Majesty's Forces
in the Leeward and Charibee Islands, under the command of
Lieutenant-General Edward Mathew," we find them formed into a corps,
with a body of black artificers, who had served in South Carolina at the
sieges of Charlestown and Ninety-six, and thirty-three black pioneers
who had been included in the surrender of Yorktown. The following is the
state of this corps:
RETURN OF THE BLACK CORPS OF DRAGOONS, PIONEERS, AND ARTIFICERS.
A. Captains.
B. 1st Lieutenants.
C. 2nd Lieutenants.
D. Sergeants Present.
E. Drummers and Trumpeters Present.
F. Present, fit for duty.
G. Sick in Quarters.
H. Sick in Hospital.
I. On Command.
J. Total.
K. Total of the Whole.
+------------+----------------+-----------+---+---+-------------------+---+
| | | Officers | | | Effective Rank | |
| | | Present. | | | and File. | |
|Where | +---+---+---+ | +-------------------+ |
|Stationed. | Companies. | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K |
+------------+----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
|Grenada | Capt. Mackrill | 1 | - | - | 3| 1 | 25| 7 | 10| 23| 65| 70|
|St. Vincent | Capt. Anderson | 1 | - | 1 | 14| 5 | 46| 4 | -|138|188|209|
|Grenada | Capt. Millar | 1 | - | - | 3| - | 19| 4 | 4| 19| 46| 50|
+------------+----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| | Total | 3 | - | 1 | 20| 6 | 90| 15| 14|180|299|329|
+------------+----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
The officers of this corps were, according to Bryan Edwards, vol. i. p.
386, taken from the regular army, and the companies were commanded by
lieutenants of regulars, having captains' rank. Artificers, it may be as
well to observe, were sappers and miners. The Royal Engineers at about
this date consisted of various companies of Artificers; later on they
were called Sappers and Miners; and, finally, Royal Engineers.