H. S. STOKES.

On the north-west coast of Cornwall, famous for its magnificent cliff

scenery and fine stretches of golden sand, are four lovely valleys

'Looking towards the western wave,'

lying close together, and each watered by a little trout-stream; but,

as is the case with Cornish landscape generally, with one exception

scantily timbered. Each of these is more or less directly connected

with the celebrated family of Arundell. I refer, first, to a valley

through which a small stream murmurs, which rose on the northern slope

of Denzell Downs, and flows near St. Ervan Church, having for its

little tributaries two rivulets which water the foot of the sloping

ground on which still stands a farm-place, called Trembleath, and

entering the sea at Portcothan Bay; secondly, to the Vale of Lanherne,

which extends from St. Columb Major to Mawgan Porth, and includes two

churches, so named; next, to the valley with a nameless brook, which

flows past Rialton--formerly the residence of the haughty Thomas

Vivian, one of the latest Priors of Bodmin, and afterwards a seat of

the Godolphins--then by the base of a hill crowned by the lofty tower

of St. Columb Minor; and lastly, to the vale of the Gannel, near whose

embouchure are the remains of the ancient collegiate establishment of

Crantock, now represented by the highly interesting church, which,

though nearly complete, is in a very unsatisfactory state of repair.

Each of these valleys has its porth (or port), a circumstance to which

they were all probably indebted for the churches which they still

possess; for in the days of small shipping, these little ports--smaller

now than they formerly were--sufficiently accommodated the tiny craft

which brought holy men from Ireland, or from South Wales, and, indeed,

at that time probably afforded the chief means of communication with

the outer world.

It is the second of these four valleys that we have chiefly to consider

now, closely identified as it is with the names of the Arundells--'the

great Arundells,' as they were called (on account, says Camden, of

their vast riches), and as they called themselves, too; for on one of

their tombs in the church of St. Columb Major was inscribed, 'Magnorum

sepulchra Arundeliorum.' Parts of the vale are beautifully wooded,

and the churches of St. Columb and Mawgan, which retain many features

of interest, are both identified with the famous family whose story we

are about to consider.[19] And here it should be premised that, besides

the Arundells of Lanherne, Trerice, Tolverne, and Wardour, there were

the Arundells of Menadarva, who afterwards settled at Trengwainton,

near Penzance, descended from a Camborne stock, founded by a 'natural'

son of an Arundell of Trerice, who intermarried with Pendarves and St.

Aubyn. And again, the Arundells of Trevithick, in St. Columb Major,

were a younger branch of the Lanherne family. They settled there

_circa_ Edward VI., and became extinct in 1740.

Of the first three branches I propose to treat under the heads of

Lanherne, Trerice, and Tolverne; and to conclude my observations with a

short reference to one or two minor branches of the family.

There can be no doubt, although Hals, with his usual ingenuity (and it

might also be said, I fear, with his usual inaccuracy), has endeavoured

to find a Cornish etymology for the name, that the name of Arundell is

of French origin. At any rate, such was the belief in the early part

of the thirteenth century; for they bore swallows in their escutcheon

at least as early as the days of Henry II.; and in the 'Philippeis,'

a work composed by Philip le Breton in 1230, there are the following

verses descriptive of an encounter between an Arundell and one William

de Barr:

'Vidit Hirundelâ velocior alite quæ dat

Hoc Agnomen ei, fert cujus in ægide signum

Se rapit agminibus mediis clypeoque nitenti

Quem sibi Guillelmus lævâ prætenderat ulnâ

Immergit validam præacutæ cuspidis hastam.'

(See p. 207, Camden's 'Remains,' 1637.)

But it is perhaps right to add that Davies Gilbert, P.R.S., a Cornish

gentleman, who settled in Sussex, thought the name might have been

derived from Arun Dale.

According to Mr. G. Freeth (_R. I. C. Journal_, September, 1876, pp.

285-93), Trembleth (a name still retained), in the adjoining parish of

St. Ervan, was the chief seat of the Arundells before their marriage

with the heiress of Lanherne. At any rate, Trembleth (situated in the

northernmost of the four valleys mentioned above) was a residence of

some of the subsequent members of the family. Hals gives the following

interesting account of the place:

'Trembleigh, Trembleth, _alias_ Trembleeth, _alias_ Tremblot (see

Tremblethick, in St. Mabyn), synonymous terms, signifies the "wolf's

town."

'From this place was denominated an ancient family of gentlemen,

surnamed De Trembleth, who, suitable to their name, gave the wolf for

their arms; whose sole inheritrix, about Henry II.'s time, was married

to John de Arundel, ancestor of the Arundels of Lanherne; who, out of

respect and grateful remembrance of the great benefit they had by this

match, ever since gave the wolf for their crest, the proper arms of

Trembleth.

'In this town they had their domestic chapel and burying-place, now

totally gone to decay, since those Arundels removed from hence to

Lanherne. This manor was anciently held of the manor of Payton, by the

tenure of knight's service. And here John de Arundel held a knight's

fee (Morton, 3rd Henry IV.), as I am informed.'

The assumption of their French origin is further borne out by the

fact that the early Arundells--especially one, Roger--obtained

from the Conqueror considerable grants of land in Dorsetshire and

Staffordshire. I have, however, been unable to obtain any clear traces

of their connexion with Cornwall earlier than towards the middle of

the thirteenth century, when they presented to the churches of St.

Columb Major and of Mawgan. Again, a Sir Ralph Arundell was Sheriff of

Cornwall in 1260; and, indeed, Hals observes that the Arundells filled

the same office twenty times, of which there was no like instance

in England. Some member of the family was generally knighted at the

accession of a new sovereign to the throne, and one of the early

Arundells was Marshal of England.

Amongst the monuments in the church of St. Columb Major is one to a

John Arundell, once 'senescallus Dñi Regis et verus patronus hujus

ecclesiæ, qui hanc capellam fieri fecit.' He died in the year 1400,

and stained glass in the windows also commemorated at this date the

family. There are also Arundell brasses at Antony East, Mawgan, and

Stratton, and a monument at Newlyn East.

They held Lanherne of the Bishop of Exeter by military service, as

appears from folio 102 of Bishop Stapledon's Register: it is therein

called 'La Herne,' but it was also known formerly as Lanhadron.

Amongst other indications of their early settlement in the county, and

of their importance from the very first, it may be mentioned that:

'Rad., son of Oliver de Arundell, of Lanherne,

had £20 a year or more, in land, in 1297;

and so had John Arundell, of Efford.

'Rad. D'Arundle held a "parv. feo." in Trekinnen.

'Johannes D'Arundle held military feus in

Treawset and in Trenbeith, in 3rd Hen. IV.

(1402). Also a "parv. feod." in Trekinnen.'

From the Records preserved at Exeter, the following further

information, which bears upon the early connexion of the Arundells with

the far West, has been gathered; and it is scarcely to be doubted that

still earlier traces of their settlement in Cornwall might at one time

have been forthcoming:

'Willus de Arundell, canonicus obiit vi. Kal. Maii, MCCXLVI.'

(_Exeter Cathedral Martyrologium._)

But most of their monumental remains which still exist, are of later

date, and are met with at various places in Cornwall, chiefly in the

eastern parishes.

A Roger Arundell lived opposite the portico of St. Stephen's Church, in

the High Street, Exeter, about the middle of the thirteenth century,

and a Ralph Arundell, who was rector of St. Columb Major, resigned

his benefice in 1353, whereupon the bishop (Grandison) granted him a

pension of £20 a year, in consideration of his near relationship to Sir

James Arundell, patron of the benefice.

Amongst the documents preserved in Bishop Lacy's Register is the will

of Sir John Arundell, dated 18th April, 1433; he was probably that Sir

John who is said to have had (temp. Ric. II.) no less than fifty-two

complete suits of cloth of gold. This will refers to so much that is of

interest, that I have been tempted to set down a few passages from it:--

Sir John leaves his soul to Almighty God, the Blessed Virgin Mary, and

all the saints; and his body to be buried in the new chapel near the

chancel of the church of St. Columb Major. He gives £20 towards the

bells of that church, 60 shillings towards the restoration of St. Erme

Church, and 20 shillings to the rector of the same. A like sum for the

restoration of the church of Maugan de Lanherne, and 20 shillings for

the maintenance of divers lights therein, and £10 for the bell-tower,

provided the requisite work is done within the following six years.

The rectors of St. Ewe, St. Mawgan juxta Carminow, and St. Wynwole

(Gunwalloe) also receive bequests. He gives 13s. 4d. to the light

of St. Michael's in the Mount,[20] and the same sum towards the

construction of the chancel there. St. Perran Zabuloe also comes

in for his bounty, and £13 are to be spent in 3,000 masses, to be

celebrated for the benefit of his soul as quickly as possible after

his death. To his blood-relation, Isabelle Bevylle, he leaves 4

marks; to John Tresithny, 10; to John Michell, 5;[21] and to others

named, similar sums. But perhaps the most singular bequest of all is

the following, viz., 'Item, lego ad usum parochie S' ci Pyerani in

Zabulo ad claudendum capud S. Pierani honorificè et meliori modo quo

sciunt xls.'[22] One is curious to know why the testator took such

special interest in this singular relic. Certainly the Arundells were

interested in the parish, and, as we shall presently see, one of them

married the heiress of its chief manor. He finally leaves sundry

vessels of precious metal to his son, 'Renfrido,' etc., and names as

his executors, Bishop Lacy, his sons, Thomas (miles) and Renfr--, Otho

Tregoney, and others.

It would be a fruitless task to endeavour to give details of

the genealogy of the earlier Arundells, for it is enveloped in

considerable uncertainty; and even so patient and skilled an

investigator as Colonel J. L. Vivian, in his 'Annotated Heralds'

Visitations of Cornwall,' has discovered such serious discrepancies in

the various statements concerning it, that he gives up some portions of

it in despair. We have seen that Roger was the Christian name of the

Arundell at the time of the Conquest; in 1216, his grandson, William,

forfeited his lands by rebellion (a tendency to which offence was, as

we shall see, rather characteristic of the family), but the estates

were restored to the rebellious William's nephew, Humphry. By the

latter's marriage with Joan de Umfraville, he had a son, Sir Renfry de

Arundell of Treffry, and by Renfry's marriage with Alice de Lanherne,

in the time of Henry III., the name of Arundell became for many a long

year associated with that of Lanherne. One of their sons, Sir Ralph,

was, as we have seen, Sheriff of Cornwall in the same reign (1260),

and from his marriage with a lady who bore the euphonious name of Eva

de Rupe, or de la Roche, of Tremodret,[23] in Duloe parish, the main

stem of the family seems to have shot forth its boughs and branches.

Their younger son, Ralph, was that rector of St. Columb Major, who, as

we have seen, resigned his living in 1353, or, according to some other

authorities, in 1309. But their eldest son, Sir John of Trembleth, in

the time of Edward I., married Joan le Soor, of Tolverne, and thus

appears to have originated the connection which so long subsisted

between the two branches of the family. Their children, Margaret and

Sir John, married, the former with a Beville, and the latter with a

Carminow; and now, for the first time, the name of Trerice also appears

in the family tree, for this Sir John is said to have had a cousin,

Ralph Arundell of that place. I cannot trace his descent, and can only

suggest that he _may_ have been a brother instead of a cousin. If I

have correctly interpreted the pedigree, the last-named Sir John was a

man of mark, and of him we have the following accounts:--

'In the year 1379, an expedition was fitted out by King Richard II.,

in the second year of his reign, in aid of the Duke of Bretagne, under

the command of "Dominus Johannes Arundell," as old Thomas Walsingham,

a learned monk of St. Albans, calls him.[24] On their way, after

repulsing the French fleet off the coast of Cornwall, and whilst

waiting for a favourable wind to cross the Channel, the commander

of the expedition besought the hospitality of a certain convent of

nuns (according to one account, at Netley), the lady superintendent

of which very properly refused it to so rough and ready a band

of military as composed Arundell's following. She besought most

earnestly, "prostrata," and "conjunctis manibus," that he would find

quarters for his men elsewhere, but all in vain. Scenes of a most

disgraceful and violent character ensued, as might have been expected;

and, not content with doing foul dishonour to the nuns, the soldiery

were permitted to spoil the neighbourhood. They even went so far as

to carry off from the convent the sacred vessels of its church, and

several of the sisterhood as well ("vi vel sponte"), whereupon they

were most righteously excommunicated by the priest. A violent tempest

pursued them for their misdoings, a diabolical spectre appearing in

Arundell's ship, threatening the dire disasters which followed. The

unhappy women were flung overboard to lighten the ships, which at

length made the coast of Ireland, upon which event Arundell made a

speech concluding thus, according to the chronicler:

'"Minus grave est hoc quam in mare totiens ante mortem mori, et tandem

mortem dedecorosam evadere nullo modo posse. Aut si inimici sunt qui

in hac terra sunt, citius eligo per manus hostiles interfici (forsitan

cadaveri sepulturam indulgebunt) quam more pecoris marinis mergi

fluctibus, et fieri pelagi monstris cibus."'

But the swashbuckler was doomed not to escape as he had hoped, though

finally he was to receive the sort of burial which he so evidently

desired. His ship was driven on the rocks, and her ship-master and Sir

John Arundell of Treleigh were drowned, together with his esquires

and other men of high birth. Many were rescued by the Irish, but

twenty-five ships in all were lost, and large numbers of their crews.

Three days afterwards many of the bodies were recovered, amongst them

those of Arundell, and were buried in a certain abbey in Ireland.[25]

As Froissart's account differs from the foregoing in some particulars,

I have appended a translation of it for the convenience of those who

may desire to compare the two: it will be noticed that Froissart

entirely omits the story of the desecration of the convent.

'The time had now arrived for sending off the promised succour to

the Duke of Brittany. Sir John Arundel was appointed to command the

expedition, and there accompanied him Sir Hugh Calverley, Sir Thomas

Banaster, Sir Thomas Trivet, Sir Walter Pole, Sir John Bourchier,

and the Lords Ferrers and Basset. These knights, with their forces,

assembled at Southampton,[26] whence they set sail. The first day they

were at sea the weather was favourable, but towards evening the wind

veered about and became quite the contrary; so strong and tempestuous

was it, that it drove them on the coast of Cornwall that night, and

as they were afraid to cast anchor, they were forced the next day

into the Irish Sea; here three of their ships sank, on board of which

were Sir John Arundel, Sir Thomas Banaster, and Sir Hugh Calverley;

the two former, with upwards of eighty men, perished, but Sir Hugh

fortunately clung to the mast of his vessel and was blown ashore.

The rest of the ships, when the storm had abated, returned as well

as they could to Southampton. Through this misfortune the expedition

was put an end to, and the Duke of Brittany, though sadly oppressed

by the French, received all that season no assistance from the

English.'--(_Froissart's Chronicles_, p. 154.)

The unlucky knight's grandson was that Sir John Arundell of Lanherne,

who was made a Knight of the Bath at the coronation of King Henry IV.

in 1399, and who married a lady, who, if she were as lovely as her

lovely name--Annora or Eleanora Lambourne, of Perranzabuloe--must

indeed have been 'beautiful exceedingly.' But, indeed, the Arundells

seem to have been fond of sweet-sounding Christian names for their

womankind. Such names as Sibilla and Emmota occur very early in the

family-tree. This Sir John must have been a personage of some valour

and consideration; for we find that he was retained by an indenture of

King Henry V. to serve at sea with 3 knights, 364 men-at-arms, and 776

archers, in certain vessels which were specified. He was four times

Sheriff of Cornwall, and was member for the county in 1422-23, together

with another John Arundell, apparently.

The next Arundells who claim our attention will require a little more

space to be devoted to the consideration of their exploits. They were

grandsons of the last-named Sir John; and one of them, also a Sir John,

became Admiral and Sheriff of Cornwall, and a General for King Henry

VI., in France; the other, his cousin, also named John, became Bishop

of Exeter. To the former of these two, as the senior, let us first turn.

He was born, or at least baptized, in 1421; and, his father dying some

two years afterwards, he became a ward of the King, and at length (in

the 29th year of the reign of Henry VI.) was the largest free tenant in

Cornwall, his estates being of the value of £2,000 per annum.

John, the Bishop, was the son of Sir Rainfred (or Reinfry) Arundell,

knight (by Joan Coleshull, his wife, sister and heir of Sir John

Coleshull of Tremodret, knight), who was the third son of Sir John

Arundel of Lanherne (and not, observes Tonkin, 'Talvern, as Anthony

Wood saith'). He is said to have been educated in the neighbouring

College of Augustine Monks at St. Columb, to which one of his ancestors

is alleged to have been a munificent benefactor,[27] as he also was to

the church at that place, building a chapel thereto for himself and

family, at the east end of the south aisle; and here he was buried

in the year 1400.[28] Educated at Exeter College, Oxford, he became

successively a Canon of Windsor, Prebendary of York and Salisbury, Dean

of Exeter, and Chancellor of Hereford, and having been consecrated

Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, Nov. 6, 1496, was for his piety

and learning translated, by Henry VII., to Exeter, June 29, 1502. He

died, March 15, 1503, at the house belonging to the Bishop of Exeter

(Exeter House), in the parish of St. Clement's Danes, London, in which

church he was buried on the south side of the high altar. His will

is preserved at Somerset House. Weever gives a copy of a 'maimed'

inscription on his tomb. To his Register is prefixed a 'Prologus,'

written by his secretary. It recites his noble descent, his sound

doctrine, and his great virtues, his constant attendance at divine

service, and his bountiful hospitality. By his will he left £20 towards

the finishing of St. Mary's Church, Oxford. His portrait is at Wardour

Castle.

Hals, in his account of St. Columb Major, writes thus of the Bishop

(but see note, p. 51):

'Contiguous with this churchyard was formerly extant a college of

Black Monks or Canons Augustine, consisting of three fellows, for

instructing youth in the liberal arts and sciences; which college,

when or by whom erected and endowed, I know not. However, I take it

to be one of those three colleges in this province, named in Speed

and Dugdale's Monasticon, whose revenues they do not express (nor the

place where they were extant), but tell us that they were dedicated to

the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Lady of Angels, and were black monks of

the Augustines.

'In this college, temp. Henry VI., was bred up John Arundell, a

younger son of Renfry Arundell, of Lanherne, Esquire, sheriff of

Cornwall, 3rd Edward IV., where he had the first taste of the liberal

arts and sciences, and was afterwards placed at Exon College in

Oxford, where he stayed till he took his degree of Master of Arts, and

then was presented by his father to John Booth, Bishop of Exeter, to

be consecrated priest, and to have collation, institution, and induct,

into his rectory of St. Colomb. Which being accordingly performed, and

he resided upon, this rectory glebe lands for some time, which gave

him opportunity to build the old parsonage house still extant thereon,

and moat the same round with rivers and fish-ponds, as Sir John

Arundell, Knight, informed me afterwards.'

If we are to accept the authority of Dallaway in his 'History of the

See of Chichester,' of the Rev. Prebendary W. R. Stephens in his

'Memorials' of that See, and of M. A. Lower in his 'Sussex Worthies,'

there was another member of this branch of the family, also named John

Arundell, who attained to the dignity of the episcopal throne; but his

place in the pedigree is not easily to be identified, and as the Rev.

C. W. Boase truly remarks, it is very difficult to distinguish between

the John Arundells of this time. He was one of the Physicians, as well

as Confessor and Domestic Chaplain, to Henry VI. He was also Fellow of

Exeter College, Oxon, Proctor of University, and held many preferments

without cure of souls; and he was sometime Canon of Windsor, Prebendary

of Sarum, York and St. Paul's, and Dean of Exeter. The King asked Pope

Calixtus III. to make him Bishop of Durham, but he was, instead, made

Bishop of Chichester, May, 1458. He died in 1478, and bequeathed lands

for the celebration of his anniversary and of a nightly mass throughout

the year. Near the entrance into the choir of Chichester Cathedral he

erected a large altar tomb of Petworth marble, ornamented with brasses

(probably since stolen), and at one time concealed by pews. But a

tablet was affixed to a pier near the tomb, which gave some account of

him, recording that he left 'Benefield's lands' to found a chantry.

Lower also credits him with the erection of the oratory between the

nave and choir, and with the 'Arundell' screen in 1477, which was

removed during the restorations in 1860.

The warrant for the appointment of himself and colleagues to be the

King's Physicians is in the Cotton. MSS. (Vespasian G xiv. p. 415).

In it the medicines and other means of cure which the professors of

the healing art were (with the concurrence of the Council) to employ

are duly specified: they included 'potiones, syrupi, confectiones,

clysteria, suppositoria, caputpurgea, gargarismata, balnea, capitis

rasura,' etc., etc., and the document affords a curious glimpse of the

state of the medical skill and knowledge of the time. It is referred

to by Johnson in his 'Life of Linacre.' Unfortunately this Bishop's

Register is lost, but his career would seem to have been uneventful.

To resume the story of the descent of the family. The records which

I have been able to consult throw little or no light of importance

upon most of the immediate descendants of Richard II.'s Admiral; his

daughters married men of rank and title, such as the Lords Marney and

Daubeny, Sir Henry Strangways, Sir William Capell, and Sir William

Courtenay; and one of them, Ellen, secured the affections of Ralph,

'The great Copplestone.' One son only, Thomas, he had (or he may

perchance have been a grandson); he, like so many others of his race,

was knighted at a coronation, on this occasion the coronation of King

Richard III. John, his son, won his knighthood too; but in a different

fashion, for he was made knight-banneret for his valour in the field,

at the sieges of 'Toronne' (Therouenne, 7 miles south of St. Omer) and

Tournay, wherein so many ostentatious deeds of valour were performed on

both sides. He died in 1545, and was buried in the church of St. Columb

Major, where there is a brass to his memory.

By his second wife, Katharine, daughter of Sir Thomas Grenville, of

Stow, Sir John had an erudite daughter, Mary, whose fame is enshrined

in the pages of Ballard's 'Celebrated British Ladies.' She is chiefly

known by her translations, especially of the 'Sayings and Doings

of the Emperor Severus,' which she dedicated to her father, 'pater

honoratissimus;' and some of her manuscripts are, I believe, preserved

in the Royal Library. She married, first, Robert Radcliff, Earl

of Sussex; and secondly, Henry, 17th Earl of Arundell. One of the

successors of the learned lady, named Margaret, who died in 1691, was

buried in the Trerice Arundell vault in Newlyn Church, at the east end

of the south aisle; and according to Davies Gilbert, it was through

her that the Trerice estates passed into the hands of their present

proprietor, Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, Bart.

Sir John's grandson, of the same name, next claims a short notice.

Dodd, in his 'Church History,' says of him:

'Sir John being an "occasional conformist," his conversation with Mr.

Cornelius had given him (Cornelius) early impressions in favour of the

Catholic religion, which grew stronger in the University, where he

met with many of the same dispositions. At length, being weary of a

conformity against his conscience, he left Oxford.'

This was that Father Cornelius who, so Foley informs us, was born at

Bodmin, of Irish parents, and early attracted Sir John's attention by

his studious disposition. Sir John took him by the hand, and always

stood his friend. But Cornelius became a Jesuit and a recusant, and was

hung, drawn, and quartered at Dorchester, in 1594. He was chaplain to

Lady Arundell after her husband's decease, and she having recovered the

body, gave it honourable interment.

The favour in which Cornelius and other priests about this time were

held by our Sir John Arundell, cost him his liberty. He was summoned to

London in 1581, and for nine years was kept a prisoner in Ely Palace,

Holborn, only leaving it to go down to Isleworth and die. His body was

conveyed to St. Columb with great pomp, and there is a monument there

to his memory.

His daughters, Dorothy and Gertrude, entered the Convent of Benedictine

nuns at Brussels, in the year 1600, and the former wrote an account of

the last days of Father Cornelius, which part of his life she appears

to have spent with him.

From the knight-banneret of Tournay and Therouenne descended the

Arundells of Wardour; who, on obtaining that estate and castle (whose

gallant defence by Lady Blanche Arundell, during the Civil War, is

familiar to the reader of romance as well as to the historical student)

by intermarriage with the heiress of John, Lord Dinham and ceasing

to reside in Cornwall, the story of whose Worthies I am endeavouring

to tell, are not strictly speaking included in my scheme; but they

evidently remembered with affection their Cornish origin, for on the

east front of old Wardour Castle is a Latin inscription, of which the

following is an uncouth translation, believed to be by Henry, the

eighth Lord Arundell:--

'Here, branch of Arundell Lanhernian race,

Thomas first sat, and he deserved the place:

He sat, and fell: Merit the fatal crime,

And Heav'n, to mark him faultless, bless'd his line.

Matthew his offspring, as the Father, Great,

And happier in his Prince, regain'd the seat.

Confirm'd, enlarg'd; long may its fortune stand!

HIS care who gave, resum'd, restor'd the land.'

The above Matthew had a brother Charles, who left England in 1583, on

account of his attachment to the Roman Catholic creed, visited Rome and

Spain, and finally died in Paris 9th December, 1587.

And here it may be well to add, that by the marriage of Mary Arundell

in 1739 to Henry, seventh Baron Arundell of Wardour, the Lanherne

and Wardour branches of the family were, after a separation of more

than two centuries, re-united. At Wardour are preserved numerous

MSS. relating to the Arundell family; a most interesting as well as

extensive series. It includes the Tywardreath Charter with the Laocoön

seal, various inventories of furniture, household books, travelling

expenses, tailor's bills, etc., etc., to say nothing of court rolls,

rentals, surveys, etc., from the reign of Richard II. to that of Henry

VIII.

Sir Thomas, a grandson of the friend of Father Cornelius, 'when but a

young man, signalized himself so much by his valour against the Turks,

in Hungary, that the Emperor Rodolph II. raised him to the dignity of a

Count of the Empire in 1595: granting that his children, of both sexes,

and their descendants, should for ever enjoy that rank; have a vote in

all the diets of the Empire, purchase lands within the dominion of the

Empire, raise volunteers, and not be put to any trial, except in the

Imperial Chamber. In forcing the water-tower, near Gran (a formerly

rich town of Hungary), he took from the Turks their banner, with his

own hand; which banner, taken by Sir Thomas, of Wardour, was preserved,

as a trophy, in the Vatican at Rome; where it remained till the French

revolution. This brave young knight was recommended to the Emperor by

Queen Elizabeth, in a Latin letter, written by her own hand, which

is still kept at Wardour Castle.' King James I. made him first Baron

Arundell of Wardour in 1605. He died at Wardour in 1639, æt. 79.

Another Sir John married his relative, an Arundell of Trerice, namely

Anna, the widow of John Trevanyon. It is noteworthy that on this Sir

John's tomb in St. Columb churchyard he is styled baronet, but there

is no reason to believe that he reached a higher dignity than that of

knighthood.

The name was at length assumed by Richard Beling, who married into a

family more illustrious than his own. But I believe this branch of the

family has now, too, become extinct; and it is said that the last of

the Lanherne Arundells died in Cornwall in 1766--a collector of the

customs at Falmouth.

We now come to a very interesting phase of the family history: I mean

the results which followed upon the attachment of this branch of the

Arundells to 'the old religion,' as the Roman Catholic faith was

called. It was exemplified by two episodes which deserve attention:

one was the tragic story of Cuthbert Mayne, a recusant priest who was

harboured at Golden near Probus, in the residence of the old Cornish

family of Tregian, one of whom married Catherine, daughter of a Sir

John Arundell and his wife, Elizabeth Dannet, and whose son Francis

was imprisoned for recusancy in the time of Elizabeth. The story of

Cuthbert Mayne is fully given in Morris's 'Troubles of our Catholic

Forefathers,' Dr. Oliver's 'History of the Catholic Religion in the

West of England,'and by Challoner in his 'Memoirs of Missionary

Priests,' etc.

The second episode to which I have alluded is the story of Humphry

Arundell, the 'leader of the Cornish rebellion'--a rising which was

undertaken for a like cause--the defence of 'the old religion.' We are

indebted to Mr. Froude for much valuable information on this subject,

given in the fifth vol. of his 'History of England, from the fall of

Wolsey to the Death of Queen Elizabeth.'

In the summer of 1548 one of Henry VIII.'s Commissioners, a Mr.

Body, was murdered by a priest at Helston in Cornwall, whilst the

Commissioner was carrying out the King's command in removing certain

superstitious objects from the church. Some executions followed, but

the Cornishmen were neither conciliated nor terrified thereby, and a

rebellion was concocted, Sir Humphry Arundell, of the Mount, and Henry

Boyer, Mayor of Bodmin, being the leaders.

The rebellion was inaugurated at Sampford Courtney, on Dartmoor, when

the people compelled the priests to say mass, notwithstanding that

the English liturgy was commanded to be used, for the first time, on

Whitsunday, 1549.

Lord Russell thereupon sends down Sir Peter and Sir Gawen Carew to

quell the insurrection, but in June, 1549, 10,000 Cornishmen were in

full march on Exeter. England was, in fact, rising in all directions,

and the Commons of Devon and Cornwall insisted on the restoration of

the mass, and that images should be set up again; the English Bibles

were also to be called in, 'for we be informed that otherwise the

clergy shall not of long time confound the heretics,' etc., etc.; and

they added a petition that Humphrey Arundell and Henry Boyer should

have safe access to the King to represent their grievances. Froude sets

out the document in full. The Protector insisted upon Bonner's (Bishop

of London) preaching a sermon condemning the rebellion, especially so

far as Cornwall and Devon were concerned, and recanting his views as to

the mass, etc.; and Bonner's imprisonment was the well-known result.

Order was at length partially restored; but Exeter, where there was a

strong 'Catholic' party, was, in July, actually besieged by the rebels,

and they even talked of going on to London with their army, now 20,000

strong; but Exeter held out for six weeks. Whilst Humphry Arundell was

advancing upon it, Carew brought the welcome tidings to Lord Russell

(at Honiton, the rallying-point) of the advance of Lord Grey. Meanwhile

a body of Cornishmen had arrived at Fennington Bridge, three miles from

Exeter, where Sir Peter Carew attacked them; and here Sir Gawen, who

was with him, was shot through the arm. The Cornishmen were scattered

after a severe struggle, leaving 300 dead on the field, and their

assailants at least as many; and Grey now came to the rescue of Exeter.

At the battle of St Mary's Clyst the King's troops, though at first

defeated, ultimately succeeded, and killed 1,000 rebels, besides taking

many prisoners, who were afterwards put to the sword. The fight was

renewed on the following day, and Grey, who had seen service, exclaimed

that 'such was the valour and the stoutness of the men, that he never,

in all the wars he had been in, did know the like.' But, as we have

said, the rebels were massacred; the siege of Exeter was raised; and on

the 6th of August the banner of the red dragon was flying from the city

walls.

Yet the Cornish rallied on Dartmoor, at Sampford Courtney, under

Humphry Arundell, Pomeroy, Underhill, and others; and here at length,

where the fire was first kindled it was at last extinguished on

Sunday, 17th August, 1549. The town had been fortified, and when the

insurgents were driven back to it, to use Lord Russell's own words:

'While I was yet behind with the residue of the army conducting the

carriage, Humphry Arundel with his whole power came on the back of our

forewards,' and 'against Arundel was nothing for one hour but shooting

of ordnance to and fro.' At length 'the rebels' stomachs so fell from

them as without any blow they fled,' and multitudes of the unfortunate

wretches were slain. Humphrey Arundel fled to Launceston, when he

'immediately began to practise with the townsmen and the keepers of

Greenfield and other gentlemen for the murder of them that night. The

keepers so much abhorred this cruelty as they immediately set the

gentlemen at large, and gave them their aid, with the help of the town

for the apprehension of Arundel, whom, with four or five ringleaders,

they have imprisoned.'

The insurgents lost over 4,000 men during this fatal month. Martial law

was proclaimed throughout Devon and Cornwall; and Arundell, with three

others (Holmes, Winslow, and Berry), was hung at Tyburn. Holmes says

that Boyer, the Mayor of Bodmin, was hung at his own door, after the

Provost Marshal had dined with him.

Hals's account of the rising is so full and interesting, that it seems

worth giving, even at the risk of incurring some little repetition. He

says:

'This Priory or Abbey (of St. Michael's Mount) being dissolved by

Act of Parliament, and given to the King, 33rd Henry VIII., 1542, he

gave the revenues and government of the place to Humphry Arundell,

Esq., of the Lanherne family, who enjoyed the same till the first year

of King Edward VI., 1549; at which time that King set forth several

injunctions about religion; amongst others, this was one, viz.: That

all images found in churches, for divine worship or otherwise, should

be pulled down and cast forth out of those churches; and that all

preachers should perswade the people from praying to saints, or for

the dead, and from the use of beads, ashes, processions, masses,

dirges, and praying to God publicly in an unknown tongue; and, least

there should be a defect of preachers as to these points, homilies

were made and ordered to be read in all churches. Pursuant to this

injunction, one Mr. Body, a commissioner for pulling down images in

the churches of Cornwall, going to do his duty in Helston Church, a

priest, in company with Kiltor of Kevorne, and others, at unawares

stabbed him in the body with a knife; of which wound he instantly

fell dead in that place. And though the murderer was taken, and sent

up to London, tried, found guilty of murder in Westminster Hall,

and executed in Smithfield, yet the Cornish people flocked together

in a tumultuous and rebellious manner, by the instigation of their

priests in diverse parts of the shire or county, and committed many

barbarities and outrages in the same; and though the justices of

the peace apprehended several of them, and sent them to jail, yet

they could not, with all their power, suppress the growth of their

insurrection; for soon after Humphry Arundell, aforesaid, governor

of this Mount, sided with those mutineers, and broke out into actual

rebellion against his and their prince. The mutineers chose him for

the General of their army, and for inferior officers as Captains,

Majors, and Colonels, John Rosogan, James Rosogan, Will. Winslade of

Tregarrick or St. Agnes at Mithian, John Payne of St. Ives, Robert

Bochym of Bochym, and his brother, Thomas Underhill, John Salmon,

William Segar, together with several priests, rectors, vicars, and

curates of churches, as John Thompson, Roger Barret, John Woolcock,

William Asa, James Mourton, John Barrow, Richard Bennet, and others,

who mustered their soldiers according to the rules of the military

discipline at Bodmin, where the general rendezvous was appointed.

But no sooner was the General Arundell departed from St. Michael's

Mount to exert his power in the camp and field aforesaid, but diverse

gentlemen, with their wives and families, in his absence possessed

themselves thereof; whereupon he dispatched a party of horse and foot

to reduce his old garrison, which quickly they effected, by reason the

besieged wanted provision and ammunition, and were distracted with

the women and children's fears and cries; and so they yielded the

possession to their enemies on condition of free liberty of departing

forthwith from thence with life, though not without being plundered.

'The retaking of St. Michael's Mount by the General Arundell proved

much to the content and satisfaction of his army at Bodmin,

consisting of about 6,000 men, which they looked upon as a good omen

of their future success, and the firstfruits of the valour and conduct

of their General. Whereupon the confederates daily increased his army

with great numbers of men from all parts, who listed themselves under

his banner, which was not only pourtrayed, but by a cart brought into

the field for their encouragement, viz., a pyx under its canopy;

that is to say, the vessel containing the Roman host, or sacramental

sacrifice, or body of Christ, together with crosses, banners,

candlesticks, holy bread and water, to defend them from devils and

the adverse power (see "Fox's Martyrology," p. 669), which was

carried whersoever the camp removed, which camp grew so tremendously

formidable at Bodmin, that Job Militon Esq., then Sheriff of Cornwall,

with all the power of his bailiwick, durst not encounter with it

during the time of the General's stay in that place, which gave him

and his rebels opportunity to consult together for the good of their

public interest, and to make out a declaration, or manifesto, of the

justice of their cause and grounds of taking up arms; but the army, in

general consisting of a mixed multitude of men of diverse professions,

trades, and employments, could not easily agree upon the subject

matter, and form thereof. Some would have no justice of the peace; for

that generally they were ignorant of the laws, and could not construe

or English a Latin bill of indictment without the clerk of the peace's

assistance, who imposed upon them, with other attorneys, for gain,

wrong sense, and judgment--besides, in themselves, they were corrupt

and partial in determining cases; others would have no lawyers nor

attorneys, for that the one cheated the people in wrong advice or

counsel, and the other of their money by extravagant bills of costs;

others would have no court leets, or court-barons, for that the cost

and expense in prosecuting an action at law therein was many times

greater than the debt or profit. But generally it was agreed upon

amongst them that no inclosure should be left standing, but that all

lands should be held in common; yet what expedients should be found

out and placed in the room of those several orders and degrees of men

and officers none could prescribe.

'However, the priests, rectors, vicars, and curates, the priors and

monks, friars and other dissolved collegiates, hammered out seven

articles of address for the King's Majesty, upon grant of which they

declared their bodies, arms, and goods should all be at his disposal,

viz.:

'No. 1. That curates should administer baptism at all times of need,

as well week days as holy days.

'2. That their children might be confirmed by the Bishop.

'3. That mass might be celebrated, no man communicating with the

priest.

'4. That they might have reservation of the Lord's body in churches.

'5. That they might have holy bread and water in remembrance of

Christ's body and blood.

'6. That priests might not be married.

'7. That the six articles set forth by King Henry VIII. might be

continued at least till the King came of age.

'Now these six articles were invented by Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of

Winchester (who was the bastard son of Lionel Woodvill, Bishop of

Salisbury, by his concubine, Elizabeth Gardiner; the which Lionel

was fifth son of Richard Woodvill, Earl Rivers, 1470), and therefore

called his creed, viz.:

'1. That the body of Christ is really present in the sacrament after

consecration.

'2. That the sacrament cannot truly be administered under both kinds.

'3. That priests entered into holy orders might not marry.

'4. That vows of chastity entered into upon mature deliberation, were

to be kept.

'5. That private masses were not to be omitted.

'6. That auricular confession was necessary in the Church of God.

'To these demands of the Cornish rebels the King so far condescended

as to send an answer in writing to every article, and also a general

pardon to every one of them, if they would lay down arms. (See Fox's

"Acts and Monuments," Book IX. p. 668). But, alas! those overtures

of the King were not only rejected by the rebels, but made them

the more bold and desperate; especially finding themselves unable

longer to subsist upon their own estates and money, or the bounty of

the country, which hitherto they had done. The General therefore

resolved, as the fox who seldom chucks at home, to prey upon other

men's goods and estates farther off for his army's better subsistence.

Whereupon he dislodged from Bodmin, and marched with his soldiers

into Devon, where Sir Peter Carew, Knight, was ready to obstruct

their passage with his posse comitatus. But when they saw the order

and discipline of the rebels, and that their army consisted of above

6,000 fighting-men, desperate, well armed, and prepared for battle,

the Sheriff and his troops permitted them quietly to pass through

the heart of that country to Exeter, where the citizens, upon notice

of their approaches (as formerly done), shut the gates, and put

themselves in a posture of defence.

'Things being in this posture, the General, Arundell, summoned the

citizens to deliver their town and castle to his dominion; but they

sent him a flat denial. Whereupon, forthwith he ordered his men to

fire the gates of the city, which accordingly they did; but the

citizens on the inside supplied those fires with such quantities of

combustible matter, so long till they had cast up a half-moon on

the inside thereof, upon which, when the rebels attempted to enter,

they were shot to death or cut to pieces. Their entrance being thus

obstructed at the gates, they put in practice other expedients,

viz., either to undermine the walls or blow them up with barrels of

gunpowder, which they had placed in the same; but the citizens also

prevented this their design, by countermining their mines and casting

so much water on the places where their powder-barrels were lodged,

that the powder would not take fire. Thus stratagems of war were daily

practised between the besieged and besiegers to the great hurt and

damage of each other.

'King Edward being informed by his council of this siege, and that

there was little or no dependance upon the valour and conduct of

the Sheriff of Devon and his bailiwick to suppress this rebellion

or raise the siege of Exeter, granted his commission to John Lord

Russell, created Baron Russell of Tavistock by King Henry, and Lord

High Admiral and Lord Privy Seal, an old experienced soldier who had

lost an eye at the Siege of Montreuil in France, to be his General

for raising soldiers to fight those rebels; who forthwith, pursuant

thereto, raised a considerable army and marched them to Honiton; but

when he came there he was informed that the enemy consisted of 10,000

able fighting-men armed; which occasioned his halting there longer

than he intended, expecting greater supplies of men, that were coming

to his aid under conduct of the Lord Grey; which at length arrived

and joined his forces, whereupon he dislodged from thence and marched

towards Exeter; where, on the way, he had several sharp conflicts with

the rebels with various success, sometimes the better and sometimes

the worse; though at length after much fatigue of war, maugre all

opposition and resistance of the rebels, he forced them to raise their

siege, and entered the city of Exeter with relief, 6th August, 1549,

after thirty-two days' siege, wherein the inhabitants had valiantly

defended themselves, though in that extremity they were necessitated

by famine to eat horses, moulded cloth, and bread made of bran; in

reward of whose loyalty King Edward gave to the city for ever the

Manor of Evyland, since sold by the city for making the river Exe

navigable.

'After raising the siege, as aforesaid, the General, Arundell, rallied

his routed forces of rebels, and gave battle to the Lord Russell

and the King's army with that inveterate courage, animosity, and

resolution, that the greatest part of his men were slain upon the

spot, others threw down their arms on mercy, the remainder fled,

and were afterwards many of them taken and executed. Sir Anthony

Kingston, Knight, a Gloucestershire man, after this rebellion, was

made Provost-Marshal for executing such western rebels as could be

taken, or were made prisoners in Cornwall and Devon, together with

all such who had been aiders or assisters of them in that rebellion;

upon whom, according to his power and office, he executed martial

law with sport and justice (as Mr. Carew and other historians tell

us); and the principal persons that have come to my knowledge, over

whose misery he triumphed, was Boyer, the Mayor of Bodmin; Mayow of

Clevyan, in St. Colomb Major, whom he hanged at the tavern sign-post

in that town, of whom tradition saith his crime was not capital; and,

therefore, his wife was advised by her friends to hasten to the town

after the Marshal and his men, who had him in custody, and beg his

life. Which, accordingly, she prepared to do, and to render herself

the more amiable petitioner before the Marshal's eyes, this dame spent

so much time in attiring herself and putting on her French hood, then

in fashion, that her husband was put to death before her arrival. In

like manner the Marshal hanged one John Payne, the Mayor, or Portreeve

of St. Ives, on a gallows erected in the middle of that town, whose

arms are still to be seen in one of the foreseats in that church, viz.

in a plain field three pine-apples. Besides those he executed many

more in other places in Cornwall, that had been actors, assisters,

or promoters of this rebellion. Lastly, it is further memorable of

this Sir Anthony Kingston, that in Sir John Heywood's chronicle he

is taxed of extreme cruelty in doing his Marshal's office aforesaid.

Of whom Fuller, in Gloucestershire, gives us this further account of

him; that afterwards, in the reign of Queen Mary, being detected, with

several others, of a design to rob her exchequer, though he made his

escape and fled into his own country, yet there he was apprehended

and taken into custody by a messenger, who was bringing him up to

London in order to have justice done upon him for his crime; but he

being conscious of his guilt, and despairing of pardon, so effectually

poisoned himself that he died on the way, without having the due

reward of his desert.

'After the death of Humphrey Arundell, Governor of St. Michael's

Mount, executed for treason as aforesaid, King Edward VI. sold or gave

the government and revenues thereof to Job Militon, Esq., aforesaid,

then Sheriff of Cornwall, during his life; but his son, dying without

issue male, the government, by what title I know not, devolved upon

the Bassets of Tihidy, from some of whom, as I am informed, it came by

purchase to Sir John St. Aubyn, Bart., now in possession thereof.'

A contemporary account of Humphrey Arundell's execution in Mr. Richard

Howlett's 'Monumenta Franciscana,' vol. ii., 27th January, 1550,

states: 'Was drawne from the Tower of London vnto Tyborne iiii persons

(Humfre Avrnedelle, Bere Vynch, Chyffe, Homes), and there hangyd and

qwarterd, and their qwarteres sette abowte London on euery gatte; thes

was of them that dyd ryse in the West cuntre.'

It has already been observed that an attachment to the Roman Catholic

faith led many of the Arundells into trouble: as exemplifying this, I

have culled a few other instances from the pages of a writer belonging

to that Communion.

'The next successor to the property' (a son of John Arundell, the

friend of Father Cornelius), 'was indeed a great sufferer for

conscience' sake. In a letter before me of F. Richard Blount, dated

7th Nov., 1606, he says that Mr. Arundell, amongst others, had been

forced to compound for the possession of his property by paying heavy

fines to the Crown. He had been convicted of recusancy, but King James

directed by his letters patent (20 Feb., 4 Jac. I., 1607) that none

of Mr. Arundell's lands were to be seized so long as he paid £240 a

year for not frequenting church,' etc.

'George Arundell was another recusant (20 June, 34 Eliz., 1591), and

paid a similar fine.

'From a letter in the State Paper Office, dated 21 Oct., 1642, by a

Parliamentarian, I make the following extract:

'"Mr. Arundell hath the greatest forces here, and is able to raise

more than half the gentlemen in Cornwall, and he alone was the first

that began the rebellion there. There hath lately been landed at some

creek in that county ten or more seminary priests, which are newly

come out of Flanders, and harboured in Mr. Arundell's house.[29]

They are merciless creatures, and there is a great way laid for the

apprehension of them."

'This gentleman had to suffer the sequestration of his estates for many

years, and it cost him nearly £3,000 to get off at last.'

And the continued attachment of the Arundells to their ancient faith is

exemplified in an interesting manner, as we shall see further on, by

the conventual establishment still existing at Lanherne.

A few words will perhaps be expected as to the church, and the adjacent

former residence of the Arundells of Lanherne. The sylvan beauty of

the situation and its surroundings has already been adverted to, and

the church and churchyard, at least, are still worthy of their site;

but little remains of the once noble old mansion, of which Carew wrote:

'This said house of Lanherne is apportioned with a large scope of land,

which, while the owners there lived, was employed to frank hospitality.'

At MAWGAN CHURCH the fragments of the screen which separates the

nave and south aisle are carved with the arms of Arundell quartering

Carminow, and on the south side of the chancel are brass shields on

which the same arms are quartered with Archdekne, Arches, Carminow,

Denham, Durnford, Grenville, etc. At the east end of the aisle on

the screen are seven brass plates, 'chiefly inscribed with English

and Latin verses, admonitory to the reader and eulogistic of the

Arundells,' _e.g._:

'What favour FORTUNE him affords, his landes and livings tell;

Of brethren five, though youngst he were, to lyve yet had he well.

His worthie house him worshipp gave, so famous ys that race;

The familie of ARUNDELLS, well knowne in every place.

And GRACE that woulde not be o'ercome gave him a godlye ende;

A gyft wherebi his soule ys sure to glory to ascende.

Where unto GRACE & GOD he yealds the price and prayse for aye;

What FORTUNE or dame NATURE gave, DEATH having tane away.'

The transept, or Arundell chapel, was once used as a burial-place for

the nuns of the adjoining nunnery; it has a hagioscopic communication

with the chancel.

The following inscription on a brass, the chief portion of which is now

missing, has also been preserved:

'Here under lyeth buryed Mary Arundell, the daughter of Syr John

Arundell, Knight, with the body of Elizabeth, his wyfe, who decessed

the 23 day of April, A.D. 1578; and in the fourty-nyne yere of her

age. On whose soul God have mercye.

'This virgin wyse, whose lampe with oyle repleat

The bridegroom's call with burninge light attended;

By following him hath won a worthye seate,

And lyves for aye, though death this lyfe hath ended.'

Etc., etc., etc.

Nearly the whole of the older Arundell brasses, which bore the names,

dates of death, and ages of the members of that family are not now

to be found in the church; one, a sort of palimpsest brass, bore

on one side an acrostic to the memory of Jane Arundell, and on the

other a representation of the Deity, and two other figures, probably

symbolical. This brass is said to have been removed to the nunnery at

the beginning of the present century.

LANHERNE HOUSE, formerly the manor-house of the Arundells, a

picturesque but gloomy structure, is now a Roman Catholic Carmelite

nunnery, 'by time unstricken, yet with ages hoar.' The south part of

the house is the most ancient part; it has stone-mullioned windows, and

a good doorway of Catacleuse stone.[30] The vane which still surmounts

the dome represents a wolf--the crest of the Trembleath Arundells.

About eighty years ago the building was assigned to sixteen nuns who

fled from the siege of Antwerp by the French during the revolutionary

wars; and their successors, now over twenty in number, continue to

occupy the buildings.

_THE ARUNDELLS OF TRERICE._[31]

As the crow flies, Trerice, anciently Treres, as Carew informs us,

is about five miles south of Lanherne and about the same distance

from the mouth of the Gannel, one of whose tributary streamlets runs

round the slope on whose southern side still stands great part of the

handsome and extensive mansion of this branch of the family. It is

not the original building, dating as it does only from the year 1573;

but its charming and sheltered situation, 'its costly and commodious

dwellings,' the rich colours of the time-stained masonry, its huge

mullioned windows, and the magnificent proportions of its large and

lofty hall, stamp it as one of the few remaining mansions of the

Cornish gentry that speak of the wealth and power and hospitality of

the 'good old times.'

The county histories are almost silent as to the early seat of this

branch of the family; but there is no reason to doubt that its _site_

remains the same; and that Trerice was inhabited by an Arundell at

least so far back as the reign of Edward III.--one Ralph being here,

whilst his cousin (or perhaps his brother), Sir John, who married

Elizabeth Carminow, held sway at Lanherne.[32] Apropos of this marriage

into the powerful and wealthy family of Carminow, it is interesting to

note that in the Register of Walter de Stapeldon, Bishop of Exeter,

and founder of Exeter College, Oxon, we find that, in the year 1316,

'on the Monday before Michaelmas, our lord' (the Bishop) 'offered his

niece, Joan Kaignes, as wife to John de Arundell, son and heir of John

de Arundell defunct, who refused for the present; William Walle was

present.' Were John's affections already pledged to the fair Elizabeth?

The incident shows at least that the Bishop was desirous of forming an

alliance between one of his own relatives and a house so important as

that of Arundell.

Hals says that the Arundells of Trerice bore, at one time, the arms

of Lansladron, viz., sable, three chevrons argent; but that at length

they adopted the well-known coat of the family: sable, six swallows

argent--three, two, and one.

Leland, writing of the Arundells of Trerice, observes: 'This Arundale

giveth no part of the arms of the great Arundale of Lanheron, by St.

Columbe. But he told me that he thought he cam of the Arundales in

base Normandy, that were lordes of _Culy Castelle_;[33] that now is

descended to one Monseir de la Fontaine, a Frenchman, by heir generale.

This Arundale is caulid Arundale of Trerise, by a difference from

Arundale of Lanheron. Trerise is a lordship of his, a three or four

miles from Alein chirch.'

'What Leland means,' observes Tonkin, 'by his first words I cannot

imagine. The then owner of Trerise was _Sir John Arundell_, who could

not tell him that his arms were different from Arundells of Lanhearn,

since it is most certain that they constantly gave the same, viz.,

the six swallows, and that without any difference or distinction, as

not being well agreed on which was the elder family of the two; only,

as it is before observed, Arundell of Trerice, the better to declare

of what house he was, did always quarter the arms of Trerice with

his own. Nay, further; as appeareth by a very fair pedigree of this

family, drawn up by Mr. Camden himself, which was lately in the Lord

Arundell's library, where I had the favour to peruse it, the ancestor

of the Lanhearn family, which came over with William the Conqueror,

left a widow, afterwards married to the ancestor of Arundell of

Trerice, that came over at the same time; so that both these families

are descended from that same woman. But as she was first married to

the ancestor of Arundell of Lanhearne, it is supposed from thence

that he was descended from the elder brother, and the other from the

younger, as being both of the same stock; which is further confirmed,

for that Arundell of Lanhearn had always the greater estate, and made

the greater figure in their country, whence they were called the

_Great Arundells_, though this of Trerice was likewise very eminent.'

Carew, who married into the family of the Tolverne Arundells, and who

may therefore be assumed to be of some authority in the matter, does

not go so far back as this for the rise of the Arundells of Trerice. He

says, 'In Edward III.'s reign, Ralph Arundel matched with the heir of

this land and name; since which time his issue hath there continued,

and increased their livelihood by sundry like inheritors as St. John,

Jew, Durant, Thurlebear,' etc. He adds, 'Precisely to rip up the whole

pedigree were more tedious than behooveful; and therefore I will only

(as by the way) touch some few points which may serve, in part, to show

what place and regard they have borne in the commonwealth.'

I venture to think that, so far as modern readers are concerned, it

will be well to adopt Carew's view; and that the more especially on

account of the many difficulties which beset the case, as already

mentioned at the commencement of this chapter. I do not therefore

propose to advert to the Sir Oliver de Arundell of Carhayes of the time

of Henry III., who married a lady of the same patronymic as himself,

and who indeed was probably the true founder of the Trerice branch;

but will at once mention, as the first historical representative of

this part of the family, a Sir John Arundell of Trerice, Sheriff of

Cornwall, who, early in the fifteenth century, viz. in the seventh year

of Henry V., accompanied the Earl of Devon on a sea voyage 'in defence

of the realm;' no doubt the same knight who was in the following reign

addressed by the Earl of Huntingdon--Lieutenant-General to John, Duke

of Bedford, Constable and Admiral of England--as 'Vice-Admiral of

Cornwall.' I do not, however, feel certain whether it was he or his

son (but more probably the latter) whose curious story has been thus

narrated by Hals and by Carew.

Hals says, 'As soon as King Edward IV. heard of the surprise of

St. Michael's Mount by the Earl of Oxford, he issued forth his

proclamation, proclaiming him, and all his adherents, traitors, and

then consulted how to regain both to his obedience; and in order

thereto, he forthwith sent Sir John Arundell of Trerice, Knight, then

Sheriff of Cornwall, to reduce and besiege the same by his posse

comitatus; which gentleman, pursuant to his orders and by virtue of

his office, soon rose a considerable army of men and soldiers within

his bailiwick, and marched with them towards St. Michael's Mount,

where, being arrived, he sent a trumpeter to the Earl with a summons

of surrender of that garrison to him for King Edward, upon mercy;

especially for that in so doing, in all probability he would prevent

the effusion of much Christian blood. To this summons of the trumpeter

the Earl sent a flat denial; saying further that, rather than he would

yield the fort on those terms, himself and those with him were all

resolved to lose their lives in defence thereof. Whereupon the Sheriff

commanded his soldiers, being very numerous on all parts, to storm

the Mount and reduce it by force; but alas, maugre all their attempts

(of this kind), the besieged so well defended every part of this

rocky mountain, that in all places the Sheriff's men were repulsed

with some loss; and the besieged issued forth from the outer gate and

pursued them with such violence that the said Sir John Arundell and

some others were slain upon the sands at the foot of the Mount, to the

great discouragement of the new-raised soldiers, who quickly departed

thence, having lost their leader, leaving the besieged in better

heart than they found them, as much elevated at their good success as

themselves were dismayed at their bad fortune.'

'Sir John Arundell,' as Mr. Carew, in his 'Survey of Cornwall,' tells

us, p. 119, 'had long before been told, by some fortune-teller, that

he would be slain on the sands; wherefore, to avoid that destiny, he

removed from Efford, near Stratton, on the sands, where he dwelt, to

Trerice, far off from the sea-sands; yet by this misfortune fulfilled

the prediction in another place.'

The connexion of this family with Stratton and Bude is further

indicated by the churchwardens' accounts of Stratton Church, where

knells were rung in 1526 for the _Arundells_; they are also recorded as

having presented vestments to this church.

That the Arundells of Trerice long continued in Royal favour is evident

from the fact that one of the family--a Sir John, a name to which all

branches of the Arundells seem to have been extremely partial--received

an autograph letter from the Queen of Henry VII., dated 12th October,

1488, wherein her Majesty informs the knight that she has been safely

delivered of a prince.

We now arrive at some Arundells who make a greater figure in history

than any of those who preceded them; and who, like their forefathers,

seem to have stood well at Court. For in 1520, we find King Henry VIII.

writing to Sir John Arundell of Trerice, his Esquire of the body--'Jack

of Tilbury'--that he should give his attendance at Canterbury about the

entertainment of the Emperor, whose landing on the English coast was

then shortly expected.

Three years afterwards the same knight took prisoner Duncan Campbell,

a notorious Scottish pirate, in a fight at sea, 'as our chronicle

mentioneth;'[34] concerning which, 'I thought it not amiss,' says

Carew, 'to insert a letter sent him from Thomas, Duke of Norfolk (to

whom he then belonged), that you may see the style of those days.

'"BY THE DUKE OF NORFOLK.

'"Right wellbeloued, in our hearty wise we commend us unto you,

letting you wit, that by your seruant, this bearer, we haue receyued

your letters, dated at Truru the 5 day of this moneth of April, by

which we perceyue the goodly, valiant and ieopardous enterprise, it

hath pleased God of late to send you, by the taking of Duncane Camel,

and other Scots, on the sea; of which enterprise we haue made relation

vnto the King's Highnesse, who is not a little ioyous and glad, to

heare of the same, and hath required vs instantly in his name, to giue

you thanks for your said valiant courage, and bolde enterprise in

the premises: and by these our letters, for the same your so doing,

we doe not onely thanke you in our most effectual wise, but also

promise you, that during our life, we will be glad to aduance you to

any preferment we can. And ouer this, you shall understand, our said

Soueraigne Lord's pleasure is that you shall come and repaire to his

Highnes, with diligence in your owne person, bringing with you the

said Captiue, and the master of the Scottish ship; at which time,

you shall not onely be sure of his especiall thanks by mouth, and to

know his further pleasure therein, but also of us to further any your

reasonable pursuits vnto his Highnes, or any other, during our life,

to the best of our power, accordingly. Written at Lambeth, the 11th

day of Aprill aforesaid

'"Superscribed To our right wellbeloved Servant

'"JOHN ARUNDELL OF TRERICE."'

It is singular that (so far as I am aware) there is so little recorded

in history of an action to which so much importance was evidently

attributed at the time of its performance.

'And in 35th Henry VIII.,' continues Carew, 'the King wrote to Sir

John Arundell of Trerice, touching his discharge from the Admiralty

of the fleet, lately committed unto him, and that he should deliver

the ship which he sailed in, to Sir Nicholas Poynts. The same year the

King wrote to him again, that he should attend him in his wars against

the French King, with his servants, tenants, and others, within his

rooms and offices, especially horsemen. Other letters from the King

there are, whose date is not expressed, neither can I by any means

hunt it out. One to his servant, John Arundell of Trerice, Esquire,

willing him not to repair with his men, and to wait in the rearward of

his army, as he had commanded him, but to keep them in a readiness for

some other service. Another to Sir John Arundell of Trerice, praying

and desiring him to the Court, the Quindene of St. Hillary next,

wheresoever the King shall then be within the realm.

'There are also letters, directed to Sir John Arundell of Trerice,

from the King's Counsel; by some of which it appeareth, that (temp.

Edward VI.) he was Vice-Admiral of the King's ships in the west seas;

and by others that he had the goods and lands of certain rebels given

him, for his good service against them.

'Again the Queen, 1st of Mary (1553), wrote to Sir John Arundell

of Trerice, praying and requiring him that he, with his friends

and neighbours, should see the Prince of Spain most honourably

entertained, if he fortuned to land in Cornwall. She also wrote to

him (being then Sheriff of Cornwall, 2nd Mary) touching the election

of the Knights of the Shire, and the burgesses for the Parliament.

She likewise once more wrote to him (2nd and 3rd Philip and Mary)

that (notwithstanding the instructions to the justices) he should

muster, and furnish with servants, tenants, and others, under his rule

and offices, with his friends, for the defence and quieting of the

country, withstanding of enemies, and any other employment; as also to

certify what force of horse and foot he could arm.

'These few notes,' Carew says, 'I have culled out of many others.

Sir John Arundell, last mentioned, by his first wife, the co-heir

of Bevill, had issue Roger, who died in his father's lifetime; and

Katherine, married to Prideaux. Roger, by his wife Trendenham, left

behind him a son called John. Sir John's second wife was daughter

to Erisy, and widow to Gourlyn, who bare him John, his succeeder

in Trerice, and much other fair revenues, whose due commendation,

because another might better deliver than myself, who touch him as

nearly as Tacitus did Agricola, I will, therefore, bound the same

within his desert, and only say this, which all who knew him, shall

testify with me; that, of his enemies, he would take no wrong, nor

on them any revenge; and being once reconciled, embraced them,

without scruple or remnant of gall. Over his kindred, he held a wary

and charey care, which bountifully was expressed, when occasion so

required: reputing himself not only principal of the family, but a

general father to them all. Private respects ever, with him, gave

place to the common good: as for frank, well-ordered, and continual

hospitality, he outwent all show of competence: spare, but discreet of

speech, better conceiving than delivering; equally stout, and kind,

not upon lightness of humour, but soundness of judgment; inclined to

commiseration, ready to relieve. Briefly, so accomplished in virtue,

that those, who for many years together waited in nearest place about

him, and, by his example, learned to hate untruth, have often deeply

protested, how no curious observation of theirs could ever descry in

him any one notorious vice. By his first foreremembered wife he had

four daughters, married to Carew (the writer himself), Summaster,

Cosowarth, and Denham: by his latter, the daughter of Sir Robert

Denis, two sons and two daughters; the elder, even from his young

years, began where his father left, and with so temperate a course,

treadeth just in his footsteps, that he inheriteth, as well his love

as his living. The younger brother followeth the Netherland wars, with

so well-liked a carriage, that he outgoeth his age and time of service

in preferment. Their mother equalleth her husband's former children,

and generally all his kindred, in kind usage, with her own, and is by

them all, again, so acknowledged and respected.'

But here we are anticipating a little, and must return to the hero

of the engagement with the Scotch pirate. The victor was at length

himself vanquished by the all-conquering one; and Sir John's monument

is still to be seen in Stratton Church, in which place he was buried,

probably either from his connexion with the Grenvilles[35]--great

patrons of that church as well as of all the other churches in the

neighbourhood--or else, perhaps on account of his family having resided

at Ebbingford (Efford) near Bude Haven, hard by. Indeed, one Raynulfe

Arundell was lord of Albaminster and Stratton so early as the days of

Henry III.

On Sir John Arundell's tomb in Stratton Church he is represented in

brass, lying between his two wives--Mary Beville, of Talland, and

Juliana Erisey, of Erisey. Below the feet of his first wife stand

the sons, Richard, John, and Roger; under the second are ranged the

daughters, 'Margereta, Marie, Jane, Phelipe, Grace, Margeri, and

Annes.' The inscription is:

'Here lyeth buryed Sir John Arundell, Treryse, Knyght, who, praysed be

God, dyed in the Lorde the xxv daye of November in the yeare of oure

Lorde God a MCCCCCLXI., and in the III^{xx} and VII yeare of his age,

whose soule now resteth with the faythfull Chrystians in our Lorde.'

Carew has told us something of 'Jack of Tilbury's' son John, but only

makes a short reference to a Sir Thomas Arundell, who I cannot help

thinking must have been one of the Trerice family, although some

authorities refer him to the Lanherne branch. He was, together with Sir

John Tregonwell and others, appointed, in 1535, to be a Commissioner

for the suppression of all religious houses 'of the sume of ccc marks

and under;' and the rough reception which they met with at the Priory

of St. Nicholas, Exeter, may be read in Dr. Oliver's 'Monasticon

Diocesis Exoniensis,' p. 116.

He had been one of Wolsey's Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, was made

Knight of the Bath at Anne Boleyn's coronation, and was appointed

Receiver-General of the Duchy of Cornwall, 1549.

He and his elder brother, John, were committed to the Tower (1549-50)

for implication in the Humphry Arundell rebellion in January, but

were released October, 1551. He was, however, re-committed to the

Tower in the same month, accused of being concerned in the Duke of

Somerset's conspiracy, wherein, Bishop Pouet says, 'Arundell conspired

with that ambitious and subtil Alcibiades, the Earl of Warwick, after

Duke of Northumberland, to pull down the good Duke of Somerset, King

Edward's uncle and protector.' But, as Mr. Doyne Bell points out, in

his 'History of the Church of St. Peter ad Vincula, in the Tower,' if

this be correct, it is singular that he should have been afterwards

re-arrested for conspiring with Somerset against Northumberland.

He was brought to trial with Sir Ralf Vane, and tried on the following

day, viz., 29th January, 1551-52, when Machyn records that 'the quest

qwytt ym of tresun, and cast hym of felonye, to be hanged.' Mr. Perne

(probably the Prior of the Black Friars) 'was allowed to resort to Sir

Thomas to instruct hym to dye well.'

We read in Mr. Richard Howlett's 'Monumenta Franciscana,' that, in the

'Chronicon ab anno 1189 ad 1556, ex registro Fratrum Minorum Londoniæ,'

under date 26th February, 1552, is recorded that on that day, 'the

wyche was Fryday, was hongyd at Towre-hylle sir Myllys Partryge,

knyghte, the wyche playd with Kynge Henry the viii^{te} at dysse for

the grett belfery that stode in Powlles churche-yerde; the wyche was

callyd the gret belfery; and Sir Raffe Vane, theys too ware hongyd.

Also sir Myhylle Stonnappe and sir Thomas Arndelle, theys too ware

be-heddyd at that same tyme. And theis iiii. Knyghtes confessyd that

the war neuer gylte for soche thynges as was layd vn-to their charge,

and dyde in that same oppinioun.' He was buried in the chapel of St.

Peter ad Vincula, in the Tower.

The Commission for seizing on the possessions in Cornwall and Devon

of Sir Thomas Arundell, 'rebel and traitor,' is preserved amongst

the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum (433, art. 1557); and an

interesting catalogue of his plate, together with a list of that

portion which was returned to his wife, Margaret, on 11th June, 1557,

will be found in the Add. MSS. 5751.

I think, but am by no means clear on the point, that this is the

Arundell to whom Henry VIII. granted, on 6th June, 1545, Scilly, and

the monastery of Tavistock, and to whom, in the same year, the King

wrote a remarkable letter concerning the Papists in Cornwall, which is

preserved amongst the MSS. at Westminster.

Carew thus refers to his fate: 'Sir Thomas Arundel, a younger brother

of Lanhearn House, married the sister to Queen Katharine Howard, and in

Edward VI.'s time was made a Privy Counsellor; but cleaving to the Duke

of Somerset, he lost his head with him.' But Carew does not mention, to

the credit of his elder brother John, how (as we read in T. Wright's

'Queen Elizabeth and Her Times,' i. 507-8) the Earl of Bedford, writing

to Lord Burghley from Truro, on 3rd August, 1574, reports that, the

Spanish navy being now ready for sea, Sir John Arundell and others

met him eight miles from Plymouth, and accompanied him throughout his

visit to Cornwall; the object of which seems to have been an inspection

of the defences. The Earl reports that he found Sir John 'ready and

serviceable in all things.'

Perhaps the most interesting member of the family is the man who now

appears upon the scene, the grandson of 'Jack of Tilbury,' and son of

the foregoing Sir John. I mean 'John for the King,' the valiant hero

who held Pendennis Castle so stoutly for Charles I. He was the son

of John Arundell of Trerice, by his second wife, Gertrude Dennys, of

Holcombe; and Richard Carew, the historian of Cornwall, married his

half-sister, Julian.

Unless I am much mistaken, he was present--or if not he, it must have

been his son Richard, who was also at Edgehill and at Lansdowne--with

most of the Cornish gentry, including Sir Bevil Grenville, Trevanion,

and others, at the victory obtained by the King's forces over the army

of the Parliament, in 1623, on Braddock Downs--a fight which I have

endeavoured to describe in the chapter on the Grenvilles.

At any rate, twenty years later, Colonel John Arundell, of Trerice, in

Newlyn,[36] was appointed Governor of Pendennis Castle, in succession

to Sir Nicholas Slanning, who fell at the siege of Bristol. According

to some accounts he was then sixty-seven years of age, according to

others eighty-seven; but the former is no doubt correct. Here, in the

following year, he harboured for a night or two the unfortunate Queen

Henrietta Maria, on her flight into France from Exeter (where she had

just been confined of a prince) before the army of the Earl of Essex.

The then Sheriff of Cornwall thus writes to his wife, Lady Francis

Basset,[37] on the occasion:

'This thyrd of July, 1644.

'DEARE WIFFE,

'Here is the woefullest spectacle my eyes yet ever look'd on; the

most worne and weak pitifull creature in ye world, the poore Queene

shifting for one hour's liffe longer.'

And here John Arundell also received the Prince, afterwards Charles

II., in February, 1646. A room in the castle still retains the name of

the King's Room.

The story of the siege has been admirably detailed by Captain Oliver,

R.A., in his 'Pendennis and St. Mawes: an Historical Sketch of Two

Cornish Castles.' On the 17th March, 1646, Fairfax took up his quarters

at Arwenack House, the ancient seat of the Killigrews, as we shall see

in the account of that family; the Killigrews themselves were within

the castle walls. To Fairfax's summons to deliver up Pendennis, the

gallant old Arundell gave, as might have been expected, 'a peremptory

denyall,' saying (according to a contemporary, and not a friendly,

account) that 'hee was 70 yeares old, and could not have many days to

live, and therefore would not in his old yeares blemish his honour in

surrendering thereof, and would rather be found buried in the ruines

thereof, than commit so vilde a treason.' And so, with his brave

garrison, 'all desperate persons and good soldiers ... many very

considerable men ... and the violentest enemies that the Parliament

hathe in this kingdom,' Arundell prepared to withstand the siege.

Fairfax's haughty summons demanded a reply within _two hours_, and

this was the answer he got--(it is preserved among the Clarendon State

Papers):--

'_Colonel John Arundell to Sir Thomas Fairfax._

'SIR,

'The Castle was committed to my Government by his Majesty, who by

our Laws hath the command of the Castles and Forts of this Kingdom;

and my age of seventy summons me hence shortly. Yet I shall desire

no other testimony to follow my departure than my conscience to God

and loyalty to his Majesty, whereto I am bound by all the obligations

of nature, duty, and oath. I wonder you demand the Castle without

authority from his Majesty; which, if I should render, I brand myself

and my posterity with the indelible character of treason. And, having

taken less than _two minutes_ resolution, I resolve that I will here

bury myself before I deliver up this Castle to such as fight against

his Majesty, and that nothing you can threaten is formidable to me in

respect of the loss of loyalty and conscience.

'Your Servant,

'JOHN ARUNDELL

'of Trerise.

'18 March, 1646.'

The story of the five months' siege, and how Pendennis was the last

fortress but one (Raglan) to surrender to the Parliament, are matters

of history; the besieged felt that the eyes of England were upon them,

and did not flinch from the terrible privations which they were about

to suffer. Two other summonses to surrender were made in the following

month, with the same result as before. But at length, after many of the

horses had been killed 'for beefe,' the garrison was reduced to the

last extremity, and honourable articles of surrender were at length

agreed to on the 16th August, 1646. Then the brave little band marched

out 'with their Horses, compleat Arms, and other Equipages, according

to their present or past Commands or Qualities, with flying Colours,

Trumpets sounding, Drums beating, Matches lighted at both ends, Bullets

in their Mouths,' and so on;--every man of them, starved and ragged as

they all were, like their veteran leader, 'game to the toes.'[38]

Clarendon too (book x., par. 73) tells how they 'refused all summons,

nor admitted any treaty till all their provisions were so near consumed

that they had not victual left for four and twenty hours; and then they

treated, and carried themselves in the treaty with that resolution and

unconcernedness that the enemy concluded they were in no straits, and

so gave them the conditions they proposed, which were as good as any

garrison in England had accepted. This castle,' the historian goes

on to say, 'was defended by the Governor thereof, John Arundel, of

Trerice, in Cornwall, an old gentleman of near four score years of age,

and one of the best estates and interest in that country, who, with the

assistance of his son Richard Arundel (who was then a colonel in the

army, and a stout and diligent officer, and was by the King, after his

return, made a baron,[39] Lord Arundel of Trerice, in memory of his

father's services, and his own eminent behaviour throughout the war),

maintained and defended the same to the last extremity.' The estates of

Richard Arundell, which had been confiscated, were restored to him on

his being created a baron.

A letter from the King, in the possession of Mr. Rashleigh, of

Menabilly (quoted by Captain Oliver), still further illustrates the

high place which the Arundells held in the esteem of the first Charles.

Writing to Sir William Killigrew, who had solicited the King that the

reversion of the Government of Pendennis Castle should be promised to

the above-mentioned Richard Arundell, Charles says:

'WILL. KILLIGREW,

'Your suite unto me that I would conferre upon Mr. Arundell of

Trerise Eldest sonne the reversion after his father of the government

of Pendennis Castle which I had formerly bestowed upon you,[40] is

so great a testimonye of your affection to my service, and of your

preferring the good of that before any Interest of your Owne that I

have thought fitt to lette you knowe in this particular way, how well

I take it, and that my conferring that place according to your desire

shall bee an earnest unto you of my intentions to recompence and

reward you in a better (kind?).

'resting

'Your assured friend,

'CHARLES R.'

'Oxford the 12th

'Jan. 1643.'

And accordingly in 1662 Richard Arundell, who was present at the siege

of Pendennis, and whom, by the way, Clarendon used to address as his

'dear Dick,' succeeded Sir Peter Killigrew in the governorship of the

Castle, doubtless discharging the office with ability; but I do not

find anything noteworthy during his tenure of the office, except,

perhaps, that when the oath of supremacy was administered in 1666

(after the great fire of London) to Pendennis, as well as to many other

garrisons, one man alone in that castle, and he, one of Lord Arundell's

own servants, and a Roman Catholic, refused to take it.

Some authorities have stated that Richard Lord Arundell was succeeded

in the governorship by his son, Lord John; but this is, to say the

least, doubtful.

Pity, as it now seems to us, that gallant old John Arundell did not

live long enough to see the King 'enjoy his own again,' and to receive

the honours which, however, as we have seen, were ultimately conferred

upon his son and successor. The capture of Pendennis and the final

loss of the King's cause nearly ruined old John Arundell also; and it

is said that he was even reduced to crave assistance from Cromwell

himself, urging that the Trerice Arundells 'had once the honour to

stand in some friendship, or even kinship, with your noble family.'

The old hero was buried at Duloe, where, until lately, his monument

might have been seen. Well would he have deserved a promised barony

or any honours that might have been bestowed upon him, for he and his

family served their King to the utmost of their means, four of his sons

took up arms in the royal cause, and the two elder were King's men in

the House of Commons. The eldest was killed at the head of his troop,

whilst charging and driving back a sally at Plymouth in 1643; and

Richard, the second son, the first Baron Arundell of Trerice, probably

was at Edgehill and at Lansdowne, as well as at Pendennis.

The Arundells of Trerice became an extinct family by the death of

the fourth baron, John, who died in 1768, when the estates passed to

William Wentworth, his wife's nephew, who re-settled them, and they

eventually became the property of their present possessor, Sir Thomas

Dyke Acland, Bart., M.P.

A writer in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1829 (xcix. pt. 2, p.

215) observed that at that time the legal representatives of the

Lords Arundell of Trerice were Mr. I. T. P. Bettesworth Trevanion,

of Carhayes in Cornwall, and the Honble. Ada Byron, daughter of the

poet--'Ada! sole daughter of my house and heart'--they being the

descendants of the body of Anne, or Agnes, the only sister of Richard,

the first Baron Arundell, that left issue. Yet it should perhaps also

be recorded how another Arundell, descended from the Trerice stock,

served his country in a useful, if not in so distinguished a capacity

as did some of his ancestors; for the Honble. Richard Arundell, an

uncle of the last baron, was M.P. for Knaresborough, was Clerk of

the Pipe, Surveyor of Works, and Master and Warden of the Mint, and

a Commissioner of the Treasury. He married the Lady Frances Manners,

a daughter of the Duke of Rutland, and died, _sine prole_, in 1759.

Walpole tells how Lady Arundell, during the earthquake panic of 1750,

was one of those ladies who fled out of town (to avoid it) some ten

miles off, where they were to play brag till five in the morning,

and then came back to town, 'I suppose' (says Walpole) 'to look

for the bones of their husbands and families under the rubbish.'

'Earthquake-gowns' were worn by ladies during this panic--_i.e._,

gowns made of some warm materials in which they could sit up all night

out of doors.

_THE ARUNDELLS OF TOLVERNE._

Whilst I write the following lines, there lies before me an extremely

rare, if not unique, MS. chart of Falmouth Haven and its tributary

waters. It was made by one Baptista Boazio in 1597, and on it is

marked, 'Tolverne Place, Mr. John Arondell.' The chart is of peculiar

interest, inasmuch as, in addition to the ordinary information

contained in documents of this nature, it gives the names of the

occupants of the principal houses at the time. Thus we find a

'Buscowen' at Tregothnan (then called Buscowen House), a 'Carminow'

at Vintangollan, a 'Bonithon' at Cariklew (Carclew), a 'Trefusis' at

Trefusis, and so on. King Harry's (or rather Henry's) Passage (so

named on the chart) and the Tolverne Ferry are also shown on this map;

far more important passages of course in those days, when one of the

main thoroughfares from the eastern to the western parts of Cornwall,

through Tregony, Ruan-lani-horne and Philleigh, crossed the Fal at this

point.

Tolverne is shown on the map as a place of some importance, as it

doubtless was in those days; for here (if anywhere in Cornwall) Henry

VIII. had, more than fifty years before the date of the map, probably

stayed on his visit of inspection to the two castles of Pendennis and

St. Mawes at the mouth of the haven, hard by, which that monarch (as

Leland's inscriptions on the masonry record) was deeply interested in

making secure against a foreign enemy.

Tolverne is now merely a substantial farmhouse. We are indebted to

Carew for the following picture of the place, contemporary with the

map, as it stood in his time nearly three hundred years ago: 'Amongst

all of the houses upon that side the river, _Talverne_, for pleasant

prospect, large scope, and other housekeeping commodities, challengeth

the pre-eminence. It was given to a younger brother of Lanhearne, for

some six or seven descents past, and hath bred gentlemen of good worth

and calling; amongst whom I may not forget the late kind and valiant

Sir John Arundell, who matched with Godolphin, nor John, his vertuous

and hopeful succeeding son, who married with Carew.' It will be

remembered also that Richard Carew himself married an Arundell.

Philleigh was their church, as Mawgan was that of the Lanherne

Arundells, and Newlyn East that of the Arundells of Trerice; and

the transept of Philleigh is still called the Tolverne or Falmouth

Aisle; but no traces of Arundell monuments are now to be found

there;--although C. S. Gilbert, in his history of Cornwall, states

that in one of the windows there was a shield bearing the arms of the

family. Yet, so early as 1383, the connexion of the family with Church

affairs in the parish is shown by the fact that, in that year, Ralph

Soor, or Le Sore, obtained a license from the Bishop of Exeter for

saying mass in his chapel in his manor-house of Tolferne; and that a

Sir John Arundell of Trembleth[41] married Joane le Soore of Tolverne,

in the reign of Edward I., two or three generations before this.[42]

The Arundells do not, however, seem to have regularly established

themselves at Tolverne until a son of Sir John of Lanherne and his wife

Annora Lambourne--Sir Thomas Arundell of Tolverne--settled here with

his wife, Margery Lerchdekne. They had no children, and, on the lady's

death, Sir Thomas took unto himself a second wife, Elizabeth Paulton,

from whom the Tolverne Arundells may be said to have descended. Sir

Thomas himself died in 1443; but I do not know where he was buried;

probably at Philleigh.

Of the lives of the Tolverne Arundells, whose current seems to

have been as tranquil as that of the sylvan Fal, which ebbed and

flowed round their domain, I find little to record, except that they

intermarried with many of the old Cornish families--with the Courtneys

of Boconnoc, with Reskymer, Trelawny, Carminow, St. Aubyn, their

neighbour Trefusis, Chamond, Godolphin, and, as we have seen, Carew.

We have traces of the will of _Thomas Arundell, Esq._, of Talverne,

dated 22nd May, 1552, which shows that he possessed tenements in Truro

borough and elsewhere, also the passage and passage-boat of Talverne.

The inventory of his property was sworn at £224 5s. 9d. There is also

extant the will of John Arundell, 7th February, 1598, but it contains

little of interest, except that he bequeaths to his mother his 'little

guilt sack-cup with a cover,' and that his executors were Richard Carew

of Antony, and Richard Trevanion of St. Gerrans.

One of the sons of the latter Arundell, namely Thomas, who was knighted

by James I., sold Tolverne; having seriously impaired his fortune, it

is said, by endeavouring to discover an imaginary island in America,

called 'Old Brazil;' he afterwards lived at Truthall in the parish of

Sithney. One of the Truthall Arundells, John, was Colonel of Horse

for Charles II., and a Deputy-Governor of Pendennis Castle under his

relative Richard, Lord Arundell of Trerice. He was buried at Sithney

on 25th May, 1671; but I have hitherto been unable to trace anything

further of interest of his history, or of that of his descendants. One

of the latest members of this branch married William Jago, of Wendron,

whose children took the name and arms of Arundell in 1815; and it may

be added that Hals the historian descended from the Arundells by the

female line.

_THE MINOR ARUNDELLS._

The story of the Arundells of Cornwall is nearly told. There were, as

I intimated at the commencement of this chapter, some minor branches,

who perhaps deserve a passing notice: the most noteworthy of whom

appears to be the branch that settled at the manor[43] and barton of

Menadarva (== the hill by the water), in the parish of Illogan, near

the sea-coast, and about three miles north-west of Camborne. This

branch seems to have been founded by Robert, a natural son of that Sir

John Arundell of Trerice, Vice-Admiral of Cornwall, 'Jack of Tilbury,'

who died in the third year of Elizabeth's reign. Robert took to wife

Elizabeth Clapton, and they had numerous descendants.

I must once more be indebted to Hals, for the following bit of gossip

about the Arundells of Menadarva: 'The last gentleman of this family

dying without issue male, his sisters married to Tresahar and others,

became for a time, possessed of this lordship; but it happened that

a brother of theirs also, who was a merchant-factor in Spain, who

married an innkeeper's widow there, in Malaga or Seville, of English

extraction, was said to be dead without issue; but it seems, before his

death, had issue by her an infant son, who was bred up in Spain till he

came of age, without knowledge of his relations aforesaid; who being

brought into England with his mother, temp. William III., delivered

ejectments upon the barton and manor of Menadarva and the occupants

thereof, as heir-at-law to Arundell, and brought down a trial upon the

same at Lanceston, in this county, where, upon the issue, it appeared,

upon the oaths of Mr. Delliff, and other Spanish merchants of London,

that the said heir was the legitimate son of Mr. Arundell, aforesaid,

of Spain, and born under coverture or marriage. He obtained a verdict

and judgment thereon for the same, and is now in possession thereof.

He married Tremanheer of Penzance, and hath issue. The arms of this

family are the same as those of the Arundells of Trerice, with due

distinction.'

An offshoot, as I take him to be, of the Menadarva Arundells, one

Francis, who was born about the year 1620, is said to have settled at

Trengwainton, near Penzance, where they lived for some generations; and

one of them, Francis Arundell, served with some distinction on the side

of the Parliament during the Civil War, ranking as captain. I fancy

it must be his son who mourned in Latin verse, after the fashion of

the time, the deaths of two Queens of England, while, as a Commoner of

Trinity College, Cambridge, he was under the tuition of Isaac Barrow.

Yet another minor branch of the Arundells remains to be noticed, viz.

a younger branch of the Arundells of Lanherne, descended from that Sir

John Arundell who married Elizabeth Danet, of Danet's Hall. They had

their seat at Trevithick, some two miles west of the town of St. Columb

Major, and not much farther from Lanherne itself. The representative

of the family who was alive at the time of the Herald's Visitation in

1620, was named Thomas, who married Rachel, the daughter of Sir Giles

Montpesson, Knight, and who, Hals tell us, died 'without issue, but not

without wasting a great part of his estate.'

Now, to adopt a metaphor of Sir Humphry Davy's, at length the great

stream of the Arundells of Cornwall, like some mighty river losing

itself among the sands as it approaches the ocean shore, becomes so

divided that we can no longer easily trace its course. After the names

and dates to which we have been referring, no Arundell of distinction

seems to have arisen in Cornwall; and their places soon 'knew them no

more.' They became scattered throughout the county,[44] and by the

help of the Bishop of Exeter's transcripts, and the Parish Registers

of Camborne, St. Erme, St. Ewe, Falmouth, Fowey, Gulval, Mawnan,

Menheniot, Mevagissey, Sheviock, and Sithney, we find that down to

the year 1725 there were still indeed Arundells in Cornwall being

christened, dying, marrying,--but no longer 'great Arundells' as of

yore: in fact, the entry in the year 1725, in the St. Erme Register,

merely records the baptism of Charles, the son of Richard Arundell, 'a

day labourer.'

Yet, by a strange freak of fortune, not only did the female line

continue, but one of the Arundells--William by name--married nearly

two and a quarter centuries ago, Dorothy, a daughter of that Theodore

Palæologus[45] who was buried in Landulph Church in 1636. She is

described in the Parish Register as being 'ex stirpe Imperatorum.'

So that there probably flows in the veins of many a rustic of the

neighbourhood of Callington and Saltash the mingled blood of those

Arundells who came over to England with the Conqueror, and that of the

Byzantine Emperors of the East.

[Illustration: (end of chapter vignette.)]