POSTBOYS.
"Hark! 'tis the twanging horn!...
He comes, the herald of a noisy world,
With spatter'd boots, strapp'd waist, and frozen locks,
News from all nations lumbering at his back,
True to his charge the close-pack'd load behind;
Yet careless what he brings, his one concern
Is to conduct it to the destined inn,
And, having dropp'd the expected bag, pass on.
He whistles as he goes, light-hearted wretch,
Cold and yet cheerful: messenger of grief
Perhaps to thousands, and of joy to some,
To him indifferent whether grief or joy."
--COWPER.
As described in the preceding chapter, these were the roads over which
postboys had to travel with their precious charges during a long series
of years, and to their wild and disreputable state must to a great
extent be attributed the slow rate at which the post was then wont to
travel. When it is considered that these men or boys were exposed to all
accidents of weather, stoppages by swollen rivers, delays through the
roads being cut up, to their straying from the beaten track during fogs,
and to all other chances of the road, including attacks by footpads or
highwaymen, their occupation cannot have been a light or agreeable one.
It is by no means easy to construct a detailed outline of the duties
which postboys had to perform, or to describe under what rules they
proceeded from stage to stage; but we have ample evidence of the rate at
which they covered the ground, and how their speed varied at different
periods, owing, it must have been in some cases, to the lack of
supervision.
The following evidence of the speed of a post messenger in the latter
half of the sixteenth century is furnished by a letter in the
correspondence of Archbishop Parker, the times at which the letter
reached the various stages on its journey being endorsed upon it. The
letter is as follows, viz.:--
"ARCHBISHOP PARKER _to_ SIR W. CECIL.
"SIR,--According to the Queen's Majesty's pleasure, and
your advertisement, you shall receive a form of prayer,
which, after you have perused and judged of it, shall be
put in print and published immediately," &c. &c.
"From my house at Croydon this 22d July 1566, at 4
of the clock afternoon.--Your honour's alway,
MATTH. CANT.
"To the Rt. Honble. Sir W. CECIL."
Endorsed by successive postmasters:--
"Received at Waltham Cross, the 23d of July, about 9 at night."
"Received at Ware, the 23d July, at 12 o'clock at night."
"Received at Croxton, the 24th of July, between 7 and 8 of the clock in
the morning."
"So that his Grace's letter, leaving Croydon at 4 in the afternoon of
July 22d, reached Waltham Cross, a distance of nearly 26 miles, by 9 at
night of the 23d, whence, in 3 hours, it seems to have advanced 8 miles
to Ware; and within 8 hours more to have reached Croxton, a further
distance of 29 miles, having taken nearly 40 hours to travel about 63
miles."
In 1635 a public post between London and Edinburgh was established, the
journey being limited to three days. This mail set out as a rule but
twice a-week, and sometimes only once a-week. An express messenger
conveying news of the death of Charles II., who died on the 6th February
1685, was received in Edinburgh at one o'clock on the morning of the
10th February; and it may also be mentioned here--though the matter
hardly reflects upon the speed of postboys, who travel by land and not
by water--that in 1688 it required three months to convey the tidings of
the abdication of James II. of England and VII. of Scotland to the
Orkney Islands.
Down to this period the mails from London to Scotland were carried on
horseback with something like tolerable speed, taking previous
performances into account, for in 1689 it is noted that parliamentary
proceedings of Saturday were in the hands of the Edinburgh public on the
ensuing Thursday. This rate of travelling does not appear to have been
kept up, for in 1715 the post from London to Edinburgh took six days to
perform the journey. When it is considered that nearly a century before,
the same distance could be covered in three days, this relapse seems to
bespeak a sad want of vitality in the Post-office management of the age.
The cause of the slow travelling, which appears to have continued for
over forty years, comes out in a memorial of traders to the Convention
of Burghs in 1758, wherein dissatisfaction was expressed with the
existing arrangements of the post,--the mail for London on reaching
Newcastle being there delayed about a day, again detained some time at
York, and probably further delayed in the south; so that the double
journey to and from London occupied eleven days instead of seven or
eight, as the memorial deemed sufficient. To the Post-office mind of the
present age, this dilatory method of performing the service of
forwarding mails is incomprehensible, and the circumstance reflects
discreditably both on the Post-office officials who were cognisant of
it, and on the public who submitted to it. It is fair to mention,
however, that at this period the mail _from_ London _to_ Edinburgh
covered the ground in eighty-seven hours, or in fully three and a half
days; and that as a result of the memorial, the time was reduced to
eighty-two hours, and the journey from Edinburgh to London reduced to
eighty-five hours. In 1763, the London to Edinburgh mail commenced to be
despatched five times a-week, instead of only three times; and at this
time, during the winter season, the mail leaving London on Tuesday night
was generally not in the hands of the people of Edinburgh until the
afternoon of Sunday. We are informed, in Lang's 'Historical Summary of
the Post-office in Scotland,' that in 1715 there was not a single
horse-post in that country. There must, however, have been some earlier
attempts to establish horse-posts in the northern kingdom, for Chambers,
in his 'Domestic Annals of Scotland,' under the year 1660, refers to the
fact of a warrant being granted against interlopers who were carrying
letters by foot on the same line on which Mr Mean had set up a
horse-post. A traveller in 1688 relates, also, that besides the
horse-post from Edinburgh to Berwick, there was a similar post from
Edinburgh to Portpatrick in connection with the Irish packet service.
Again, Chambers tells us that in 1667 the good people of Aberdeen having
had "long experience of the prejudice sustained, not only by the said
burgh of Aberdeen, but by the nobility, gentry, and others in the north
country, by the miscarrying of missive letters, and by the not timeous
delivery and receiving returns of the samen," bestirred themselves to
establish a better state of things. It was considered proper that "every
man might have their letters delivered and answers returned at certain
diets and times;" and it was accordingly arranged, under Post-office
sanction, that Lieutenant John Wales should provide a regular
horse-service to carry letters to Edinburgh every Wednesday and Friday,
returning every Tuesday and Thursday in the afternoon.
In 1715 the first horse-post between Edinburgh and Stirling was
established, and in March 1717 a similar post between Edinburgh and
Glasgow was set up. This latter post went three times a-week, travelled
during the night, and performed the distance between the two places in
ten hours--being at the rate of about four miles an hour. Were we to
give further instances of the slowness of the horse-posts, we should
probably prove tedious, and therefore the proofs adduced on this point
must suffice. Though the state of the roads may be held to account for
some of the delay, the roads must not be charged with everything. In
1799 a surveyor in the north of Scotland wrote as follows: "It is
impossible to obtain any other contractors to ride the mails at 3d. out,
or 1-1/2d. per mile each way. On this account we have been so much
distressed with mail-riders, that we have sometimes to submit to the
mails being conveyed by mules and such species of horses as were a
disgrace to any public service." The same surveyor reported in 1805,
that it would give rise to great inconvenience if no boys under sixteen
years were allowed to be employed in riding the posts--many of them
ranging down from that age to fourteen. So, what from the condition of
the highways, the sorry quality of the horses, and the youthfulness of
the riders, it is not surprising that the writers of letters should
inscribe on their missives: "Be this letter delivered with
haste--haste--haste! Post haste! Ride, villain, ride,--for thy life--for
thy life--for thy life!" unnecessary though that injunction be in the
present day.
The postboys were a source of great trouble and vexation to the
authorities of the Post-office through the whole course of their
connection with the department. A surveyor who held office about the
commencement of the eighteenth century, found, on the occasion of a
visit to Salisbury, something wrong there, which he reported to
headquarters in these terms:--
"At this place [Salisbury] found the postboys to have carried on vile
practices in taking bye-letters, delivering them in that city, and
taking back the answers--and especially the Andover riders. On a certain
day he found on Richard Kent, one of the Andover riders, five
bye-letters--all for Salisbury. Upon examination of the fellow, he
confessed that he had made it a practice, and persisted to continue in
it, saying that he had no wages from his master. The surveyor took the
fellow before the magistrate, proved the facts, and as the fellow could
not get bail, was committed; but pleading to have no friends nor money
desired a punishment to be whipped, and accordingly he was to the
purpose. The surveyor wrote the case to Andover, and ordered that the
fellow should be discharged; but no regard was had thereto. But the next
day the same rider came post, run about the cittye for letters, and was
insolent. The second time the said Richard Kent came post with two
gentlemen, made it his business to take up letters; the fellow, instead
of returning to Andover, gets two idle fellows and rides away with three
horses, which was a return for his masters not obeying instructions, as
he ought not have been suffered to ride after the said facts was proved
against him."
The same surveyor complained bitterly, with respect to the postboys,
"that the gentry doe give much money to the riders, whereby they be very
subject to get in liquor, which stops the males." Indeed the temptation
of the ale-house was no doubt another factor in the slow journeying of
the postboys, as it was the source of much trouble in the days of
mail-coaches.
Mr Palmer, through whose initiative and perseverance mail-coaches were
subsequently established throughout the country, thus described the post
as it existed in 1783:--
"The post, at present, instead of being the swiftest, is almost the
slowest, conveyance in the country; and though, from the great
improvement in our roads, other carriers have proportionably mended
their speed, the post is as slow as ever. It is likewise very unsafe, as
the frequent robberies of it testify; and to avoid a loss of this
nature, people generally cut bank bills, or bills at sight, in two, and
send the bills by different posts. The mails are generally intrusted to
some idle boy, without character, mounted on a worn-out hack, and who,
so far from being able to defend himself or escape from a robber, is
much more likely to be in league with him."
Including stoppages, this mode of travelling was, up to 1783, at the
rate of about three to four miles an hour.
We are again indebted to Mr Chambers for the following statement of
careless blunders made by postboys in connection with the Edinburgh
mails:--"As indicating the simplicity of the institution in those days,
may be noticed a mistake of February 1720, when, instead of the mail
which should have come in yesterday (Sunday), _we had our own mail of
Thursday last returned_--the presumption being, that the mail for
Edinburgh had been in like manner sent back from some unknown point in
the road to London. And this mistake happened once more in December
1728, the bag despatched on a Saturday night being returned _the
second Sunday morning after_; 'tis reckoned this mistake happened about
half-way on the road." We hardly agree, however, that these mistakes
were owing to the simplicity of the institution, but rather to the
routine nature of the work; for it is the fact that blunders equally
flagrant have occurred in the Post-office in recent times, even under
elaborate checks, which, if rightly applied, would have rendered the
mistakes impossible.
[Illustration (facsimile):
CAUTION to POST-BOYS.
By the Act of 5th of _Geo._ III. If any Post-Boy, or Rider,
having taken any of His Majesty's Mails, or Bags of
Letters, under his Care, to convey to the next Post Town or
Stage, shall suffer any other Person (except a Guard) to ride
on the Horse or Carriage, or shall Loiter on the Road, and
wilfully misspend his Time, so as to retard the Arrival of the
said Mails, or Bags of Letters, at the next Post Town or
Stage.--Every such Offender shall, on Conviction before One
Justice, be committed to the House of Correction, and
confined to hard Labour for one Month. All Post-Boys and
Riders are therefore desired to take Notice of this, and are
hereby cautioned not to fail in the regular Performance of
their Duty, otherwise they will most assuredly be punished as
the Law directs. And it is hoped and requested, for the
Benefit of public Correspondence, that all Persons, who may
observe any Post-Boy or Rider, offending as aforesaid, will
give immediate Notice to
Surveyor of the General Post-Office,
Johnson Williamson (About 1792)]
Many of the troubles which the Post-office had with its postboys may
possibly be ascribed to the low rate of wages paid by the contractors
for their services. This matter is referred to by the Solicitor to the
Scotch Post-office, who was engaged upon an inquiry into the robbery of
the mail on the stage between Dingwall and Tain in the year 1805. The
distance between these places is about twenty-five miles, and five hours
were occupied in making the journey. One of the postboys concerned
stated in his declaration that his whole wages were 5s. a-week; and with
reference to this, the solicitor in his report observes as follows: "Of
course it may fairly be presumed that no respectable man will be got to
perform this duty. Dismission to such a man for committing a fault is no
punishment; and the safety of the conveyance of the mail, which the
public have a right to require, seems to render some regulation in this
respect necessary."
The following account of the violation of the mails by a postboy may
perhaps be aptly introduced here:--
In the autumn of 1808, a good deal of anxiety was caused to the
authorities of the Post-office in Scotland, in consequence of reports
being made to them that many bankers' letters had been tampered with in
course of their transmission by post through certain of the northern
counties. To discover who was concerned in the irregularities was
rendered the more difficult, owing to the fact that the mail-bags in
which the letters had been despatched were reported to have reached
their destinations duly sealed. But a thing of this kind could not go on
without discovery, and investigation being made, the storm burst over
the head of a poor little postboy named William Shearer, a lad of
fifteen years of age, who was employed riding the north mail over the
stage from Turriff to Banff. From the account we have of the matter, it
would seem that in this case, as in many others, it was opportunity that
made the thief; for the mail-bags had on some occasions been insecurely
sealed, the despatching postmasters having failed to place the wax over
the knots of the string--and the postboy was thus able to get to the
inside of the bags without cutting the string or breaking the seals, by
simply undoing the knots. Here the temptation presented itself; and
although some twenty-six letters were found inside his hat when he was
searched, it is not unlikely that he commenced by merely peeping into
the letters by pulling out their ends, for several bank letters
containing notes for considerable sums had been so violated, while the
contents were found safe. To cover one delinquency the boy had recourse
to others. In order to account for his delay on the road, he opened the
bag containing his way-bill, borrowed a knife from a shoemaker who kept
one of the toll-houses, and altered his hour of despatch from his
starting-point. The unfortunate youth also gave way to drink, stopping
at the toll-houses, and calling sometimes for rum, sometimes for whisky,
the keepers sharing in the refreshments, which were purchased with
stolen money. On one occasion the boy opened a parcel intrusted to him,
and from a letter inside abstracted a twenty-shilling note. Whether to
render himself all the more redoubtable on the road, over a section of
which he travelled in the dark, or for some other purpose, is not
clear, but with six shillings of the aforesaid sum he bought a sword,
and with two shillings a pistol, the balance going in drink. The
occupation of riding the mail was not for one so young: yet it was found
that full-grown men often gave more trouble than boys; and it may be
here remarked that the adventure of Davie Mailsetter in the 'Antiquary'
is no great exaggeration of the service of postboys at the period to
which it refers. The poor boy Shearer was put upon his trial before the
Circuit Court of Justiciary at Aberdeen; and when called upon to plead,
confessed his guilt. There was every disposition on the part of the
public prosecutor, and of the presiding judge, to let the case go as
lightly as possible against the prisoner--doubtless on account of his
youth; but the law had to be vindicated, and the sentence passed was
that of transportation for a period of seven years. Since then humanity
has made progress, and no such punishment would be inflicted in such a
case nowadays.
Exposed to all the inclemency of the seasons, both by night and day;
having to weather snowstorms and suffer the drenchings of heavy rain; to
grope a way through the dense fogs of our climate, and endure the biting
frosts of midwinter; or yet to face the masked highwayman on the open
heath, or the footpad in the deep and narrow road,--these were the
unpleasantnesses and the dangers which beset the couriers of the
Post-office in past years, ere the department had grown to its present
robust manhood. As to the exposure in wintry weather, it is stated that
postboys on reaching the end of their stages were sometimes so benumbed
with the cold that they had to be lifted out of their saddles. Some idea
of what the postboys suffered may be gathered from the adventure of the
Rothbury to Morpeth mail driver in the snowstorm of the 1st March 1886.
This man, Robert Paton, left Rothbury with two horses, and another was
sent from Morpeth to meet him. On his way two of the horses succumbed to
fatigue, and these, with the mail-cart, were left behind in charge of a
companion, while Paton proceeded on the third horse, that sent from
Morpeth, to his destination. One of the horses abandoned was so knocked
up that it had to be left in the snow till next day. At one time the
snow would just reach the horses' knees, at another the animals would be
plunging desperately through quickly forming wreaths, in snow reaching
half-way up their shoulders, and then an open stretch of country would
expose them to the fury of the blinding storm. Paton had started from
Rothbury at five o'clock in the afternoon, and was due at Morpeth at
8.40 P.M., but he did not reach the Post-office there till 11.45 P.M.,
and his son, who had carried the parcel basket for the last three miles,
did not come in till midnight. On his arrival at Morpeth, Paton
presented a most grotesque appearance, something like the pictures of
Father Christmas, being covered over with snow, and adorned with icicles
hanging from his hair and beard. He required the aid of a friendly hand
to steady him when he descended, as his lower limbs seemed cramped and
powerless, owing to the cold and long continuance in the saddle.
[Illustration: Rothbury and Morpeth Mail Driver.]
Of the attacks made upon postboys by highwaymen, some instances more or
less tragic are given in another chapter. This we will conclude by
recording the fate that befell a postboy who was charged with the
conveyance of the mail for London which left Edinburgh on Saturday the
20th November 1725. This mail, after reaching Berwick in safety and
proceeding thence, was never again heard of. A notice issued by the
Post-office at the time ran as follows: "A most diligent search has been
made; but neither the boy, the horse, nor the packet has yet been heard
of. The boy, after passing Goswick, having a part of the sands to ride
which divide the Holy Island from the mainland, it is supposed he has
missed his way, and rode towards the sea, where he and his horse have
both perished." The explanation here suggested is not at all improbable,
in view of the fact that November is a month given to fogs, when a rider
might readily go astray crossing treacherous sands.