black. In winter the whole head is practically white, and it is in that
plumage that most visitors to Egypt will alone see it.
It is a very lively little Gull; its flight is much lighter than the
preceding, and when several are together they can hardly ever keep quiet
for long, but from time to time give vent to their peculiar cry, which
by some has been likened to the sound of laughter.
Captain Shelley says that, in a year where there was a terrible scourge
of locusts, these Gulls were present in large flocks busily engaged in
devouring these mischievous insects. In that way, and in the ordinary
scavenger work that they share with all other Gulls, they are of great
use to the country and should be protected.
I have seen them in ones and twos everywhere up and down the river, but
the larger flocks are only to be seen at the great lakes of the Fayoum
or along the coast, and I particularly remember, because of the
weirdness of the surroundings, one occasion when I saw large flocks on
the shores of the Red Sea. It was at Kosseir, and the coast there is
alternately gently shelving sandy shore, and jutting-out, flat-topped
rocky reefs. To one of these reefs I went as the tide was leaving them
exposed, whilst flocks of Gulls and Waders were waiting for their
evening meal.
The rock plateau going right out to sea was a coral reef, and the way
in which pools led one into another by tunnels was most strange. Then
the depths of some were great, as I found by sounding with a long rod,
and some were past all sounding and seemed bottomless. It was evening
when I got there, and soon became dark night, and it was then that the
peculiar beauty of these pools came out, whilst the great flocks of
Gulls and some Duck found new delights in them as the receding sea gave
them more feeding-ground. Every pool was lighted up by the strange
glowing eyes of some cuttle-fish--ever-moving, these jewel-like
blue-green lights went passing round and round, sometimes the one
becoming two as a turn of its head permitted my seeing both eyes, and
then with another curve the two were one. Sometimes these strange lights
were very very faint, but as I stood still they came nearer and nearer,
and with my eyes riveted on them a most curious illusion followed.
Nearer, nearer, stronger, more strong, these strange weird eyes advanced
and crept up farther and farther, till time after time it was hard to
believe that these glowing orbs had not left the water and were
advancing right up to my own face. All the time the quiet of the place
was only broken by the curious laughing-like call of the Gulls, and the
shrill piping and whistling of the dark, shadowy shore birds.
Besides Gulls, the visitors to the Nile may see Terns, for there are
some seven or eight species, but naturally these birds keep nearer the
sea than elsewhere, yet it is pleasant to cherish the hope, founded on
frequent reports, that Terns as well as several other birds that love
the water are somewhat extending their area. Owing to the new barrage
schemes making great permanent inland lakes which never existed before,
the birds find a new home suitable to them, and which they have already
begun to show they thoroughly appreciate. At home and in many other
countries, the great reservoirs which supply the cities have always been
favourite bird haunts, and it seems that here is one more benefit
bestowed on Egypt consequent on British occupation. When at Lake
Menzaleh this last winter, one of the most wonderful sights was the
number of Terns, and on one occasion when I was trying to get near to
Flamingo, a great flock of many hundreds of the large Caspian Tern came
near enough for identification.
LIST OF BIRDS
Although the scope of this work is only to point out, by pictures, to
the unlearned what birds he will most likely see during a winter in
Egypt, yet I have felt that it would be wise to give a list of all the
birds, as far as known; for some, turning to these pages, may desire to
learn if some one or other bird which they did not see amongst my
necessarily limited selection of pictured birds, was an Egyptian bird or
not. In the preparation of this list, it goes without saying, I have
been constantly indebted to that book, _A Handbook to the Birds of
Egypt_, which, published so long ago as 1872 by Captain C. E. Shelley,
still remains the one classic on this subject, and I have adopted, as
far as possible, his names for all the birds mentioned. In addition,
year after year, some small knowledge has accumulated of new birds, not
known in that day to visit this country, and I am particularly indebted
to Mr. M. J. Nicoll, assistant-director of the Government Zoological
Gardens, Giza, for helping me to make this list as complete as possible.
LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EGYPT
1. The Golden Eagle (_Aquila fulva_). Rare, Upper and Lower Egypt.
2. The Imperial Eagle (_Aquila imperialis_). Lower Egypt.
3. White-tailed Eagle (_Haliaetus albicilla_). Lower Egypt.
4. Tawny Eagle (_Aquila naevoides_). Rare, Upper and Lower Egypt.
5. Spotted Eagle (_Aquila naevia_). Not very uncommon in both.
6. Bonelli's Eagle (_Aquila bonelli_). Very rare.
7. Booted Eagle (_Aquila tennata_). A summer visitor.
8. Short-toed Eagle (_Circaetus gallicus_). Rare.
9. Osprey (_Pandion haliaetus_). Fairly common in Nile Valley.
10. Southern Bearded Vulture (_Gypaetus nudipes_). Said to breed in
Mokattam mountains.
11. Black Vulture (_Vultur monachus_). Fairly common in Nile
Valley.
12. Sociable Vulture (_Vultur auricularis_). Fairly common.
13. Griffon Vulture (_Gyps fulvus_). Common.
14. Egyptian Vulture (_Neophron percnopterus_). Common.
15. Marsh-Harrier (_Circus aeruginosus_). Not uncommon in Lower
Egypt.
16. Hen Harrier (_Circus cyaneus_). Rare.
17. Pale-chested Harrier (_Circus pallidus_). Not uncommon
throughout country.
18. Montagu's Harrier (_Circus cineraceus_). Rare.
19. Little Red-billed Hawk (_Accipiter gabar_). Very rare.
20. Peregrine Falcon (_Falco peregrinus_). Not uncommon through
country.
21. Barbary Falcon (_Falco barbarus_). Rare.
22. Lanner Falcon (_Falco lanarius_). Rare.
23. Red-naped Falcon (_Falco Babylonicus_). Rare.
24. Saker Falcon (_Falco saker_). Rare.
25. Merlin (_Falco aesalon_). Common throughout.
26. Hobby (_Falco subbuteo_). Fairly common.
27. Sooty Falcon (_Falco eleonorae_). Rare.
28. Red-legged Falcon (_Falco vespertinus_). Fairly common in Lower
Egypt.
29. Kestrel (_Falco tinnunculus_). Very abundant everywhere.
30. Lesser Kestrel (_Falco cenchris_). Fairly abundant.
31. Common Kite (_Milvus regalis_). Very rare.
32. Parasitic Kite (_Milvus aegyptius_). Very abundant throughout
Egypt.
33. Black Kite (_Milvus migrans_). Rare.
34. Black-shouldered Hawk (_Elanus coeruleus_). Fairly common south
of Thebes.
35. Honey Buzzard (_Pernis apivorus_). Exceedingly rare.
36. Common Buzzard (_Buteo vulgaris_). Not common.
37. African Buzzard (_Buteo desertorum_). Exceedingly rare.
38. Long-legged Buzzard (_Buteo ferox_). Fairly common.
39. Barn Owl (_Aluco flammea_). Common.
40. Tawny Owl (_Strix aluco_). Not common.
41. Tengmalm's Owl (_Nyctala tengmalmi_). Very rare.
42. Little Owl (_Athene noctua_). Exceedingly abundant.
43. Scops Owl (_Scops giu_). Rare north of Cairo.
44. Long-eared Owl (_Asio otus_). Very rare.
45. Short-eared Owl (_Asio accipitrinus_). Rare.
46. Eagle Owl (_Bubo ignavus_). Very rare.
47. Egyptian Eagle Owl (_Bubo ascalaphus_). Fairly common in Upper
Egypt.
48. Cuckoo (_Cuculus canorus_). A regular visitor in August and
returning again in March.
49. Great-spotted Cuckoo (_Coccystes glandarius_). Not uncommon.
50. Lark-heeled Cuckoo (_Centropus aegyptius_). Not uncommon in
Fayûm.
51. Wryneck (_Yunx torquilla_). Common on migration.
52. Hoopoe (_Upupa epops_). Abundant everywhere.
53. Common Kingfisher (_Alcedo ispida_). Abundant in Delta and
common in many parts.
54. Little Indian Kingfisher (_Alcedo bengalensis_). Rare.
55. Black and White Kingfisher (_Ceryle rudis_). Very common.
56. Blue Roller (_Coracias garrula_). Not common.
57. Common Bee-eater (_Merops apiaster_). Common only in April and
August.
58. Blue-checked Bee-eater (_Merops aegyptius_). Very common in
April and again in autumn.
59. Little Green Bee-eater (_Merops viridis_). Very common in Upper
Egypt.
60. Alpine Swift (_Cypselus melba_). Rare.
61. Common Swift (_Cypselus apus_). Not uncommon.
62. Egyptian Swift (_Cypselus pallidus_). Very common.
63. Nightjar (_Caprimulgus europaeus_). Common in spring and autumn
months.
64. Egyptian Nightjar (_Caprimulgus aegyptius_). Not uncommon in
spring and autumn.
65. Swallow (_Hirundo rustica_). Common in spring and autumn only.
66. Egyptian Swallow (_Hirundo savignii_). A very common resident.
67. House Martin (_Chelidon urbica_). Seen in small numbers in
spring and autumn.
68. Shelley's Sand-Martin (_Cotile riparia shelleyii_). Summer
visitor.
69. Sand-Martin (_Cotile riparia_). Abundant in Nile Valley.
70. Lesser Sand-Martin (_Cotile minor_). Common.
71. Rufous Swallow (_Hirundo rufula_). Rare.
72. Crag Swallow (_Cotile rupestris_). Rare.
73. Pale Crag Swallow (_Cotile obsoleta_). Common in parts.
74. White Wagtail (_Motacilla alba_). Exceedingly common.
75. White-winged Wagtail (_Motacilla vidua_). Common at Assoan.
76. Grey Wagtail (_Motacilla boarula_). Not uncommon.
77. Blue-headed Wagtail (_Motacilla flava_). Not uncommon.
78. Tree-Pipit (_Anthus trivialis_). Occasionally seen in September
and April.
79. Meadow Pipit (_Anthus pratensis_). Rare.
80. Red-throated Pipit (_Anthus cervinus_). Abundant everywhere.
81. Water Pipit (_Anthus spinoletus_). Rare.
82. Richard's Pipit (_Anthus Richardi_). Rare.
83. African Tawny Pipit (_Anthus raalterri_). Rare.
84. Tawny Pipit (_Anthus campestris_). Common.
85. Bifasciated Lark (_Certhilauda desertorum_). Rare.
86. Desert Lark (_Ammomanes lusitana_). Not uncommon in Upper
Egypt.
87. Tristram's Desert Lark (_Ammomanes fraterculus_). Not uncommon
in Upper Egypt.
88. Sandy-coloured Desert Lark (_Ammomanes arenicolor_). Rare.
89. Crested Lark (_Galerita cristata_). Nearly the commonest bird.
90. Wood Lark (_Alauda arborea_). Exceedingly rare.
91. Sky Lark (_Alauda arvensis_). Occurs regularly in Lower Egypt.
92. Short-toed Lark (_Calandrella brachydactyla_). Abundant.
93. Algerian Short-toed Lark (_Calandrella reboudia_). Rare.
94. Lesser Lark (_Calandrella minor_). Rare.
95. Calandra Lark (_Melanocorypha calandra_). Rare.
96. Thick-billed Calandra (_Rhamphocoris clot-bey_). Very rare.
97. Missel Thrush (_Turdus viscivorus_). Of very rare occurrence.
98. Fieldfare (_Turdus pilaris_). A visitant to Lower Egypt.
99. Song Thrush (_Turdus musicus_). Not uncommon.
100. Blackbird (_Turdus merula_). Not uncommon.
101. Ring-Ouzel (_Turdus torquatus_). Rare.
102. White-vented Bulbul (_Pycnonotus arsinoë_). Common, Fayûm.
103. Yellow-vented Bulbul (_Pycnonotus xanthopygius_). Rare.
104. Egyptian Bush-Babbler (_Crateropus acaciae_). Only rare
visitor to Upper Egypt.
105. Rock-Thrush (_Monticola saxatilis_). Common, Upper Egypt.
106. Blue-rock Thrush (_Monticola cyanea_). Fairly common resident
in Upper Egypt.
107. Common Wheatear (_Saxicola oenanthe_). Very common.
108. Ménétries's Wheatear (_Saxicola saltatrix_). Common resident.
109. Eastern Black-eared Wheatear (_Saxicola amphileuca_). Fairly
common in March and September.
110. Egyptian Black-throated Wheatear (_Saxicola eurymelana_).
Common.
111. Black-throated Wheatear (_Saxicola xanthomeloena_). Common
migrant.
112. Desert Chat (_Saxicola deserti_). Common on the desert.
113. White-throated Desert Chat (_Saxicola homochroa_). Not common.
114. Rosy-vented Chat (_Saxicola moesta_). Rare.
115. Mourning Chat (_Saxicola lugens_). Common on the desert
throughout.
116. Pied Chat (_Saxicola leucomela_). Exceedingly rare.
117. Hooded Chat (_Saxicola monacha_). Not uncommon on the desert.
118. White-rumped Chat (_Saxicola leucopygia_). Common in deserts
of Upper Egypt.
119. Abyssinian Chat (_Saxicola syenitica_). Exceedingly rare.
120. Whin Chat (_Pratincola rubetra_). Not uncommon.
121. Stone Chat (_Pratincola rubicola_). Common in Lower Egypt.
122. Hemprich's Stonechat (_Pratincola hemprichii_). Rare.
123. Redstart (_Ruticilla phoenicura_). Common in September and
April.
124. Black Redstart (_Ruticilla titys_). Rare.
125. Palestine Redstart (_Ruticilla semirufa_). Rare.
126. Blue-throated Warbler (_Cyanecula suecica_). Very common.
127. Robin (_Erithacus rubecula_). Common in Lower Egypt in winter.
128. Hedge Sparrow (_Accentor modularis_). Rare.
129. Nightingale (_Philomela luscinia_). Not uncommon.
130. Thrush Nightingale (_Philomela major_). Very rare.
131. Cetti's Warbler (_Bradypterus cettii_). Very rare.
132. Rufous Warbler (_Aëdon galactodes_). Common in summer, breeds
in Egypt.
133. Savi's Warbler (_Locustella luscinioides_). Fairly common.
134. River Warbler (_Locustella fluviatalis_). Very rare.
135. Sedge Warbler (_Acrocephalus streperus_). Common.
136. Aquatic Warbler (_Calamodyta aquatica_). Fairly common.
137. Moustached Warbler (_Calamodyta_). Common in Delta.
138. Reed Warbler (_Acrocephalus arundinacea_). Common in Delta.
139. Marsh Warbler (_Acrocephalus palustris_). Rare in Lower Egypt.
140. Clamorous Sedge Warbler (_Acrocephalus stentorius_). Common in
Delta.
141. Great Sedge Warbler (_Acrocephalus turdoides_). Rare.
142. Arabian Sedge Warbler (_Acrocephalus arabicus_). Rare.
143. Fan-tailed Warbler (_Cisticola schoenicola_). Abundant
everywhere.
144. Graceful Warbler (_Drymoeca gracilis_). Common.
145. Olive-tree Warbler (_Hypolais olivetorum_). Rare.
146. Olivaceous Warbler (_Hypolais elaeica_). Common, breeds.
147. Wood Warbler (_Phylloscopus sybillator_). Rather rare.
148. Bonelli's Warbler (_Phyllopneuste Bonelli_). Common in Upper
Egypt.
149. Chiffchaff Warbler (_Phylloscopus minor_). Common.
150. Willow Warbler (_Phylloscopus trochilus_). Common.
151. Melodious Willow Warbler (_Hypolais hypolais_). Rare.
152. Vieillot's Willow Warbler (_Phyllopneuste eversmanni_). Rare.
153. Garden Warbler (_Sylvia hortensis_). Not uncommon.
154. Orphean Warbler (_Sylvia orpheus_). Rare.
155. Black-cap Warbler (_Sylvia atricapilla_). Rare.
156. Ruppell's Warbler (_Curruca rueppellii_). Fairly common.
157. Black-headed Warbler (_Sylvia momus_). Common.
158. Sardinian Warbler (_Melizophilus sardus_). Rare.
159. Dartford Warbler (_Melizophilus undatus_). Rare.
160. Subalpine Warbler (_Sylvia subalpina_). Rare.
161. Spectacled Warbler (_Sylvia conspicillata_). Rare.
162. Lesser Whitethroat (_Sylvia curruca_). Common.
163. Whitethroat (_Sylvia cinerea_). Not uncommon.
164. Yellow-breasted Sun-Bird (_Nectarinia metallica_). Occurs only
near Assoan.
165. Wall Creeper (_Tichodroma murari_). Very rare.
166. Great Grey Shrike (_Lanius excubitor_). Very rare.
167. Pallid Shrike (_Lanius lahtora_). Not uncommon.
168. Lesser Grey Shrike (_Lanius minor_). Rare.
169. Masked Shrike (_Lanius nubicus_). Common in February and March
and in autumn.
170. Woodchat Shrike (_Lanius auriculatus_). Fairly common in
March.
171. Red-backed Shrike (_Lanius collurio_). Not common.
172. Spotted Flycatcher (_Muscicapa grisola_). Rare.
173. Pied Flycatcher (_Muscicapa atricapilla_). Rare.
174. White-collared Flycatcher (_Muscicapa collaris_). Rare.
175. Red-breasted Flycatcher (_Muscicapa parva_).
176. Common Bunting (_Emberiza milaria_). Common in Lower Egypt.
177. Ortolan Bunting (_Emberiza hortulana_). Rare.
178. Cretzschmar's Bunting (_Emberiza caesia_). Common in Delta.
179. Smaller Reed Bunting (_Emberiza intermedia_). Rare.
180. Common Sparrow (_Passer domesticus_). Common everywhere.
181. Italian Sparrow (_Passer Italiae_). Rare.
182. Spanish Sparrow (_Passer salicicola_). Common.
183. Tree Sparrow (_Passer montanus_). Rare.
184. The Hawfinch (_Coccothraustes vulgaris_). Rare.
185. Chaffinch (_Fringilla coelebs_). Rare, Lower Egypt.
186. Goldfinch (_Carduelis elegans_). Common in Delta.
187. Black-billed Finch (_Estrelda melanorhynoba_). Very rare.
188. Lesser Redpole (_Aegiothus rufescens_). Very rare.
189. Siskin (_Carduelis spinus_). Very rare.
190. Serin (_Serinus hortulanus_). Rare.
191. Linnet (_Linota cannabina_). Common in Lower Egypt.
192. Desert Bullfinch (_Erythrospiza githaginea_). Common on
deserts of Upper Egypt.
193. Golden Oriole (_Oriolus galbula_). Common only in April.
194. Starling (_Sturnus vulgaris_). Fairly common throughout.
195. Purple Starling (_Sturnus unicolor_). Exceedingly rare.
196. Rose-coloured Pastor (_Pastor roseus_). Rare.
197. Brown-necked Raven (_Corvus umbrinus_). Common in the deserts.
198. Abyssinian Raven (_Corvus affinis_). Not common in towns.
199. Crow (Hooded) (_Corvus cornix_). Exceedingly common in towns.
200. Rook (_Corvus fruglegus_). Common in Delta.
201. Jackdaw (_Corvus monedula_). Not common anywhere.
202. Magpie (_Pica caudata_). Rare.
203. Chough (_Pyrrhocorax alpinus_). Exceedingly rare.
204. Rock Dove (_Columba livia_). Very common.
205. Schimper's Pigeon (_Columba schimperi_). Common.
206. Stock Dove (_Columba oenas_). Very rare.
207. Turtledove (_Turtur auritus_). Very common.
208. Sharpe's Turtledove (_Turtur sharpii_). Common.
209. Isabelline Turtledove (_Turtur isabelinus_). Rare.
210. White-bellied Turtledove (_Turtur albiventris_). Rare.
211. Egyptian Turtledove (_Turtur senegalensis_). Very common
everywhere.
212. Singed Sand-Grouse (_Pterocles exustus_). Common in deserts
only.
213. Senegal Sand-Grouse (_Pterocles senegallus_). Not common.
214. Coroneted Sand-Grouse (_Pterocles coronatus_). Rare.
215. Francolin (_Francolinus vulgaris_). Very rare.
216. Hey's Sand-Partridge (_Ammoperdix heyi_). Only met on deserts.
217. Cholmley's Sand-Partridge (_Ammoperdix cholmleyi_). Only met
with on the desert.
218. Quail (_Coturnix communis_). Very common in March and
November.
219. Andalusian Hemipode (_Turnix sylvatica_). Very rare.
220. Houbara Bustard (_Otis houbara_). Met only on desert west of
Nile.
221. Little Bustard (_Otis tetrax_). Rare.
222. Arabian Bustard (_Eupodotis arabs_). Rare.
223. Collared Pratincole (_Glareola pratincola_). Common in April
and October.
224. Black-winged Pratincole (_Glareola nordmanni_). Rare.
225. Cream-coloured Courser (_Cursorius gallicus_). Common on
deserts.
226. Thick-knee (_Oedicnemus crepitans_). Very common.
227. Lapwing (_Vanellus cristatus_). Very common.
228. Spur-winged Plover (_Hoplopterus spinosus_). Common.
229. Social Plover (_Chettusia gregaria_). Rare.
230. White-tailed Plover (_Chettusia villotaei_). Not common.
231. Black-headed Plover (_Pluvianus aegyptius_). Not common, Upper
Egypt.
232. Golden Plover (_Charadrius pluvialis_). Not common.
233. Grey Plover (_Squatarola helvetica_). Rare.
234. Dotterel (_Eudromias morinellus_). Very rare.
235. Asiatic Dotterel (_Eudromias asiaticus_). Very rare.
236. Large Sand-Plover (_Aegialitis geoffroyi_). Met with only on
sea-coast.
237. Mongolian Sand-Plover (_Aegialitis mongolicus_). Very rare.
238. African Sand-Plover (_Aegialitis pecuarius_). Not common.
239. Kentish Plover (_Aegialitis cantianus_). Very common
everywhere.
240. Greater Ringed Plover (_Aegialitis hiaticula_). Rare.
241. Middle Ringed Plover (_Aegialitis intermedius_). Common in
Delta.
242. Little Ringed Plover (_Aegialitis minor_). Very common
everywhere.
243. Oyster-Catcher (_Haematopus ostralegus_). Common on sea-coast.
244. Curlew (_Numenius arquata_). Common in Delta.
245. Whimbrel (_Numenius phaeopus_). Met with sparingly in Nile
Valley.
246. Slender-billed Curlew (_Numenius tenuirostris_). Rare.
247. Black-tailed Godwit (_Limosa aegocephala_). Not uncommon.
248. Ruff (_Machetes pugnax_). Common throughout Egypt.
249. Woodcock (_Scolopax rusticola_). Now more frequently recorded
than formerly.
250. Solitary Snipe (_Gallinago major_). Rare.
251. Common Snipe (_Gallinago media_). Common everywhere.
252. Jack Snipe (_Gallinago gallinula_). Common.
253. Painted Snipe (_Rhynchaea capensis_). Fairly common
throughout.
254. Little Stint (_Tringa minuta_). Very abundant.
255. Temminck's Stint (_Tringa temminckii_). Rather rare.
256. Sanderling (_Tringa arenaria_). Not common.
257. Dunlin (_Tringa alpinus_). Not common, and only on coast.
258. Knot (_Tringa canutus_). Not common.
259. Curlew Sandpiper (_Tringa subarquata_). Not common.
260. Redshank (_Totanus calidris_). Common in Delta, rare
elsewhere.
261. Dusky Redshank (_Totanus fuscus_). Rare.
262. Greenshank (_Totanus canescens_). Common.
263. Marsh Sandpiper (_Totanus stagnatalis_). Not common.
264. Green Sandpiper (_Totanus ochropus_). Very common everywhere.
265. Wood Sandpiper (_Totanus glareola_). Common in Lower Egypt.
266. Common Sandpiper (_Actitis hypoleucos_). Common.
267. Black-winged Stilt (_Himantopus candidus_). Not uncommon.
268. Avocet (_Recurvirostra avocetta_). Common only in Delta.
269. Sacred Ibis (_Ibis aethiopica_). Very rare indeed.
270. Glossy Ibis (_Ibis falcinellus_). Rare.
271. African Wood Ibis (_Tantalus ibis_). Rare.
272. Common Crane (_Grus communis_). Not uncommon in October and
March.
273. Demoiselle Crane (_Grus virgo_). Not common.
274. Spoonbill (_Platalea leucorodia_). Common in all parts.
275. White Stork (_Ciconia alba_). Common during migration months,
October and March.
276. Black Stork (_Ciconia nigra_). Not common.
277. Shoebill or Whale-headed Stork (_Balaeniceps rex_).
278. Common Heron (_Ardea cinerea_). Very common.
279. Purple Heron (_Ardea purpurea_). Only common in Lower Egypt.
280. Great White Heron (_Herodias alba_). Only common in Delta.
281. Little Egret (_Herodias garzetta_). Not common.
282. Buff-backed Heron (_Ardeola russata_). Commonest in Delta.
283. Squacco Heron (_Ardeola comata_). Rare.
284. Night Heron (_Nycticorax griseus_). Fairly common everywhere.
285. Bittern (_Botaurus stellaris_). Not uncommon in Lower Egypt.
286. Little Bittern (_Botaurus minutus_). Common.
287. Flamingo (_Phoenicopterus antiquorum_). Common in Delta.
288. Water Rail (_Rallus aquaticus_). Common in Lower Egypt.
289. Land Rail (Ortygometra crex). Not common.
290. Spotted Crake (_Porzana maruetta_). Common.
291. Baillon's Crake (_Porzana pygmaea_). Very rare.
292. Moorhen (_Gallinula chloropus_). Common in Lower Egypt.
293. Allen's Gallinule (_Porphyrio Alleni_). Very rare.
294. Violet Gallinule (_Porphyrio hyacinthinus_). Common in Lower
Egypt.
295. Green-backed Gallinule (_Porphyrio madagascariensis_). Very
rare.
296. Common Coot (_Fulica atra_). Common everywhere.
297. Crested Coot (_Fulica cristata_). Rare.
298. Mute Swan (_Cygnus olor_). Rare.
299. Hooper Swan (_Cygnus musicus_). Very rare.
300. Egyptian Goose (_Chenalopex aegyptiacus_). Not common.
301. White-fronted Goose (_Anser albifrons_). Not uncommon.
302. Lesser White-fronted Goose (_Anser erythropus_). Rare.
303. Bean Goose (_Anser fabalis_). Very rare.
304. Brent Goose (_Bernicla brenta_). Rare.
305. Sheldrake (_Tadorna vulpanser_). Rare.
306. Ruddy Sheldrake (_Tadorna rutila_). Not uncommon in Lower
Egypt.
307. Common Wild Duck (_Anas boschas_). Fairly common everywhere.
308. Gadwall (_Anas strepera_). Not very common.
309. Pintail (_Dafila acuta_). Very common throughout country.
310. Shoveller (_Spatula clypeata_). Exceedingly common.
311. Teal (_Querquedula crecca_). Very common.
312. Garganey Teal (_Querquedula circia_). Not common.