HOME AT DAWN.
CONDITION IN CANADA.--EFFORTS IN BEHALF OF MY PEOPLE.--REV.
MR. WILSON.--A CONVENTION OF BLACKS.--MANUAL-LABOR SCHOOL.
I did not find that our prosperity increased with our numbers.
The mere delight the slave took in his freedom, rendered him, at
first, contented with a lot far inferior to that which he might have
attained. Then his ignorance led him to make unprofitable bargains,
and he would often hire wild land on short terms, and bind himself
to clear a certain number of acres; and by the time they were clear
and fitted for cultivation, his lease was out, and his landlord
would come in, and raise a splendid crop on the new land; and the
tenant would, very likely, start again on just such another bargain,
and be no better off at the end of ten years than he was at the
beginning. Another way in which they lost the profits of their labor
was by raising nothing but tobacco, the high price of which was very
tempting, and the cultivation of which was a monopoly in their hands,
as no white man understood it, or could compete with them at all. The
consequence was, however, that they had nothing but tobacco to sell;
there was rather too much of it in the market, and the price of wheat
rose, while their commodity was depressed; and they lost all they
should have saved, in the profit they gave the trader for his corn and
stores.
I saw the effect of these things so clearly that I could not help
trying to make my friends and neighbors see it too; and I set
seriously about the business of lecturing upon the subject of crops,
wages, and profit, just as if I had been brought up to it. I insisted
on the necessity of their raising their own crops, saving their own
wages, and securing the profits of their own labor, with such plain
arguments as occurred to me, and were as clear to their comprehension
as to mine. I did this very openly; and, frequently, my audience
consisted in part of the very traders whose inordinate profits upon
individuals I was trying to diminish, but whose balance of profit
would not be ultimately lessened, because they would have so many more
persons to trade with, who would be able to pay them a reasonable
advance in cash, or its equivalent, on all their purchases. The purse
is a tender part of the system; but I handled it so gently, that
the sensible portion of my natural opponents were not, I believe,
offended; while those whom I wished to benefit saw, for the most part,
the propriety of my advice, and took it. At least, there are now great
numbers of settlers, in this region of Canada, who own their farms,
and are training up their children in true independence, and giving
them a good elementary education, who had not taken a single step
towards such a result before I began to talk to them.
While I remained at Colchester, I became acquainted with a
Congregational missionary from Massachusetts, by the name of Hiram
Wilson, who took an interest in our people, and was disposed to do
what he could to promote the cause of improvement which I had so much
at heart. He coöperated with me in many efforts, and I have been
associated with him from 1836 to the present time. He has been a
faithful friend, and still continues his important labors of love in
our behalf. Among other things which he did for us then, he wrote to a
Quaker friend of his, an Englishman, by the name of James C. Fuller,
residing at Skeneateles, New York, and endeavored to interest him in
the welfare of our struggling population.
He succeeded so far, that Mr. Fuller, who was going on a visit to
England, promised to do what he could among his friends there, to
induce them to aid us. He came back with fifteen hundred dollars
which had been subscribed for our benefit. It was a great question
how this sum, which sounded vast to many of my brethren, should be
appropriated. I had my own opinion pretty decidedly as to what it was
best for us all to do with it. But, in order to come to a satisfactory
conclusion, the first thing to be done was to call a convention of
delegates from every settlement of blacks that was within reach; that
all might see that whatever was decided on, was sanctioned by the
disinterested votes of those who were thought by their companions,
best able to judge what was expedient. Mr. Wilson and myself called
such a convention, therefore, to meet in London, Upper Canada, and it
was held in June, 1838.
I urged the appropriation of the money to the establishment of a
manual-labor school, where our children could be taught those elements
of knowledge which are usually the occupations of a grammar-school;
and where the boys could be taught, in addition, the practice of some
mechanic art, and the girls could be instructed in those domestic
arts which are the proper occupation and ornament of their sex.
Such an establishment would train up those who would afterwards
instruct others; and we should thus gradually become independent
of the white man for our intellectual progress, as we might be also
for our physical prosperity. It was the more necessary, as in many
districts, owing to the insurmountable prejudices of the inhabitants,
the children of the blacks were not allowed to share the advantages
of the common school. There was some opposition to this plan in the
convention; but in the course of the discussion, which continued for
three days, it appeared so obviously for the advantage of all to
husband this donation, so as to preserve it for a purpose of permanent
utility, that the proposal was, at last, unanimously adopted; and a
committee of three was appointed to select and purchase a sight for
the establishment. Mr. Wilson and myself were the active members of
this committee, and after traversing the country for several months,
we could find no place more suitable than that upon which I had had my
eye for three or four years, for a permanent settlement, in the town
of Dawn.
We therefore bought two hundred acres of fine rich land, on the river
Sydenham, covered with a heavy growth of black walnut and white wood,
at four dollars the acre. I had made a bargain for two hundred acres
adjoining this lot, on my own account; and circumstances favored me
so, that the man of whom I purchased was glad to let me have them at
a large discount from the price I had agreed to pay, if I would give
him cash for the balance I owed him. I transferred a portion of the
advantage of this bargain to the institution, by selling to it one
hundred acres more, at the low price at which I obtained them.
In 1842 I removed with my family to Dawn, and as a considerable number
of my friends are there about me, and the school is permanently fixed
there, the future importance of this settlement seems to be decided.
There are many other settlements which are considerable; and, indeed,
the colored population is scattered over a territory which does not
fall far short of three hundred miles in extent, in each direction,
and probably numbers not less than twenty thousand persons in all.
We look to the school, and the possession of landed property by
individuals, as two great means of the elevation of our oppressed
and degraded race to a participation in the blessings, as they have
hitherto been permitted to share only the miseries and vices, of
civilization.
My efforts to aid them, in every way in my power, and to procure
the aid of others for them, have been constant. I have made many
journeys into New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Maine, in all
of which States I have found or made some friends to the cause, and,
I hope, some personal friends. I have received many liberal gifts,
and experienced much kindness of treatment; but I must be allowed to
allude particularly to the donations received from Boston--by which
we have been enabled to erect a saw-mill, and thus to begin in good
earnest the clearing of our lands, and to secure a profitable return
for the support of our school--as among those which have been most
welcome and valuable to us.
Some of the trips I have made, have led to some incidents and
observations which must be the theme of a future chapter.