than the females? Or is it that the females spoil the hair of their
tails by their staling?
XVIII.
WHY IS THE SIGHT OF A CUTTLE-FISH A SIGN OF A GREAT STORM?
Is it because all fishes of the soft kind cannot endure cold, by reason
of their nakedness and tenderness? For they are covered neither with
shell, skin, or scale, though within they have hard and bony parts.
Hence the Greeks call them soft fish. Therefore they easily perceive a
storm coming, since they are so soon affected by the cold. When the
polypus gets to shore and embraces the rocks, it is a sign the wind is
rising; but the cuttle-fish jumps up, to shun the cold and the trouble
of the bottom of the sea; for, of all soft fishes, she is the tenderest
and soonest hurt.
XIX.
WHY DOES THE POLYPUS CHANGE COLOR?
Whether, as Theophrastus writes, because it is an animal by nature
timorous; and therefore, being disturbed, it changes color with its
spirit, as some men do, of whom it is said, an ill man ever changes
color? But though this may serve as a reason for changing its color, it
will not for the imitation of colors. For the polypus does so change
its color, that it is of the color of every stone it comes nigh. Hence
that of Pindar, Mind the color of the marine beast, and so converse
cunningly in all cities; and that of Theognis:
Put on a mind like th’ polyp fish,—
And learn so to dissemble,—
Which of the rock whereto it sticks
The color doth resemble.[146]
And they say, that such as are excellent at craftiness and juggling
have this in their eye,—that they may the better cheat them they
have to deal withal,—ever to imitate the polypus. Some think the
polypus can use her skin as a garment, and can put it on or off at
pleasure. But if fear occasions this change in the polypus, is not
something else more properly the cause? Let us consider what Empedocles
says, that effluvia proceed from all things whatever. For not only
animals, plants, the earth and sea, but stones, and even brass and
iron, do continually send out many effluvia. For all things corrupt
and smell, because there runneth always something from them, and they
wear continually; insomuch that it is thought that by these effluvia
come all attractions and insultations, some supposing embraces,
others blows, some impulses, others circuitions. But especially about
the sea rocks, when they are wet and cool by the waves (as is most
likely), constantly some small particles are washed off, which do not
incorporate with other bodies, but either pass by the smaller passages,
or pass through the larger. Now the flesh of the polypus, as one may
judge by the eye, is hollow, full of pores, and capable of effluvia.
When therefore she is afraid, as her spirit changes she changes
herself, and by straitening and contracting her body, she encloses
the neighboring effluvia. And, as a good token of this argument, the
polypus cannot imitate the color of every thing he comes near, nor
the chameleon of any thing that is white; but each of these creatures
is assimilated only to those things to whose effluvia it has pores
proportionable.
XX.
WHAT IS THE REASON, THAT THE TEARS OF WILD BOARS ARE SWEET, AND THE
TEARS OF THE HART SALT AND HURTFUL?
The reason seems to be the heat and cold of these animals. For the hart
is cold, and the boar is very hot and fiery; therefore the one flies
from, the other defends himself against, his pursuers. Now when great
store of heat comes to the eyes (as Homer says, with horrid bristles,
and eyes darting fire), tears are sweet. Some are of Empedocles’s
opinion, who thought that tears proceed from the disturbance of the
blood, as whey does from the churning of milk; since therefore boar’s
blood is harsh and black, and hart’s blood thin and watery, it is
consentaneous that the tears, which the one sheds when excited to
anger, and the other when dejected with fear, should be of the same
nature.
XXI.
WHY DO TAME SOWS FARROW OFTEN, SOME AT ONE TIME AND OTHERS AT ANOTHER;
AND THE WILD BUT ONCE A YEAR, AND ALL OF THEM ABOUT THE SAME TIME AT
THE BEGINNING OF SUMMER, WHENCE IT IS SAID,—
The wild sow farrowing, that night falls no rain?
Is it because of plentiful feeding, as in very truth fulness doth
produce wantonness? For abundance of nourishment breeds abundance of
seed both in animals and plants. Now wild sows live by their own toil,
and that with fear; the tame have always food enough, either by nature
or given them. Or may it not be ascribed to their rest and exercise?
For the tame do rest and go not far from their keepers; the wild get to
the mountains, and run about, by which means they waste the nutriment,
and consume it upon the whole body. Therefore either through continual
converse, or abundance of seed, or because the females feed in herds
with the males, the tame sows call to mind coition and stir up lust,
as Empedocles talks of men. But in wild sows, which feed apart, desire
is cold and dull for want of love and conversation. Or is it true,
what Aristotle says, that Homer called the wild boar χλούνης,
because he had but one stone? For most boars spoil their stones (he
says) by rubbing them against stumps of trees.
XXII.
WHY ARE THE PAWS OF BEARS THE SWEETEST AND PLEASANTEST FOOD?
Because the flesh of those parts of the body which concoct aliment
the best is sweetest; and that concocts best which transpires most by
motion and exercise. But the bear uses the fore-feet most in going and
running, and in managing of things, as it were with hands.
XXIII.
WHY ARE THE STEPS OF WILD BEASTS MOST DIFFICULTLY TRACED IN
SPRING-TIME?
Whether the dogs, as Empedocles says, “with noses find the steps of
all wild beasts,” and draw in those effluvia which the beasts leave in
the ground; but the various smells of plants and flowers lying over
the footsteps do in spring-time obscure and confound them, and put the
dogs to a loss at winding them? Therefore about Etna in Sicily no man
keeps any hunting dogs, because abundance of wild marjoram flourishes
and grows there the year round, and the perpetual fragrancy of the
place destroys the scent of the wild beasts. There is also a tale, how
Proserpine, as she was gathering flowers thereabout, was ravished by
Pluto; therefore people, revering that place as an asylum, do not catch
any creature that feeds thereabout.
XXIV.
WHY ARE THE TRACKS OR WILD BEASTS WORST SCENTED ABOUT THE FULL
MOON?
Whether for the foresaid cause? For the full moons bring down the dews;
and therefore Alcman calls dew the daughter of Jove and Luna in a verse
of his,
Fed by the dew, bred by the Moon and Jove.
For dew is a weak and languid rain, and there is but little heat in the
moon; which draws water from the earth, as the sun does; but because it
cannot raise it on high, it soon lets it fall.
XXV.
WHY DOES FROST MAKE HUNTING DIFFICULT?
Whether is it because the wild beasts leave off going far abroad by
reason of the cold, and so leave but few signs of themselves? Therefore
some say, beasts spare the neighboring places, that they may not be
sore put to it by going far abroad in winter, but may always have food
ready at hand. Or is it because that for hunting the track alone is not
sufficient, but there must be scent also? And things gently dissolved
and loosened by heat afford a smell, but too violent cold binds up the
scent, and will not let it reach the sense. Therefore they say that
unguents and wine smell least in winter and cold weather; for the then
concrete air keeps the scent in, and suffers it not to disperse.
XXVI.
WHAT IS THE REASON THAT BRUTES, WHEN THEY AIL ANY THING, SEEK AND
PURSUE REMEDIES, AND ARE OFTEN CURED BY THE USE OF THEM?
Dogs eat grass, to make them vomit bile. Swine seek craw-fish, because
the eating of them cures the headache. The tortoise, when he has eaten
a viper, feeds on wild marjoram. They say, when a bear has surfeited
himself and his stomach grows nauseous, he licks up ants, and by
devouring them is cured. These creatures know such things neither by
experience nor by chance.
Whether, as wax draws the bee, and carcasses the vulture afar off by
the scent, do craw-fish so draw swine, wild marjoram the tortoise, and
ants the bear, by smells and effluvia accommodated to their nature,
they being prompted altogether by sense, without any assistance from
reason? Or do not the temperaments of the body create appetites in
animals, while diseases create these, producing divers acrimonies,
sweetnesses, and other unusual and absurd qualities, the humors being
altered; as is plain in women with child, who eat stones and earth?
Therefore skilful physicians take their prognostic of recovery or
death from the appetites of the sick. For Mnesitheus the physician
says that, in the beginning of a disease of the lungs, he that craves
onions recovers, and he that craves figs dies; because appetites follow
the temperament, and the temperament follows diseases. It is therefore
probable that beasts, if they fall not into mortal diseases, have such
a disposition and temper, that by following their temper they light on
their remedies.
XXVII.
WHY DOES MUST, IF THE VESSEL STAND IN THE COLD, CONTINUE LONG SWEET?
Is it because the changing of the sweet must into wine is concoction,
but cold hinders concoction, because this is caused by heat? Or, on the
contrary, is the proper taste of the grape sweet, and is it then said
to be ripe, when the sweetness is equally diffused all over it; but
does cold, not suffering the heat of the grape to exhale, and keeping
it in, conserve the sweetness of the grape? And this is the reason
that, in a rainy vintage, must ferments but little; for fermentation
proceeds from heat, which the cold does check.
XXVIII.
WHY, OF ALL WILD BEASTS, DOES NOT THE BOAR BITE THE TOIL, ALTHOUGH
BOTH WOLVES AND FOXES DO THIS?
Is it because his teeth stand so far within his head, that he cannot
well come at the thread? For his lips, by reason of their thickness
and largeness, meet close before. Or does he rather rely on his paws
and mouth, and with those rend the toil, and with this defend himself
against the hunters? His chief refuge is rolling and wallowing;
therefore, rather than stand gnawing the toil, he rolls often about,
and so clears himself, having no occasion for his teeth.
XXIX.
WHAT IS THE REASON THAT WE ADMIRE HOT WATERS (_i. e._ BATHS) AND NOT
COLD; SINCE IT IS PLAIN THAT COLD IS AS MUCH THE CAUSE OF ONE SORT AS
HEAT IS OF THE OTHER?
It is not (as some are of opinion) that heat is a quality, and cold
only a privation of that quality, and so that an entity is even less
a cause than a non-entity. But we do it because Nature has attributed
admiration to what is rare, and she puts men upon enquiry how any thing
comes to pass that seldom happens. As Euripides saith,
Behold the boundless Heaven on high,
Bearing the earth in his moist arms,—
what wonders he brings out by night, and what beauty he shows forth by
day!... The rainbow and the varied beauty of the clouds by day, and the
lights which burst forth by night....
XXX.
WHY ARE VINES WHICH ARE RANK OF LEAVES, BUT OTHERWISE FRUITLESS,
SAID τραγᾶν?
Is it because very fat goats (τράγοι) are less able to
procreate, nay, scarce able to use coition, by reason of their fatness?
Seed is the superfluity of the aliment which is allotted to the body:
now, when either an animal or a plant is of a very strong constitution
and grows fat, it is a sign that all the nourishment is spent within,
and that there is little and base excrement, or none at all.
XXXI.
WHY DOES THE VINE IRRIGATED WITH WINE DIE, ESPECIALLY THE VERY WINE
MADE FROM ITS OWN GRAPES?
Is it as baldness happens to great wine-bibbers, the heat of the wine
evaporating the moisture? Or, as Empedocles saith, “the putrefied water
in the wood becomes wine beneath the bark,” ... thus, when the vine is
outwardly irrigated with wine, it is as fire to the vine, and destroys
the nutritive faculty. Or, because wine is obstructive, it gets into
the roots, stops the passages, and so hinders any moisture from coming
to the plant to make it grow and thrive. Or, it may seem contrary to
Nature that that should return into the vine which came out of it; for
whatsoever moisture comes from plants can neither nourish nor be again
a part of the plant.
XXXII.[147]
WHY DOTH THE PALM ALONE OF ALL TREES BEND UPWARD WHEN A WEIGHT IS
LAID THEREUPON?
Is it that the fiery and spiritual power which it hath, being once
provoked and (as it were) angered, putteth forth itself so much the
more, and mounteth upward? Or is it because the weight, forcing the
boughs suddenly, oppresseth and keepeth down the airy substance which
they have, and driveth all of it inward; but the same afterwards,
having resumed strength again, maketh head afresh, and more eagerly
withstandeth the weight? Or, lastly, is it that the softer and more
tender branches, not able to sustain the violence at first, so soon as
the burden resteth quiet, by little and little lift up themselves, and
make a show as if they rose up against it?
XXXIII.
WHAT IS THE REASON THAT PIT-WATER IS LESS NUTRITIVE THAN EITHER THAT
WHICH ARISETH OUT OF SPRINGS OR THAT WHICH FALLETH DOWN FROM HEAVEN?
Is it because it is more cold, and withal hath less air in it? Or
because it containeth much salt from the earth mingled therewith?—now
it is well known that salt above all other things causeth leanness. Or
because standing still, and not exercised with running and stirring, it
getteth a certain malignant quality, which is hurtful to both plants
and animals, and is the cause that it is neither well concocted nor
able to feed and nourish any thing? Hence it is that all dead waters
of pools are unwholesome, for that they cannot digest and despatch
those harmful qualities which they borrow of the evil property of the
air or of the earth.
XXXIV.
WHY IS THE WEST WIND HELD COMMONLY TO BE THE SWIFTEST ACCORDING TO
THIS VERSE OF HOMER:
Let us likewise bestir our feet,
As fast as Western winds do fleet.[148]
Is it not because this wind is wont to blow when the sky is very well
cleansed, and the air is exceeding clear and without all clouds?—for
the thickness and impurity of the air doth not a little impeach and
interrupt the course of the winds. Or is it rather because the sun,
striking through a cold wind with his beams, is the cause that it
passeth the faster away?—for whatsoever of cold is drawn in by the
force of the winds, when the same is overcome by heat, as it were
its enemy, we must think, is driven and set forward further and with
greater celerity.
XXXV.
WHY CANNOT BEES ABIDE SMOKE?
Whether is it because the passages of their viStal spirits are
exceeding strait, and, if it chance that smoke be gotten into them and
there kept in and intercepted, it is enough to stop the poor bees’
breath,—yea, and to strangle them quite? Or is not the acrimony and
bitterness (think you) of the smoke in cause?—for bees are delighted
with sweet things, and in very truth they have no other nourishment;
and therefore no marvel if they detest and abhor smoke, as a thing
for the bitterness most adverse and contrary unto them. Therefore
honey-masters, when they make a smoke for to drive away bees, are wont
to burn bitter herbs, as hemlock, centaury, &c.
XXXVI.
WHY WILL BEES SOONER STING THOSE WHO NEWLY BEFORE HAVE COMMITTED
WHOREDOM?
Is it not because it is a creature that wonderfully delighteth in
purity, cleanliness, and elegancy, and withal hath a marvellous quick
sense of smelling? Because therefore such unclean dealings between man
and woman are wont to leave behind much filthiness and impurity, the
bees both sooner find them out and also conceive the greater hatred
against them. Hereupon it is that in Theocritus the shepherd pleasantly
sendeth Venus away unto Anchises to be well stung with bees for her
adultery
Now to mount Ida, to Anchises go,
Where mighty oaks and cypresses do grow;
Where hives and trees with honey sweet abound,
And both with humming noise of bees resound.[149]
And Pindar saith: “Thou little creature, who honey-combs dost frame,
and with thy sting hast pricked false impure Rhoecus for his lewd
villanies.”
XXXVII.
WHY DO DOGS FOLLOW AFTER A STONE THAT IS THROWN AT THEM AND BITE
IT, LETTING THE MAN ALONE WHO FLUNG IT?
Is it because he can comprehend nothing by imagination nor call a
thing to mind, which are gifts and virtues proper to man alone; and
therefore, seeing he cannot discern the party that offered him injury,
he supposeth that to be his enemy which seemeth in his eye to threaten
him, and of it he goes about to be revenged? Or is it that he thinks
the stone, while it runs along the ground, to be some wild beast, and
according to his nature he intendeth to catch it first; but afterwards,
when he seeth himself deceived and put besides his reckoning, he
setteth upon the man? Or rather, doth he not hate the man and the stone
both alike, but pursueth that only which is next unto him?
XXXVIII.
WHY AT A CERTAIN TIME OF THE YEAR DO ALL SHE-WOLVES WHELP WITHIN
THE COMPASS OF TWELVE DAYS?
Antipater in his History of Animals affirms, that she-wolves exclude
forth their young ones about the time that mast trees shed their
blossoms, for upon the taste thereof their wombs open; but if there be
none of such blooms to be had, then their young die within the body and
never come to light. Moreover, he saith, those countries which bring
not forth oaks and mast are never troubled nor spoiled with wolves.
Some attribute all this to a tale that goes of Latona; who being with
child, and finding no abiding place of rest and safety by reason of
Juno for the space of twelve days, went to Delos, and, being transmuted
by Jupiter into a wolf, obtained at his hands that all wolves for ever
after might within that time be delivered of their young.
XXXIX.
HOW COMETH IT THAT WATER, SEEMING WHITE ALOFT, SHOWETH TO BE BLACK
IN THE BOTTOM?
Is it because depth is the mother of darkness, so that it doth dim
and mar the sunbeams before they can descend so low as it? As for the
uppermost superficies of the water, because it is immediately affected
by the sun, it must needs receive the white brightness of the light;
the which Empedocles verily approveth in these verses.
A river in the bottom seems
By shade of color black;
The like is seen in caves and holes,
By depth, where light they lack.
Or, since the bottom of the sea and of great rivers is often full of
mud, doth it by reflection of the sunbeams represent the like color
that the said mud hath? Or is it more probable that the water toward
the bottom is not pure and sincere, but corrupted with an earthy
quality,—as continually carrying with it somewhat of that by which it
runneth and wherewith it is stirred,—and the same settling once to the
bottom causeth it to be more troubled and less transparent?
FOOTNOTES:
[1] From Euripides, Frag. 897.
[2] Sophocles, Frag. 779.
[3] From Pindar.
[4] Odyss. XI. 219.
[5] See Aristoph. Knights, 437, 455; Thesm. 455; Acharn. 1109, 1124.
[6] Eurip. Phoeniss. 388 and 389.
[7] This translation is taken from Burges’s Greek Anthology, p. 470. It
is there signed J.H.M. (G.)
[8] Plato, Timaeus, p. 90 A.
[9] Euripides, Frag. 935.
[10] Eurip. Iph. Taur. 258.
[11] From the Niobe of Aeschylus, Frag. 153 and 154.
[12] Odyss. VI. 204.
[13] Il. XIV. 230; XXIV. 544; IX. 668; II. 625.
[14] II. XXI. 59.
[15] Eurip. Phoeniss. 388.
[16] Eurip. Phoeniss. 396.
[17] _Ibid._, 430 and 344.
[18] From the Phryxus of Euripides, Frag. 816.
[19] Odyss. XVI. 117.
[20] Euripides, Frag. 1071.
[21] Eurip. Phoeniss. 504 and 536.
[22] See Sophocles, Antig. 905-912.
[23] Odyss. XIII. 331.
[24] Il X 122.
[25] Soph. Antig. 742.
[26] Eurip. Phoeniss. 68.
[27] Il. VI. 227.
[28] Il. VIII. 272.
[29] Hesiod, Works and Days, 707.
[30] Odyss. VII. 107.
[31] Odyss. III. 1.
[32] See Thucydides, I. 118. V. 16.
[33] Θεοῦ θέλοντος, κἀν ἐπὶ ῥιπὸς πλέοις.
[34] Pindar, Isthm. I. 67.
[35] Odyss. II. 190.
[36] Il. XIV. 246.
[37] From Aratus.
[38] Elsewhere quoted in a long passage from the Sisyphus of Critias.
See Nauck, p. 598. (G.)
[39] Hesiod, Theogony, 134.
[40] According to Bentley, “Panchaean Jove.” See Diodorus, VI. Frag. 2;
and Bentley’s note to Callimachus, Frag. 86. (G.)
[41] Il. III. 179.
[42] We should probably here read “Pythagoras.” (G.)
[43] Il. XVII. 547.
[44] Eurip. Orestes, 255.
[45] From Menander.
[46] Odyss. XVI. 278.
[47] Odyss. IV. 242.
[48] Il. II. 554.
[49] It was said that all the people in the island Myconus were bald;
hence the proverb μία Μύκονος, all of a piece. (G.)
[50] Il. XII. 311.
[51] Odyss. VII. 170.
[52] Il. XX. 15.
[53] Il. XXIV. 100.
[54] Hesiod, Works and Days, 26.
[55] It seems absolutely necessary to read τρίτῃ for πρώτῃ here, to
make the description intelligible, and to avoid inconsistency. See
Becker’s Gallus, III, p. 209. (G.)
[56] From Eurip. Stheneboea, Frag. 666.
[57] Soph. Oed. Tyr. 4.
[58] Il. XI. 846.
[59] See Odyss. VI. 137, 218, 226.
[60] Eurip. Antiope, Frag. 183.
[61] Il. X. 544.
[62] Odyss. IX. 12.
[63] Soph. Oed. Colon. 510.
[64] Eurip. Andromeda, Frag. 131.
[65] Odyss. III. 247.
[66] Soph. Oed. Tyr. 385.
[67] The whole line, from some unknown tragic poet, is Κακῶν γὰρ ἄρχεις
τήνδε Μοῦσαν εἰσάγων. See Athenaeus, XIV. p. 616 C. (G.)
[68] Referring to the saying ἐν Καρὶ κινδυνεύειν, _experimentum facere
in corpore vili_. (G.)
[69] Il. XXIII. 620 and 634.
[70] Odyss. VIII. 206 and 246.
[71] Il. III. 375.
[72] Eurip. Phoeniss. 536.
[73] Odyss. XIV. 464.
[74] Odyss. XXI. 35.
[75] From Sappho, Frag. 68.
[76] Odyss. XX. 69.
[77] In the old translation, Question IX. is entirely omitted, and
Question X. is numbered IX. (G.)
[78] Il. XXIII. 190.
[79] From the Hypsipyle of Euripides, Frag. 754.
[80] Il. XVIII. 495.
[81] The Greek text here is badly mutilated. (G.)
[82] Il. I. 156.
[83] Il. XXIII. 886.
[84] Il. IX. 208.
[85] Il. XX. 467.
[86] Il. IX. 325.
[87] Hesiod, Theog. 116.
[88] Il. XI. 7.
[89] Odyss. VII. 115.
[90] Il. IX. 214.
[91] Il. XIV. 170.
[92] See Odyss. VI. 79 and 215.
[93] Il. XXII. 325-329.
[94] Odyss. IX. 373.
[95] Il. II. 409.
[96] Works and Days, 342.
[97] Il. VII. 324.
[98] Il. IX. 70 and 74.
[99] Odyss. VII. 138.
[100] For an account of the belief that Plato was the son of Apollo,
not of Aristo, and the vision of Apollo said to have appeared to
Aristo, see Diogenes Laertius, III. 1, 1. (G.)
[101] Il. XXIV. 258.
[102] Il. XXIII. 659.
[103] Works and Days, 595.
[104] Il. XI. 86.
[105] Odyss. X. 356.
[106] Odyss. XII. 329-332.
[107] Soph. Antigone, 456.
[108] Plutarch seems to give this meaning to the Homeric phrase ἐν
καρὸς αἴσῃ (Il. IX. 378) usually interpreted _at a hair’s worth_, or
_like unto death_ (as Aristarchus understood it, taking καρός for
κηρός). See the Scholia on the passage of the Iliad. (G.)
[109] Works and Days, 11.
[110] Il. XVIII. 356.
[111] Eurip. Orest. 271.
[112] Odyss. V. 306.
[113] Soph. Electra, 2.
[114] Il. III. 428.
[115] Hesiod, Works and Days, 763.
[116] Odyss. X. 72.
[117] Il. V. 335. It is evident from what follows that Plutarch
interprets μετάλμενος in this passage _having leaped to one side_. (G.)
[118] Il. V. 422.
[119] What follows, to the beginning of Question XIII., is omitted in
the old editions of this translation. (G.)
[120] See Il. III. 68, 88, 255, and 281.
[121] Il. III. 137.
[122] Il. IV. 13.
[123] Il. III. 308.
[124] Il. VII. 69.
[125] Il. III. 450.
[126] Il. III. 101.
[127] Il. III. 365.
[128] Odyss. X. 38.
[129] From Simonides.
[130] Pindar, Pyth. I. 25.
[131] Euripides, Frag. 975; Pindar, Olymp. I. 31; Il. XXIII. 503.
[132] Hesiod, Theog. 16.
[133] These verses are quoted by Tzetzes with three others as belonging
to Hesiod’s Heroic Genealogy. If they are genuine, they contain the
earliest reference to Hellen and his three sons. See Fragment XXXII. in
Göttling’s Hesiod. (G.)
[134] The fragments of Simonides may be found in Bergk, Poet. Lyr.
Gr. pp. 879, 880 (Nos. 29, 30, 31). They are too mutilated to be
translated. (G.)
[135] Odyss. XIX. 208.
[136] Soph. Oed. Tyr. 4.
[137] From Mimnermus.
[138] From the Chrysippus of Euripides, Frag. 837 and 838.
[139] Odyss. XII. 168.
[140] Il. VII. 98.
[141] Eurip. Hippol. 384.
[142] Il. XI. 547.
[143] Il. XIII. 284.
[144] Il. XV. 262; V. 185.
[145] Odyss. V. 322.
[146] Theognis, vs. 215.
[147] The Questions which follow (XXXII-XXXIX) are not found in the
Greek, but are restored from the Latin translation, said to have been
made in the 16th century from a Greek manuscript now lost. The version
here given is based upon that of Holland. (G.)
[148] Il. XIX. 415.
[149] Theoc. I. 105.
END OF VOL. III.
INDEX.
A.
“A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush,” a proverb among the Greeks, iv. 229.
“Abstain from beans,” meaning of the aphorism, i. 29.
Achelous, a river in Aetolia, v. 504.
Acrotatus, apothegm of, i. 400.
Actaeon, a beautiful youth of Corinth, murdered, iv. 313-315.
Ada, queen of Caria, sends delicacies to Alexander, i. 199.
Adimantus, admiral of the Corinthian fleet at the battle of Salamis, iv. 362;
his courage vindicated, 364.
Adrastus, anecdote of, i. 288.
Advice to a new-married couple, ii. 486-507.
Aeacus, his two sons, v. 466.
Aemilius Censorinus, v. 475.
Aemilius of Sybaris, v. 464.
Aemilius Paulus, sayings of, i. 232; iv. 202.
Aeolus, king of Etruria, v. 467.
Aeschines, quoted, Prom., i. 40;
anecdote of, 55;
Eumen., 59;
Frag., 163;
Prom., 299;
Ctesiphon, 334;
his early life, and concern in public affairs, v. 34;
incurs the hostility of Demosthenes, _ib._;
accused by Demosthenes and acquitted, 34, 35;
impeaches Ctesiphon, is fined and exiled, 35;
his school at Rhodes, _ib._;
his death, _ib._;
his orations, _ib._;
his public employments, 36.
Aeschylus, quoted, Septem, i. 210, 286, 315, 329, 493;
quoted, ii. 47;
anecdote of, 77, 160;
Frag., 48, 83, 127, 165, 374, 431, 458, 463, 474, 477;
quoted, iii. Frag., 24, 222;
quoted, iv. 20, 54, 385;
Frag., 276, 279;
quoted, v. Frag., 170;
Prom., 241, 320, 398.
Aesop, murdered by the citizens of Delphi, iv. 160;
their punishment, 161.
_See Esop._
Agamedes and Trophonius built the temple at Delphi, i. 313.
Agasicles, apothegms of, i. 385.
Agatharchides the Samian, his Persian History, v. 451.
Agatho the Samian, v. 474.
Agathocles, anecdote of, i. 46; ii. 317.
Aged Men, Shall they meddle in State Affairs?, v. 64-96.
Agesianax quoted, v. 235, 236.
Agesilaus, reply of, i. 73, 219, 220;
his sayings and great actions, 385-397;
his upright character, ii. 109, 115, 319, 455;
his punishment, iii. 46, 79;
anecdote of, v. 67;
his faults, 118; 457;
his Italian History, 468.
Agesipolis, two of the name, apothegms of, i. 397, 398.
Agis, king of Sparta, his sayings, i. 218, 221;
anecdote of, v. 95.
Agis, son of Archidamus, apothegm of, i. 398.
Agis the Argive, ii. 125.
Agis the Last, apothegm of, i. 400.
Agis the Younger, apothegms of, i. 400.
Ajax’s soul, her place in Hell, iii. 442.
Alba, king of, torn in pieces by horses, v. 455.
Albinus, a Roman general, v. 453.
Alcaeus quoted, ii. 298; iii. 264.
Alcamenes, apothegm of, i. 400.
Alcibiades, i. 143;
his sayings, 211;
his lustful conduct, 489;
the prince of flatterers, ii. 108, 471;
failure of, 460;
spoke with hesitation, v. 110, 112.
Alcippus, a Lacedaemonian, banished for his virtue; his wife slays
herself and her daughters, iv. 320-322.
Alcmaeon, saying of, i. 288;
philosophical opinions;
of the planets, iii. 140;
of hearing, 170;
of smelling, 170;
of taste, 170;
of the barrenness of mules, 182;
of embryos, 184;
of the formation of the body, 184;
of the cause of sleep, 188;
of health, sickness, and old age, 192.
Alcmaeonidae, unfairly represented by Herodotus, iv. 338, 347.
Alcman, quoted; Frag., i. 494; iii. 16; v. 279.
Aleuas the Thessalian, iii. 67.
Alexander of Macedon, and Porus, i. 45;
lament of, 140;
and Criso the runner, 152;
his sayings, 198-202;
the Fortune or Virtue of, 475-516;
anecdotes of, ii. 125, 138, 473;
his moderation, 475; iii. 29;
was he a great drinker, 219;
his purpose to attack the Romans, iv. 219; v. 140.
Alexander, tyrant of Pherae, his cruel temper softened by a play, i. 492.
Alexandridas, apothegm of, i. 401.
Alexarchus, his Italian History, v. 456.
Alexidemas, at the Banquet of the Seven Wise Men, ii. 3-41.
Alexinus the sophist, i. 76.
Alexis quoted, ii. 58.
Alpha, why placed first in the Alphabet, iii. 438.
Alpheus, a river in Arcadia, v. 501.
Amasis, king of Egypt, required to drink the ocean dry, ii. 13;
questions of, 16.
Ammonius, teacher of Plutarch, anecdote of, ii. 147.
Amphiaraus, quoted, i. 317;
his lance turned into a laurel, v. 455.
Amphidamas, poets meet at his grave in Chalcis, ii. 19.
Amphion, first invented playing on the harp and lyric poesy, i. 105.
Anarcharsis, and Eumetis, ii. 8;
his utterances at the Banquet of the Seven Wise Men, 12, 15, 20,
21, 27, 39.
Anatole, a mountain, v. 482.
Anaxagoras, saying of, i. 159;
said the sun was red-hot metal, 179;
anecdote of, 332; ii. 357; iii. 35, 37;
philosophical opinions;
Homoeomeries, 108;
of the origin of bodies, 119;
how bodies are mixed, 126;
of fortune, 131;
of the world’s inclination, 136;
of the stars, 138, 140;
of the sun, 142, 143;
of the moon, 145, 147;
of the milky way, 149;
of shooting stars, 150;
of thunder, lightning and hurricanes, 151;
of the rainbow, 153;
of earthquakes, 157;
of the sea, 158;
of the overflow of the Nile, 160;
of the voice, 172;
of generation, 178;
of the generation of animals, 186;
of reason in animals, 187;
of sleep, 190; v. 145, 255.
Anaxander, apothegm of, i. 401.
Anaxilas, apothegm of, i. 402.
Anaximander, philosophical opinions;
of principles, iii. 107;
the stars were heavenly deities, 121;
of the stars, 140;
of the essence and magnitude of the sun, 141, 142;
of eclipses of the sun, 144;
of the moon, 145;
of fire from clouds, 150;
of winds, 154;
of the earth, 155;
of the sea, 158;
of the generation of animals, 186.
Anaximenes, philosophical opinions;
air is the principle of all beings, iii. 107;
of heaven, 137;
of the stars, 139, 140;
cause of summer and winter, 141;
of the shape of the sun and summer and winter solstice, 143;
of the moon, 146;
of clouds, 151;
of the rainbow, 153;
of the earth, 155;
of earthquakes, 157; v. 313.
Ancients, suppers of the, iii. 255-259.
Andocides, one of the ten Attic orators, v. 21-23;
of a noble family, 21;
accused of impious acts, 22;
his adventures in Cyprus, 22, 23;
his exile, 23;
his orations, _ib._
Androclidas, apothegm of, i. 402.
Anecdotes of
Aeschylus, ii. 458.
Agathocles, i. 46.
Agesilaus, i. 73, 219, 220; v. 67, 118.
Agis, king of Sparta, v. 95.
Alcibiades, ii. 108, 109.
Alexander the Great, i. 45; ii. 473.
Ammonius, ii. 147.
Anaxagoras, i. 332.
Antigonus, i. 44, 47, 67, 202, 205, 334; iv. 231.
Antimachus, i. 307.
Antiochus Hierax, iii. 60.
Antipater, i. 64, 197, 205, 215.
Antony and Cleopatra, ii. 127.
Apelles the painter, i. 16, 153; ii. 122, 133.
Appius Claudius, v. 89.
Arcesilaus and Apelles, ii. 133.
Archelaus of Macedon, i. 67, 193.
Archidamus, i. 74.
Archimedes, ii. 174; v. 71.
Archytas of Tarentum, i. 18, 24.
Aristippus, i. 11, 55, 147, 459; ii. 55.
Athenian barber, iv. 238.
Attalus and Eumenes, iii. 61.
Augustus Caesar and Fulvius, iv. 235, 236.
Bocchoris, i. 63.
Brasidas, ii. 458.
Caesar, i. 293; iv. 204, 205; v. 67.
Cato, i. 295; ii. 490.
Cato and Catulus, i. 73.
Cleon, v. 100, 116.
Corinna, v. 404.
Crassus, i. 288, 290.
Croesus and Solon, ii. 122.
Demades and Phocion, ii. 298.
Demaratus and Philip, ii. 146.
Demetrius Phalereus, ii. 145; iii. 21.
Demosthenes, i. 15, 65, 334; ii. 460; v. 43-53.
Diogenes, i. 51, 67, 141, 142, 166, 283,
285, 311, 487; ii. 455, 458; iii, 21, 29.
Diogenes and Philip, ii. 147.
Diogenes and the mouse, ii. 453.
Dion, i. 64, 333.
Dionysius of Syracuse, i. 83, 152, 493; ii. 108, 140; iv. 238.
Epaminondas, v. 72, 95, 101, 120, 121, 125, 401.
Euclid, i. 55.
Eudoxus, ii. 174.
Eumenes, iii. 61; iv. 232.
Fulvius and Augustus, iv. 235, 236.
Hiero, i. 291.
Hyperides, v. 55, 56.
Isocrates, v. 31.
Leaena, iv. 229, 230.
Lucretia, i. 355.
Lycurgus, the lawgiver, i. 7.
Lycurgus, the orator, v. 39.
Lysander, i. 72; ii. 495.
Lysias, iv. 226.
Magas, i. 45.
Menander, v. 403.
Nasica, i. 285.
Nero, v. 123.
Nicias, the Athenian general, i. 177.
Nicias, the painter, ii. 173; v. 71.
Nicostratus and Archidamus, i. 74.
Olympias, ii. 494, 495.
Pericles, i. 15, 18, 66, 211, 332; ii. 309, 315; v. 67, 106.
Philip of Macedon, i. 305; ii. 146, 147, 494.
Phocion, ii. 298; v. 118.
Pindar, v. 404.
Pisistratus, iii. 41.
Plato, i. 71.
Plato and Socrates, ii. 148.
Polemon, i. 55.
Pompey, v. 70.
Postumia, i. 290.
Priest of Hercules, iii. 90.
Prometheus, i. 289.
Ptolemy Lagus, i. 45.
Pythagoras, ii. 174.
Roman Senator and his wife, iv. 233-235.
Scaurus, i. 295.
Scilurus, a Scythian king, iv. 244.
Seleucus Callinicus, iv. 237.
Seneca, i. 53.
Simonides, v. 68.
Socrates, i. 11, 13, 23, 26, 38, 53, 141, 150.
Socrates and Plato, ii. 148.
Solon, v. 89.
Solon and Croesus, ii. 122.
Sophocles, v. 68.
Stasicrates, i. 495.
Stilpo the philosopher, ii. 468.
Stratonicus, iii. 21.
Sylla, v. 72.
Terpander, i. 91, 92.
Themistocles, i. 73, 290, 296; iii. 21; v. 120.
Theramenes, i. 306.
Timotheus the musician, i. 92.
Valeria, i. 356.
Xanthippe, wife of Socrates, i. 53, 292.
Xenocrates, i. 71.
Xenophon, i. 333.
Xerxes and Ariamenes, iii. 59, 60.
Zeno, i. 72, 142, 283; ii. 455; iii. 25; iv. 225.
Anger, concerning the cure of, i. 33-59.
Animal Food, shall it be eaten? Of Eating of Flesh, v. 3-16.
Animals, generation of, iii. 186;
how many species of, 187;
appetites and pleasures of, 191;
ails and cures of, 510;
their intelligence, v. 157-217.
Anius, king of the Tuscans, v. 475.
Antalcidas, his sayings, i. 222, 402;
his reply to a railing Athenian, v. 125.
Anthes, the first author of hymns, i. 105.
Anthias, the sacred fish, v. 208.
Anthipphus, Lydian harmony first used by, i. 114.
Antichthon, the, iii. 155.
Antigonus, anecdote of, i. 25;
saying of, 44, 47, 67, 202, 205, 334,
484; iv. 231.
Antigonus the Second, his sayings, i. 205; ii. 319.
Antimachus, anecdote of, i. 308.
Antiochus and Charicles, iii. 49.
Antiochus and Seleucus, iii. 60.
Antiochus, apothegm of, i. 403.
Antiochus Hierax, anecdotes of, i. 206; iii. 60.
Antiochus Sidetes, anecdotes of, i. 207.
Antiochus the Spartan, his saying, i. 221.
Antiochus the Third, anecdotes of, i. 206.
Antipater, anecdotes of, i. 64, 197, 205, 215; ii. 135, 298; iii. 517; v. 49.
Antiperistasis of motion, v. 435.
Antiphanes, witty saying of his, ii. 456.
Antiphon, one of the ten Attic orators, ii. 142; v. 17-21;
his birth, education, &c., 17;
wrote speeches for others, _ib._;
a man of great talent and learning, 18;
concerned in the revolution which subverted the popular government, _ib._;
on the overthrow of the oligarchical party he was involved in their ruin, _ib._;
number of his orations, 19;
decree of the senate against him, 20;
his condemnation and punishment, 21;
opinion concerning the moon, iii. 146;
of the sea, 158.
Antisthenes quoted, i. 77, 289, 496; v. 125.
Antony and Cleopatra, ii. 127.
Apelles, the painter, anecdotes of, i. 16, 153;
his picture of Alexander, 494;
and Megabyzus, ii. 122;
and Arcesilaus, 133.
Aphareus, adopted son of Isocrates, wrote orations and tragedies, v. 32.
Apis, the sacred bull of the Egyptians, iv. 68;
slain by Ochus, king of Persia, 74, 92.
Apollo and the dragon Python, iv. 20.
Apollo, inventor of the flute and harp, i. 113.
Apollo, temple of, iv. 478-498;
the inscription ει over its gate, 479.
Apollodorus, first invented the mixing of colors and the softening of
shadows, v. 400.
Apollonides, of shadow, v. 265;
of spots in the moon, 269.
Apollonis of Cyzicum, iii. 41.
Apollonius, consolation to, i. 299-339.
Apollonius, the Peripatetic, iii. 57.
Apothegms of Kings and Great Commanders, i. 185-250.
Agathocles, sayings of, i. 193.
Agesilaus, 219.
Agis, 218-221.
Alcibiades, 211.
Alexander the Great, 198-202.
Antalcidas, 222.
Antigonus, 202.
Antigonus the Second, 205.
Antiochus Sidetes, 207.
Antiochus the Spartan, 221.
Antiochus the Third, 206.
Antipater, 205.
Archelaus, 193.
Archidamus, 218.
Aristides, 210.
Artaxerxes Longimanus, 187.
Artaxerxes Mnemon, 188.
Ateas, 189.
Augustus Caesar, 248-250.
Brasidas, 218.
Caecilius Metellus, 239.
Caius Fabricius, 227.
Caius Marius, 239.
Caius Popilius, 240.
Cato the Elder, 233-235.
Chabrias, 213.
Charillus, 217.
Cicero, 244.
Cneus Domitius, 231.
Cneus Pompeius, 241-244.
Cotys, 189.
Cyrus the Elder, 186.
Cyrus the Younger, 188.
Darius, 186.
Demetrius, 204.
Demetrius Phalereus, 217.
Dion, 193.
Dionysius the Elder, 191.
Dionysius the Younger, 192.
Epaminondas, 222-226.
Eudaemonidas, 221.
Eumenes of Pergamus, 206.
Fabius Maximus, 227-228.
Gelo, 190.
Hegesippus, 213.
Hiero, 190.
Idathyrsus, 189.
Iphicrates, 212.
Lucullus, 241.
Lycurgus, 217.
Lysander, 219.
Lysimachus, 205.
Manius Curius, 226.
Memnon, 189.
Nicostratus, 221.
Orontes, 188.
Parysatis, 188.
Paulus Aemilius, 232.
Pelopidas, 225.
Pericles, 211.
Philip of Macedon, 194-198.
Phocion, 213, 216.
Pisistratus, 216.
Poltys, 189.
Ptolemy Lagus, 202.
Pyrrhus the Epirot, 207.
Pytheas, 213.
Scilurus, 190.
Scipio Junior, 235-239.
Scipio the Elder, 229.
Semiramis, 187.
Teres, 189.
Themistocles, 208.
Theopompus, 217.
Timotheus, 212.
Titus Quinctius, 230.
Xerxes, 187.
Appius Claudius, anecdote of, v. 89.
Apple tree, of the, iii. 333.
Arar, a river in Gaul, v. 484.
Aratus, quoted, iii. 116;
of the stars, 141;
quoted, 334, 497; iv. 98; v. 112;
quoted, 177.
Araxes, a river in Armenia, v. 506.
Arcadian prophet in Herodotus, iii. 38.
Arcadio the Archaean, saying of, i. 44.
Arcesilaus, i. 53, 148;
quoted, 258, 315;
and Battus, ii. 115;
his kindness to Apelles, 133; v. 371.
Archelaus, king of Macedon, anecdote of, i. 67, 193.
Archelaus, his opinions concerning principles, iii. 109.
Archias, ii. 379 _et seq._; iv. 314, 315.
Archidamidas, apothegms of, i. 404.
Archidamus, i. 4, 74, 218, 404; ii. 379 _et seq._
Archilochus the poet, banished from Sparta, i. 96;
quoted, 97;
his improvements in music, 122, 123, 177;
phrase of, ii. 17, 61, 84; iii. 26; v. 108, 216, 320.
Archimedes, of the sun’s diameter, v. 71;
anecdote of, ii. 173, 174.
Archytas of Tarentum, anecdotes of, i. 18, 24.
Ardalus, a minstrel at the Banquet of the Seven Wise Men, ii. 11, 12.
Aregeus, apothegm of, i. 403.
Aretades Cnidus, his Macedonian History, v. 458;
his Second Book of Islands, 467.
Aretaphila, her fortitude and virtue, i. 367.
Argive women, their repulse of the Spartan army, i. 346.
Argives, wrestling matches of, i. 121;
imposed a fine for playing with more than seven strings, 130;
combat of the, with the Lacedaemonians, v. 452.
Ariamenes yields the throne of Persia to his younger brother Xerxes, iii. 59.
Arion and the dolphins, ii. 33-36.
Aristarchus, iii. 36;
concerning the eclipse of the sun, 144; v. 246.
Aristides, his Persian History, v. 453.
Aristides, his sayings, i. 210.
Aristides Milesius, his Italian History, v. 451, 452, 453, 458, 459,
460, 462, 463, 465, 466, 469, 473, 474, 475, 476;
Italian Commentaries, 461;
quoted, 462.
Aristippus, anecdotes of, i. 11, 55, 79, 147; ii. 295, 459.
Aristo of Chios, ii. 369.
Aristobolus, his Third Book of Italian History, v. 470.
Aristocles, Third Book of his Italian History, v. 466, 476.
Aristoclia, a beautiful maiden, iv. 312, 313.
Aristodemus, his Third Collection of Fables, v. 472.
Aristodemus, king of Messenia, i. 177.
Aristodemus the Epicurean, ii. 158, 159, 180.
Aristomenes, preceptor of Ptolemy, ii. 149.
Ariston, apothegm of, i. 403; iii. 18;
his opinion of moral virtue, 462; v. 111.
Aristonicus the musician, i. 494.
Aristonymus, a woman hater, v. 468.
Aristophanes, his comedy of “The Clouds,” i. 23;
quoted, 79, 125, 500;
quoted, ii. 78, 149, 429;
his coarseness and buffoonery, iii. 11;
compared with Menander, 11-14;
quoted, iv. 196, 273;
quoted, v. 42, 405.
Aristotinus, tyranny of, i. 357-363; v. 172.
Aristotle, quoted, i. 37; 50;
on harmony, 119; 155, 272, 326;
the teacher of Alexander, 478, ii. 302, 319;
letter of, 455;
his philosophical opinions; of nature, 105;
of principles and elements, 106;
of God, 121;
of matter, 123;
of ideas, 123;
of causes, 124;
of a vacuum, 127;
of motion, 128;
of fortune, 131;
of the world, 133, 134, 135;
of vacuum, 137;
of the world, 137;
of heaven, 137;
of the stars, 140;
of the sun, 142;
of the summer and winter solstices, 143;
of the moon, 146;
of the milky way, 148, 149;
of comets, 149;
of thunder and lightning, 151;
of earthquakes, 157;
of tides, 159;
of the motion of the soul, 164;
of the senses, 166;
of the voice, 172;
of generative seed, 177;
of the sperm, 177;
of emission of women, 177;
of conception, 178;
of generation, 179;
of the first form in the womb, 184;
of seven months’ children, 185;
of the species of animals, 187;
of sleep, 189;
of plants, 190;
quoted, 225, 226;
opinions concerning the soul, 465;
opinion concerning a plurality of worlds, iv. 33;
concerning prophetic inspiration, 54; v. 189, 253, 262, 313, 316, 355;
quoted, 439;
the Second Book of Paradoxes, 468.
Aristoxenus, of music, i. 114, 115, 125, 134.
Arsinoe, Queen, i. 319.
Artaxerxes Longimanus, his sayings, i. 187.
Artaxerxes Mnemon, his sayings, i. 188.
Aruntius and Medullina, v. 463.
Asclepiades, opinions: of the soul, iii. 161;
of respiration, 174;
of two or three children at one birth, 180;
animals in the womb, 188;
of health, sickness, and old age, 193.
Aster the archer, v. 456.
Astycratidas, apothegm of, i. 405.
Ateas, saying of, i. 189; ii. 177.
Atepomarus, king of the Gauls, v. 469.
Atheism and superstition compared, i. 168 _et seq._
Athenian citizens, their number, v. 42;
their temper and disposition, 100.
Athenians, whether they were more renowned for their warlike
achievements, or for their learning, v. 399-411.
Athenodorus, memorable action of, iii. 50.
Athens, was a democracy, v. 397;
the nurse of history, of painting, and poetry, 400, 401;
not renowned for epic or lyric verse, 404.
Atoms, doctrine of, v. 345-348.
Atreus and Thyestes, v. 470, 471.
Attalus and Eumenes, their kindness and fidelity to each other, iii. 61, 62.
Attica, invasion of, by Datis, v. 450, 451.
Augustus Caesar, his sayings, i. 248-250;
the favored son of Fortune, iv. 205; v. 67.
Augustus Caesar and Fulvius, anecdote of, iv. 235, 236.
Autobulus, v. 156 _et seq._
Autumn, dreams in, iii. 432.
B.
Baccho, iv. 256, 264, 269.
Bacchus, ii. 12, 29.
Ballenaeus, mount, v. 492.
Banishment, or flying one’s country, iii. 15-35.
Banquet of the Seven Wise Men; Solon, Bias, Thales, Anacharsis,
Cleobulus, Pittacus, Chilo, ii. 3-41.
Barley, sow, in dust, iii. 505.
Barrenness in women, iii. 181.
Barrenness of mules, iii. 182.
Bashfulness, i. 60-77.
Basilocles, iii. 69, 70.
Baths, hot and cold, iii. 512.
Battus, ii. 115.
Bear, cunning of the, v. 185.
Bears, flesh of, iii. 509.
Beasts, flesh of sacrificial, iii. 361.
Bees, cannot abide smoke, iii. 515;
stinging of, 516.
Bellerophon, fable of, i. 351.
Berecyntus, mount, v. 490.
Berosus concerning the eclipse of the moon, iii. 146.
Bewitching, power of, iii. 327.
Bias, quoted, i. 17, 406;
at the Banquet of the Seven Wise Men, ii. 4, 14, 128.
Bion, saying of, i. 76;
his opinion concerning the punishment of children for the sins of
their fathers, iv. 171;
saying of, v. 170.
Bird or the egg, which was first, iii. 242-246.
Birds, prophetic nature of, v. 193.
Birth, two or three at one, iii. 180.
Birthdays of famous men, iii. 400.
Biton and Cleobis, their filial piety, i. 313.
Boar and the toil, iii. 512.
Bocchoris, anecdote of, i. 63.
Bodies, of, iii. 124;
division of, 126;
how mixed with one another, 126.
Body, passions of the, iii. 175;
what part is first formed, 184;
diseases of the, iv. 504-508.
Boedromion, month of, iii. 444.
Boethus, his opinion concerning comets, iii. 150.
Book of Rivers, v. 455.
Brasidas, apothegm of, i. 218; ii. 458.
Brennus, king of the Gauls, v. 460.
Britain, longevity in, iii. 193.
Brixaba, mount, v. 494.
Brotherly love, iii. 36-68.
Brute animals, ails and cures of, iii. 510;
their intelligence; which are the more crafty, water or land
animals? v. 157-217.
Brute beasts make use of reason, v. 218-233.
Bucephalus, the horse, v. 183.
Bulimy, or the greedy disease, iii. 355.
Busiris, king of Egypt, strangers murdered by, v. 474.
C.
Caecilius Metellus, apothegm of, i. 239.
Caesar, Augustus, his sayings, i. 248-250;
anecdote of, iv. 205;
and Fulvius, 235, 236; v. 67, 132.
Caesar, C. Julius, his sayings, i. 246-248;
his magnanimity, 293;
his reliance on fortune, iv. 205.
Caesar, Tiberius, sayings of, i. 277; ii. 126; iii. 23.
Caicus, a river, v. 503.
Caius Fabricius, apothegm of, i. 227.
Caius Gracchus, i. 40; v. 99.
Caius Marius, apothegm of, i. 239.
Caius Maximus, and his two sons, v. 466.
Caius Popilius, apothegm of, i. 240.
Callicratidas, apothegms of, i. 412;
saying of, ii. 187.
Callimachus, saying of, i. 323; iii. 23, 118, 321.
Callisthenes, saying of, i. 37;
his Book of Transformations, v. 454;
Third Book of the Macedonics, 456;
Third Book of History of Thrace, v. 469.
Calpurnius Crassus, liberated from captivity, v. 465.
Calpurnius and Florentia, v. 467.
Calydon, mount, v. 505.
Camillus, anecdote of, iv. 204.
Camma, the Galatian, her revenge, i. 372.
Canus the piper, v. 71.
Caphene and Nymphaeus, i. 348.
Caphisias, ii. 379 _et seq._
Carneades, i. 160;
a striking observation of his, ii. 123.
Cassius, a Roman traitor, v. 457.
Castor and Pollux, iii. 48.
Cato and Catulus, anecdotes of, i. 73.
Cato, saying of, i. 61;
and Catulus, 73; 261;
his integrity, 295;
his sayings, ii. 42, 72, 76, 318; v. 10, 66, 67;
anecdotes of, 83, 112, 120, 123, 144, 155.
Cato the Elder, apothegms of, i. 233-235;
anecdote of, ii. 490.
Catoptrics, doctrine of the, v. 257.
Cattle, salt given to, iii. 497.
Catulus, v. 457.
Caucasus, mount, v. 483.
Caudine Forks, defeat of the Romans at the, v. 452, 453.
Causes, of, iii. 123.
Causes of sleep and death, iii. 188.
Celtic women, virtue of the, i. 347.
Cephisocrates, ii. 133.
Cephisophan, a rhetorician, i. 98.
Ceres, mistress of earthly things, v. 285, 286.
Chabrias, his sayings, i. 213.
Chaeremon quoted, Frag., ii. 475.
Chameleon, the, v. 202.
Chaplet of flowers at table, iii. 260-265.
Charicles and Antiochus, iii. 49.
Charillus, his sayings, i. 217, 432; ii. 97, 116.
Charon, the Theban, ii. 381.
Chasms in the earth closed by men leaping into them, v. 454.
Chersias at the Banquet of the Seven Wise Men, ii. 3-41.
Chian women, virtue of the, i. 344.
Children, training of, i. 3-32;
similitude to their parents, iii. 180;
similitude to strangers, 181.
Chilo, i. 280;
at the Banquet of the Seven Wise Men, ii. 3-41.
Chilon, saying of, i. 471.
Chiomara of Galatia, i. 374.
Chorus of the Aeantis, iii. 226-228.
Chorus of the Leontis, iii. 226.
Chromatic scale, in music, i. 117.
Chrysermus, his Peloponnesian History, v. 452;
Second Book of Histories, 457.
Chrysippus, ii. 87;
his opinion concerning fate, iii. 130;
of moral virtue, 462;
his doctrines refuted, 488; iv. 372 _et seq._, 428-477; v. 205;
his opinion concerning the cause of cold combated, 324;
First Book of Italian History, 468.
Cicero, apothegm of, i. 244; ii. 310; v. 96.
Cilician geese, v. 175.
Cinesias, the lyric poet, i. 180.
Cinna stoned to death, v. 469.
Cios, maids of, i. 354.
Circe, her supposed conversation with Ulysses, v. 218-219.
Cithaeron, mount, v. 479.
Cleanthes, his opinion concerning the stars, iii. 139, 140; v. 176, 420.
Cleobis and Biton, i. 313.
Cleobulus at the Banquet of the Seven Wise Men, ii. 3-41.
Cleodemus, at the Banquet of the Seven Wise Men, ii. 3-41;
first brought the cupping-glass into request, 20.
Cleodorus, the physician, ii. 16.
Cleombrotus, i. 413; iv. 3, 4, 26.
Cleomenes, v. 161.
Cleomenes, apothegms of, i. 346, 413, 416.
Cleon, anecdotes of, v. 100, 116.
Clisthenes, vindicated from the aspersions of Herodotus, iv. 343.
Clitonymus, his Italian History, v. 458;
Second Book of his Sybaritics, v. 464.
Clitophon, his First Book of Gallican History, v. 460.
Cloelia and Valeria, i. 356.
Clonas, a musical composer, i. 107, 109.
Clouds, eruption of fire out of the, iii. 150;
rain, hail, and snow, 151.
Cneus Domitius, apothegm of, i. 231.
Cneus Pompeius, apothegms of, i. 241-244.
Cocles, the Roman, v. 145.
Codrus, king of Athens, v. 462.
Coeranus and the dolphins, v. 215.
Cold, First Principle of, v. 309-330.
Color, does it exist in the dark, v. 344, 345.
Colors, of, iii. 125.
Colotes, the Epicurean, ii. 187;
book written by, v. 338;
misrepresents Democritus, 341;
his doctrines, 349;
misrepresents Plato, 355, 356;
falls at the feet of Epicurus, 360;
disparagement of Socrates, 361;
against Stilpo, 367;
assaults the Philosophers, 367;
condemns the opinion of Epicurus, 368;
Cyrenaic philosophers ridiculed, 369;
treats Arcesilaus unfairly, 371;
absurdity of Epicureanism, 373;
opinions of Epicurus, 374;
danger of his doctrines, 377, 378, 338-385.
Comets and shooting fires, iii. 149.
Comminius Super, a Laurentine, v. 472.
Common conceptions against the Stoics, iv. 372-427.
Comparison between the actions of the Greeks and Romans, v. 450-476.
Comparison betwixt Aristophanes and Menander, iii. 11-14.
Conception, how it is made, iii. 178.
Concerning Music, i. 102-135.
Concerning such whom God is slow to punish, iv. 140-188.
Concerning the fortune of the Romans, iv. 198-219.
Concerning the virtues of women, i. 340-384.
Conciseness of speech, recommended, iv. 243;
examples given, 243, 244.
Conjugal Precepts; Advice to a New-married Couple, ii. 486-507.
Consolation to Apollonius, i. 299-339.
Consolatory Letter from Plutarch to his Wife, Timoxena, on Occasion
of the Death of their Daughter, two years old, v. 386-394.
Contingent and possible defined, v. 299.
Contradictions of the Stoics, iv. 428-477.
Cora and Proserpine, v. 285.
Corinna, anecdote of, v. 404.
Corinthian Hall at Delphi, iii. 80-82.
Cornelius Scipio, consul, v. 96, 112, 114, 136.
Cotys, his sayings, i. 189.
Crabs charmed by fifes, v. 163.
Cranes, flight of, v. 175, 203.
Crantor, quoted, i. 300, 304, 324, 326;
his opinion of the soul, ii. 327, 328, 345, 349, 360.
Crassus, anecdotes of, i. 288, 290; v. 125.
Crassus Calpurnius, v. 465.
Crassus’s mullet, v. 196.
Crates, i. 141;
saying of, 495; ii. 145, 321;
opinion of the stars, iii. 140; v. 419, 423.
Cratinus the comic poet, v. 410.
Crato, iii. 198.
Creon’s daughter, i. 472.
Cretinus, the Magnesian, v. 121.
Criticism on passages in Homer, ii. 69-72, 74-84, 89, 90, 91.
Criticism on Sophocles, ii. 72.
Critolaus, his History of the Epirots, v. 455;
Fourth Book of Celestial Appearances, 457.
Crocodile, story of a, v. 196, 206, 210.
Croesus, ii. 122; iii. 85; iv. 339.
Cronium, mount, v. 501.
Ctesiphon, his Third Book of the Boeotian History, v. 458.
Ctesiphon the Pancratiast, i. 42.
Curatii and Horatii, v. 461.
Cure of anger, i. 33-59.
Curiosity, of, ii. 424-445;
mischiefs of vain, iv. 236.
Cuttle-fish, sign of a storm, iii. 505;
wariness of the, v. 200.
Cyanippus, a Syracusan, v. 462.
Cyanippus, a Thessalian, v. 463.
Cyclades islands, iii. 24.
Cycloborus, a brook near Athens, v. 110.
Cynaegirus, an Athenian commander, story of, v. 450.
Cyprus, female parasites of, called Steps, ii. 103.
Cyrus the Elder, his sayings, i. 186; ii. 319;
enlarges the Persian empire, iv. 85.
Cyrus the Younger, his sayings, i. 188.
D.
Daemon of Socrates, Discourse concerning the, ii. 378-423.
Daemons, their nature, attributes, and actions, iv. 14 _et seq._;
some of them are malignant and cruel, 19;
they are mortal, 15, 23, 24;
vainglorious, 28;
have the care of oracles, 21, 27;
sometimes have quarrels and combats with one another, 27;
our souls are by nature endued with similar powers, 50 _et seq._;
in the Moon, v. 289;
will of the, 304;
providence of the, 307, 308.
Damindas, apothegm of, i. 407.
Damis, apothegm of, i. 406.
Damonidas, apothegm of, i. 406.
Darius, his sayings, i. 186, 502; v. 458.
Darkness, whether visible, iii. 169.
Datis, a Persian commander, his invasion of Attica, v. 450.
Daughters who had carnal knowledge of their fathers, v. 464.
Death appertains to soul or body, iii. 189.
Death a reward for distinguished piety; illustrated by the cases of
Biton and Cleobis, of Agamedes and Trophonius, of Pindar and Euthynous, i. 313, 314.
Death of fire is the generation of air, v. 316.
Death the brother of sleep, i. 311.
Debates at entertainments, iii. 394.
Debt, Evils of. Against running in Debt, or Taking up Money upon Usury, v. 412-424.
Debt of nature, i. 309.
Decius of Rome, v. 462.
Decrees proposed to the Athenians, v. 58.
Deity, knowledge of a, whence derived, iii. 115.
Delay of Providence in Punishing the Wicked. De sera Numinis Vindicta, iv. 140-188.
Delight in hearing the passions of men represented, iii. 314.
Delphi, a walk in, iii. 69;
the statues there, 70;
atmosphere of, 72;
ancient oracles of, 73;
Corinthian Hall at, 80-82;
statue of Phryne, 83.
Delphic Oracle, inscription on the, Know thyself, and Nothing too much, i. 328.
Demades and Phocion, anecdotes of, ii. 298; v. 108, 141.
Demaratus and Philip, anecdote of, ii. 146.
Demaratus, apothegm of, i. 407, 482;
his Second Book of Arcadian History, v. 461.
Demetrius Phalereus, his saying, i. 217;
anecdotes of, ii. 145; iii. 21; v. 145.
Demetrius, his sayings, i. 204.
Demetrius of Tarsus, comes to Delphi, iv. 3.
Demochares, a nephew of Demosthenes, procures a statue to be set up for his uncle, v. 58-60;
a decree for a statue for himself, 60, 61.
Democracy and Oligarchy, v. 395-398.
Democrates, saying of, v. 109.
Democritus, saying of, i. 22, 263, 275; ii. 440; iii. 7;
his philosophical opinions, 121, 123, 126, 127, 128, 129, 132, 133, 135, 139, 140, 142, 145, 149, 155,
156, 157, 160, 162, 163, 164, 166, 168, 169, 171, 176, 177, 179, 183, 187, 227;
his opinions misrepresented, v. 341;
his doctrine concerning atoms, 345, 346, 381.
Demodocus, i. 105.
Demonides, the cripple, ii. 51.
Demosthenes, the orator, anecdotes of, i. 15, 65;
quoted, 67, 286, 325;
anecdote of, 334, 481;
quoted, ii. 145, 300, 312, 313;
anecdote of, 460;
quoted, iv. 212;
quoted, v. 34, 35;
sketch of his life, 43-53;
his birth, education, and early years, 43;
calls his guardians to account, _ib._;
is chosen choregus, 44;
his methods to obtain excellence in speaking, _ib._;
opposes the designs of Philip, 45;
describes “action” as of supreme importance in oratory, _ib._;
his early failures as an orator, _ib._;
defends the Olynthians, 46;
is admired by Philip, though an enemy, _ib._;
his magnanimity, 47;
his conduct at Chaeronea, _ib._;
his patriotism, _ib._;
the oration for the Crown, _ib._;
accused of receiving a bribe, 48;
his exile, _ib._;
recalled, _ib._;
returns to the administration of public affairs, 49;
leaves Athens to avoid being delivered up to Antipater, _ib._;
his death, 50;
his family, _ib._;
honors paid to his memory, 51;
anecdotes of him, 49, 50-53;
his great temperance, 53;
his public services recounted in a decree, 58-60;
quoted, 69, 109, 110, 124, 138, 146,
409, 411, 447, 448.
Dercyllidas, apothegm of, i. 407.
Dercyllus, his First Book of Foundations, v. 461;
Third Book of Italian History, 474.
Destiny, or fate, iii. 130.
Deucalion [like Noah] sent forth a dove from the ark, and with like
purpose, v. 179.
Diagoras the Melian, iii. 118.
Diana Orthia, rites of, i. 98.
Dicaearchus, opinion concerning the soul, iii. 161;
of divination, 176; v. 93.
Dignity of places at table, iii. 210, 212.
Dinarchus, an Athenian orator, v. 57, 58;
becomes rich, 57;
his exile in Chalcis, 58;
restored, _ib._;
his orations, _ib._
Diocles, at the Banquet of the Seven Wise Men, ii. 3-41;
his philosophical opinions, iii. 179, 182, 185, 192.
Diogenes Laertius quoted, i. 77.
Diogenes, quoted, i. 4, 12;
anecdotes of, 51, 67, 141, 142, 166, 283, 285, 311, 487;
quoted, ii. 58, 155, 193; 455, 458, 465, 466;
story of the mouse, 453; iii. 21, 27, 29, 31;
his philosophical opinions, 132, 136, 138, 143, 148, 163, 183, 187,
189, 494; iv. 311; v. 8, 65.
Diogenes and Philip, ii. 147.
Diogenianus, iii. 71, 73, _et seq._
Diomedes, ii. 41;
liberated from captivity, v. 465.
Dion, example of, i. 64, 193, 333.
Dionysius, tyrant of Sicily, does not relish the Lacedaemonian broth, i. 83;
his unreasonable anger, 152;
his sayings, 449, 484, 491;
his ungenerous behavior, 493;
parasites of, ii. 166; 314;
anecdote of, iv. 238.
Dionysius and Plato, ii. 108, 140.
Dionysius the Elder, his sayings, i. 191; v. 84.
Dionysius the Younger, his sayings, i. 192, 501.
Diophantus, saying of, i. 4.
Diorphus, mount, v. 507.
Discourse to an Unlearned Prince, iv. 323-330.
Diseases of the body, iv. 504-508.
Divination, of, iii. 176; iv. 59.
Dog, habit of biting of stones, iii. 516;
affection for his master, v. 180, 182, 184;
docility of the, 191.
Dolphin, sagacity of the, v. 200;
nature of the, 204;
story of a, 213;
its love of music, 214;
stories of affection of, 215, 216.
Dolphin and Arion, ii. 33-36;
and the lad of Jasus, v. 215.
Domitian is mentioned [which fixes the era of Plutarch], ii. 443.
Domitius, anecdote of, i. 288, 295; v. 125.
Dorian Mood of music, i. 109, 115.
Dorians pray for bad making of their hay, iii. 504.
Dorotheus, his First Book of Transformations, v. 466;
his Fourth Book of Italian History, v. 463.
Dositheus, his Third Book of Sicilian History, v. 463, 471, 472, 474;
Third Book of Lydian History, 469;
his Pelopidae, 471;
First Book of Italian History, 475.
Dream, a romantic, ii. 407-411.
Dreams and Omens, ii. 401, 402.
Dreams in Autumn, iii. 432.
Dreams, whence do they arise, iii. 176.
Drink either five or three, iii. 282-284.
Drink passeth through the lungs, iii. 363.
E.
Earth, its nature and magnitude, iii. 154;
figure of the, 155;
site and position of the, 155;
inclination of the, 155;
motion of the, 156;
zones of the, 156;
exhalations from the, iv. 53;
its form and its place, v. 247;
an instrument of time, 439.
Earthquakes, of, iii. 157.
Echo, what gives the, iii. 172.
Eclipse of the moon, iii. 146.
Eclipses of the sun, iii. 144.
Ecphantus, his opinion concerning the motion of the earth, iii. 156.
Egg or the bird, which was first, iii. 242-246.
Egypt, its Religion and Philosophy; of Isis and Osiris, or of the
Ancient Religion and Philosophy of Egypt, iv. 65-139.
Egyptian skeleton at feasts, ii. 7.
Egyptians in Ethiopia, iii. 20.
Ει at Apollo’s temple at Delphi, iv. 479-498.
Eleans, the, v. 426.
Elements, mixture of the, iii. 126.
Elephant, understanding of the, v. 178;
stories of, 178;
of King Porus, 183;
most beloved by the Gods, 187;
amour of the, 188;
chirurgery of the, 192.
Elephas, mount, v. 478.
Elysian fields in the moon, v. 289.
Elysius the Terinean, vision of, i. 314.
Embryo, how nourished, iii. 183;
is an animal, _ib._
Empedocles, i. 59;
saying of, 158, 469;
quoted, ii. 49, 195; 357;
quoted, iii. 34, 81;
his philosophical opinions, 112, 114, 125-129, 131, 132,
136-138, 143, 145, 147, 154, 158, 163, 165,
168-170, 173, 178-184, 188-191;
quoted, 209, 262, 293, 333, 497, 509, 518;
quoted, iv. 21, 52, 85, 87, 108, 273;
quoted, v. 169, 239, 246, 249, 252, 255, 318, 348, 350, 351;
misunderstood by Colotes, 351;
quoted, 381, 420, 421, 439.
Emprepes, apothegm of, i. 408.
Enemies, how a man may profit by his, i. 280-298.
Entertainment, late to an, iii. 417.
Envy and Hatred, ii. 95-99.
Epaminondas, his sayings, i. 222-226, 277;
his great actions, 225;
his consistency of character, ii. 109; 182, 185, 309, 313, 319,
381, 396, 399, 414; iii. 6; v. 72, 75, 95,
101, 121, 125;
his invasion of Laconia, 401, 407, 458.
Epaminondas, son of, beheaded, v. 458.
Ephorus, his opinion concerning the overflowing of the Nile, iii. 161.
Epicharmus, quoted, i. 315, 496; ii. 141; iv. 242.
Epicureans, misrepresentations of the, v. 352-354.
Epicurus, quoted, i. 138, 139, 159;
famous sentence of, ii. 92;
his doctrine; refutation of it; pleasure is not attainable, 157-203;
reverence of his brothers, iii. 57;
his philosophical opinions, 111, 122, 124, 127, 128,
131, 134, 135, 139, 142, 143, 151, 163, 164, 165, 169, 177, 183;
opinions of, v. 350, 374;
danger of his doctrines, 377, 378;
disciples of, 383, 385.
Epigenes, opinion concerning comets, iii. 150.
Epimenides, long sleep of, v. 66; 279.
Erasistratus, his opinion of the soul, iii. 163;
of superfetation, 180;
his definition of a fever, 192.
Eratosthenes, his philosophical opinions: of time, iii. 128;
of the sun, 147; v. 456.
Erectheus, sacrifice of his daughter, v. 463.
Eryxo of Cyrene, i. 378.
Esop, fable of, ii. 11, 12, 16, 19-22, 23;
dog of, 25;
at the Banquet of the Seven Wise Men, 3-41; iii. 63, 202.
Eteocles the Theban, i. 257.
Euboea, king of, drawn in pieces by horses, v. 455.
Euboidas, apothegm of, i. 408.
Euclid, anecdote of, i. 55; ii. 173.
Euclides, his brotherly love, iii. 61.
Euctus and Eulaeus, ii. 146.
Eudaemonidas, his sayings, i. 221.
Eudamidas, apothegm of, i. 408.
Eudemus, of matter, ii. 334.
Eudorus, system of numbers, ii. 343, 345.
Eudoxus, anecdotes of, ii. 174;
his opinion of the cause of winter and summer, iii. 141;
of the overflow of the Nile, 161.