He made his father angry (or, be angered). "Li kolerigis sian patron",
or, "li igis sian patron kolera".
The loss drove him mad. "La perdo frenezigis lin", or, "igis lin
freneza".
It rendered the gun useless. "Gxi senutiligis la pafilon", or, "igis la
pafilon senutila".
COMPLETE GRAMMAR OF ESPERANTO.
By Dr. Zamenhof.
A.--Alphabet.
Aa, Bb, Cc, Cxcx, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Gxgx, Hh, Hxhx, Ii, Jj, Jxjx, Kk, Ll,
Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Sxsx, Tt, Uu, Uxux, Vv, Zz [Footnote: Names of
the letters: a, bo, co, cxo, do, e, fo, go, gxo, ho, hxo, i, jo, jxo,
ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, sxo, to, u, uxo, vo, zo.]
Remark.--Presses which do not possess the accented letters can use
instead of them ch, gh, hh, jh, sh, u.
B.--Rules.
(1) There is no indefinite ARTICLE; there is only a definite article
("la"), alike for all sexes, cases, and numbers.
Remark.--The use of the article is the same as in the other languages.
People who find a difficulty in the use of the article need not at first
use it at all.
(2) SUBSTANTIVES have the termination "o". To form the plural the
termination "j" is added. There are only two cases: nominative and
accusative; the latter is obtained from the nominative by the addition
of the termination "n". Other cases are expressed by the aid of
prepositions (the genitive by "de", the dative by "al", the ablative by
"per", or other prepositions according to sense).
(3) The ADJECTIVE ends in "a". Case and number as with the substantive.
The Comparative is made by means of the word "pli", the Superlative by
"plej"; with the Comparative the conjunction "ol" is used.
(4) The fundamental NUMERALS (they are not declined) are: "unu, du,
tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok, naux, dek, cent, mil." The tens and
hundreds are formed by simple junction of the numerals. To mark the
ordinal numerals the termination of the adjective is added; for
the multiple--the suffix "obl", for the fractional--"on", for the
collective--"op", for the distributive--the word "po". Substantival
and adverbial numerals can also be used.
(5) Personal PRONOUNS: "mi, vi, li, sxi, gxi" (referring to thing or
animal), "si, ni, vi, ili, oni"; the possessive pronouns are formed by
the addition of the adjectival termination. Declension is as with the
substantives.
(6) The VERB undergoes no change with regard to person or number. Forms
of the verb; time "being" (Present) takes the termination "-as;" time
"been" (Past) "-is"; time "about to be" (Future) "-os"; the Conditional
mood "-us;" the Ordering mood "-u;" the Indefinite "-i." Participles
(with an adjectival or adverbial sense): active present "-ant;" active
past "-int;" active future "-ont;" passive present "-at;" passive past
"-it;" passive future "-ot." All forms of the passive are formed by the
aid of a corresponding form of the verb "esti" and a passive participle
of the required verb; the preposition with the passive is "de."
(7) ADVERBS end in "e;" degrees of comparison as with the adjectives.
(8) ALL the PREPOSITIONS require the nominative.
(9) EVERY word is read as it is written.
(10) The ACCENT is ALWAYS on the penultimate syllable.
(11) COMPOUND WORDS are formed by simple junction of the words (the
chief word stands at the end); the grammatical terminations are also
regarded as independent words.
(12) When another NEGATIVE word is present the word "ne" is left out.
(13) In order to show DIRECTION words take the termination of the
accusative.
(14) Each PREPOSITION has a definite and constant meaning; but if we
have to use some preposition and the direct sense does not indicate to
us what special preposition we are to take, then we use the preposition
"je" which has no meaning of its own. Instead of the preposition "je" we
can also use the accusative without a preposition.
(15) The so-called FOREIGN WORDS, that is, those which the majority of
languages have taken from one source, are used in the Esperanto language
without change, merely obtaining the spelling of the latter; but with
different words from one root it is better to use unchanged only the
fundamental word and to form the rest from this latter in accordance
with the rules of the Esperanto language.
(16) The FINAL VOWEL of the substantive and of the article can be
dropped and replaced by an apostrophe.
* * * * *